THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


^.y    /sf  SCSS.j   Set),    rcpt: 

DEDICATION 


1  CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA 


NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK, 


SEPTEMBER   18-20,  1895. 


REPORT  OF  THE  JOINT  COMMITTEE  TO  REPRESENT  THE  CONGRESS 
AT  THE  DEDICATION  OF  THE  CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHAT- 
TANOOGA NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 


COMPILED   BY 

H.     V.     BOYNTON, 

FOR   THE  COMMITTEE. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1896. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Preliminary  report  of  the  joint  committee 7 

Financial  statement 20 

Citizen's  committees 21 

Full  report  of  the  joint  committee 23 

Official  programme 23 

Dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  field 25 

Dedication  of  the  Chattanooga  fields 43 

Governors  at  the  Chattanooga  meeting 80 

Army  of  the  Cumberland,  participation  of 84 

Army  of  the  Tennessee  (Union),  participation  of 115 

Army  of  Tennessee  (Confederate),  participation  of 115 

Parade  and  review 154 

Army  of  the  Potomac,  participation  of 160 

Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  participation  of 160 

Congress,  participation  of 196 

The  Army,  participation  of 198 

States : 

Parti  cipation  of 202 

Dedication  of  monuments  of 238 

Illinois  dedication 238 

Indiana  dedication 249 

Massachusetts  dedication 282 

Michigan  dedication 287 

Minnesota  dedication 309 

Ohio  dedication 315 

Wisconsin  dedication 360 

Index,  general 367 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Map  of  the  park  and  vicinity 


3 


448080 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


To  faco  page 

Lookout  Mountain  from  Moccasin  Point 5 

Map  of  the  park  and  vicinity 7 

Field  headquarters,  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Dyer  field,  September  19,  1863, 

11  a.  m 25 

Battery  M,  Fourth  United  States  Artillery,  Poe  field,  September  19, 1863.  5  p.  in .  28 

Union  line,  Harker's  and  Hazeu's  brigades,  Snodgrass  Hill 35 

Field  headquarters,  Army  of  Tennessee,  near  Jay's  Mill 37 

Brotherton's  house,  Chickamauga,  point  of  Longstreet's  piercing  Union  line. .  40 
Union  line,  Gen.  J.  J.  Reynolds,  Poe  field,  attacked  by  Gen.  W.  B.  Bate,  Sep- 
tember 19,  5  p.  in 45 

Lookout  Mountain  from  Chattanooga 68 

Snodgrass  house,  Chickamauga,   General  Thomas's  headquarters   September 

20,  1863 79 

Field  headquarters,  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Suodgrass  Hill,  September  20, 

1863,  p.m 87 

Scott's  Confederate    battery,  Phelps's    monument,   observation  tower,  Mis- 
sionary Ridge 98 

Ground  of  General  Sherman's  assault,  north  end  of  Missionary  Ridge,  Novem- 
ber 25,  1863 103 

Craven  House,  Lookout  Mountain,  General  Walthall's  headquarters,  from  the 

east 105 

Ground  of  General  Sherman's  assault  at  the  tunnel,  Missionary  Ridge,  Novem- 
ber 25, 1863  115 

Ground  of  General  Cleburne's  defense  of  the  north  end  of  Missionary  Ridge, 

November  25,  1863 117 

Monument  to  all  Tennessee  cavalry 124 

Ground  of  General  Wheeler's  and  General  Breckinridge's  lines,  Glass's  Mill, 

September  19,  1863,  a,  m 140 

Ground  where  General  Walthall  checked  Union  advance,  Missionary  Ridge.. .  160 

General  Walthall's  defenses,  west  side  Lookout  Mountain 166 

Lookout  Mountain,  battlefield 175 

Craven  house,  Lookout  Mountain,  from  Hooker's  approach 188 

Observation  tower,  Bragg's  headquarters,  Missionary  Ridge 195 

Views  from  right  of  General  Palmer's  line,  Kelly  field 238 

View  on  Viniard's  field,  Chickamauga 214 

Markers  for  points  where  general  officers  were  killed  on  either  side 249 

View  at  Viniard's  field,  Chickamauga 252 

Bloody  Pond,  Chickamauga 267 

Alexander's  Bridge,  Chickamauga 281 

Orchard  Knob  from  Chattanooga,  headquarters  Generals  Grant,  Thomas,  and 

Granger,  November  25, 1863 282 

Site  of  General  Rosecrans's  headquarters,  Widow  Glenn's,  Chickamauga 288 

Reed's  Bridge,  Chickamauga 295 

View  on  Snograss  Hill — right  of  Stanley,  left  of  Branuan 309 

Gen.  J.  Beatty's  and  General  Stanley's  position,  from  Glass's  Mill 315 

Glass's  Mill,  Chickamauga  River,  Union  right  flank,  September  19,  1863 317 

Ground  of  Kershaw's  and  Gracies's  assault  on  Stanley's  brigade,  Snodgrass  Hill .  330 

Point  of  Lookout  Mountain , 311 

Gen.  Gordon  Granger's  headquarters,  Snodgrnss  Hill,  September  20,  1863 347 

Kelly  house  and  field,  Chickamauga 360 

4 


DEDICATION  OF  THE  CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHAT- 
TANOOGA NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK  AND  APPROACHES. 


PRELIMINARY  REPORT. 


The  following  preliminary  report  was  submitted  in  the  Senate  by 
Mr.  Palmer  May  13,  1896,  aud  in  the  House  of  Representatives  by  Mr. 
Grosvenor  March  26,  1896,  and  ordered  printed  by  each  House: 

The  Joint  Committee  on  the  Dedication  of  Chickamauga  and  Chat- 
tanooga National  Park  report  back  the  inclosed  preliminary  report  of 
the  proceedings  of  said  committee,  and  recommend  that  it  be  printed 
and  recommitted  to  the  committee  for  the  purpose  indicated  in  the 
concluding  resolution. 

Your  committee  discharged  the  duties  assigned  them  and  attended 
in  a  body  and  participated  in  the  three  days'  dedicatory  exercises  of 
this  national  park.  The  event  proved  to  be  without  precedent  in  the 
history  of  wars,  and  one  which  would  not  be  possible  in  any  other 
nation  than  our  own,  for  there  were  found  gathered  in  enthusiastic 
comradeship  the  most  distinguished  surviving  leaders  of  both  sides, 
and  many  thousands  of  the  rank  and  file  of  the  once  contending 
armies.  The  park  itself  was  also  found  to  be  without  precedent,  being 
an  impartial  reconstruction  of  great  battlefields  by  the  contending 
sides,  in  which,  in  every  respect,  both  great  and  small,  the  utmost 
impartiality  had  been  observed  in  making  lines  of  battle  and  in  pre- 
serving upon  monuments  and  tablets  the  accurate  history  of  every 
organization  engaged  upon  the  extended  fields  which  the  immense  park 
embraces. 

The  following  is  the  text  of  the  act  providing  for  the  dedication  of 
the  park  as  approved  December  15,  1894 : 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled,  That  a  national  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 
nooga National  Military  Park  shall  take  place  on  the.  battlefields  of  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  September  nineteenth  and  twentieth,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
five,  under  tha  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  who  is  hereby  authorized  to  fix 
upon  and  determine  the  arrangements,  ceremonies,  and  exercises  connected  with  the 
dedication ;  to  request  the  participation  of  the  President,  Congress,  the  Supreme 
Court,  the  heads  of  Executive  Departments,  the  General  of  the  Army,  and  the 
Admiral  of  the  Navy  therein;  to  invite  the  governors  of  States  and  their  stalls,  and 
the  survivors  of  the  several  armies  there  engaged,  and  have  direction  and  full 
authority  in  all  matters  which  he  may  deem  necessary  to  the  success  of  the  dedica- 
tion. He  shall  have  authority  to  procure  such  supplies  and  services  and  to  call 
upon  the  heads  of  the  several  staff  departments  of  the  Army  for  such  material  and 
stores  as  he  may  deem  necessary  in  connection  with  the  dedication. 

SEC.  2.  That  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of  this  act  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand 
dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any 
moneys  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  which  shall  be  expended  under 
the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War:  1'rovided,  That  the  total  expenses  to  carry 
out  the  provisions  of  this  act,  including  the  supplies  furnished,  shall  not  exceed  the 
sum  herein  named. 

7 


8      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

February  1,  1893.  the  following  letter  was  received  from  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  and  laid  before  the  House  of  Representatives  by  the 
Speaker : 

WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  January  29,  1895. 

SIR:  Agreeably  to  the  terms  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  December  15,  1894, 
I  have  the  honor  to  request  the  participation  of  Congress  in  the  ceremonies  connected 
with  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park, 
011  the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  September  19  and  20,  1895. 
Very  respectfully, 

DANIKL  S.  LAMONT,  Secretary  of  War. 

Upon  the  presentation  of  this  letter  the  following  concurrent  resolu- 
tion, which  subsequently  passed  both  the  House  and  the  Senate,  was 
introduced  by  Mr.  Grosvenor : 

That  the  invitation  of  the  honorable  Secretary  of  War  be  accepted,  aud  that  a 
joint  special  committee  of  fifteen  members  is  hereby  created,  nine  of  whom  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  Speaker  of  the  House,  and  six  by  the  presiding  officer  of  the  .Sen- 
ate, whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  prepare  and  report  to  their  respective  Houses  a  plan 
for  the  proper  participation  of  Congress  in  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  September  19  and  20  next. 

February  12, 1895,  the  Speaker  announced  as  members  of  this  com- 
mittee: Messrs.  Kilgore,  Morgan,  Wheeler  of  Alabama,  Cox,  Maddox, 
Grosvenor,  Kiefer,  Strong,  and  A  very;  and  on  February  13,  1895,  the 
Vice  President  announced  as  members  on  the  part  of  the  Senate: 
Messrs.  Palmer,  Pasco,  Mills,  Proctor,  Squire,  and  Peff'er. 

February  25, 1895,  Mr.  Wheeler,  of  Alabama,  submitted  the  following 
report  from  this  special  joint  committee: 

REPORT. 

The  joint  committee  appointed  by  the  two  Houses  of  Congress  to  prepare  and 
report  upon  a  plan  for  participating  in  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Military  Park,  respectfully  report: 

It  seems  eminently  fitting  that  Congress  should  be  prominently  represented  on 
this  essentially  national  occasion,  being  the  first  since  the  war  when  by  act  of  Con- 
gress all  Departments  of  the  Government,  the  governors  of  all  the  States,  and  the 
veterans  of  both  armies  have  been  asked  to  participate  in  dedicating  two  of  the 
most  notable  battlefields  of  the  war  as  a  national  military  park. 

Your  committee  is  advised  that  there  will  be  very  full  representation  from  all  thus 
invited,  and  especially  from  the  army  societies,  North  and  South,  and  the  ranks  of 
the  veterans  of  both  sides. 

The  resolution  which  your  committee  reports  provides  for  an  attendance  of  about 
twenty  Senators  and  thirty  Representatives,  so  distributed  as  to  provide  for  the 
recognition  of  those  most  interested  in  the  event,  the  impossibility  of  Congress 
attending  in  a  body  during  the  long  recess  being  apparent  to  your  committee.  The 
following  resolution  is  therefore  respectfully  submitted: 

Resolved  by  the  House  of  Representatives  (the  Senate  concurring),  That  the  Congress 
will  participate  in  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Military  Park  oil  September  nineteenth  and  twentieth  next,  through  the  presiding 
officers  of  the  respective  Houses;  the  Joint  Committee  on  Park  Dedication;  such 
Senators  and  Representatives  as  served  in  the  campaign  for  Chattanooga;  such  as 
may  be  named  by  the  presiding  officers  of  the  respective  Houses  as  representatives 
of  other  armies  and  the  Navy,  or  as  speakers  to  represent  Congress  at  the  dedicatory 
exercises.  The  Sergeant-at-Arms  of  the  Senate  is  hereby  directed  to  make  suitable 
arrangement  for  such  participation,  the  expense  of  the  same  not  to  exceed  five  thou- 
sand dollars,  to  be  equally  divided  and  paid  out  of  the  contingent  fund  of  the 
respective  Houses,  and  a  report  of  the  dedicatory  exercises  shall  be  made  to  Congress 
by  the  Joint  Committee  oil  Park  Dedication. 

March  2,  1895,  the  following  concurrent  resolution  passed  the  Sen- 
ate, having  previously  passed  the  House: 

That  the  Congress  will  participate  in  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  September  19  and  20  next,  through  the 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       9 

presiding  oflicers  of  the  respective  Houses ;  the  Joint  Committee  on  Park  Dedication ; 
such  Senators  and  Representatives  as  served  in  the  campaign  for  Chattanooga;  such 
aa  may  be  named  by  the  presiding  officers  of  the  respective  Houses  as  representa- 
tives of  other  armies  and  the  Navy;  or  as  speakers  to  represent  Congress  at  the  dedi- 
catory exercises.  The  Sergeaut-at-Arms  of  the  Senate  is  hereby  directed  to  make 
suitable  arrangements  for  such  participation,  the  expense  of  the  same  not  to  exceed 
$5,000,  to  be  equally  divided  and  paid  out  of  the  fund  of  $20,000  appropriated  by 
act  of  Congress  approved  December  15,  1894,  to  be  audited  and  paid  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  upon  certificates  signed  by  the  Sergeant-at-Arms  of  the  Senate,  and 
said  sum  as  aforesaid  is  hereby  made  available  for  said  purpose;  and  a  report  of  the 
dedicatory  exercises  shall  be  made  to  Congress  by  the  Joint  Committee  on  Park 
Dedication. 

Under  the  above  resolution  the  Vice- President  named  as  additional 
members  of  the  Senate  to  participate  in  the  dedication :  Senators  Cock- 
rell,  Davis,  Daniel,  Hawley, Gordon,  Quay,  Berry,  and  Sherman;  and 
the  Speaker  of  the  House  named  Messrs.  W.  H.  Hatch,  D.  B.  Culber- 
son,  T.  B.  Reed,  J.  D.  Sayers,  J.  F.  C.  Talbott,  D.  E.  Sickles,  W.  L.  Wil- 
son, S.  R.  Mallory,  C.  A.  Boutelle,  S.  B.  Alexander,  T.  J.  Henderson, 
C.  E.  Hooker,  J.  C.  Tarsney,  D.  B.  Henderson,  H.  H.  Bingham,  W.  F. 
Draper,  A.  R.  Kiefer,  G.  P.  Harrison,  W.  B.  English,  J.  W.  Marshall, 
H.  C.  Van  Voorhis,  and  Oscar  Lapbam. 

From  the  best  information  obtainable  the  following  Senators  and 
Members,  in  addition  to  tho:-,e  otherwise  named  above,  "served  in  the 
campaign  for  Chattanooga :"  Senators  Bate,  Blackburn,  Caffery,  Har- 
ris, Manderson,  Mitchell,  of  Wisconsin,  and  Morgan;  Representatives 
Bowers  of  California,  Breckinridge  of  Kentucky,  and  Wise  of  Virginia. 

In  accordance  with  the  above  legislation,  Col.  Richard  J.  Bright, 
Sergeant-at-Arms  of  the  Senate,  addressed  the  following  invitation  to 
all  entitled  to  receive  it: 

SERGEANT-AT-ARMS,  UNITED  STATES  SENATE, 
Hon. ,  Washington,  July  1,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  inclose  yon  herewith  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  Congress  in  which 
you  are  designated  as  one  to  attend  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamanga  and  Chatta- 
nooga National  Park. 

Accommodations  have  been  contracted  for  with  the  Lookout  Inn,  on  the  top  of 
Lookout  Mountain,  at  $5  per  day  for  each  room  occupied,  from  September  18  to  21, 
inclusive,  and  carriages  have  been  engaged  for  the  use  of  the  Congressional  party. 
These  charges  will  be  paid  by  the  Sergeant-at-Arms. 

All  the  railroads  have  agreed  upon  a  common  rate  of  1  cent  per  mile  each  way,  or 
2  cents  per  mile  for  the  round  trip,  from  any  point  in  the  United  States  to  Chatta- 
nooga and  return. 

The  party  will  rendezvous  at  Chattanooga,  and  each  one  will  bo  reimbursed  for 
expenses  incurred  for  railroad  fare  at  above  special  rate,  sleeping-car  fares  and  meals 
to  Chattanooga  and  return.  No  other  expenses  can  bo  paid,  as  accounts  containing 
incidental  or  extraordinary  expenditures  will  not  be  approved  by  the  War  Depart- 
ment or  passed  by  the  Treasury  Department. 

An  employee  of  the  Senate  will  meet  you  at  the  depot  upon  your  arrival  at  Chat- 
tanooga. 

I  shall  be  obliged  if  you  will  inform  me  at  your  earliest  possible  convenience,  by 
telegraph  (Government  rate  paid  here),  if  you  will  attend,  in  order  that  I  may  notify 
the  hotel  by  July  20,  at  the  latest,  just  the  number  of  rooms  that  will  be  occupied. 
There  is  great  pressure  for  accommodations  now  and  it  will  increase  as  the  time  of 
meeting  approaches. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  RICHARD  J.  BRIGHT, 

Sergeant-at-Arms,  United  States  Senate. 

Under  this  invitation  the  following  assembled  at  Chattanooga  on  the 
morning  of  September  18,  with  headquarters  on  Lookout  Mountain  at 
the  Inn : 

Vice- President  Adlai  E.  Stevenson. 


10      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAUK. 

Ex-Speaker  Charles  F.  Crisp. 

Senators. — William  B.  Bate,  Josepk  C.  S.  Blackburn,  Joliii  B.  Gordon, 
Isliain  G.  Harris,  Samuel  Pasco,  William  A.  Peffer,  Joseph  11.  Hawley, 
Charles  F.  Manderson,  aud  Jolm  M.  Palmer. 

Representatives. — S.  B.  Alexander,  North  Carolina;  John  A  very, 
Michigan;  W.  W.  Bowers,  California;  N.  N.  Cox,  Tennessee;  W.  B. 
English,  California;  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  Ohio;  G.  P.  Harrison,  Alabama; 
D.  B.  Henderson,  Iowa;  T.  J.  Henderson,  Illinois;  W.  P.  Hepburn, 
Iowa;  C.  E.  Hooker,  Mississippi;  A.  E.  Kiefer,  Minnesota;  Oscar  Lap- 
ham,  Ehode  Island;  J.  W.  Maddox,  Georgia;  S.  E.  Mallory,  Florida; 
J.  W.  Marshall,  Virginia;  C.  H.  Morgan,  Missouri;  D.  E.  Sickles,  New 
York;  L.  M.  Strong,  Ohio;  J.  C.  Tarsney,  Missouri;  H.  C.  YanVoorhis, 
Ohio;  Joseph  Wheeler,  Alabama;  George  D.  Wise,  Virginia. 

Your  committee  found  that  complete  arrangements  had  been  made 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  AVar  for  the  dedication  of  the 
National  Military  Park.  The  exercises  were  to  consist  of  five  public 
meetings  and  a  review  of  the  regular  troops  aud  the  forces  of  the 
National  Guard  which  were  present  from  several  of  the  States. 

The  preparations  made  by  the  Secretary  of  War  are  fully  indicated 
in  the  following  circular: 

ORDERS.]  WAR  DEPARTMENT,  August  2Gt  189o. 

Pursuant  to  the  act  of  Congress  approved  December  15,  1894,  the  national  dedica- 
tion of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  will  take  place  on 
the  19th  and  20th  of  September  proximo. 

The  veterans,  others  who  have  been  invited,  and  the  public  will  assemble  on  Sand- 
glass Hill  on  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga.  At  noon,  September  19,  orations  will 
be  delivered  by  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  ot  Illinois,  and  Gen.  John  B.  Gordon,  pf 
Georgia. 

The  exercises  on  the  20th  will  begin  at  noon  in  the  city  of  Chattanooga  Orations 
will  be  delivered  by  Gen.  William  B.  Bate,  of  Tennessee,  and  Gen.  Charles  H. 
Grosvenor,  of  Ohio. 

The  evenings  of  both  days  will  be  devoted  to  meetings  of  the  veterans  of  the 
armies  participating  in  the  two  battles. 

The  complete  programme  in  detail  will  be  hereafter  announced. 

A  water-proof  tent  covering  seats  for  10,000  people  will  be  erected  in  Chattanooga 
for  the  meeting  of  the  20th,  and  both  night  meetings. 

The  participation  in  these  dedicatory  ceremonies  has  been  requested  of  the  Presi- 
dent, of  Congress,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  of  the  heads  of  Executive  Depart- 
ments, and  invitations  to  be  present  have  been  sent  to  the  governors  of  the  States 
aud  their  staffs.  Like  invitations  are  hereby  extended  to  the  survivors  of  the  sev- 
eral armies  that  were  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  aud  Chattanooga.  It 
is  obviously  impracticable  for  the  Secretary  of  War  to  issue  individual  invitations. 

The  act  does  not  make  provision  for  transportation,  quarters,  or  entertainment. 
In  view  of  the  Large  attendance  which  now  seems  assured,  it  is  suggested  that  all 
who  expect  to  be  present  make  immediate  arrangements  for  quarters.  These  can  be 
secured  through  the  Chattanooga  citizens'  executive  committee. 

Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton,  chairman  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Military  Park  Commission,  is  designated  as  grand  marshal  of  the  ceremonies,  and 
will  appoint  such  marshals  and  assistants  as  may  be  required. 

General  Kullertou  is  also  charged  with  the  preparation  for  the  dedication  and  the 
procurement  and  distribution  of  such  stores,  supplies,  and  services  as  may  be  needed, 
and  that  will  be  a  proper  charge  against  the  appropriation  of  $15,000  for  defraying 
the  necessary  expenses  of  the  dedication.  All  proper  accounts  for  the  expenditures 
will  be  paid  by  the  disbursing  clerk  of  the  War  Department,  but  before  payment  all 
must  be  examined  and  approved  by  General  Fullerton. 

The  baud  aud  one  battalion  of  the  Sixth  Infantry,  the  band  and  one  battalion  of 
the  Seventeenth  Infantry,  and  the  baud  aud  one  battalion  of  the  Third  Artillery,  all 
under  the  command  of  the  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Third  Artillery,  will  encamp  on 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAKK.       11 

tha  field  of  Chickaniauga  about  September  1,  proximo,  aud  remain  until  after  the 
ceremonies. 

The  troops  will  be  employed  in  preserving  order  within  the  park  and  the  protec- 
tion of  public  property. 

DANIEL  S.  LAMONT,  Secretary  of  War. 

The  day  of  September  18  was  devoted  to  the  dedication  of  State 
monuments.  These  exercises  were  participated  iu  by  the  governors  of 
the  various  States  interested  and  their  staffs,  together  with  the  State 
monument  commissions.  At  the  same  time  there  were  numerous  regi- 
mental aud  several  brigade  reunions  and  large  assemblages  of  the 
National  Guard  in  connection  with  these  State  dedications.  The  latter 
took  place  as  follows: 

9  a  in.,  Michigan,  at  Snodgrass  Hill. 

11  a.  m.,  Missouri,  at  Brotherton's. 
32  in.,  Ohio,  at  Suodgrass  Hill. 

2  p.  m.,  Illinois,  at  Lytle  Hill. 

2  p.  in.,  Minnesota,  at  Snodgrass  Hill. 

2  p.  in.,  Indiana,  at  Cave  Spring. 

4  p.  m.,  Massachusetts,  at  Orchard  Knob. 

12  m.,  Wisconsin,  at  Kelly's  Field. 

On  the  evening  of  September  18  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  within  which  the  park  project  had  originated  and  under 
whose  auspices  it  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  Congress,  held  its 
annual  reunion.  While  this  enormous  gathering  of  fully  10,000  was 
not  a  part  of  the  official  dedication,  but  as  the  executive  and  Congres- 
sional representatives  attended  and  participated  with  the  governors  of 
many  States  and  their  staffs,  and  a  large  and  most  distinguished  com- 
pany of  Union  aud  Confederate  veterans  and  representatives  of  all  the 
leading  army  societies  were  present,  it  seems  proper  to  incorporate 
a  statement  of  this  notable  assemblage  which  virtually  opened  the 
national  pageant  of  the  park  dedication. 

The  meeting,  in  the  absence  of  the  president,  Gen.  W.  S.  liosecrans, 
was  presided  over  by  Gen.  James  1).  Morgan,  of  Quincy,  111.,  the  senior 
vice-president  and  oldest  member  of  the  society,  and  the  following 
programme  was  followed: 

Music  (while  audience  assembles),  band  of  the   Seventeenth  United  States 

Infantry. 

Prayer,  (Jen.  O.  O.  Howard. 

Address  of  welcome  for  the  city  of  Chattanooga,  Mayor  George  W.  Ochs. 
Response,  Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton,  corresponding  secretary. 
Welcome  to  Confederates,  Gen.  James  D.  Morgan. 
Annual  oration,  Gen.  Charles  F.  Mandersou. 
Arion  Glee  Club,  Prof.  Eowland  D.  Williams,  director. 
Addresses — 

Lieutenant-Genernl  Schofield,  Commanding  United  States  Army. 

Hon.  Hilary  A.  Herbert,  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Gen.  Grenville  M.  Dodge,  president  Society  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

Gen.  Daniel  Butterfield,  Hooker's  chief  of  staff. 

Gen.  Horace  Porter,  Grant's  staff. 
Music,  baud  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 

The  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  portion  of  the  park  took  place 
September  19  in  an  extensive  natural  amphitheater  at  the  foot  of 
Suodgrass  Hill.  Here  a  grand  stand  for  the  speakers  and  official 


12       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

V 

participants,  having  a  sealing'  capacity  of  2,000,  had  been  erected  and 
decorated  with  the  national  colors,  while  seats  were  provided  around 
the  amphitheater  for  a  vast  assembly. 

The  following  was  the  programme  for  the  day: 

10  a.  m.,  battery  drill  by  Battery  V,  Fourth  United  States  Artillery,  Capt.  Sidney 
Taylor  commanding. 

Battalion  regimental  drill,  showing  new  tactics  and  field  movements,  Colonel 
Poland  commanding. 

KXERCISES. 

The  dedication  exercises  will  be  opened  on  Chickamauga  battlefield  at  Snodgrass 
Hill  by  a  national  salute  of  44  guns,  fired  at  12  o'clock. 

PROGRAMME. 

Music. 

Introduction  of  the  presiding  officer,  Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton,  chairman  Chick a- 

manga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  Commission. 
Remarks  by  Vice- President  Stevenson,  who  will  preside  over  the  meeting. 
Prayer  by  Right  Rev.  Thomas  F.  Gailor,  bishop  of  Tennessee. 
Music,  America,  to  be  sung  by  the  audience,  accompanied  by  the  band. 
Oration  by  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  of  Illinois. 
Music. 

Oration  by  Gen.  John  B.  Gordon,  of  Georgia 

Music,  Auld  Lang  Syne,  by  the  audience,  accompanied  by  the  band. 
Remarks  by  visiting  governors. 
Music. 

A  conservative  estimate  placed  the  number  of  visitors  in.  the  park  at 
not  less  tlian  40,000  and  probably  50,000  persons.  An  immense  audi- 
ence gathered  about  the  grand  stand  and  on  the  slopes  of  Snodgrass 
Hill,  while  many  were  spread  throughout  the  park,  preferring  to  visit 
the  grounds  of  their  former  movements. 

Upon  the  platform  were  gathered  distinguished  representatives  of 
the  three  coordinate  branches  of  the  Government,  noted  Union  and 
Confederate  veterans,  representatives  of  all  the  great  army  and  patri- 
otic societies  of  the  nation,  distinguished  citizens,  and  fifteen  governors 
of  States,  with  their  respective  staffs. 

The  regular  orations  were  delivered  by  Senator  John  M.  Palmer,  of 
Illinois,  and  Senator  John  B.  Gordon,  of  Georgia.  Following  these 
speakers  Lieutenant-Genera]  Schofield  and  Gen.  James  Longstreet 
made  brief  addresses. 

SEPTEMBER   19,  EVENING. 

The  night  meeting  at  the  big  tent  in  Chattanooga  was  conducted  by 
the  survivors  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  (Union)  and  the  Army  of 
Tennessee  (Confederate).  Gen.  Grenville  M.  Dodge,  president  of  the 
Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  presided. 

The  following  programme  was  observed : 

Music,  band  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 

Prayer,  Rev.  J.  P.  McFerrin,  Chattanooga. 

Oration,  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard,  U.  S.  A.,  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

Music,  The  Star  Spangleu  Manner,  Miss  Mary  L.  Pierson. 

Oration,  Gen.  Joseph  W heeler,  of  Alabama,  for  the  Army  of  Tennessee. 

Music,  baud  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 

Oration,  Gen.  Willard  Warner,  of  Chattanooga,  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

Music,  baud  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 

Brief  address,  Father  Thomas  Sherman. 

Music,  band  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 


CHTCKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       13 

Gen.  Roger  Q.  Mills,  of  Texas,  and  Gen.  Frank  C.  Armstrong,  of 
Washington,  both  of  General  Bragg's  Army  of  Tennessee,  had  been 
invited  to  take  part  in  this  meeting,  but  were  both  obliged  to  decline. 

SEPTEMBER  20. 

The  dedication  exercises  of  the  Chattanooga  portion  of  the  National 
Park  began  with  a  parade  and  review  of  the  regular  troops,  the  forces  of 
the  National  Guard,  and  the  brigade  of  the  Chattanooga  public  schools. 

The  column  was  composed  of  the  following  organizations: 

Col.  John  S.  Poland,  United  States  Infantry,  and  staff,  commanding. 

Batteries  A,  D,  G,  and  L,  Third  United  States  Artillery,  dismounted. 

Second  Battalion,  Sixth  United  States  Infantry. 

Third  Battalion,  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 

Battery  F,  Fourth  United  States  Artillery,  modern  breech-loading  steel  guns. 

Fourteenth  Infantry,  Ohio  National  Guard. 

Toledo  (Ohio)  Cadets. 

Troop  A,  Ohio  National  Guard,  Cleveland. 

First  Brigade,  Tennessee  National  Guard. 

Capital  City  Guards,  Fifth  Regiment  Georgia  Infantry. 

Harriman  (Tenn.)  Cadets. 

Public  School  Brigade. 

Capt.  W.  W.  Carnes's  battery,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

This  latter  organization,  60  strong,  was  composed  of  veterans  who 
served  in  the  battles  under  Captain  Carnes.  The  latter  brought  them 
to  Chattanooga.  They  were  dressed  as  in  the  field,  and  were  armed 
with  old-style  muzzle-loading  muskets  and  large  cartridge  boxes.  They 
carried  a  new  national  flag.  The  column  was  reviewed  by  the  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States,  Lieuten ant-General  Schofield,  members 
of  the  Cabinet,  Senators,  and  Representatives,  and  the  fifteen  visiting 
governors  and  their  staffs. 

At  the  close  of  the  review  the  dedicatory  exercises  of  the  Chatta- 
nooga portion  of  the  park  opened  at  the  tent,  while  a  national  salute 
of  44  guns  was  being  fired  from  Orchard  Knob. 

Yice-President  Stevenson  presided. 

Before  entering  upon  the  regular  programme,  several  of  the  govern- 
ors present,  who  were  about  to  leave  for  Atlanta,  were  called  on  for 
remarks.  Those  who  responded  were  Governor  Morton,  of  New  York; 
Governor  Woodbury,  of  Vermont;  Governor  Matthews,  of  Indiana; 
and  Governor  Turney,  of  Tennessee. 

The  following  programme  was  then  followed : 

Music,  band  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 
Prayer,  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  T.  Niccolls,  of  St.  Louis. 
Address,  Hon.  George  W.  Ochs,  mayor  of  Chattanooga. 
Music,  band  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 
Oration,  Gen.  William  B.  Bate,  Senator  from  Tennessee. 
Music,  band  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 
Oration,  Gen.  Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  of  Ohio. 
Music,  baud  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry 

r 
SEPTEMBER  20,  NIGHT. 

The  (dosing  exercises  of  the  dedication  were  conducted  by  the  sur- 
vivors of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  and  of  that  portion  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  which  fought  at  Chattanooga. 


14      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Gen.  E.  C.  Walthall,  of  Mississippi,  presided. 
The  following  programme  was  observed : 

Oration  by  General  Walthall  (Army  of  Tennessee). 
Mnsic  by  the  band  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 
Oration  by  Col.  Lewis  R.  Stegman,  of  New  York  (Hooker's  army). 
Oration  by  Governor  W.  C.  Oates,  of  Alabama  (Longstreet's  army). 
Music  by  the  band  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 
Oration  by  Gen.  James  A.  Williamson,  of  Iowa  (Sherman's  army). 
Music  by  the  band  of  the  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry. 

The  practical  enthusiasm  with  which  the  city  of  Chattanooga  entered 
upon  the  work  of  cooperating  with  the  national  authorities  in  preparing 
lor  the  dedication  of  the  park  merits  notice  and  high  praise.  The  city 
and  county  authorities  put  the  four  avenues  leading  to  the  park  system 
of  roads  at  Kossville  and  Missionary  Eidge  in  perfect  condition.  Full 
arrangements  were  completed  for  public  comfort  within  the  city,  and 
an  abundant  supply  of  ice  water  was  furnished  upon  all  roads  leading 
to  the  park. 

Quarters  at  the  most  reasonable  rates  were  furnished  15,000  guests 
in  private  houses.  Quarters  for  5,000  additional  visitors  were  ready  in 
the  houses  of  the  city  for  late  arrivals.  The  citizens  acted  by  the  hun- 
dreds in  directing  the  crowds  to  these  quarters.  Besides  these  accom- 
modations, there  were  large  camps  established  on  the  Chickamauga 
field  and  in  the  environs  of  Chattanooga,  and  barracks  with  extensive 
accommodations  at  a  nominal  price  were  erected  in  the  city.  The  res- 
idences of  the  suburbs  were  filled  with  guests. 

Word  was  sent  to  several  tiers  of  the  counties  surrounding  Chatta- 
nooga asking  that  vehicles  of  all  kinds  be  sent  in  for  dedication  week. 
The  result  was  that,  with  the  railroad  facilities,  ordinary  and  cheap 
transportation  to  all  portions  of  the  park  was  abundant.  For  carriages 
shipped  from  Nashville,  Borne,  Knoxville,  Birmingham,  and  other  dis- 
tant points  the  cost  of  bringing  such  with  teams  and  drivers  to  the  city 
by  rail  was  necessarily  added.  But  there  was  no  extortion  in  this,  the 
increased  sum  being  in  all  cases  a  minimum. 

Neither  hotel  nor  restaurant  rates  were  -increased,  and  the  rates  at 
boarding  houses  and  for  the  accommodation  in  private  families  were 
extremely  moderate. 

The  three  railroad  lines  interested  in  transporting  passengers  to  the 
Chickamauga  field  joined  in  a  most  complete  and  satisfactory  arrange- 
ment. Their  tracks  were  connected,  making  a  loop  by  which  all  trains 
ran  in  the  same  direction  to  and  through  the  Chickamauga  field  and 
back  to  the  city.  There  was,  in  consequence,  no  delay  in  passing  trains 
and  no  danger  of  collisions.  The  result  was  that  the  immense  crowd 
was  handled  without  a  single  accident  and  with  dispatch. 

Similar  care  was  exercised  by  the  numerous  trunk  lines  centering 
at  Chattanooga,  with  the  same  satisfactory  result,  that  not  an  accident 
happened  throughout  dedication  week  when  all  the  lines  were  crowded 
with  special  trains. 

In  another  part  of  this  report  will  be  found  a  history  of  the  legisla- 
tion by  which  Congress  established  this  national  park.  At  present  it 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       15 

is  sufficient  to  say  that  your  committee  was  deeply  impressed  with  the 
results  already  attained  in  the  progress  of  the  work,  and  looks  upon 
them  as  fully  justifying  the  reasons  advanced  by  the  military  commit- 
tees of  the  two  Houses  of  Congress  in  their  favorable  reports  upon 
this  legislation. 

Except  to  those  acquainted  with  the  vast  areas  required  by  the 
movements  of  great  armies  in  actual  battle,  the  extent  of  this  park 
will  cause  astonishment  in  the  minds  of  visitors.  An  outline  map,  to 
be  submitted  with  the  full  report,  will  show  at  a  glance  the  various 
features  of  the  comprehensive  project.  The  Chickamauga  field  alone 
embraces  10  square  miles  of  territory.  It  has  been  purchased  by 
the  Government,  and  jurisdiction  over  it  has  been  ceded  to  the  United 
States  by  the  State  of  Georgia.  All  the  roads  over  which  the  contend- 
ing armies  moved  to  this  battlefield  or  retired  from  it  have  also  been 
ceded  to  the  Government,  and  constitute  what  are  termed  "  approaches" 
to  the  park. 

The  Chattanooga  portion  of  the  park  consists  largely  of  roads  along 
the  lines  of  battle  upon  Missionary  Ridge  and  over  the  point  of  Look- 
out Mountain.  These  have  been  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the 
State  of  Tennessee,  and  this  system  of  roads  is  connected  with  the 
Chickamauga  portion  of  the  park  by  the  Lafayette  or  State  road  lead- 
ing from  Eossville,  through  the  center  of  the  battlefield,  to  Lee  and 
Gordons  Mills.  From  this  latter  point  roads  have  been  ceded  to  the 
Government  leading  to  the  extreme  right  of  the  Union  line  of  fighting 
at  Glass's  Mill.  The  Crest  road  upon  Missionary  Eidge,  extending  8 
miles,  from  Eossville  to  the  extreme  northern  point  of  the  ridge,  is 
constructed  upon  a  50-foot  right  of  way,  and  forms  one  of  the  most 
perfect  and  striking  drives  to  be  found  in  any  land.  It  overlooks 
throughout  its  extent  the  plain  of  Chattanooga  and  the  battlefield  of 
Lookout  Mountain,  and  from  the  towers  erected  at  two  prominent 
points  of  this  road  the  whole  theater  of  grand  strategy  and  the  rela- 
tive positions  of  all  the  operations  connected  with  the  campaign  for 
Chattanooga  can  be  easily  traced  and  readily  understood,  even  by  the 
nonprofessional  visitor. 

A  tract  of  several  acres  has  been  secured  about  the  former  head- 
quarters of  General  Bragg  upon  Missionary  Eidge.  Orchard  Knob, 
an  isolated  reservation  halfway  between  the  ridge  and  Chattanooga, 
which  was  the  headquarters  of  Generals  Grant  and  Thomas  during 
the  last  two  days  of  the  battle,  is  also  a  portion  of  the  park,  as  is  the 
entire  north  end  of  Missionary  Eidge,  covering  the  ground  of  General 
Sherman's  assault  and  General  Hardee's  defense.  These  roads  and 
detached  reservations,  together  with  the  roads  over  the  point  of  Look- 
out Mountain,  afford  excellent  facilities  through  monuments,  restored 
batteries,  historical  tablets,  and  observation  towers  for  the  complete 
illustration,  upon  the  ground  of  actual  battle,  of  all  movements  upon 
both  sides. 

The  park  is  not  in  any  sense  a  pleasure  ground,  and  no  work  of 


16       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

beautifying  is  iii  progress  or  contemplated.  The  central  idea  is  the 
restoration  of  these  battlefields  to  the  conditions  which  existed  at  the 
time  of  the  engagements.  To  secure  this,  roads  opened  since  the  battle 
have  been  closed  and  the  roads  of  the  battle  opened  and  improved.  A- 
new  growth  of  timber  over  3,500  acres  of  the  field  has  already  been 
removed,  and  many  areas  which,  since  the  battle,  had  become  covered 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  timber  have  been  cleared,  and  thus  brought 
back  to  their  former  conditions.  Between  40  and  50  miles  of  the  best 
roads  constructed  by  the  rules  of  modern  engineering  have  been 
completed  at  less  cost  than  any  previous  Government  work  of  similar 
character.  This  has  been  made  possible  by  the  great  abundance  of 
unsurpassed  road  material  throughout  the  park. 

Twenty-six  State  commissions  are  at  work,  cooperating  with  the 
National  Commission  in  ascertaining  and  assisting  in  marking  lines  of 
battle  and  all  other  historical  points  deemed  worthy  of  preservation 
upon  the  several  fields.  The  areas  owned  by  the  Government,  and  the 
roads  which  constitute  the  approaches  thereto,  which,  as  stated,  are 
also  in  the  possession  of  the  United  States,  will  enable  the  National 
Commission  to  exhaustively  mark  lines  and  preserve  the  history  of  the 
notable  movements  at  Chickamauga,  Wauhatchie,  Lookout  Mountain, 
Orchard  Knob,  Missionary  Kidge,  Tunnel  Hill,  and  Ringgold. 

As  the  lines  of  battle  about  Chattanooga  had  a  front  of  12  miles, 
and  as  the  central  drive  of  the  park  from  the  north  end  of  Missionary 
Eidge  to  the  left  of  the  fighting  ground  at  Chickamauga  is  20  miles  in 
extent,  and  as  this  entire  driveway  either  passes  through  or  overlooks 
ground  of  severe  and  memorable  fighting  between  armies  composed  of 
veterans  of  nearly  all  the  great  armies  on  each  side  of  the  contest,  the 
dimensions  and  the  scope  of  this  national  park  project  will  readily 
appear. 

The  part  undertaken  by  the  Government  in  the  establishment  of  the 
park  embraces  the  purchase  of  lands,  the  restoration  of  the  fields,  the 
construction  of  roads,  the  building  of  observation  towers,  the  erection 
of  monuments  to  the  regular  troops  engaged,  and  the  preparation  of 
historical  tablets  for  the  various  organizations  of  each  army. 

The  erection  of  monuments  to  individual  regiments  or  other  organi- 
zations is  left  to  the  States.  All  of  the  States,  28  in  number,  which  had 
troops  engaged  in  the  various  battles  in  and  about  the  park  are  now 
either  engaged  in  or  prosecuting  legislation  looking  to  the  erection  of 
monuments  to  their  troops.  The  Government  monuments  to  the  regu 
lar  troops,  9  in  number,  have  already  been  erected,  and  shell  monu- 
ments of  imposing  dimensions  have  been  put  up  upon  the  ground  where 
brigade  commanders  were  killed  or  mortally  wounded.  Five  of  these 
were  Union  officers  and  four  Confederate. 

The  Government  has  also  begun  the  mounting  of  actual  batteries 
upon  their  fighting  positions  in  the  battle.  The  guns  used,  400  in 
number,  have  been  obtained  from  the  Ordnance  Office,  and  are  being 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       17 

mounted  upon  iron  carriages  which  in  appearance  are  the  exact  repro- 
duction of  those  used  in  the  campaign.  The  guns  are  also  of  the  same 
pattern  as  those  which  composed  the  several  batteries.  Already  every 
battery  position,  both  Confederate  and  Union,  upon  the  Chickamauga 
field  has  been  thus  marked  with  either  two  or  four  guns,  and  it  is  in 
contemplation  to  put  up  the  full  complement  at  each  battery  position. 
This  feature  of  the  battlefield  restoration  is  already  found  to  be  one  of 
the  most  interesting-  and  impressive  features  of  the  park.  The  obser- 
vation towers  upon  the  Chickamauga  field  are  placed  at  the  points 
best  calculated  to  reveal  to  visitors  the  details  of  the  battle.  One 
stands  upon  the  ground  where  the  Confederates  crossed  the  Chicka- 
mauga River  in  force  and  formed  first  for  battle;  another  is  upon  the 
ground  where  the  Union  forces  opened  the  first  day's  battle 5  while  the 
third  is  upon  Suodgrass  Hill,  where  the  final  stand  of  the  Union  Army 
was  made. 

The  observation  towers  upon  the  Chattanooga  portion  of  the  park 
stand  one  upon  Bragg's  headquarters  on  Missionary  Ridge  and  the 
other  upon  the  most  prominent  spur  of  the  ridge  overlooking  the  ground 
of  assault  of  the  Union  Army.  All  the  lines  of  battle  of  both  armies 
for  the  various  engagements  already  specified  have  been  ascertained 
through  the  laborious  work  of  the  National  Commission,  assisted  by 
the  26  State  commissions  already  referred  to.  This  work  has  progressed 
so  far  that  upon  the  Chickamauga  field  the  lines  of  fighting  of  every 
brigade  engaged  in  each  army  have  been  ascertained  and  permanently 
marked  upon  the  topographical  maps  of  the  field.  This  work  is  also 
far  advanced  with  respect  to  the  lines  about  Chattanooga. 

Your  committee  strongly  commend  the  rule  promulgated  by  the 
Secretary  of  War  requiring  monuments  to  separate  organizations  to  be 
placed  upon  brigade  lines  of  battle,  except  in  rare  instances  where  regi- 
ments did  notable  fighting  when  separated  from  their  brigades.  Any 
other  plan  than  thus  marking  general  lines  of  battle  would  dot  the  field 
in  all  directions  with  isolated  monuments,  and  visitors  could  only  ascer- 
tain the  lines  of  fighting  by  the  most  laborious  examination  of  monu- 
mental inscriptions.  The  same  rule  should  govern  the  erection  of 
general  State  memorials,  and  your  committee  earnestly  recommend 
that  the  Secretary  of  War  be  requested  to  make  this  obligatory  for  this 
class  of  monuments  also. 

While  the  ownership  of  the  United  States  in  the  Chattanooga  por- 
tion of  the  park  is  restricted  chiefly  to  the  roads  and  the  several  limited 
reservations  heretofore  described,  through  the  great  liberality  of  the 
municipal  and  county  authorities  both  the  city  of  Chattanooga  and 
the  memorable  battlefields  immediately  about  it  have  virtually  been 
made  a  part  of  the  National  Park.  Through  city  ordinances,  and  the 
action  of  the  quarterly  court,  which  controls  the  affairs  of  the  county, 
authority  has  been  granted  to  the  National  Commission  to  erect  tablets 
and  monuments  along  roads  and  in  public  places,  at  all  points  through- 
S.  Rep.  637 2 


18       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY' PARK. 

out  this  territory  where  such  work  will  not  interfere  with  the  adjoining 
private  property.  Under  this  permission  nearly  a  hundred  bronze  his- 
torical tablets  have  been  erected  in  the  city  of  Chattanooga,  marking 
all  the  former  lines  of  fortifications  and  the  prominent  headquarters 
during  the  successive  occupation  of  the  city  by  the  Confederate  and 
Union  armies.  Historical  tablets  are  also  in  course  of  preparation  for 
erection  along  the  many  avenues  leading  from  the  city,  and  by  means 
of  these  and  contemplated  State  monuments  the  Chattanooga  portion 
of  the  park  will  eventually  be  almost  as  thoroughly  marked  as  at 
Chickamauga,  where  the  Government  owns  the  entire  body  of  the 
battlefield. 

The  following  States  have  appointed  commissions  to  cooperate  with 
the  National  Commission  in  the  work  of  marking  lines  of  battle  and 
ascertaining  other  historical  points  of  interest:  Alabama,  Arkansas, 
Connecticut,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Ken- 
tucky, Louisiana,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi, 
Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin. 

At  the  time  of  the  dedication  the  following  monuments  and  markers 
were  in  position : 


States. 

Monu- 
ments. 

Mark- 
era. 

Ohio          .            

55 

53 

Illinois  

29 

12 

12 

Wisconsin   

6 

5 

Minnesota.    

5 

Indiana  .            .  .  .. 

4 

Kansas  

3 

2 

Missouri  

3 

18 

Massachusetts  

] 

At  the  same  time  23  additional  monuments  for  Indiana  were  upon 
the  ground  in  process  of  erection,  and  the  monuments  for  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania  were  arriving.  Monuments  for  the  State  of  Tennessee 
were  in  process  of  construction,  and  the  State  of  Georgia,  immediately 
after  the  dedication,  made  a  liberal  appropriation  for  marking  the 
positions  of  her  numerous  troops.  Active  steps  are  now  in  progress  in 
all  of  the  remaining  States  which  had  troops  engaged  about  Chatta- 
nooga to  mark  their  lines  by  monuments.  The  report  of  the  park  engi- 
neer shows  that  at  the  time  of  the  dedication  212  historical  tablets, 
each  4  feet  by  3  feet,  and  containing  from  two  to  three  hundred  words 
of  historical  text,  had  been  erected,  with  280  distance  and  locality 
tablets  and  51  battery  tablets.  Thus  far  the  States  have  appropriated 
very  nearly  $500,000  for  monuments,  and  bills  are  now  pending  before 
most  of  the  legislatures  which  have  not  heretofore  acted  to  provide 
monuments  for  their  respective  States. 

Your  committee  find  this  project  essentially  national  in  all  of  its 
leading  features.  Nearly  every  State  in  the  Union  at  the  outbreak 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       19 

of  the  war  had  troops  engaged  within  the  limits  of  the  park.  All  of 
the  great  armies  on  each  side  were  represented  in  the  movements.  On 
the  Union  side  were  the  armies  of  Grant  and  Sherman,  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,  and  two  corps  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  under 
General  Hooker ;  on  the  Confederate  side  were  the  armies  of  Bragg, 
strongly  reinforced  by  the  troops  from  General  Johnston's  army  in 
Mississippi  and  Lougstreet's  corps  form  the  Army  of  Northern  Vir- 
ginia. Among  the  leading  officers  on  the  Union  side  were  Grant, 
Eosecrans,  Thomas,  Sherman,  and  Hooker;  on  the  Confederate  side 
were  Bragg,  Longstreet,  Polk,  and, many  distinguished  commanders  of 
corps,  divisions,  and  brigades.  It  is  doubtful  whether  there  was  so 
large  a  representation  of  the  several  armies  on  either  side  and  so  many 
noted  commanders  among  general  officers  in  any  other  battle  of  the  war. 

Your  committee  regard  the  project  set  forth  in  House  bill  175,  intro- 
duced by  General  Grosvenor,  of  establishing  this  park,  covering  such 
extended  areas  of  memorable  battles,  as  a  national  ground  of  military 
maneuvers  for  the  regular  forces  and  the  National  Guard  of  the  United 
States,  as  one  which  must  prove,  if  adopted,  of  great  practical  conse- 
quence and  of  continuing  and  increasing  value  to  the  country. 

No  greater  facilities  for  the  study  of  actual  operations  upon  the  field 
of  battle  could  be  devised  than  are  presented  in  this  national  park.  Its 
varied  topography  embraces  every  natural  feature  that  could  be  met 
with  in  actual  campaigns,  such  as  formidable  mountains;  both  gentle 
and  precipitous  ridges,  open  and  covered  with  forest;  plain  country, 
open  and  wooded,  and  streams  that  present  military  obstacles. 

From  the  summit  of  the  observation  towers  and  the  point  of  Lookout 
Mountain  all  the  details  of  the  grand  strategy  for  the  campaign  for 
Chattanooga  are  easily  followed.  There  is  no  other  point  in  the  country 
where  such  a  movement  as  this,  which  extended  its  front  for  150  miles 
through  a  mountain  region,  can  be  traced  from  the  beginning  to  the  end 
of  the  campaign.  These  general  references  are  quite  sufficient  to  show 
that  this  project  of  the  national  maneuvering  ground,  the  like  of  which 
no  nation  in  the  world  possesses,  is  quite  as  extended  and  interesting 
in  its  scope  as  the  park  project  itself.  It  is  based  upon  a  plan  sug- 
gested by  Maj.  George  W.  Davis,  of  the  Army,  to  whom  the  full  credit 
for  its  conception  is  due. 

Your  committee  find  that  most  of  the  lands  authorized  by  the  act  of 
Congress  establishing  the  park  and  subsequent  legislation  in  regard 
thereto  have  been  acquired  by  the  National  Commission.  There  remains, 
however,  unpurchased  a  comparatively  small  portion  of  the  area  within 
the  legal  limits  established  for  the  Chickainauga  portion  of  the  park, 
and  the  north  point  of  Lookout  Mountain.  While  authority  for  the  pur- 
chase of  this  latter  area  has  been  given  by  Congress,  as  yet  no  appropri- 
ations have  been  made  to  carry  it  into  effect.  The  securing  of  the  point 
of  Lookout  Mountain  which  overlooks  the  several  battlefields  embraced 
in  the  national  park  seems  very  important  to  the  completion  of  the 


20       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

project,  since  this  point  is  one  sought  by  all  visitors  to  the  national 
park,  both  on  account  of  its  easy  access  from  the  city  of  Chattanooga 
and  its  all-embracing  view  of  surrounding  battlefields. 

In  justice  to  the  troops  of  Generals  Hooker  and  Sherman,  who 
assaulted  Lookout  Mountain,  and  the  Confederate  commander  General 
Walthall,  who  defended  it,  your  committee  think  that  this  battlefield, 
also  on  the  northern  slope  of  Lookout  Mountain  at  the  base  of  the 
palisades,  should  now  be  acquired  for  the  park.  These  tracts  should 
be  added,  not  only  on  account  of  the  great  historical  interest  and 
dominating  natural  features  of  the  north  point  of  the  mountain,  but 
in  justice  to  the  troops  which  fought  there,  since  the  battle  grounds  of 
the  other  forces  engaged  in  the  series  of  engagements  about  Chatta- 
nooga have  already  been  taken  into  the  park.  The  acquirement  of 
these  lands  should  depend  upon  the  possibility  of  obtaining  them  at 
rates  which  shall  be  deemed  reasonable  by  the  National  Commission 
and  meet  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

Thus  far  the  National  Commission  has,  very  properly,  delayed  steps 
looking  to  their  purchase,  because  of  an  evident  disposition  to  force 
unreasonable  prices  upon  the  Government. 

Your  committee  find  in  the  condition  and  excellent  progress  made 
in  the  work  of  the  park,  and  especially  in  the  universal  interest  mani- 
fested by  the  attendance  from  every  State  in  the  Union,  the  fullest 
justification  for  the  undivided  support  given  by  Congress  to  this 
national  project.  Your  committee,  therefore,  after  viewing  the  work 
thus  far  accomplished,  take  satisfaction  in  the  reflection  that  General 
Grosvenor's  bill  establishing  the  park  was  taken  up  in  each  House  by 
unanimous  consent,  and  passed  without  debate  and  without  a  dissent- 
ing vote,  and  that  all  subsequent  legislation  and  appropriations  have 
also  received  unanimous  support. 

Your  committee  present  this  report  with  the  following  resolution : 

Resolved,  That  the  report  of  the  Joint  Committee  to  Represent  Con- 
gress at  the  Dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Park  be  printed  and  recommitted  to  that  committee  for  the  incorpora- 
tion of  a  map,  record  of  the  proceedings,  and  the  corrected  manuscript 
of  the  several  addresses  delivered  in  connection  with  the  dedication. 

Financial  statement. 
Appropriated  for  the  expenses  of  the  dedication $20, 000.  00 


Assigned  for  the  expenses  of  the  Congressional  representation 5, 000.  00 

Expended  by  Sergeant-at-Arms  R.  J.  Bright 3. 289.  04 

Covered  into  the  Treasury  by  R.  J.  Bright 1,  710.  96 


Assigned  to  the  Secretary  of  War  for  general  dedication  expenses 15, 000.  00 

Expended  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  through  Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton 10,  929. 68 

Unexpended  balance 4, 070.  32 

Sale  of  material  covered  into  the  Treasury 567.  39 

Total  covered  into  the  Treasury  by  General  Fullertou 4,  637. 71 


CHICKAMAtfGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       21 


CITIZEN   COMMITTEES. 

The  enthusiastic  assistance  rendered  the  National  Commission  by 
the  citizens  of  Chattanooga  has  been  heretofore  mentioned  in  the  pre- 
liminary report  of  this  committee.  The  following  gentlemen  composed 
the  working  committees : 

LOCAL  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. — H.  S.  Chamberlain,  chairman ;  John  W.  Faxon, 
treasurer;  F.  F.  Wiehl,  secretary. 

CITIZENS'  COMMITTEE. — Capt.  F.  F.  Wiehl,  Col.  Garnett  Andrews,  Capt.  L.  T.  Dick- 
inson, Maj.  W.  J.  Colburn,  Hon.  H.  Clay  Evans,  Adolph  S.  Ochs,  esq.,  J.  W.  Adams, 
esq.,  T.  T.  Wilson,  esq.,  Capt.  Milton  Russell. 

CITY  COUNCIL. — Hon.  George  W.  Ochs,  mayor;  W.  R.  Crabtree,  M.  T.  Freeman, 
D.  L.  Lockwood,  Taylor  Williams. 

COUNTY  COURT. — J.  T.  Hill,  J.  L.  Seagle,  A.  M.  Johnson,  J.  A.  Holtzclaw,  N.  Wil- 
bur, William  Cummings. 

The  above  formed  the  local  executive  committee.  The  subcommittees 
were  as  follows: 

FINANCE. — A.  J.  Gahagan,  chairman;  Newell  Sanders,  J.  W.  Kelly,  T.  T.  Wilson, 
Charles  Reif,  William  Cummings,  J.  L.  Davis. 

ENTERTAINMENT. — A.  N.  Sloan,  chairman ;  Sol  Moyses,  W.  A.  Sadd,  Dr.  E.  B.  Wise, 
P.  A  Brawner. 

PROGRAMME. — W.  J.  Colburn,  chairman;  Garnett  Andrews,  T.  A.  Bingham. 

HALLS  AND  HEADQUARTERS. — H.  T.  Olmstead,  chairman;  W.  A.  Sadd,  Champe  S. 
Andrews,  W.  P.  D.  Moross,  M.  H.  Clift. 

SANITATION. — Robert  Hooke,  chairman. 

CAMPS  AND  BARRACKS. — Charles  F.  Muller,  chairman;  J.  L.  Gleaves,  S.  W.  Dun- 
can, C.  A.  Moross,  H.  F.  Wenning. 

DECORATION  AND  ILLUMINATION. — F.  L.  Case,  chairman ;  W.  P.  D.  Moross,  R.  A. 
Bettis,  W.  K.  Stone,  W.  B.  Carswell. 

RECEPTION  COMMITTEE. — Judge  D.  M.  Key,  chairman. 

Music  AND  MILITARY. — F.  J.  Waddell,  chairman;  J.  P.  Fyft'e,  J.  R.  Shaler,  E.  G. 
Williugham. 

TEAM  TRANSPORTATION. — F.  F.  Wiehl,  chairman. 

RAILWAY  TRANSPORTATION. — J.  R.  Shaler,  John  H.  Peebles,  J.  M.  Sutton,  A.  J. 
Lytle,  Champe  S.  Andrews. 

PRINTING.— W.  R.  Crabtree,  T.  N.  Merriam,  G.  E.  Hatcher,  Melvin  Gardner,  C.  V. 
Brown,  A.  C.  Ragsdale. 

REUNIONS. — Tomlinson  Fort,  chairman;  D.  M.  Steward. 

PUBLIC  FOUNTAINS  AND  ICE  WATER. — Taylor  Williams,  chairman;  Frank  Case, 
J.  C.  Howell,  J.  O.  Martin. 

HOSPITALS. — Dr.  George  M.  Drake,  chairman. 

GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. — D.  M.  Steward,  chairman. 

CONFEDERATE  VETERANS. — J.  L.  Price,  chairman. 

FIREWORKS. — Will  Cummings,  Sol  Moyses,  Al.  Aull. 


FULL  REPORT  OF  THE  JOINT  COMMITTEE. 


The  Joint  Committee  011  the  Dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Park  present  the  following  report: 

The  dedication  exercises  continued  three  days,  September  18,  19, 
and  20,  The  preparations,  made  under  the  direction  of  Hon.  Daniel 
S.  Lamont,  Secretary  of  War,  were  found  to  be  of  the  most  complete 
character. 

The  exercises  proceeded  in  accordance  with  the  following  programme: 

WEDNESDAY,  SEPTEMBER  18. 
MORNING. 

The  dedication  of  State  monuments  ou  Chickamanga  battlefield  will  be  as  follows : 
9  a.  m.,  Michigan,  at  Suodgrass  Hill. 

11  a.  m.,  Missouri,  at  Brotherton's. 

12  m.,  Ohio,  at  Suodgrass  Hill. 
2  p.  m.,  Illinois,  at  Lytle  Hill. 

2  p.  m.,  Minnesota,  at  Snodgrass  Hill. 

2  p.  m.,  Indiana,  at  Cave  Springs. 

4  p.  m.,  Massachusetts,  at  Orchard  Knob. 


General  meeting  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  in  the  tent,  at  Chattanooga, 

Gen.  J.  D.  Morgan,  of  Illinois,  presiding. 

Music,  Ariou  Glee  Club,  Prof.  Rowland  D.  Williams,  director. 
Address  of  welcome,  Hon.  George  W.  Ochs,  mayor  city  of  Chattanooga. 
Response,  Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton,  corresponding  secretary,  Society  Army  of  the 

Cumberland. 

Welcome  to  Confederates,  Gen.  James  D.  Morgan. 
Oration,  Senator  Charles  F.  Mandersou,  of  Nebraska. 
Music,  Arion  Glee  Club,  Professor  Williams,  director. 
Addresses — 

Lieutenant-General  Schofield,  Commanding  United  States  Army. 

Hon.  Hilary  A.  Herbert,  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Gen.  Greuville  M.  Dodge,  of  Iowa,  president  Society  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

Gen.  Daniel  Butterfield,  Hooker's  chief  of  staff. 

Gen.  Horace  Porter,  of  Grant's  staff. 
Remarks — 

Col.  Fred  Grant. 

Rev.  Thomas  E.  Sherman. 

Music,  Glee  Club  and  baud. 

THURSDAY,  SEPTEMBER  19 — AT  SNODGRASS  HILL. 

10  a.  m.,  battery  drill,  by  Battery  F,  Fourth  United  States  Artillery,  Capt.  Sidney 
Taylor  command iug. 

Battalion  regimental  drill,  showing  new  tactics  and  field  movements,  Colonel  John 
S.  Poland  counnaiiding. 

EXERCISES. 

The  dedication  exercises  will  be  opened  on  Chickamauga  battlefield  at  Snodgrass 
Hill  by  a  national  salute  of  44  guns,  fired  at  12  o'clock. 

23 


24       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

PROGRAMME. 

Music. 

Introduction  of  the  presiding  officer  by  Gen.  J.  S.  Fnllerton,  chairman  Chicka- 

mauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  Commission. 
Remarks  by  Vice-President  Stevenson,  who  will  preside  over  tne  meeting. 
Prayer,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Gailor,  of  Tennessee'. 

Music,  America,  to  be  snng  by  the  audience,  accompanied  by  the  band. 
Oration,  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  of  Illinois. 
Music. 

Oration,  Gen.  John  B.  Gordon,  of  Georgia. 

Music,  Auld  Lang  Syne,  by  the  audience,  accompanied  by  the  hand. 
Remarks  by  visiting  governors. 
Music. 

EVENING. 

General  meeting  of  the  survivors  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  (Union)  and 
the  survivors  of  the  Army  of  Tennessee  (Confederate),  to  be  held  af,  8  p.  m. 
in  the  tent  at  Chattanooga  and  presided  over  by  Gen.  Greuville  M.  Dodge, 
president  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 
Music. 
Prayer. 
Orations — 

Gen.  O.  O.  Howard,  U.  S.  A.,  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

Music. 

Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler,  of  Alabama,  for  the  Army  of  Tennessee. 

Music. 

Gen.  Willard  Warner,  of  Chattanooga,  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

Music. 

Gen.  Frank  C.  Armstrong,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  of  the  Army  of  Tennessee. 

Music. 

Brief  remarks  by  Col.  Fred  Grant  and  Father  Thomas  Sherman. 

FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  20 — AT  CHATTANOOGA. 

Exercises  will  open  at  10  a.m.  with  parade  of  regular  troops  and  visiting  militia 
and  Chattanooga  public  school  brigade. 

It  is  expected  that  the  Cabinet,  governors  of  the  States  and  their  staffs,  and  the 
Congressional  committee  will  participate  in  the  parade. 

Firing  of  the  national  salute  of  44  guns  at  Orchard  Knob  at  12  m. 

PROGRAMME. 

Exercises  will  be  opened  at  12  m.  at  tent  by  the  Vice-President  of  the  United 

States. 
Music. 

Prayer  by  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  T.  Niccolls,  of  St.  Louis. 
Address,  Hon.  George  W.  Ochs,  mayor  of  Chattanooga. 
Music. 

Oration,  Gen.  William  B.  Bate,  Senator  from  Tennessee. 
Music. 

Oration,  Gen.  Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  of  Ohio. 
Music. 

Remarks  by  visiting  governors. 
Music. 

AFTERNOON. 

4  p.  m.,  dedication  of  the  Massachusetts  monument  at  Orchard  Knob. 
NIGHT— 8  P.  M.  AT  THE  TENT. 

Joint  meeting  of  the  survivors  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  and  that  por- 
tion of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  that  fought  at  Chattanooga. 
Meeting  to  be  presided  over  by  Gen.  E.  C.  Walthall,  of  Mississippi. 
Oration,  Gen.  James  Longstreet. 
Music. 

Oration,  Col.  Lewis  R.  Stegman,  of  New  York. 
Oration,  Col.  W.  C.  Oates,  governor  of  Alabama. 
Music. 

Oration,  Gen.  J.  A.  Williamson,  of  Iowa. 
Music. 
Remarks  by  distinguished  survivors  of  the  Union  and  Confederate  armies. 


DEDICATION  OF  THE  CHICKAMAUGA  FIELD. 

[Snodgrass  Hill,  Chickamauga,  Ga,,  September  19, 1895— Noon.] 


The  exercises  were  held  at  a  grand  stand  erected  at  the  foot  of  Snod- 
grass Hill,  and  handsomely  decorated.  The  assemblage  was  called  to 
order  at  noon  by  Gen.  J.  S.  Fullertou,  chairman  of  the  park  commis- 
sion, who  thus  introduced  Hon.  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States: 

The  order  of  the  day's  exercises  provides  that  I  shall  open  this  meet- 
ing by  a  simple  introduction.  It  was  not  in  my  thoughts  to  say  a  word 
beyond  presenting  the  presiding  officer  when  I  came  upon  this  plat- 
form. But  this  anniversary,  the  scenes  of  this  battlefield  around  us, 
and  the  many  old  comrades  into  whose  faces  we  now  look  for  the  first 
time  since  our  war  cloud  went  down — all  these  bring  a  swelling  flood  of 
memory  that  irresistibly  sets  uiy  tongue  in  motion.  What  soldier  of 
Chickamauga,  indeed,  could  keep  silent  under  these  circumstances? 
What  one  could  look  with  unrestrained  feelings  upon  the  scene  before 
us?  See  that  hillside,  again  shaken  from  its  slumbers,  quivering  with 
the  tramp  of  armed  men !  See  yonder  regiments  of  Ohio  militia  getting 
into  position,  by  companies,  on  the  southern  slope  of  Snodgrass  Hill! 
Now  they  are  on  the  double-quick,'  pushing  through  underbrush — now 
they  are  moving  into  line.  Hear  the  loud  commands  gf  the  officers,  the 
ringing  notes  of  the  bugle!  See  the  glittering  muskets!  Is  the  hill  to 
be  again  assaulted?  One  feels  as  though  he  had  just  waked  up  from  a 
sleep  on  the  battlefield  after  a  pleasant  dream,  and  that  he  awoke  to 
resume  his  arms.  Ah,  no!  Happily  this  day  of  peace  is  no  dream. 
Here  is  no  roar  of  artillery,  no  rattling  musketry,  no  overhanging  and 
surrounding  clouds  of  sulphur  smoke.  But  see,  now,  those  youthful 
soldiers — boys,  as  we  were  boys  over  there  in  1863 — springing,  as  it  were, 
from  the  ground  and  deploying  over  the  hillside.  It  suggests  the  resur- 
rection of  the  dead  who  fell  on  that  battlefield,  arisen  to  the  new  life 
of  peace  and  good  will. 

Indeed,  this  celebration — the  inauguration  of  this  park  and  commem- 
oration of  the  grand  and  noble  idea — marks  the  beginning  of  a  regen- 
erated national  life.  Never  before  has  such  harmonious  work  been 
possible.  But  little  over  thirty  years  have  passed  since  this  most 
desperate  of  battles  was  fought,  and  now  survivors  of  both  sides  har- 
moniously and  lovingly  come  together  to  fix  thejr  battle  lines  and  mark 
the  places  now  and  forever  to  remain  famous  as  monuments  to  the  valor 
of  the  American  soldier. 

See  the  work  done  here.  Neither  church  nor  sect  ever  built  more  to 
the  glory  of  God.  No  ideas  truer  to  the  teachings  of  the  Divine  Mas- 
ter— "  they  shall  beat  their  swords  into  plowshares,  and  their  spears 
into  pruning  hooks."  Here  is  peace! 

25 


26      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

1  feel  that  I  am  committing  ail  indiscretion  in  taking  up  so  much 
time,  but  pardon  me  if  I  take  just  one  moment  longer  to  show,  for  those 
who  were  not  in  the  battle,  a  bird's-eye  view  of  this  part  of  the  field 
of  Chickamauga. 

On  that  20th  day  of  September,  the  second  day  of  battle,  at  this  very 
hour  of  the  day,  the  Confederate  troops  were  swarming  into  this  valley. 
One  hour  earlier  Longstreet  was  pushing  a  column  of  eight  brigades 
through  a  gap  in  Eosecrans's  line,  made  by  the  mistaken  withdrawal 
of  a  division  from  the  line  at  a  place  about  a  mile  from  here,  beyond 
this  small  hill  back  of  us,  over  there  to  the  southeast.  Sheridan's  and 
Jeff.  0.  Davis's  small  divisions,  much  weakened  by  the  battle  of  the 
day  before,  being  beyond  or  south  of  that  break,  were  overwhelmed, 
and  fell  back  to  avoid  capture  or  annihilation.  Some  of  their  troops 
passed  over  those  hills  you  see  southwest  of  us,  and  the  remainder 
coming  over  this  ridge  just  behind  us,  crowded  through  that  gap  down 
there  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  our  left  and  front — that  gorge  from 
which  the  railroad  debouches.  But  then  there  was  not  a  railroad. 
Only  a  rough,  rocky,  and  almost  untraveled  country  road  was  there. 

A  part  of  the  Union  line  on  the  left  of  the  break,  and  part  of  the 
division  that  had  withdrawn  from  the  line,  having  been  forced  back  by 
the  impetuous  Confederates,  assembled  over  there  about  one-half  of  a 
mile  to  our  right  and  front,  on  the  eastern  end  and  slope  of  this  high 
ridge  in  our  front.  This  ridge,  in  its  top  and  in  its  sides  shaped  like 
the  body  of  one  of  the  razor-back  hogs  one  sees  down  here,  furrowed 
up  and  down  with  deep,  craggy  ravines,  and  with  a  summit  narrow  as 
a  common  country  road,  is  Snodgrass  Hill.  From  its  western  end, 
where  you  see  it  dropping  down  in  that  gorge  where  the  railroad  runs, 
it  extends  in  an  easterly  by  northerly  direction  1  mile.  It  is  of  equal 
height  until  the  Snodgrass  house,  over  there  to  the  east,  is  reached, 
when  it  slopes  down  to  the  woods  on  the  level,  not  300  yards  from 
the  Lafayette  road.  The  summit  of  the  ridge  stretches  out  like  an 
elongated  "S." 

Bushrod  Johnson,  leading  Longstreet's  column,  halted  in  the  pursuit 
in  the  Dyer  field  about  one-half  of  a  mile  in  the  rear  of  this  stand. 
Then,  changing  direction  by  a  wheel  to  the  right,  with  his  division  and 
Anderson's  brigade  of  Hindmau's  division  on  his  right,  moved  rapidly 
forward  and  assaulted  Snodgrass  Hill  just  here  in  our  front.  The  two 
remaining  brigades  of  Hindman's  division  soon  afterwards  came  up  and 
moved  against  the  hill  over  there  at  the  railroad  gorge.  The  remaining 
brigades  of  Longstreet's  column  assaulted  the  hill  on  the  right  of  John- 
son. This  part  of  the  attack  extended  beyond  the  Snodgrass  house,  so 
that  by  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  whole  of  Suodgrass  Hill  was  being 
assaulted.  Hindman's  troops  and  some  of  the  left  of  Johnson's  division 
took  and  occupied  that  part  of  the  hill  in  their  front  without  opposition. 
The  only  Union  troops  then  on  the  ridge  were  over  there  at  the  point 
where  the  hill  curves  northward,  in  front  of  the  Snodgrass  house,  and 
on  the  slope  east  thereof. 

Against  these  troops  Longstreet  moved  with  terrific  energy.  Nearly 
one-half  of  a  mile  of  the  narrow  summit  of  the  western  end  of  this 
ridge  was,  as  stated,  quickly  occupied,  and  by  2  o'clock  the  Confeder- 
ates were  preparing  to  move  down  the  other  slope,  on  the  flank,  and 
toward  the  rear  of  the  Union  troops  on  the  east  half  of  the  ridge,  there 
fighting  under  the  eye  of  Thomas.  It  was  just  about  noon  when  he 
arrived  at  the  Suodgrass  house. 

Lougstreet,  fresh  from  Gettysburg,  with  his  troops  from  the  Army 
cf  Northern  Virginia,  was  now  making  tremendous  assaults  on  the 


CIIICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      27 

eastern  half  of  this  ridge,  held  by  Thomas  with  two  thin  lilies  of  troops 
which  he  hastily  assembled  from  different  commands.  These  Union 
soldiers  were  stout-hearted,  but  they  were  tired  and  well  worn,  for  they 
had  already  been  fighting  through  all  the  hours  of  light  since  daylight 
of  the  day  before.  They  were,  indeed,  in  a  desperate  situation.  In  a 
military  sense  the  Confederates  had  won  the  battle.  But  Thomas,  with 
imperturbable  spirit,  held  fast.  He  had  no  reserves.  He  saw  the  vic- 
torious Confederates  coining  upon  the  ridge,  on  his  right,  working 
toward  his  rear.  He  was  about  to  change  front  of  his  second  line,  so 
as  to  fight  to  the  rear,  for  the  thought  of  surrender  or  attempting  retreat 
was  one  that  never  occurred  to  him.  Defeat,  there  and  then,  meant  not 
only  the  surrender  of  his  force,  but  the  complete  destruction  of  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland.  For  the  Union  cause  then  was  the  darkest 
hour.  Then  came  the  most  dramatic  incident  of  the  war.  It  looked 
like  a  direct  intervention  of  God.  General  Granger  suddenly  appeared 
with  two  large  and  fresh  brigades  of  his  reserve  corps.  Three  miles 
away  he  heard  the  roar  of  battle  and  listened  to  it  as  it  moved  toward 
Thomas's  rear.  Without  orders  he  quickly  marched  to  the  sound  of  the 
cannon.  At  1  o'clock  his  troops  impetuously  attacked  the  Confeder- 
ates holding  the  west  half  of  the  ridge.  Thirty-one  hundred  men  drove 
the  Confederates  back,  over  the  ridge,  and  down  into  this  valley.  And 
against  the  most  vigorous  assaults,  repeatedly  made,  they  held  Snod- 
grass  Hill,  from  that  gorge  on  their  right  over  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
up  to  that  tower  on  their  left,  till  the  sun  went  down.  But  nearly  half 
of  them  were  killed  or  wounded. 

Comrades  and  friends,  pardon  me  for  having  taken  up  so  much  of  your 
time.  I  will  now  perform  the  only  duty  required  of  me.  Allow  me  to 
introduce  to  you  the  distinguished  gentleman  who  will  preside  over  the 
meeting — the  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 


ADDRESS  OF  VICE-PRESIDENT  STEVENSON. 

I  am  honored  by  being  called  to  preside  over  the  ceremonies  of  this 
day.  By  solemn  decree  of  the  representatives  of  the  American  people, 
this  magnificent  park,  with  its  wondrous  associations  and  memories,  is 
now  to  be  dedicated  for  all  time  to  national  and  patriotic  purposes. 

This  is  the  fitting  hour  for  the  august  ceremonies  we  now  inaugurate. 
To-day,  by  act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  the  Chickamauga- 
Chattauooga  National  Military  Park  is  forever  set  apart  from  all  com- 
mon uses;  solemnly  dedicated  for  all  the  ages — to  all  the  American 
people. 

The  day  is  auspicious.  It  notes  the  anniversary  of  one  of  the  great- 
est battles  known  to  history.  Here,  in  the  dread  tribunal  of  last  resort, 
valor  contended  against  valor.  Here  brave  men  struggled  and  died 
for  the  right,  "as  God  gave  them  to  see  the  right." 

Thirty-two  years  have  passed,  and  the  few  survivors  of  that  master- 
ful day — victors  and  vanquished  alike — again  meet  upon  this  memor- 
able field.  Alas,  the  splendid  armies  which  rendezvoused  here  are  now 
little  more  than  a  procession  of  shadows. 

On  fame's  eternal  camping  ground, 

Their  silent  tents  are  spread, 
And  Glory  guards  with  solemn  round 

The  bivouac  of  the  dead. 

Our  eyes  now  behold  the  sublime  spectacle  of  the  honored  survivorg 
of  the  great  battle  coming  together  upon  these  heights  once  more. 


28      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

They  meet,  not  in  deadly  conflict,  but  as  brothers,  under  one  flag — 
fellow-citi/ens  of  a  common  country.  All  grateful  to  God,  that  in  the 
supreme  struggle  the  government  of  our  fathers — our  common  herit- 
age— was  triumphant,  and  that  to  all  of  the  coming  generations  of  our 
countrymen  it  will  remain  "an  indivisible  union  of  indestructible 
States." 

Our  dedication  to-day  is  but  a  ceremony.  In  the  words  of  the  immor- 
tal Lincoln,  at  Gettysburg — 

"But  in  a  larger  sense,  we  can  not  consecrate,  we  can  not  hallow 
this  ground.  The  brave  men  living  and  dead  who  struggled  here  have 
consecrated  it  far  above  our  power  to  add  or  detract." 

I  will  detain  you  no  longer  from  listening  to  the  eloquent  words  of 
those  who  were  participants  in  the  bloody  struggle — the  sharers  alike 
in  its  danger  and  its  glory. 

At  the  close  of  his  remarks  the  Vice-President  introduced  the  Eight 
Rev.  Bishop  Gailor,  of  Tennessee,  who,  after  leading  the  audience  in 
reciting  the  Lord's  Prayer,  continued: 


BISHOP  GAILOR'S  PRAYER. 

Almighty  God,  our  Heavenly  Father,  who  hast  gathered  this  people 
from  all  lauds  and  hast  led  them  into  a  wealthy  place  and  set  their  feet 
in  a  large  room,  making  a  little  one  to  become  a  thousand  and  a  small  one 
a  strong  nation.  Thou  art  the  ruler  of  heaven  and  earth,  who  inakest 
wars  to  cease,  bringing  good  out  of  evil,  giving  the  oil  of  joy  for  mourn 
ing,  and  the  garment  of  praise  for  the  spirit  of  heaviness.  We  praise 
Thy  Name  for  all  Thy  mercies,  and  commend  ourselves  and  our  under 
taking  this  day  to  Thy  divine  blessing  and  protection.  Make,  we  beseech 
Thee,  this  park,  which  we  dedicate  in  Thy  faith  and  fear,  a  memorial 
and  a  pledge  forever  of  unselfish  patriotism  and  heroic  sacrifice  to  our 
children's  children.  Give  Thy  grace  to  Thy  servants,  that  we  may 
always  approve  ourselves  a  people  mindful  of  Thy  favor  and  glad  to 
do  Thy  will.  Defend  our  liberties,  preserve  our  unity.  Save  us  from 
violence  and  confusion,  from  pride  and  arrogance,  and  every  evil  way. 
Fill  the  hearts  of  all  with  loyalty  to  the  traditions  and  institutions  of 
our  country,  and  make  us  more  and  more  one  people — one  in  spirit  and 
purpose,  in  faith  and  hope,  one  in  our  trust  in  Thee  and  our  obedience 
to  Thy  law.  Show  us  Thy  mercy,  O  Lord,  and  grant  us  Thy  salvation. 
Be  gracious  unto  our  land,  that  glory  may  dwell  in  it  and  peace.  That 
Truth  may  flourish  out  of  the  earth  and  Righteousness  look  down  from 
heaven,  through  Jesus  Christ,  our  Lord.  Amen. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  JOHN  M.  PALMER. 

MR.  PRESIDENT,  MY  COMRADES,  AND  MY  COUNTRYMEN:  I  am  pro- 
foundly sensible  of  the  honor  which  the  Secretary  of  War  conferred 
by  selecting  me  to  represent  the  soldiers  of  the  United  States  who  par- 
ticipated in  the  great  military  events  which  occurred  on  this  theater  in 
the  late  summer  and  autumn  of  1863. 

When  I  recall  the  names  of  the  galaxy  of  distinguished  men  who 
took  part  in  the  drama  which  has  made  Chickamauga  immortal  in 
national  history,  1  feel  that  many  of  them  would  have  better  honored 
this  occasion — but,  alas !  where  are  they  ? 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       29 

Eosecrans,  the  central  figure  in  the  great  "campaign  for  Chatta- 
nooga." is  now  on  the  genial  shore  of  the  Pacific,  struggling  with  age 
and  disease,  attended  by  a  loving  daughter,  and  the  prayers  and  good 
wishes  of  all  the  survivors  of  the  hosts  he  commanded. 

George  H.  Thomas,  the  earnest,  disinterested  patriot,  the  soldier,  the 
"Eock  of  Chickamauga,"  sleeps  in  a  quiet  cemetery  near  one  of  the 
beautiful  cities  of  New  York.  A  native  of  Virginia,  educated  by  the 
United  States,  and  one  of  the  officers  of  the  Army  at  the  beginning  of 
armed  strife,  he  did  not  yield  to  the  sophistry  of  paramount  allegiance 
to  the  State  of  his  birth,  which  deluded  and  misled  so  many  others. 
He  adhered  to  and  followed  the  flag  of  his  country,  and  died  at  his 
post  of  duty  in  California.  No  nobler  man  lives,  and  none  nobler  has 
died. 

Critteiiden,  always  generous,  brave,  and  manly;  and  Gordon  Granger, 
who  so  distinguished  himself  on  this  field  on  the  20th  of  September, 
have  passed  away,  and  McCook  alone  of  the  corps  commanders  survives. 

Death  has  summoned  Brannan  of  the  "Fourteenth,"  Jefferson  C. 
Davis  and  Philip  H.  Sheridan  of  the  "Twentieth,"  Van  Cleve  of  the 
"Twenty-first,"  and  Steedman  of  the  Eeserve  Corps. 

Of  the  brigade  commanders,  Lytle,  the  "soldier  poet,"  fell  Septem 
ber20;  Harker  and  Dan  McCook  in  the  assault  on  Kenesaw  in  1864, 
and  others,  equally  distinguished,  have  since  succumbed  to  age  and 
disease,  and  comparatively  few  survive  to  this  thirty-second  anniver- 
sary of  the  first  day  of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 

It  may  be  that  I  owe  my  selection  for  this  honorable  duty  to  my 
seniority  in  rank  among  the  survivors  of  that  day,  but  not  on  account 
of  superior  merit,  for  where  all  did  their  duty  no  soldier  can  be  said  to 
be  superior  to  any  other.  I  feel  honored,  too,  that  on  this  interesting 
occasion  I  am  associated  with  that  distinguished  soldier  and  orator, 
Gen.  John  B.  Gordon,  who,  though  not  a  participant  in  the  operations 
here,  represented  the  Confederate  cause  gallantly  on  many  other  battle 
fields,  and  has  described  the  "Last  Days  of  the  Confederacy"  with 
such  force  and  eloquence  that  I  can  not  hope  to  equal  him. 

My  comrades  and  my  countrymen,  I  will  attempt  to  discharge  the 
representative  duty  imposed  upon  me,  but  in  view  of  the  great  difficulty 
of  even  selecting  the  theme  for  the  brief  address  which  I  am  to  deliver 
here,  where  so  many  memories  crowd  upon  me,  all  demanding  utter- 
ance, I  will  need  your  indulgence.  Where  shall  I  begin? 

HISTORIC    GROUND. 

Standing  in  this  presence,  upon  this  historic  ground,  I  am  conscious 
that  no  words  of  my  own  will  stir  and  thrill  the  survivors  of  the  great 
military  events  which  thirty -two  years  ago  transpired  in  these  valleys 
and  under  the  shadow  of  these  mountains  as  will  the  mention  of  Chick- 
amauga, Chattanooga,  Lookout  Mountain,  and  Missionary  Ridge. 

These  names  are  now  historically  significant  of  great  battles,  where 
many  thousands  of  brave  men  of  the  same  race  and  language  contended 
with  each  other  for  victory.  At  the  mention  of  them  the  eyes  of  vet- 
erans, dimmed  by  age,  will  kindle,  and  for  the  moment  they  will  forget 
the  night  of  time  and  the  lapse  of  years,  and  in  imagination  again 
plunge  into  the  heady  fight. 

And  there  are  other  places  in  this  region  of  mountains  and  valleys 
which,  if  of  less  importance,  will,  when  named,  rekindle  almost  extinct 
recollections.  Crawfish  Spring,  with  its  rushing  flood  of  crystal 
purity,  was  to  us  ineii  of  the  prairies,  where  nothing  like  it  exists,  a 


30         CHICKAMAUGA    AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

"thing  of  beauty."  Lee  &  Gordon's  mill,  which  was  for  a  few  days 
the  center  of  the  movements  of  that  part  of  the  army  with  which  I  was 
connected,  and  where  I  spent  part  of  a  birthday  by  the  side  of  a 
wounded  comrade,  within  the  sound  of  a  skirmish  which  was  almost 
a  battle;  Pea  vine  Valley,  where,  to  my  infinite  mortification,  I  lost 
nearly  a  company  of  one  of  my  veteran  regiments,  captured  by  a  rush 
of  Confederate  cavalry;  Ringgold,  the  scene  of  the  bloody  return  of 
the  Confederate  rear  guard  inflicted  upon  their  pursuers  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Missionary  Ridge,  is  not  distant;  indeed,  there  is  scarcely  an 
object  within  this  theater  of  operations — streams,  bridges,  houses,  and 
fields — which  is  not  suggestive  of  something  which  pertains  to  the 
stirring,  eventful  period  which  we  have  assembled  to  commemorate. 

LESSONS   FOR   AMERICANS. 

But  my  duty  requires  of  me  more  than  the  mere  mention  of  the 
names  of  these  places,  memorable  as  they  are,  for  the  civil  war  in  the 
United  States,  in  its  origin,  its  progress,  and  its  results,  is  full  of  les- 
sons to  us  and  the  American  people. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution  the  people  of  the  Ameri- 
can Colonies  were  a  nation.  They  were  made  so  by  their  identity  of 
race  and  language,  and  by  their  common  efforts  and  sacrifices  to  main- 
tain and  defend  their  liberties.  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
the  most  perfect  product  of  human  wisdom,  inspired  by  the  most  exalted 
patriotism,  created  a  government  for  a  nation — a  government,  whichfrom 
necessity,  is  supreme  within  its  appropriate  sphere.  The  statesmen  of 
that  day  were  divided  in  opinion.  Some  of  them  supposed  that  the 
Constitution  gave  to  the  National  Government  powers  so  great  as  to 
endanger  popular  liberty.  Others  believed  that  the  powers  reserved 
to  the  States  endangered  national  unity.  Therefore,  disputes  as  to  the 
relative  rights  and  powers  of  the  National  Government  under  the  Con- 
stitution and  of  the  States  commenced  soon  after  its  adoption.  Some 
political  writers  in  both  sections  of  the  Union  find  the  germs  of  seces- 
sion and  of  rebellion  against  the  national  supremacy  in  the  Virginia 
and  Kentucky  resolutions  of  1798,  while  others  of  equal  respectability 
and  authority  claim  that  the  resolutions  of  1798  assert  no  more  than 
the  right  of  the  States,  while  adhering  to  the  Union  to  defend  the  Con- 
stitution and  by  peaceful  and  orderly  methods  resist  palpable  infrac- 
tions of  its  provisions. 

THE   BEGINNING. 

Again  it  has  been  claimed  that  the  ordinance  of  nullification  adopted 
by  the  State  of  South  Carolina  began  the  controversy  which  finally 
culminated  in  the  civil  war;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  supporters 
of  nullification  asserted  that  the  South  Carolina  ordinance  harmonized 
with  the  proper  interpretation  of  the  Constitution,  and  tended  to  sup 
port  the  Union  of  the  States,  and 'in  no  sense  involved  the  theory  of 
secession.  Later,  the  South  complained  of  the  Wilmot  proviso,  which 
proposed  to  exclude  slavery  from  all  the  Territories  of  the  United 
States  north  of  latitude  36°  30',  as  an  invasion  of  the  rights  of  the 
States  in  which  slavery  then  existed.  The  North  complained  of  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise,  which,  as  was  claimed,  invited 
slavery  into  what  are  now  magnificent  States  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
and  into  other  Territories,  some  of  which  have  since  that  time  become 
great  and  populous  States  of  the  American  Union. 

In  the  attempt  to  vindicate  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       31 

some  distinguished  Southern  leaders  insisted  that  negro  slaves,  being 
property  in  some  of  the  States,  might  be  carried  into  the  Territories, 
which  were  the  common  property  of  all  the  States;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  Northern  people  maintained  that  negroes  were  persons, 
that  slavery  was  the  accident  of  their  situation,  and  that  slavery  could 
not  exist  in  the  Territories.  And  Southern  leaders  went  still  further  in 
the  assertion  that  the  States,  being  sovereign  and  equal,  possessed  the 
inherent  right  to  secede  from  the  Union,  and  that  any  one  or  more  of 
them  might  at  pleasure  establish  an  independent  government,  hostile 
to  the  United  States. 

I  think  that  from  1856,  when  General  Fremont  was  the  favorite  can- 
didate of  many  of  the  Northern  States  for  the  Presidency,  until  1800, 
when  Mr.  Lincoln  was  named  for  that  high  office,  a  majority  of  the 
American  people  regarded  all  the  disputed  claims  and  opposing  political 
propositions  asserted  by  the  rival  sections  as  mere  abstractions.  They 
believed  that  slavery  would  perish  as  civilization  advanced,  and  that 
it  could  never  be  maintained  in  the  purely  agricultural  regions  of  the 
North  and  West. 

I  know  that,  with  inconsiderable  exceptions,  this  was  the  feeling  of 
the  people  of  all  the  States  north  of  the  Ohio.  They  did  not  care  for 
the  mere  sentimental  belief,  cherished  by  so  many,  that  slavery  was  a 
divine  institution.  They  were  satisfied  that  slavery  could  not  be 
defended,  and  they  hoped  to  witness  its  ultimate  extinction.  It  did 
not  alarm  them  that  many  were  committed  to  the  dogma  of  the  right 
of  any  State  to  secede  from  the  Union  at  pleasure,  for  they  did  not 
expect  or  anticipate  any  overt  act  of  secession  or  disunion  from  any 
quarter  whatever. 

ABRAHAM   LINCOLN. 

In  1860  Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  was  nominated  as  a  candidate 
for  the  Presidency. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  United  States  it  was  seriously 
asserted  in  certain  sections  that  the  election  of  a  particular  Presidential 
candidate  would  afford  sufficient  cause  for  the  secession  of  the  States 
interested  in  slavery  from  the  Union.  This  declaration,  coming  from 
the  quarters  it  did,  excited  some  apprehension.  Mr.  Lincoln  was  re- 
garded, not  only  by  his  political  friends,  but  by  his  opposers,  as  a  safe, 
conscientious,  constitutional  statesman;  his  integrity  and  sincerity  had 
never  been  questioned. 

The  Presidential  canvass  of  1860,  though  heated,  was  conducted  in 
the  usual  manner.  The  election  was  fair,  and  free.  The  electors  met 
in  most  of  the  States  and  cast  their  votes,  which  were  certified  accord- 
ing to  the  constitutional  and  legal  forms,  and  the  votes  of  the  electors 
were  counted  in  the  presence  of  both  Houses  of  Congress,  and  Vice- 
President  Breckinridge,  as  the  presiding  officer  of  the  joint  session, 
declared  that — 

Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  having  received  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  the 
electors  of  the  several  States  of  the  United  States,  is  duly  elected  President  of  the 
United  States  for  the  term  of  four  years  from  the  4th  of  March,  1861. 

SECESSION. 

Soon  after  the  result  of  the  election  of  1860  was  known,  South  Caro- 
lina, in  form,  seceded  from  the  Union,  and  was  afterwards  followed  by 
other  States,  and  the  seceded  States  adopted  a  form  of  confederate 
government. 

I  spent  the  mouth  of  February,  1861,  in  Washington,  and  mingled 


32       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAKK. 

extensively  with  public  men  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and 
can  now  recollect  that  many  of  them  professed  to  believe  that  the  con- 
troversy between  the  "adhering  and  seceding  States,"  as  they  were 
even  then  termed,  would  be  speedily  and  peacefully  settled. 

Some  few  men  of  prominence  from  the  North  said,  "The  revolution 
is  complete,"  and  advised  that  the  erring  sisters  be  allowed  to  "go  in 
peace."  Others,  like  Mr.  Douglas,  then  Senator  from  Illinois,  and 
Governor  Morehead,  of  Kentucky,  said  to  me:  "The  peaceful  settle- 
ment of  our  troubles  is  impossible;  the  Southern  leaders  have  gone  too 
far  to  recede,"  and  Mr.  Douglas  added,  "Before  this  controversy  is 
settled  the  continent  will  tremble  under  the  tread  of  a  million  of  armed 
men."  And  Governor  Morehead,  who  agreed  with  Mr.  Douglas,  said: 

Misrepresentation  has  alienated  the  people  of  the  North  and  South ;  they  have 
challenged  each  other  to  war,  and  in  that  war  slavery  will  cease  to  exist.  They  will 
fight  to  the  death,  and  after  a  bloody  contest  they  will  learn  to  respect  each  "other 
and  may  live  in  peace. 

The  civil  war,  according  to  that  view,  was  a  struggle  between  the 
elements  of  American  manhood.  Political,  economic,  and  moral  con- 
siderations may  have  impressed  and  influenced  statesmen  and  philan- 
thropists, and  like  considerations  affected  the  great  body  of  the  people, 
and  swept  them  into  opposing  political  parties,  and  made  them  the 
adherents  of  rival  governments. 

FOKT   SUMTER. 

The  assault  upon  Fort  Sumter,  which  occurred  in  April,  1861,  made 
any  compromise  of  the  sectional  differences  impossible,  and  fully  justi- 
fied Mr.  Tooinbs,  Secretary  of  State  of  the  Confederate  Government,  in 
saying:  "The  firing  upon  that  fort  will  inaugurate  a  civil  war  greater 
than  any  the  world  has  ever  seen." 

Whatever  may  have  been  hoped,  believed,  or  feared  by  the  lovers  of 
peace  in  the  different  sections  of  the  Union  before  that  time,  the  attack 
upon  Fort  Sumter  rendered  a  civil  war  inevitable.  After  that  event  Mr. 
Lincoln  answered  the  challenge  for  war  by  a  call  for  75,000  men.  At 
that  time  the  whole  South  was  practically  in  arms,  and  the  call  for  75,000 
men  was  within  a  month  responded  to  by  the  Northern  States  with  an 
offer  of  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  million,  and  the  flame  of  war  extended 
across  the  continent. 

I  need  not  speak  of  the  military  operations  of  the  years  1801  and  1862, 
nor  of  the  events  which  occurred  elsewhere  than  upon  the  theater  in- 
cluded in  the  operations  of  the  armies  which  encountered  each  other  here. 

The  first  days  of  the  year  1863  found  these  two  armies  in  actual  col 
lision  around  the  town  of  Murfreesboro,  which,  after  a  struggle,  was 
finally  held  by  the  Union  forces,  the  Confederates  falling  back  to  the 
line  of  Tullahoma. 

CHATTANOOGA  THE   POINT. 

In  the  latter  part  of  June,  1863,  the  Union  forces,  after  months  of 
preparation,  broke  up  their  camps  at  Murfreesboro,  and  their  advanced 
posts  in  that  neighborhood,  and  were  put  in  motion  for  their  objective 
point — Chattanooga.  The  campaign  of  1863  has  been  characterized  as 
the  "campaign  for  Chattanooga." 

From  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  great  importance  of  Chattanooga 
from  a  military  point  of  view  was  well  understood.  It  was  the  key  to 
the  great,  populous,  and  wealthy  State  of  Georgia,  and,  in  fact,  to  the 
whole  South.  Its  position  was  one  of  great  strength.  Situated  on  the 
Tennessee  Kiver,  surrounded  by  mountains,  it  is  difficult  of  approach 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      33 

from  north  aiid  west.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  month  of  June  and 
in  early  July  the  Union  and  Confederate  hosts  contested  the  line  of 
Tullahoma;  the  Confederates  afterwards  retired  to  the  line  of  the  Ten- 
nessee Eiver.  About  the  1st  of  August,  1863,  the  whole  Union  Army 
commenced  its  advance,  the  left  wing  occupying  Sequatchie  Valley, 
pushed  forward  a  brigade  to  Poe's  Tavern,  in  the  valley  of  the  Tennes- 
see, to  watch  Chattanooga,  and,  by  a  show  of  force,  to  threaten  that 
place,  and  also  the  crossing  of  the  Tennessee  Eiver.  In  the  meantime, 
Rosecraus  moved  his  center  and  right  over  the  mountains  in  the  sup- 
posed or  reported  direction  of  Koine,  in  order  to  reach  the  Confederate 
rear,  and  on  September  8,  in  consequence  of  that  movement,  the  Con- 
federates evacuated  Chattanooga. 

It  is  no  part  of  my  duty,  nor  is  it  my  purpose,  to  criticise  the  strategy 
of  the  commanders  of  the  two  armies,  or  the  movements  of  troops,  or 
the  conduct  of  subordinates,  before,  during,  or  after  the  two  days'  battle 
of  Chickamauga.  I  do  not  know  what  General  Eosecrans  believed  Gen- 
eral Bragg  intended  by  the  evacuation  of  Chattanooga.  I  know  that  on 
the  morning  of  September  9  my  division,  which  was  posted  in  Lookout 
Valley,  was  ordered  to  follow  the  railroad  around  the  point  of  Lookout 
Mountain,  and  enter  and  occupy  Chattanooga.  That  order  was  changed, 
and  at  my  request  General  Crittenden  allowed  me  to  proceed  with  Van 
Cleve's  division  and  my  own,  and  take  a  position  at  Eossville. 

BRAGG  RETIRES. 

On  the  morning  of  the  10th  I  received  an  order  to  pursue  the  enemy 
in  the  direction  of  Einggold.  I  reached  Binggold  on  September  11, 
and  was  there  overtaken  by  General  Crittenden,  who  informed  me  that 
it  had  been  discovered  that  Bragg  had  retired  from  Chattanooga  in  the 
direction  of  Lafayette,  Ga.,  for  the  obvious  purpose  of  watching  the 
movements  of  our  center  and  right,  protecting  his  lines  of  communica- 
tion and  receiving  the  reenforcements  from  the  Army  of  Virginia  which 
were  then  on  their  way  to  join  him.  He  told  me  that  Eosecrans  had 
gone  hastily  to  join  Thomas  and  McCook,  who  were  then  crossing  the 
mountains,  and  bring  them  to  confront  the  Confederates  in  Chicka- 
mauga Valley  and  fight  a  battle  for  the  possession  of  Chattanooga. 

When  General  Crittenden  gave  me  the  information  I  have  before 
mentioned,  he  ordered  me  to  march  from  Einggold  to  Lee  &  Gordon's 
mill,  on  the  Chickamauga.  I  was  more  apprehensive  of  the  advance  of 
the  Confederates  than  General  Crittenden  seemed  to  be,  for  I  had  never 
believed  that  General  Bragg  intended  to  abandon  Chattanooga  with- 
out striking  a  blow  for  its  possession.  At  my  request  he  allowed  me  to 
move  from  Einggold  with  the  fighting  force  of  my  division  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Peavine  church,  to  feel  for  the  enemy,  while  the  transportation, 
protected  by  Van  Cleve's  division,  was  moved  to  Lee  &  Gordon's  mill 
by  the  most  direct  route.  I  marched  in  the  direction  I  have  indicated 
a  few  miles,  and  encountered  in  the  neighborhood  of  Peavine  church 
a  solid  Confederate  force.  After  a  close  skirmish,  retired  and  crossed 
the  Chickamauga,  so  that  by  the  evening  of  September  12  the  Twenty- 
first  Corps,  with  the  exception  of  two  brigades,  were  in  position  on  the 
left  or  western  bank  of  the  Chickamauga. 

From  that  time  it  was  a  race  between  the  Union  center  and  right 
and  the  Confederates  for  a  battlefield.  Longstreet,  from  Virginia,  was 
approaching  with  some  thousands  of  veteran  troops  who  had  partici- 
pated in  the  bloody  battles  of  Virginia — had  crossed  the  Potomac  and 
had  fought  at  Gettysburg — while  the  forces  under  the  immediate  com- 
mand of  General  Bragg  were  moving  steadily  upon  us,  and  on  the  17th 
S.  Eep.  637 3 


34      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

and  18th  made  themselves  felt  at  the  different  crossings  of  the  Ghicka- 
mauga  above  Lee  &  Gordon's  mill,  while  the  Fourteenth  and  Twentieth 
Corps  of  the  Union  Army  were  hurrying  to  unite  with  the  Twenty-first 
Corps  and  resist  his  advance.  On  the  16th  I  moved  with  my  division 
up  the  Chickamauga,  defending  the  crossings,  and  on  the  17th  the 
advance  of  the  right  and  center  began  to  arrive,  and  the  whole  army 
commenced  and  continued  its  movement  by  rapid  marches  to  the  left. 

MEETING  OF   OFFICERS. 

I  remember  a  meeting  of  leading  officers  at  the  headquarters  of  the 
army  on  the  evening  of  the  18th  of  September,  which  I  attended  for  a 
few  moments,  being  called  away  from  the  meeting  by  the  urgency  of  the 
situation.  Reports  were  received  from  all  directions.  The  advance  of 
Longstreet's  reinforcements  had,  as  we  were  informed,  reached  Eing- 
gold.  The  army  of  General  Bragg  was  reported  to  be  nearly  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  moving  with  an  evident  purpose  of  crossing 
and  seizing  the  road  which  led  along  the  eastern  base  of  Missionary 
Eidge. 

During  the  whole  night  of  September  18  every  portion  of  the  Federal 
army  was  in  motion.  My  own  division,  aft  er  interrupting  delays,  reached 
Lee  &  Gordon's  mill  about  sunrise,  while  the  Fourteenth  Corps,  under 
Thomas,  had,  by  a  more  direct  route,  gained  a  position  at  McDonald's 
house  near  the  Chattanooga  road.  I  heard  firing  in  that  direction  about 
8  o'clock,  and  directed  Gross  to  proceed  with  his  brigade  and  learn  its 
cause. 

IMPORTANCE   OF   TIME. 

Time  is  important  in  all  military  operations.  If  Longstreet  had 
reached  Einggold  a  day  earlier  and  had  at  once  attempted  to  seize  the 
road  to  Chattanooga,  which  led  along  the  eastern  base  of  Missionary 
Eidge,  he  would  have  succeeded.  He  did  not  reach  the  field  until  the 
morning  of  the  20th,  when  too  late,  for  he  found  the  Union  forces  in  a 
position  prepared  to  receive  him.  Another  incident  may  be  mentioned 
to  illustrate  the  same  fact.  Soon  after  Grose  had  marched  to  ascertain 
the  cause  of  the  firing  to  our  left,  I  received  a  note  from  General  Thomas 
which  I  supposed,  until  lately,  led  to  the  opening  of  the  real  battle  of 
the  19th  of  September  and  had  an  important  influence  upon  the  Con- 
federate movements.  I  quote  from  the  Southern  Confederacy,  a  news- 
paper published  at  Atlanta,  of  date  of  the  3d  of  October,  1863,  which 
came  into  my  hands  a  few  days  after  it  was  published : 

It  is  said  that  General  Bragg's  plan  of  attack  was  designed  to  be  the  same  as  that 
of  General  Lee  on  Chickahominy,  viz,  a  movement  down  the  l«ft  bank  of  the  Chicka- 
maugua  by  a  column  which  was  to  take  the  enemy  in  flank  and  drive  him  down  the 
river  to  the  west  ford;  or,  crossing  below,  where  a  second  colnmn  was  to  cross  over 
and  unite  with  the  first  in  pushing  the  enemy  still  further  down  the  river  until  all 
the  bridges  and  fords  had  been  uncovered  and  our  entire  army  passed  over. 

This  plan  was  frustrated,  according  to  report,  by  a  counter  movement,  which  is 
explained  in  the  following  order  of  the  Federal  general,  Thomas.  This  order  was 
found  upon  the  person  of  Adjutant-General  Muhleman,  of  General  Palmer's  staff, 
who  subsequently  fell  into  our  bauds: 

HEADQUARTERS  FOURTEENTH  ARMY  CORPS, 
Near  McDonald's  House,  September  19,  1868. — 9  a.  m. 
Major-General  PALMER: 

The  rebels  are  reported  in  quite  a  heavy  force  between  you  and  Alexander's  mill. 
If  you  advance  as  soon  as  possible  on  them  in  front,  while  I  attack  them  in  Hank,  I 
think  we  can  use  them  up. 

Respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  GEO.  H.  THOMAS, 

Major-General,  Volunteers,  Commanding. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       35 

This  was  Saturday  morning.  The  counter  attack  upon  the  front  and  flank  of  our 
flanking  column  was  made  with  vigor  soon  after  it  crossed  the  river,  and  in  accord- 
ance with  the  plan  suggested  by  General  Thomas,  and  if  not  entirely  successful,  it 
was  sufficiently  so  to  disarrange  our  plans  and  delay  our  movements. 

THE   ATTACK   MADE. 

• 

I  received  the  note  of  which  this  article  speaks  within  half  an  hour 
after  it  was  written,  made  the  attack  as  directed  as  soon  as  possible, 
and  gained  some  advantage,  but  did  not  succeed  in  driving  them  back 
across  the  river.  A  heavy  force  crossed  the  river  to  my  right,  which 
was  met  and  resisted  by  Van  Cleve  and  Wilder,  and  the  new  and  large 
regiment,  the  Seventy-fifth  Indiana,  then  commanded  by  the  gallant 
soldier,  Col.  Milton  S.  Robinson,  afterwards  promoted  by  his  fellow- 
citizens  to  a  high  judicial  place,  which  he  left  vacant  by  his  untimely 
and  lamented  death 

It  is  certain  that  General  Bragg  had  not  anticipated  the  movement 
of  Thomas's  column  so  far  to  our  left,  nor  the  attack  of  my  division  as 
early  as  it  was  made  on  the  19th  of  September,  for,  in  the  orders  issued 
by  him  on  the  18th  of  September,  1863,  he  directed  that  "  Johnston's 
column,. on  crossing  at  or  near  Beed's  Bridge,  will  turn  to  the  left  by 
the  most  practicable  route  and  sweep  up  the  Chickamauga  by  Lee  & 
Gordon's  mill." 

It  was  this  force  that  I  attacked,  and,  according  to  the  story  I  have 
read,  defeated  all  the  movements  of  the  Confederate  forces  contemplated 
by  that  order. 

It  may  be  interesting,  too,  to  mention  that  at  the  close  of  the  first  day's 
battle  it  was  certain  that  the  Union  forces  had  firm  possession  of  the 
Chattanooga  road. 

THE   SECOND  BATTLE. 

The  second  day's  battle  commenced  between  8  and  9  o'clock  on  Sun- 
day, the  20th  day  of  September,  by  an  attack  on  Baird's  division,  which 
held  our  extreme  left,  and  soon  extended  to  the  right,  covering  the  front 
of  Johnson's  division  and  my  own,  including  that  of  Eeynolds,  of  the 
Fourteenth  Corps. 

The  attack  was  made  with  wonderful  energy  and  was  resisted 
obstinately.  It  was  repeated  more  than  once,  and  was  finally  repulsed. 
Men  and  officers  on  both  sides  exhibited  the  highest  degree  of  courage. 
An  attempt  was  made  by  the  Confederates  to  turn  our  left,  but  they 
were  driven  back,  and  from  that  time  all  was  quiet  on  the  left  and  on 
our  immediate  front. 

The  country  is  familiar  with  the  closing  events  of  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga and  with  the  mistaken  or  misunderstood  order  given  by  General 
Eosecrans  to  General  Wood,  "Close  up  on  Eeynolds  and  support  him;" 
the  attempt  of  General  Wood  to  execute  the  order  determined  the  result 
of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga — it  opened  our  lines  to  an  adventurous 
Confederate  attack. 

I  learned  within  a  few  moments  from  the  progress  of  the  Confederate 
fire  that  our  lines  were  broken.  Very  soon  after,  I  saw  on  the  mountain 
slope  the  advance  of  the  Union  reserve,  led  by  Granger,  and  I  witnessed 
their  heroic  efforts  to  restore  the  fortunes  of  the  day.  I  ordered  Hazen, 
with  his  brigade,  to  join  them,  and  I  heard  their  volley  when  they  went 
into  the  battle. 

Afterwards,  under  the  orders  of  General  Thomas,  I  retired  from  the 
field. 


36      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 
UNFORTUNATE   ORDER. 

With  all  iny  comrades  on  that  field,  I  felt,  and  I  now  feel  and  believe, 
that  but  for  the  unfortunate  order  given  by  Rosecraus  to  Wood,  or  the 
unfortunate  construction  given  by  Wood  to  that  order,  in  regard  to 
which  I  express  now  no  opinion,  the  Union  forces  would  have  held  the 
battlefield  of  Chickamauga.  Certainly  men  never  fought  more  bravely, 
or  even  desperately,  than  did  the  men  of  both  the  armies  on  that  bloody 
and  well- contested  field. 

From  data  which  I  regard  as  reliable,  but  which  I  have  not  verified, 
the  Confederate  army  which  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga 
amounted  to  60,589  men.  Its  loss  was — killed,  1,790;  wounded,  11,159; 
missing,  1,380 ;  while  the  strength  of  the  Union  army  was  57,840,  and 
its  loss  in  killed  was  1,656 ;  wounded,  9,749,  and  missing,  4,774.  These 
facts  demonstrate  the  desperate  courage  of  the  opposing  forces.  Two 
armies  of  American  soldiers  of  the  aggregate  number  of  118,429  suffered 
the  loss  of  3,446  killed  and  20,907  wounded,  without  counting  the  miss- 
ing; the  casualties  of  the  two  armies  was  more  than  20  per  cent  of  the 
whole  number  engaged. 

We  retired  from  the  field  defeated,  it  is  true,  but  we  believed  our 
reverse  was  the  result  of  one  of  those  unavoidable  accidents  against 
which  no  courage  or  skill  could  provide,  and  we  were  ready  on  the  next 
day  to  fight  again  with  all  the  courage  and  confidence  that  we  felt  on 
the  19th  and  20th  of  September.  We  retired  to  Chattanooga  and  were 
pursued  and  beleaguered  by  the  Confederates  until  the  25th  day  of 
November,  when  the  men  who  left  the  field  of  Chickamauga  defeated 
on  the  20th  day  of  September  stormed  Missionary  Bidge  and  fully 
recovered  the  prestige  of  the  national  arms. 

A  BRIEF   STORY. 

My  comrades  and  countrymen,  I  have  thus  told  the  story  of  the  battle 
of  Chickamauga.  It  is  brief  and  necessarily  incomplete.  Writers, 
some  with  historical  accuracy  and  others  in  the  language  of  romance, 
have  told  the  tale  of  that  bloody  contest.  No  man  can  know  much-of 
the  events  which  did  not  occur  in  his  immediate  presence  on  a  field  like 
this.  We  know  the  names  of  but  few  of  the  fallen,  but  we  can  remember 
the  courage  and  gallantry  of 'all  who  acted  with  us. 

I  have  said  that  the  civil  war  was  caused  by  the  sectional  challenge 
to  American  manhood,  and  that  challenge  was  accepted  and  followed 
by  years  of  bloody  and  desolating  war.  In  that  war  the  American 
people  learned  to  properly  estimate  each  other,  which  is  the  only  founda- 
tion for  harmonious,  national  unity.  By  that  war  the  theory  of  the 
right  of  the  States  to  secede  from  the  Union  was  forever  eradicated 
from  our  system  of  national  constitutional  government.  By  that  war 
African  slavery,  which  was  the  root  of  sectional  bitterness  and  was  one 
of  the  causes  or  pretexts  for  national  controversy,  was  forever  over- 
thrown, and  the  flag  of  our  country  became  at  once  the  emblem  of 
freedom  and  the  symbol  of  national  power.  As  the  result  of  that  war 
the  Constitution  was  maintained  and  not  subverted,  and  the  union  of 
the  American  people  made  perpetual. 

A  GREAT   REPUBLIC. 

My  comrades,  we  who  survive  to  this  day  may  well  be  grateful  to  that 
Divine  Being  who  guides  the  destiny  of  nations  that  we  are  permitted 
to  see  an  established  Union ;  a  Republic  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to 


> 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      37 

the  Pacific,  and  from  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf,  and  liberty  and  law  the  all- 
pervading-  rule  of  our  national  life. 

We  are  here  to-day  "with  malice  toward  none  and  charity  for  all;"  we 
meet  as  citizens  of  a  common  country,  devoted  to  its  interests  and  alike 
ready  to  maintain  its  honor,  wherever  or  however  assailed. 

To  my  comrades,  you  who  were  Confederate  soldiers  during  all  the 
weary  struggle  of  the  civil  war,  I  beg  to  say  I  was  proud  of  your  gal- 
lantry and  courage.  I  never  allowed  myself  to  forget  that  you  were 
Americans,  freely  offering  your  lives  in  the  defense  of  what  you  believed 
to  be  your  rights  and  in  vindication  of  your  manhood. 

You  are  now  satisfied  that  the  result  of  the  civil  war  established  the 
unity  of  the  powerful  American  Republic;  you  submitted  your  contro- 
versies with  your  fellow-citizens  to  the  arbitrament  of  the  battlefield, 
and  you  accepted  the  result  with  a  sublime  fortitude  worthy  of  all 
praise;  and  your  reward  is  that  peace  and  order  are  restored,  and  "the 
South"  which  you  loved  so  well  and  for  which  you  fought  so  bravely 
now  blossoms  with  abundant  blessings. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  JOHN  B.  GORDON. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  The  illustrious  Charles  Sumner,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, proposed  in  the  Federal  Senate  to  strike  from  the  battle  flags 
of  the  Union  all  mementoes  of  our  civil  war.  It  is  due  to  his  memory, 
however,  as  well  as  to  truth,  to  say  that  in  making  this  proposition  his 
spirit  was  catholic  and  his  patriotism  broad;  for  his  purpose  was  to 
lessen  passion,  restore  harmony  to  the  embittered  sections,  and  unity  to 
his  divided  country.  His  aspirations  were  worthy  of  all  praise,  but  his 
apprehensions  that  harm  would  come  to  the  Republic  from  cherishing 
mementoes  of  our  great  struggle  were  misapprehensions.  These  appre- 
hensions were  due,  doubtless,  to  two  causes.  He  spoke  as  a  civilian  and 
not  as  a  soldier.  He  reasoned  as  a  classical  student  rather  than  as  a 
practical  statesman.  Had  he  fought  as  a  soldier  he  would  perhaps  have 
thought  differently  as  a  Senator,  for  he  would  have  learned  from  his  own 
experiences  and  the  promptings  of  his  great  heart  that  the  best  soldiers 
were  destined  to  become  the  broadest  citizens;  that  the  men  who  had 
fought  would  surely  impress  their  spirit  of  liberality  on  the  policy  of  this 
Government,  and  that  political  intolerance  and  ignoble  passion  could 
not  coexist  with  the  highest  order  of  courage.  Or  had  he,  as  a  student, 
drawn  his  inspiration,  not  from  Roman  policy,  however  broad  and  com- 
mendable, but  from  American  history  and  characteristics,  and  especially 
from  the  loftly  impulses  which  moved  the  soldiers  on  both  sides,  he 
might  have  known  that  sectional  bitterness  could  not  long  survive  the 
cessation  of  active  hostilities.  He  might  have  then  seen,  even  amidst 
the  darkness  around  him,  the  dawning  of  the  coming  day. 

But  Mr.  Sumner  was  not  the  only  statesman  who  then  believed  that 
the  preservation  of  war  memories  was  the  perpetuation  of  war  passions. 
He  was  not  the  only  one  who  failed  to  appreciate  the  mighty  changes 
which  were  to  be  wrought  by  time;  or  the  hallowing  effects  of  great 
trials  and  sorrows  upon  the  tempers  of  a  people;  or  the  elevating, 
ennobling,  and  unifying  power  of  our  Christian  civilization  and  free 
institutions. 

Few,  if  any,  there  were  who  then  saw,  as  we  see  now,  that  the  Amer- 
ican civil  war,  when  fully  and  rightfully  understood,  was  to  become  the 
most  unique  chapter  in  the  world's  history ;  that  it  was  inevitable ;  that 
it  came  as  the  inevitable  always  comes,  with  no  human  agency  compe- 
tent to  avert  it;  that  it  was  inevitable,  because  it  was  an  irrepressible 

448080 


38      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. , 

conflict  between  irreconcilable  constitutional  constructions,  maintained 
on  both  sides  with  American  tenacity,  by  brave  and  truth-loving  people, 
involving  momentous  interests  and  rights,  whose  claims  could  neither 
be  settled  nor  silenced  except  by  the  shedding  of  blood. 

Few,  did  I  say  there  were  !  May  I  not  rather  say  there  were  none ! 
Where  are  the  men  who  then  foresaw,  for  example,  the  South's  speedy 
recuperation  or  even  her  possible  resurrection?  I  do  not  recall  one 
who  in  that  woeful  period  which  followed  the  disbanding  of  armies 
saw  through  the  widespread  desolation  of  this  section  her  present 
triumphal  march  to  enduring  prosperity  and  social  order.  I  do  not 
recall  one  whose  vision  was  clear  enough  or  far-reaching  enough  to 
catch  even  a  faint  glimpse  of  these  inspiring  scenes  around  us  to-day; 
not  one  in  any  station  or  section  optimistic  enough  or  audacious  enough 
to  promise  his  countrymen  the  light  and  life  and  fraternity  of  this 
glorious  hour. 

And  what  an  hour  it  is,  my  countrymen.  An  hour  wherein  the  heroic 
remnants  of  the  once  hostile  and  now  historic  armies  of  the  sixties  meet 
as  brothers — meet  on  the  same  field  where  in  furious  onset  through 
deadly  fire  they  rushed  upon  each  other — 

When  shook  these  hills  with  thunder  riven, 
And  louder  than  the  bolts  of  heaven, 
Far  flashed  the  red  artillery. 

When  rank  was  piled  on  rank,  borne  down  by  storms  of  lead  until 
Chickamauga's  waters  ran  red  with  blood.  What  an  hour,  I  repeat,  is 
this,  wherein  these  once  warring  heroes  meet  to  lay  in  mutual  confidence 
and  respect  their  joint  trophies  on  the  common  altar — meet  at  the  bid- 
ding of  the  common  Government  to  dedicate  by  joint  action  Chicka 
mauga's  field  to  common  memories  and  the  immortal  honor  of  all. 

It  was  Lamartiue,  I  believe,  who  said  of  the  French  revolution  that 
it  was  "an  about  face  of  the  universe."  Our  American  civil  war  was 
not  an  "about  face"  nor  change  of  front  by  the  friends  of  freedom.  It 
was  an  advance  in  the  cause  of  liberty;  because  among  the  whole 
American  people  it  augmented  and  ennobled  the  manhood  and  woman- 
hood essential  to  the  future  life  of  the  Republic.  It  was  a  forward 
movement,  because  it  developed  the  spirit  of  self-sacrifice  and  of  con- 
secration as  these  virtues  had  never  before  been  developed  since  the 
days  of  Washington.  It  was  an  onward  march,  because,  while  in  no 
sense  lessening  the  self  respect  of  either,  it  vastly  enhanced  the 
respect  of  each  for  the  opposite  section;  and  it  taught  the  world  that 
liberty  and  law  can  live  in  this  country  even  through  internecine  war, 
and  that  this  Eepublic,  though  rent  in  twain  to  day,  is  reunited 
to-morrow  in  stronger  and  more  enduring  bonds.  The  truly  great 
Gambetta,  of  France,  did  not  agree  with  Lamartine  that  either  the 
old  or  new  revolution  meant  any  radical  change  in  the  political  senti- 
ment of  the  French  people.  In  a  conference  which  it  was  my  privilege 
to  hold  with  that  great  leader  of  the  republican  forces  in  France,  the 
details  of  which  can  never  pass  from  my  memory,  Gambetta  declared 
that  a  constitutional  republic  could  only  live  in  France  until  its  divided 
foes  could  unite  in  a  common  effort  for  its  overthrow. 

What  a  contrast  [he  exclaimed]  is  presented  by  free  America  in  the  aspirations 
and  efforts  of  her  people.  The  form  of  government  is  never  an  issue  with  you  in 
America  in  any  political  battle.  You  enlist  in  the  United  States  in  opposing  politi- 
cal lines  under  different  banners,  but  on  the  banners  of  all  parties,  above  all  political 
tenets  and  policies,  is  inscribed,  "  Safety  of  the  Republic  and  enforcement  of  its  laws." 

He  saw,  as  we  all  now  realize,  that  our  civil  war  was  fought,  not 
between  the  friends  of  freedom  on  one  side  and  its  foes  on  the  other. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      39 

but  between  its  friends  on  both  sides;  that  they  fought,  not  for  con- 
quest or  change  in  the  form  of  government,  but  for  inherited  construc- 
tions of  the  Government's  fundamental  law. 

~No  wonder  that  Christendom  was  amazed  that  at  the  end  of  the 
struggle  the  soldiers  of  both  armies  and  the  people  of  both  sections 
were  found  standing  faithfully  for  the  decrees  of  the  battle  and  all  for 
the  cherished  Constitution  of  the  fathers.  No  wonder  that  the  civil- 
ized world  regards  our  civil  war,  as  history  will  yet  proclaim  it,  the 
most  remarkable  conflict  in  human  annals. 

Verily,  my  countrymen,  it  was  a  remarkable  war  in  all  its  aspects; 
remarkable  for  the  similarity  and  elevation  of  sentiment  which  inspired 
and  the  impulse  which  guided  it;  remarkable  for  the  character  of  the 
combatants  which  it  enlisted  and  the  death  roll  which  it  recorded ;  but 
more  remarkable  for  the  patriotic  fervor  which  it  evoked  and  intensified 
among  all  people  and  all  sections;  still  more  remarkable  that  each  side 
fought  beneath  the  aegis  of  a  written  Constitution  with  like  limitations, 
powers,  and  guarantees,  and  that  the  rallying  cry  which  rang  through 
the  ranks  of  the  blue  and  gray  was  "  Liberty  as  bequeathed  by  the 
fathers;"  but  far  more  remarkable — most  remarkable  of  all — that  it 
bequeathed  a  legacy  of  broader  fraternity  and  more  complete  unity  to 
America. 

Is  this  fraternity  to  last?  Is  this  unity  to  endure?  If  "yes,"  then 
liberty  shall  live.  If  "no,"  then  the  Republic  is  doomed;  for  in  the 
womb  of  our  country's  future  are  mighty  problems,  instinct  with  life 
and  power  and  danger,  to  solve  which  will  call  into  requisition  all  the 
statesmanship,  all  the  patriotism,  all  the  manhood  and  loyalty  to  law 
of  all  the  sections.  The  patriotic  American  who  loves  his  country  and 
its  freedom  and  who  fails  to  discern  these  coming  dangers  and  the 
urgency  for  united  effort  to  meet  them  is  not  a  statesman;  and  the 
statesman,  if  I  may  so  characterize  him,  who,  realizing  these  dangers, 
would  still  for  personal  or  party  ends  alienate  the  sections  or  classes,  is 
but  half  patriot.  Perish,  then,  forever  perish  from  American  minds 
and  hearts  all  distrust,  all  class  and  party  and  sectional  bigotry  and 
alienation ;  but  live,  long  live,  forever  live,  as  the  last  hope  of  the 
Republic,  mutual  trust,  confidence,  brotherhood,  and  unity  between 
the  soldiers  who  fought  and  between  their  children  who  are  the  heirs 
of  their  immortal  honors.  Forever  live  the  spirit  which  animated  the 
American  Congress  and  Government  in  making  possible  this  inspiring 
hour,  and  may  the  spirit  of  this  hour  abide  in  the  hearts  of  our  descend- 
ants through  all  generations. 

And  why  not?  Why  not  mutual,  absolute  confidence,  trust,  and 
unity?  What  is  the  basis  of  this  trust  and  brotherhood?  Shall  I 
answer?  I  do  answer,  because  the  answer  is  a  great  truth,  which  his- 
tory will  record  and  heaven  reveal  at  last.  That  basis  for  brotherhood 
vouched  by  the  dead  heroes  who  fell  and  the  living  around  me  to  day 
is  the  monumental  fact  that  every  drop  of  blood  which  was  shed  in 
that  struggle  was  the  priceless  tribute  paid  by  liberty-loving  men  to 
inherited  and  profoundly  cherished  convictions.  Every  uniform  worn 
by  the  brave,  whether  its  color  was  blue  or  gray;  every  sheet  of  flame 
from  the  ranks  and  rifles  of  both;  every  cannon  that  shook  Chicka- 
mauga's  hills  or  thundered  around  the  heights  of  Gettysburg;  every 
whizzing  shell  that  tore  through  the  wilderness  at  Chancellorsville  or 
Shiloh ;  every  bullet  rent  flag  that  floated  in  victory  or  went  down  in 
defeat  on  any  field ;  every  patriotic  sigh  or  prayer  wafted  heavenward 
from  the  Xorth  or  the  South;  every  loving  and  tender  ministration  at 
the  dying  soldier's  side;  every  agonizing  throb  in  woman's  heart  or 


40      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

burning  tear  on  devoted  woman's  cheek — all,  all  were  contributions  to 
the  upbuilding  of  a  loftier  American  manhood  for  the  future  defense 
of  American  freedom. 

And  now,  by  the  authority  of  the  American  Congress  and  the  Exec- 
utive Department  of  the  Government;  in  the  presence  of  these  sur- 
vivors of  the  great  struggle j  in  the  midst  of  this  historic  woodland, 
whose  leaves  were  reddened  with  heroic  blood  and  whose  giant  oaks 
still  bear  upon  their  shivered  trunks  the  visible  track  of  shot  and  shell; 
by  these  flowing  fountains,  whose  crystal  waters  symbolize  the  purity 
of  purpose  which  convenes  us — in  the  presence  of  all  these  witnesses, 
and  in  the  name  of  this  great  Eepublic  and  its  people,  we  set  apart  as 
an  American  Mecca  and  consecrate  for  all  time  this  immortal  battle 
ground,  made  forever  glorious  by  American  valor. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  JAMES  LONGSTREET. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  On  a  similar  occasion,  at  Gettysburg, 
President  Abraham  Lincoln  said :  "  It  is  for  us,  the  living,  rather  to 
be  dedicated  here  to  the  unfinished  work" — and  again  Mr.  Lincoln 
refers,  "for  us  to  be  here  dedicated  to  the  great  task  remaining  before 
us,"  and  as  "from  such  green  graves  some  good  is  born,"  I  would  look 
to  the  "unfinished  work"  and  the  "great  task  remaining  before  us,"  in 
which  the  blue  and  gray,  and  the  sons  and  daughters  of  veterans  on 
both  sides,  can  heartily  join  in  extending,  broadening,  confirming, 
and  perpetuating  "a  government  of  the  people,  by  the  people,  and 
for  the  people."  I  allude,  my  countrymen,  to  happenings  in  1895 — 
to  the  exasperating  European  interference  in  Hawaii,  Nicaragua, 
Venezuela,  Trinidad,  and  the  general  but  steady  purpose  of  Great 
Britain  to  nullify  or  encroach  upon  the  Monroe  doctrine.  We  have 
already  had  two  wars  with  England;  and  from  1861  to  1865  her 
statesmen  craftily  and  artfully  sought  the  overthrow  and  subjugation 
of  our  people,  being  indifferent  to  either  the  Union  or  the  Southern 
side,  but  keenly  alive  to  the  extension  of  British  power,  the  acquisi- 
tion of  British  territory,  and  the  establishment  of  Britain's  commer- 
cial supremacy,  particularly  on  the  Western  Hemisphere.  And  as 
the  North  and  South  were  united  in  1812,  I  hope  and  trust  we  will  for- 
get sectional  differences,  happily  adjust  family  disagreements,  and  pre- 
sent a  united  front  to  our  ancient  enemy,  and  as  one  people,  under  one 
flag,  move  forward  to  the  enforcement,  in  its  entirety,  of  the  glorious 
doctrine  that  bears  the  name  of  a  Southern  President.  Strange  as  it 
may  seem,  in  its  inception  England  cooperated  with  the  United  States 
in  the  declaration  of  the  Monroe  doctrine.  Kather  than  see  Spain 
powerful  on  the  American  continent,  England  aided  us  in  the  announce- 
ment of  "America  for  Americans,"  which  really  means  no  monarchical 
Government  of  the  Old  World  shall  dominate  on  this  continent,  J  'it 
that  the  flag  of  Washington  shall  be  the  emblem  of  power  and  author- 
ity in  North,  South,  and  Central  America.  Maximillian  attempted  an 
infringement  of  this  doctrine;  and  although  the  guns  at  Appomat.jx 
had  scarce  ceased  their  reverberations,  the  brave  soldiers  of  Lee  plainly 
indicated  that  they  would  follow  Grant  and  Sheridan  in  driving  any 
European  Government  from  the  Americas.  And  I  believe  that  there  is 
an  abounding  patriotism,  broad  and  deep,  in  all  Americans,  that 
throbs  the  heart  and  pulses  the  being  as  ardently  of  the  South  Caro- 
linian as  the  Massachusetts  Puritan — that  the  Liberty  Bell,  in  its 
Southern  pilgrimage,  will  be  as  reverently  received  and  as  devotedly 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      41 

loved  in  Atlanta  and  Charleston  as  in  Philadelphia  and  Boston — that 
we  all  love  "Old  Glory,"  and  with  Barbara  Frietchie  can  say: 

"  Shoot,  if  you  must,  this  old  gray  bead, 
But  spare  your  country's  flag!  "  she  said. 

The  nobler  nature  within  bim  stirred 
To  life  at  that  woman's  deed  and  word; 

"  Who  touches  a  hair  of  yon  gray  head 
Dies  like  a  dog !  March  on !  "  he  said. 

Honor  to  her!  And  let  a  tear 

Fall,  for  her  sake,  on  Stonewall's  bier. 

Over  Barbara  Frietchie's  grave 
Flag  of  freedom  and  union  wave ! 

Peace  and  order  and  beauty  draw 
Round  thy  symbol  of  light  and  law; 

And  ever  the  stars  above  look  down 
On  thy  stars  below  in  Frederick  town ! 

And  not  only  in  "Frederick  town,"  but  in  every  city,  town,  village, 
hamlet,  and  crossroad  in  the  United  States.  And  to  stimulate  and 
evolve  this  noble  sentiment  the  more,  all  that  we  need  is  the  resumption 
of  fraternity  at  the  ratio  of  16  to  1 — sixteen  strong  heart  strokes  of 
mutual  esteem  and  love  to  a  feeble,  expiring  one  of  waning  sectional- 
ism— the  hearty  restoration  and  cordial  cultivation  of  neighborly, 
brotherly  relations,  faith  in  Jehovah,  and  respect  for  each  other;  and 
God  grant  that  the  happy  vision  that  delighted  the  soul  of  the  "sweet 
singer  of  Israel"  may  rest  like  a  benediction  upon  the  North  and  South, 
upon  the  blue  and  the  gray.  "Behold,  how  good  and  pleasant  it  is  for 
brethren  to  dwell  together  in  love !  It  is  like  the  precious  ointment 
upon  the  head,  that  went  down  unto  the  beard,  even  Aaron's  beard, 
unto  the  skirts  of  his  garment."  And  may  this  "  precious  ointment" 
heal  all  wounds,  and  fraternity  reign  supreme  in  our  hearts.  Not  far 
from  my  mountain  home,  in  the  town  of  Spartanburg,  is  a  monument 
erected  to  the  memory  of  Morgan  and  the  triumph  at  Cowpeiis.  On 
one  of  its  faces  are  these  words : 

1781. 

ONE  PEOPLE. 

No  NORTH,  NO  SOUTH,  NO  EAST,  NO  WEST — A  COMMON  INTEREST. 

ONE  COUNTRY. 

ONE  DESTINY. 

1881. 

AS   IT   WAS,  SO   EVER   LET   IT  BE. 

That  beautiful  inscription  to  the  Revolutionary  fathers  and  the 
heroes  of  our  late  war  is  an  invocation  to  unity  and  fraternity,  and  in 
invitation  to  still  greater  victories  than  those  of  Morgan  and  at  Cow- 
pens,  but  against  the  same  ancient  foe  they  conquered  and  drove  from 
our  shores. 

And  from  this  battlefield  I  want  to  appeal  to  my  comrades  in  gray  and 
their  sous  to  lock  shields  with  the  blue  and  their  sons  to  prevent  any 
future  occupation  by  Great  Britain  in  Venezuela  and  resist  any  further 
amercement  by  England  of  Nicaragua.  And,  in  fairness  to  the  President 
and  his  able  Secretary  of  War,  and  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  (who  is 


42       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

here  with  us),  who  fought  witli  me  in  the  Confederate  service,  I  will 
say,  had  we  been  fully  prepared  that  British  gunboat  crew  would  never 
have  landed  at  Corinto.  If  we  had  possessed  a  Navy  strong  enough  to 
cope  with  England,  the  American  flag  would  have  floated  from  the  top- 
mast, the  decks  cleared  for  action,  and  bristling  guns  from  an  American 
man-of-war  hoarsely  thundered  the  grand  doctrine  of  1816;  but  incur 
sectional  strife  we  wasted  valuable  strength  and  squandered  wonderful 
energies  upon  each  other,  upon  members  of  our  own  families,  instead  of 
preparing  for  efforts  against  our  ancient  foe.  There  is  a  useful  lesson  in 
this  occurrence.  Strengthen  the  Army  and  Navy,look  to  the  armaments 
of  our  war  ships,  and  render  more  efficient  our  seacoast  defenses.  In  a 
word,  make  the  United  States  a  first  naval  power,  and  when  another 
landing  at  Corinto  is  attempted,  when  European  colonization  in  Vene- 
zuela is  essayed,  and  when  British  greed  in  Nicaragua  is  repeated,  or 
any  other  invasion  or  encroachment  of  the  Monroe  doctrine  is  threatened, 
the  followers  of  Lee  and  Grant,  the  sons  of  the  veterans  of  the  blue 
and  gray,  some  Decatur,  Jones,  Perry,  Farragut,  Semmes,  or  Maffitt 
upon  the  quarter-deck  of  an  American  man-of-war  will  unfurl  the  flag 
of  Washington,  Lincoln,  Grant,  and  Lee  in  the  English  Channel,  and 
the  "Yankee  huzza"  and  the  "rebel  yell"  will  resound  along  her  coast. 

The  Vice-President  then  said:  I  now  have  the  pleasure  of  presenting 
that  great  soldier,  Lieut.  Gen.  John  M.  Schofield. 

ADDRESS  OF  GENERAL  SCHOFIELD. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT,  COMRADES  OF  THE  BLUE  AND  OF  THE  GRAY — 
and  in  this  term  I  venture  to  include  also  the  ladies :  I  will  detain  you 
but  a  moment.  Our  forefathers  who  framed  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  left  it  on  record  that  they  sought  to  establish  a  more  per- 
fect union  for  the  people  and  for  the  States.  They  did  lay  a  broad  and 
grand  foundation,  but  still  the  Union  remained  imperfect.  It  was  left 
for  you,  my  comrades,  gallant  soldiers  of  the  South  and  of  the  North,  to 
debate  the  questions  which  the  forefathers  left  unsettled,  and  finally 
to  decide  them  after  four  years  of  very  earnest  argument.  [Applause.] 
As  a  result  of  that  discussion  and  conclusion,  there  now  is  established 
on  this  continent  of  America  for  the  first  time  since  the  immigrant 
from  Europe  set  his  foot  on  the  Atlantic  shores,  for  the  first  time  since 
that  early  voyage,  does  there  exist  on  this  continent  a  united,  happy, 
and  harmonious  people.  [Applause.  ]  The  Government  which  our  fore- 
fathers sought,  but  failed  to  establish  or  established  very  imperfectly, 
lias  now  been  fully  and  firmly  established  by  the  sacrifices  which  you, 
7uy  comrades,  laid  at  the  feet  of  our  common  country.  [Applause.] 


DEDICATION  OF  THE  CHATTANOOGA  FIELDS. 

[Chattanooga,  September  20, 1895— Noon.] 


The  exercises  took  place  in  a  tent  provided  by  the  Secretary  of  War, 
having  a  seating  capacity  of  10,000,  with  a  platform  containing  2,000 
additional  seats. 

Vice-President  Stevenson,  without  preliminary  remarks,  announced 
a  prayer  by  Eev.  Dr.  Samuel  J.  oSiccolls,  of  St.  Louis : 

DR.  NICCOLLS'S  PRAYER. 

O,  eternal  God,  Creator  and  Lord  of  all,  we  lift  up  our  hearts  to  Thee 
in  adoration  and  praise.  Thou  alone  art  great  and  wise  and  good.  All 
created  things  do  but  proclaim  Thine  infinite  perfections.  Thou  art  our 
sovereign  Kuler,  and  Thou  reignest  supreme  in  heaven  and  on  earth. 
The  course  of  human  history  is  of  Thine  ordaining  and  the  unfolding  of 
Thy  purposes.  Thou  art  the  God  of  our  fathers,  and  they  have  told  us 
of  Thy  wondrous  deeds  of  old.  Thou  didst  gather  them  as  a  handful  of 
winnowed  grain  from  among  the  nations,  and  didst  plant  them  as  good 
seed  in  a  new  land.  Thou  hast  multiplied  them  into  a  great  nation,  and 
hast  set  them  and  their  children  on  high  among  the  people  of  the  earth, 
so  that  there  is  none  like  unto  us  in  privilege  and  power.  Thou  hast 
been  merciful  to  our  iniquities  and  hast  not  cast  us  off  when  we  wan- 
dered from  Thee.  We,  alas,  like  men,  have  turned  our  good  into  evil, 
but  Thou,  in  Thy  infinite  wisdom  and  grace,  hast  turned  our  evil  into 
good.  Thou  makest  the  wrath  of  man  to  praise  Thee,  and  the  remainder 
of  the  wrath  Thou  dost  restrain.  Thou  makest  wars  to  cease;  Thou 
breakest  the  bow ;  Thou  burnest  the  war  chariot  with  fire.  On  this  day 
and  in  this  place,  especially,  do  we  thank  Thee,  O,  God,  that  Thou  hast, 
in  spite  of  our  strife  and  folly,  kept  us  a  free  and  united  people,  the  pos- 
sessors of  the  sacred  liberties  of  our  fathers,  and  the  heirs  of  the  promise 
of  still  larger  blessings  in  the  future.  We  bless  Thee  that  Thou  didst 
inspire  men  to  do  and  dare  and  suffer  and  die,  that  the  rich  blessings  of 
the  present  might  be  ours  and  our  children's  children  in  the  years  to 
come.  Out  of  our  stormy  and  crimson  past  Thou  hast  in  Thy  marvelous 
wisdom  and  goodness  brought  that  which  quickens  and  exalts  patri- 
otism, gives  us  a  larger  vision  of  our  mission,  and  makes  the  bonds  of 
brotherhood  and  national  unity  stronger,  tenderer,  and  truer.  Grant, 
we  beseech  of  Thee,  that  what  is  here  done  in  setting  apart  for  national 
and  patriotic  uses  these  plains  and  hills,  consecrated  by  the  blood  of  our 
heroic  dead,  may  not  fail  in  its  purpose.  As  from  the  mountains  lifted 
up  about  us,  Thou  hast  ordained  to  send  down  to  the  far  off'  valleys  the 
quickening  winds  and  the  life-giving  waters;  so  make  this  high  altar, 
consecrated  to  liberty  and  patriotic  valor,  a  place  from  which  shall  go 

48 


44      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

forth  to  all  iii  our  land  inspirations  to  a  higher  and  purer  citizenship. 
May  it  help  us  and  those  who  come  after  us  to  live  worthy  of  our  dead 
and  of  our  great  inheritance. 

We  beseech  Thee,  O,  Lord,  to  grant  Thy  blessing  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  the  Vice- President,  the  Cabinet,  the  Army  and  the 
Navy,  to  the  governors  of  the  States,  and  to  all  who  make  or  execute 
our  laws.  Fill  them,  we  beseech  Thee,  with  the  spirit  of  wisdom  and 
righteousness,  and  grant  that  they  may  share  in  Thy  eternal  glory. 
Bless  our  country — the  Southland  and  the  Northland,  binding  them 
together  in  undying  and  growing  love.  And  if  there  be  those  at  this 
time  whose  hearts  are  sad  by  reason  of  memories  of  the  past,  widows 
and  orphans  who  still  yearn  in  grief  for  the  unreturuing  dead,  comfort 
them,  we  beseech  Thee.  All  this  we  ask  in  the  name  of  Him  who  has 
taught  us  to  pray,  saying,  "Our  Father  which  art  in  Heaven,"  etc. 

ADDEESS  OF  MAYOR  GEORGE  W.  OCHS. 

Chattanooga  stands  to-day  sponsor  at  the  second  baptism  of  these 
historic  and  hallowed  surroundings,  baptized  first  into  immortality  by 
the  blood  of  American  soldiers,  shed  amid  the  crash  and  roar  of  the 
fiercest,  bloodiest,  and  most  desperate  battle  of  modern  times ;  baptized 
a  second  time  amid  the  soft  sweet  anthems  of  peace,  by  the  touching 
tributes  of  a  reunited  nation,  which  is  now  embalming  in  perpetual 
memory  the  chivalry,  the  sacrifice,  and  the  military  prowess  of  her 
sons.  The  blue  vault  of  heaven  which  arches  this  hallowed  plain  is 
charged  with  sacred  memories,  and  the  glittering  stars  which  bejewel 
that  canopy  are  symbols  of  the  martyrs  who  perished  upon  these 
renowned  battle  grounds.  Our  hills,  our  vales,  the  frowning  battle- 
ments of  our  towering  mountains,  our  silvery  stream,  the  trees,  the 
shrubs,  our  glistening,  purling  brooks,  have  all  been  touched  by  the 
magic  wand  of  history  and  garlanded  with  the  sacred  wreaths  of 
memory.  The  people  of  Chattanooga  draw  inspiration  from  these 
patriotic  associations;  they  are  the  logical  guardians  to  preserve  them. 
This  city  will  forever  tenderly  cherish  as  a  sacred  heritage  these  imper- 
ishable memories  as  demonstrating  the  genius,  valor,  heroism,  and  sac- 
rifices of  American  soldiery. 

The  city  of  Chattanooga  took  the  deepest  interest  in  the  National 
Park  from  the  very  outset.  The  county  and  the  municipality  felt  it  a 
duty  and  a  privilege  to  aid  in  the  development  of  the  stupendous  enter- 
prise in  every  way,  and  all  possible  privileges  and  immunities  were 
freely  and  cheerfully  given.  The  gradual  unfolding  of  the  colossal 
plans  was  watched  in  this  city  with  unflagging  interest,  and  the  real 
significance  of  the  great  work  fully  dawned  upon  us  only  when  the 
preparations  for  the  dedication  commenced. 

It  is  gratifying  to  note  that  in  preserving  the  history  of  the  terrible 
battles  hereabouts  there  has  been  no  discrimination.  Equal  care  has 
been  exercised  in  marking  the  Union  and  the  Confederate  lines ;  armies, 
wings,  divisions,  brigades,  and  batteries  of  both  are  indicated  by  his- 
torical tablets  with  equal  study  and  precision.  Eight  markers  of  shells 
point  out  the  identical  spots  where  8  generals  met  their  death  in  the 
fearful  carnage,  4  of  whom  wore  the  blue  and  four  the  gray.  Through- 
out the  entire  park  the  same  absolute  fairness  and  impartiality  have 
been  shown  both  sides,  the  tactical  genius,  intrepidity,  dash,  and  cour- 
age of  the  one  being  given  with  the  same  accuracy  and  detail  as  of  the 
other. 

This  park  is  thus  the  symbol  of  the  nation's  second  birth,  the  holy 


CH1CKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      45 

ground  where  amity  and  reconciliation  have  erected  in  granite  and 
in  bronze  the  record  of  a  country's  heroes,  a  country  now  eternally  and 
indivisibly  reunited,  a  country  proud  alike  of  her  sons,  remembering 
that  whether  they  died  for  the  cause  that  was  lost  or  fell  for  the  cause 
that  was  won,  they  were  all  Americans,  their  deeds  added  brighter 
luster  to  American  arms,  and  their  achievements  exalted  American 
valor.  Hence  this  brilliant  pageant,  this  assembling  of  the  nation's 
honored  sons,  this  gathering  of  our  country's  most  distinguished  sol- 
diers and  civilians,  this  burst  of  enthusiasm  which  to-day  thrills  with 
sympathetic  patriotism  every  nook  and  corner  beneath  the  Stars  and 
Stripes. 

Within  the  confines  of  Chattanooga  are  two  silent  cities  of  the  dead 
where  sleep  20,000  victims  of  those  sanguinary  struggles  which  are 
commemorated  here  to-day.  Those  lowly  mounds  which  lie  within 
each  other's  sight  consecrate  this  city  alike  to  blue  and  gray  and  are 
the  melancholy  reminders  that  this  park  which  now  we  dedicate  won 
its  fame  at  fearful  sacrifice. 

In  the  words  of  Lincoln — 

We  can  not  dedicate,  we  can  not  consecrate,  we  can  not  hallow  this  ground.  The 
brave  men,  living  and  dead,  who  struggled  here  have  consecrated  it  far  above  our 
poor  power  to  add  or  detract.  The  world  will  little  note  or  long  remember  what  we 
say  here,  but  it  can  never  forget  what  they  did  here.  It  is  rather  for  us  to  be  here 
dedicated  to  the  task  before  us — that  from  these  honored  dead  we  take  increased 
devotion  to  that  cause  for  which  they  gave  the  last  full  measure  of  devotion — that 
Ave  here  highly  resolve  that  these  dead  shall  not  have  died  in  vain;  that  this  nation, 
under  God,  shall  have  a  new  birth  of  freedom,  and  that  government  of  the  people, 
by  the  people,  and  for  the  people  shall  not  perish  from  the  earth. 

Thank  God  that  we  at  Chattanooga  are  permitted  to  have  this  pre- 
cious memorial  of  a  nation's  glory  constantly  before  us,  and  gather  from 
these  testimonials  new  incentives  to  patriotism.  Thank  God  that  we 
at  Chattanooga  have  the  sacred  trust  imposed  upon  us  of  watching 
beside  a  nation's  tribute  to  her  honored  dead.  Thank  God  that  we  can 
guard  this  sacred  heritage  at  our  very  hearthstone.  Thank  God  that 
we  have  here  in  our  very  midst  the  evidence  of  the  brilliant  achieve- 
ments of  our  fellow-countrymen,  a  perpetual  proof  of  the  lofty  grandeur, 
the  transcendant  glories,  and  the  unquenchable  patriotism  of  our  glori- 
ous Union. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  WILLIAM  B.  BATE. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  Having  been  designated 
by  the  Secretary  of  War  as  one  of  those  to  speak  for  Confederates  on 
this  occasion,  I  take  pleasure  in  complying  with  the  duty  assigned  me. 

I  wish,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  I  could  command  words  to  give  voice  to 
my  strong  and  sincere  appreciation  of  the  recollections  which  this  great 
occasion  brings  with  them.  I  wish  that  I  had  the  physical  power  to 
express  the  gratification,  the  pride,  and  the  hope  for  which  this  great 
gathering  of  people,  this  mighty  muster  of  veteran  soldiers,  calls.  We 
have  assembled  on  these  glorious  battlefields  for  the  preservation  and 
perpetuation  of  sacred  memories;  to  treasure  the  recollections  of 
heroic  deeds ;  to  compare  in  friendly  criticism  our  past  actions ;  and  to 
advance  by  lessons  to  be  learned  here  the  common  glory  of  our  common 
country. 

On  what  other  day  could  we  do  this  more  acceptably  to  the  shades  of 
our  heroic  dead?  At  what  place  so  appropriate  as  around  the  scenes 
of  our  struggles  for  victory?  Here,  within  sight  of  this  stand,  we  and 
they — the  living  and  the  dead,  Confederate  and  Federal — fought  for  the 


46      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

right  as  each  understood  it,  for  the  Constitution  as  each  construed  it, 
and  for  liberty  as  each  interpreted  it. 

With  sheathless  swords  in  sinewy  hands  we,  Confederate  and  Federal, 
fought  that  great  battle  of  duty,  and  now,  thirty- two  years  after,  we 
again  obey  the  assemble  call,  we  respond  to  the  long  roll  and  fall  in  line, 
not  to  renew  the  battle  nor  to  rekindle  the  strife,  nor  even  to  argue  as 
to  which  won  the  victory,  but  to  gather  up  the  rich  fruits  of  both  the 
victory  and  defeat  as  treasures  of  inestimable  value  to  our  common 
country. 

I  note  with  inexpressible  pleasure  that  the  lapse  of  more  than  thirty 
years  has  mitigated  the  passions,  allayed  the  excitement,  and  disposed 
the  minds  of  all  surviving  contestants  of  these  great  battles  to  look 
back  at  the  past  with  those  moderated  convictions  which  are  due  to  a 
contest  in  which  each  party  held  principles  and  convictions  to  justify 
the  contention. 

You  men  of  the  North,  at  Chicago,  on  the  day  of  the  decoration  of 
the  graves  of  late  brave  comrades  in  arms,  sealed  anew  the  covenant 
of  union.  With  the  beautiful  flowers  of  love  and  reconciliation  bestowed 
on  the  monument  of  admiration  to  the  dead  who  died  in  our  cause,  you 
have  done  much  to  banish  sectionalism  from  our  politics.  Without  the 
least  approval  of  that  cause,  the  people  of  that  wonderful  city  of  Amer- 
ican ideas,  recognizing  the  heroic  valor,  the  untiring  resolution,  and 
all  the  sacrifices  made  by  our  soldiers  and  peoples  as  qualities  essen- 
tially American,  with  a  catholicity  as  broad  as  the  continent,  erected  a 
splendid  memorial  to  our  braves,  to  be  as  lasting  as  the  Government 
to  which  men  of  all  sections  will  bear  true  and  faithful  allegiance. 
What  manner  of  men  were  those  in  memory  of  whom  that  Chicago 
monument  was  erected?  Think  not  of  them  as  only  Confederates,  for 
in  their  deaths,  as  in  their  lives,  they  were  noble  Americans.  You 
have  read  of  the  death  of  martyrs  to  the  faith  in  Eoman  amphitheatre; 
of  men  who  met  their  deaths  with  heroic  calmness  at  the  stake,  and  of 
all  that  "  noble  army  of  martyrs"  for  the  Christian  faith  whose  blood 
became  the  seed  of  the  church — those  Confederate  soldiers  were  all 
that,  and  in  some  respects  more. 

Keinember  that  apostacy  would  not  have  saved  the  martyr  "  butchered 
to  make  a  Eoman  holiday,"  but  that  the  oath  of  loyalty  would  have 
opened  the  prison  gate  to  the  dying  Confederates,  and  that  they  refused 
to  take  that  oath,  accepting  death  in  a  distant  prison  to  life  purchased 
by  infidelity  to  conviction.  That  was  a  martyrdom  as  lofty  in  soul,  as 
severe  in  courage,  and  as  grand  and  holy  in  religious  virtue  as  ever 
was  attested  by  courageous  death  in  Eoman  Coliseum. 

"  True  to  the  South,  they  offered,  free  from  stain, 
Courage  and  faith ;  vain  faith  and  courage  vain. 
For  her  they  threw  lands,  honors,  wealth  away, 
And  one  more  hope  that  was  more  prized  than  they. 
For  her  they  languished  in  a  foreign  clime, 
Gray-haired  with  sorrow  in  their  manhood's  prime; 
Beheld  each  night  their  homes  in  fevered  sleep, 
Each  morning  started  from  their  dreams  to  weep, 
Till  God,  who  saw  them  tried  too  sorely,  gave 
The  resting  place  they  asked — an  early  grave. 
Oh,  then,  forget  all  feuds,  and  shed  one  manly  tear 
O'er  Southern  dust — for  broken  hearts  lie  here." 

It  was  no  ordinary  course  of  events  which  inspired  the  Christian 
martyr,  nor  was  it  for  mere  party  politics  that  the  martyrdom  of  our 
heroes  was  endured. 


OHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      47 
WHAT  WAS  THE  HIGH  AND  HOLY  CAUSE? 

Dispassionate  history,  Mr.  Chairman,  when  reviewing  our  respective 
actions  and  the  principles  of  each  section  which  underlay  the  struggle 
between  the  North  and  the  South,  will  not  confound  and  confuse,  in  the 
halo  of  a  restored  Union,  the  great  and  impelling  causes  which  led  to 
the  conflict. 

There  is  nothing  more  remarkable  or  less  susceptible  of  explanation 
than  those  great  waves  of  political  impulse  which  on  certain  occasions 
rise  and  break  over  the  country,  from  causes  of  upheaval  in  the  distant 
past.  The  propelling  causes  which  lead  to  violent  shocks  between  dif- 
ferent peoples  of  different  countries  are  not  always  to  be  found  on  the 
surface  of  current  events,  neither  is  that  desperate  and  bloody  struggle 
for  existence  which  occurred  between  citizens  of  our  common  country 
to  be  read  in  the  returns  of  a  popular  election.  The  occasion  of  the 
conflict  is  patent  to  all,  while  the  cause  is  hid  in  the  record  of  the  past. 
The  incident  upon  which  the  battle  opened  is  mistaken  for  the  move- 
ment by  which  the  vast  armies  were  arrayed  in  lines  of  battle.  Slav- 
ery in  the  territories  was  a  "barren  abstraction,"  but  it  involved  the 
principle  of  Equal  Eights  for  Equal  States. 

The  great  war,  in  which  we  were  enemies,  found  not  its  cause  iu  the 
resolutions  of  fanaticism,  nor  in  the  "Wilmot  Provisos,"  nor  in  the 
"fire  bell  in  the  night"  of  Missouri  compromise.  These  were,  indeed, 
aggravations  and  excitements,  disposing  men  to  resort  to  violence 
where  reason  and  constitutional  rights  were  denied,  but  they  were  not 
the  cause  of  our  conflict.  Their  annoyance  had  been  endured  for  more 
thanlialf  a  century,  and  might  have  continued  in  provoking  irritation 
for  many  a  cycle  of  years  without  leading  to  actual  conflict.  It  was 
only  when  a  long  train  of  circumstances,  tending  to  the  same  end, 
divided  our  country  into  sectional  parties  along  the  line  of  demarcation 
which  denied  equal  rights  to  equal  States,  that  appeal  was  made  to  the 
arbitrament  of  war. 

It  is  told  in  Roman  story  that  one  of  the  provinces  revolted  against 
the  Senate  and  people  of  Eome;  that  war  followed,  and  the  legions 
invaded  the  rebellious  province,  destroying  its  resources  and  devastat- 
ing its  lauds.  The  ever  victorious  Tenth  Legion  marched  "from  the 
mountains  to  the  sea,"  carrying  desolation  and  destruction,  until,  from 
sheer  exhaustion,  the  surrender  of  the  army  of  the  revolted  province 
became  imperative.  The  conquered  leader  was  summoned  before  the 
Roman  Senate,  and  by  the  victorious  consul  asked :  "  What  punishment 
do  they  deserve  ?  "  The  defeated  but  unconquered  chief  proudly  replied : . 
"Such  punishment  as  he  deserves  who  fights  for  liberty."  Confounded 
by  the  reply,  a  senator  asked  whether,  if  terms  of  peace  were  granted, 
they  would  faithfully  abide  by  them.  The  defiant  reply  came  promptly : 
"  Si  bonam  dederitis,  fidam  et  perpetuam,  si  malam  hand  diuturnam." 
(If  the  terms  were  just  and  good,  they  would  faithfully  abide  by  them; 
but  if  they  were  unjust  the  peace  would  barely  last  until  he  could  return 
to  tell  the  people  what  they  were).  The  Roman  Senate  did  not  take 
years  to  "reconstruct"  that  province,  but  history  tells  us  that  they 
were  immediately  invested  with  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  Roman 
citizens,  because  they  were  only  fit  to  be  Romans  who  held  nothing  to 
be  valuable  without  liberty. 

The  rise  and  progress  of  Roman  greatness  was  due  to  the  prompt 
assimilation  of  conquered  provinces  into  the  Roman  Republic,  and  if 
that  example  had  inspired  your  national  authorities  after  the  surrender 


48      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  our  armies,  this  country  would  have  escaped  that  period  of  "recon- 
struction," more  dark,  dreary,  and  dismal  than  actual  war;  and  can  I 
not  truthfully  say,  had  it  been  left  alone  to  those  who  did  the  fighting 
and  who  wore  on  their  bodies  the  scars  of  battle,  that  we  of  the  South 
would  have  avoided  that  fierce  warfare  at  the  ballot  box  whereby  recon- 
ciliation became  impossible,  because  we  believed  that  "reconstruction" 
was  unjust?  But  now  all  rejoice  that  obstacles  and  impediments  have 
been  removed  by  the  sense  of  American  justice,  and  Civis  Americanus 
sum  is  to-day  the  proud  boast,  the  noble  birthright  of  every  patriot  in 
every  State. 

That  the  people  of  our  country  should  have  disputed  long  over  their 
organic  law,  should  have  quarreled  over  its  meaning,  and  finally  have 
fought  to  "a  finish"  for  the  settlement  of  that  which  they  could  not 
determine  by  reasoning,  is  but  the  experience  through  which  every 
people  have  gone.  Long  before  the  day  when  the  Norman,  on  the  hill 
at  Hastings,  won  the  crown  he  claimed  by  virtue  of  right  under  the 
organic  law,  the  strife  of  the  constitution  of  England  began,  which 
continued  down  to  the  day  when  William  of  Orange  expelled  the  last 
Stuart  from  the  throne.  The  wars  of  our  English  ancestors  about 
their  organic  law  far  exceed  in  number,  duration,  and  devastation  all 
other  wars  waged  by  the  people  of  England,  and  the  chapters  of  her 
history  would  be  few,  and  without  interest  or  instruction,  which  did  not 
tell  of  civil  strife  and  civil  war  over  the  meaning,  the  construction,  and 
the  settlement  of  her  organic  laws. 

It  may  be  that  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  are  prototypes  of 
the  American  Roundhead,  and  Cavalier.  Their  red  and  white  roses 
were  thorny  roses,  and  for  thirty  years  were  stained  with  blood.  When 
the  strife  between  them  ended,  and  the  strength  of  the  two  was  united, 
modern  England  was  built  up,  and  became  one  of  the  most  powerful 
nations  known  to  the  history  of  man.  And  though  we  Coniederates 
may,  as  the  House  of  York,  have  found  a  Bosworth  field,  yet  the  victors 
so  keenly  felt  the  point  of  our  lance  that  they  rejoice,  as  do  we,  that  the 
conflict  has  ended,  and  that  we  are  now  reunited,  with  one  country  and 
one  flag. 

The  designation  of  the  sections  of  our  country  as  the  North  and  the 
South — as  divisions  distinct  in  interest  and  diverse  in  traditions — found 
recognition  and  expression  in  our  political  literature  when  every  State 
in  the  Union  was  a  slave  State. 

There  were,  in  fact,  two  great  divisions  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race 
domiciled  in  the  colonies,  with  distinct  economies  arising  from  the  oper- 
ations of  climate,  soil,  and  occupation.  They  were  a  trading  and  a 
planting  people — where  agriculture  and  commerce  had  created  a  differ- 
ence in  every  feature  of  domestic  life.  Their  systems  of  labor,  their 
habits  of  life,  their  thought,  and  their  aspirations  divided  and  separated 
along  diverging  lines,  until  apprehensions,  jealousies,  and  distrusts 
existed  no  less  distinct  than  the  climatic  differences  which  surrounded 
them. 

THE  PURITAN  AND  THE  CAVALIER. 

The  ineradicable  enmity  between  the  Puritan  and  the  Cavalier  was 
neither  mitigated  in  expression  nor  lessened  in  spirit  by  transplanta- 
tion in  America,  but  was  exaggerated  by  the  conditions  which  tied  the 
colonies  to  the  common  sovereignty  of  England. 

It  was  a  fortunate  circumstance  in  the  dispensation  of  a  wise  Provi- 
dence which  intervened  the  Dutch  of  New  York,  the  Swedes  of  Dela- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      49 

ware,  and  the  Quakers  of  Pennsylvania  between  the  rival,  discordant 
Anglo-Saxons  in  the  North  and  the  South. 

Every  colony  had  a  motive  for  its  existence.  Massachusetts  and  New 
England  for  the  Puritan,  Virginia  for  the  Cavalier,  Carolina  for  the 
Huguenot,  Maryland  for  the  Catholic,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and 
Delaware  for  the  Quaker,  New  York  for  the  commercial  and  trading 
Dutchmen,  Ehode  Island  for  the  Independent,  and  Georgia  "  a  place  of 
refuge  for  the  distressed  people  of  Britain  and  the  persecuted  Protes- 
tants of  Europe." 

These  were  the  beginnings  of  the  constituent  parts  of  our  Union,  and 
a  more  heterogeneous  mass  of  conflicting  motives  and  interests  is  not 
to  be  found  in  the  pages  of  history.  The  colonies  grew  in  vigorous 
strength .  Bancroft  tells  us  they  u  cherished  a  passion  for  independence." 

The  North  grew  uo  nearer  to  the  South,  and  the  South  no  nearer  to 
the  North,  however  far  each  section  drew  away  from  British  despotism. 

In  all  the  throes  of  desperation  which  followed  the  effort  for  inde- 
pendence, it  was  the  common  defense  rather  than  any  unity  of  institu- 
tions, or  interests,  or  sentiment  that  welded  the  colonies  together. 

As  soon  as  they  became  free  and  independent  States  they  confederated 
for  defense,  and  with  jealous  care  guarded  against  nationality;  and 
even  while  under  their  confederation,  the  old  antagonism  of  the  North 
and  South  developed  anew  without  diminution  either  in  interest  or 
sentiment. 

If  the  articles  of  confederation  illustrate  one  thing  more  than  another, 
it  is  the  utter  absence  of  any  real,  positive  sentiment  of  nationality. 

The  history  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1787-88  is  a  record 
of  conflicting  interests  and  of  divergent  civilization  which  required 
compromise  and  concession  to  establish  a  Union  which  was  more  neces- 
sary to  public  defense  than  conducive  to  any  sentiment  of  the  common 
feeling  and  common  interests  and  nationality. 

All  this  is  old — yea, "  old  as  the  hills,"  and  as  forgotten  as  the  clouds 
that  once  rolled  over  them — but  it  is  the  fact  of  history,  and  points 
the  moral  and  accentuates  the  truth  of  that  political  philosophy  which 
directed  the  South  through  all  her  history  from  1789  to  1860. 

But,  Mr.  Chairman  and  fellow-citizens,  all  things  come  to  the  man  or 
people  that  wait,  and  so,  with  perfect  confidence  in  the  rectitude  of  Con- 
federate motives,  in  the  correctness  of  Confederate  views  of  the  Federal 
Constitution,  and  of  the  propriety  of  our  acts  in  the  past,  we,  surviving 
Confederates,  for  ourselves  and  in  behalf  of  our  dead  comrades,  oifer  no 
apology  nor  excuse  for  our  course  in  1861-65,  but  frankly  and  firmly 
avouch  the  facts  of  our  country's  history,  and  the  teachings  and  writ- 
ings of  the  fathers,  as  the  justification  of  the  Southern  States  at  the 
bar  of  impartial  history. 

The  principles  in  defense  of  which  the  South  accepted  battle  were 
found  in  the  Constitution.  Whatever  may  be  the  right  or  the  wrong, 
the  South  believed  she  was  right,  and  the  principles  in  defense  of  which 
the  South  accepted  battle,  after  peaceably  seceding  from  the  Union, 
were  found  in  the  Constitution  and  taught  by  the  fathers.  The  South 
claimed  and  asked  nothing  more  than  Equal  Eights — notof  persons  only, 
but  of  States — eq  ual  privileges  in  all  parts  of  the  Union ;  equal  protection 
wherever  the  flag  floated,  to  every  person,  and  to  every  species  of 
property  recognized  by  any  State.  Less  than  that  was  subordination, 
not  equality. 

Thus,  Mr.  Chairman,  it  may  be  seen  that  the  facts  of  history,  the 
writings  of  the  founders  of  our  Federal  system,  the  reservations  of  the 
S.  liep.  637 4 


50      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

States  when  ratifying  the  Constitution,  and,  it  may  be  said,  the  resolu- 
tions and  platforms  of  political  parties,  and  the  course  of  administra- 
tion up  to  that  time,  all  united  to  sustain  the  theory  that  our  Federal 
Union  was  a  compact  of  confederation  from  which  any  State  could 
peaceably  withdraw. 

When  Equal  Eights  and  Equal  Privileges  were  denied  to  the  South, 
an  appeal  to  the  court  of  last  resort  between  sovereign  States  became 
absolutely  necessary — an  appeal  to  war — that  tribunal  of  force  whose 
judgment  is  final,  whether  just  or  otherwise.  In  its  forum  the  States 
joined  issue,  and  when  its  decree  was  found  against  the  South  we  bowed 
to  it  as  final,  without  consenting  to  it  as  just  or  righteous.  Its  irre- 
versible result  will  not  again  be  questioned,  but  is  accepted  with  a 
solemn  sense  of  duty,  overcast  with  natural  and  unavoidable  sorrow. 

It  now  becomes  our  duty,  as  ex-Confederate  soldiers,  to  maintain  the 
Government  with  true  faith,  and  defend  the  flag  of  our  country  with 
the  same  courage  and  devotion  that  we  gave  to  our  "  little  cross  of 
St.  Andrew." 

That,  Mr.  Chairman,  is  the  essence  of  the  unvarnished  story  of  the 
causes  which  led  to  our  civil  war.  We  take  no  exceptions  to  the  sense 
of  duty  which  impelled  the  people  of  the  North  to  peril  all  of  the  Con- 
stitution, all  of  material  wealth,  and  that  wider  wealth  of  individual 
life,  to  maintain  the  union  of  States,  for  it  but  shows  their  love  and 
deep  devotion  to  the  Union.  The  South  proffers  at  the  bar  of  history, 
and  in  the  forum  of  conscience,  a  rectitude  of  motive,  and  a  warrant  of 
law,  not  less  moral  and  righteous  than  all  that  animated  the  North. 

Publicists  may  draw  distinctions  between  just  and  unjust  wars,  but 
in  civil  conflicts  for  inalienable  rights,  victory  can  not  sanctify  the 
wrong,  nor  defeat  invalidate  the  right.  Our  civil  war  established 
beyond  controversy  that  the  North  was  the  stronger  in  all  the  materials 
of  war,  and  had  vastjy  greater  facilities  for  making  them  available, 
having,  besides  internal  resources,  the  outside  world  to  draw  from; 
but  beyond  that,  human  reason  can  draw  no  rightful  conclusion,  and 
the  right  or  wrong  is  left  to  impartial  history. 

And,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  not  the  least  apprehension  that  impartial 
history  will  fail  to  recognize  the  justification  of  the  South  in  the  records 
of  our  country,  and  find  that,  according  to  the  faith  that  was  in  her 
people,  and  their  judgment  made  up  from  that  standpoint,  there  was 
no  alternative  left  in  1861  but  the  appeal  to  arras;  and  I  affirm,  Mr. 
Chairman,  with  equal  confidence,  that  any  comparison  of  the  two  sec- 
tions, from  the  earliest  times  to  the  present  day,  will  not  find  the  South 
to  have  been  less  patriotic  or  less  solicitous  for  the  honor,  glory,  and 
welfare  of  the  Union. 

SOUTHERN  PATRIOTISM. 

The  sacrifices  made  by  the  Confederate  soldier  put  the  question  of 
motive  beyond  cavil.  There  never  was  a  time  between  Fort  Sumter 
and  Appomattox — when  even  in  the  death  struggle — the  Confederate 
soldier  did  not  feel  that  he  was  fighting  for  his  country,  for  the  legal 
right  to  local  self-government  under  the  existing  Constitution  made  by 
his  fathers;  arid  he  never  doubted  the  right  to  claim  for  the  Soufh  an 
equal  share  of  glory  won  and  sacrifices  made  by  Eevolutionary  ancestry. 
He  remembered  with  pride  that  the  first  declaration  for  colonial  inde- 
pendence was  made  at  the  South,  in  Mecklenburg,  N.  C. ;  that  Thomas 
Jefferson,  a  Southern  man,  wrote  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
adopted  by  our  fathers.  He  remembered  that  Patrick  Henry,  another 
Southern  man,  when  doubt  and  hesitation  had  paralyzed  the  popular 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      51 

heart,  raised  the  battle  cry,  "Give  me  liberty  or  give  me  death!"  and 
aroused  all  patriots  to  decision  and  action.  He  also  remembered  that 
George  Washington,  a  Southern  man,  led  the  Army  to  final  victory, 
securing  liberty  to  American  colonies;  and  that  when  the  turning  point 
of  the  struggle  came,  Southern  heroes  from  this  valley,  at  Kings  Moun- 
tain, after  the  misfortune  at  Camden,  turned  the  tide  of  war  and  led  to 
the  climax  of  victory  at  Yorktown.  Such  assured  historic  facts  nerved 
the  Confederate  on  to  deeds  of  valor  and  made  him  a  willing  sacrifice  to 
his  convictions.  Nor  was  he  indifferent  to  the  facts  of  the  history  of 
our  country  from  1789  to  1860,  as  the  authentic  record  of  the  public 
acts  of  Southern  and  Northern  statesmanship,  which  shows  that  the 
patriotism  of  the  South  was  prolific  of  great  civil  achievements  by  which 
the  country  grew  in  power  and  in  wealth  until  it  became  the  wonder  of 
the  nineteenth  century. 

History  sustains  the  South  in  the  claim  that  all  the  territory  brought 
into  the  Federal  Union  has  been  by  gifts  from  Southern  States,  or 
acquired  by  Southern  policy,  except  Alaska,  and  that  every  State  in  the 
Union  has  been  carved  out  of  that  territory  excepting  two — Vermont 
and  Maine.  It  is  an  historical  fact  that  every  foot  of  territory  secured 
to  the  United  States  after  the  treaty  with  England  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolutionary  war  was  secured  by  treaty  signed  by  Southern  Presi- 
dents, except  that  small  portion  known  as  the  Gadsden  treaty,  and 
that  was  signed  by  President  Pierce. 

See  for  a  moment:  Old  Virginia  passed  the  title  to  the  five  original 
Northwestern  States.  Old  Virginia  also  gave  title  to  Kentucky.  North 
Carolina  gave  the  United  States  title  to  Tennessee.  The  next  acquisi- 
tion was  the  Louisiana  purchase,  from  France,  by  President  Jefferson, 
carrying  with  it  all  the  remaining  territory  to  the  geographical  point 
where  the  tide  in  the  Northwest  flows  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Then 
Florida,  with  certain  rights  in  Oregon,  was  purchased  from  Spain  by 
President  Monroe.  President  Tyler  signed  the  treaty  with  Texas. 
President  Polk  signed  that  with  Mexico  for  California,  New  Mexico, 
and  Arizona. 

And,  singular  to  say,  the  treaty  with  Russia,  by  which  Alaska  was 
secured,  although  negotiated  for  under  Mr.  Lincoln's  administration, 
was  finally  signed  by  President  Andrew  Johnson,  a  Southern  man. 
So,  with  the  exception  named,  the  treaties  that  brought  every  foot  of 
territory  added  to  the  United  States  were  signed  by  Southern  Presi- 
dents in  conformity  with  Southern  policy.  The  South  felt  that  she  had 
done  a  full  share  in  the  extension  of  our  country,  and  felt  sensitive  at 
the  proposed  denial  to  her  States  of  their  Equal  Rights. 

But,  Mr.  Chairman,  "there  is  a  divinity  that  shapes  our  ends,  rough- 
hew  them  how  we  will" — and  it  seems  the  war  was  inevitable. 

When  our  political  fathers,  by  way  of  compromise,  planted  certain 
seeds  in  our  political  garden,  they  proved  to  be  seeds  of  discord;  and 
after  our  variable  political  sunshine,  clouds,  and  rains  for  three-quarters 
of  a  century  they  at  last  germinated  and  blossomed  into  blood.  The 
process  was  slow,  but  sure,  just  as  with  the  little  snowflake  that  falls 
on  the  crag  in  the  Alps  and  becomes  the  nucleus  of  the  mighty  ava- 
lanche; when  a  little  sunbeam  falls  on  it  and  melts  and  loosens  its 
hold,  the  avalanche  tumbles,  crashing  and  thundering  into  the  vale 
below.  So  did  the  causes,  created  with  the  best  intention  by  our 
fathers,  become  the  nuclei  which  accumulated  into  mighty  proportions, 
and  the  avalanche  of  war  came  thundering  and  crashing  through  the 
land. 


52      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 
ELEVEN   STATES   SECEDE. 

Feeling  that  their  constitutional  rights  were  imperiled;  that  they 
were  denied  their  equal  rights  in  the  Union,  and  having  failed,  after 
repeated  efforts,  to  compromise  and  reconcile  essential  differences, 
eleven  of  the  Southern  States,  asserting  their  primary  rights  as  sover- 
eign States,  each  acting  for  itself  and  on  its  own  responsibility,  formally 
and  peaceably  withdrew  from  the  Union,  placing  themselves  just  as 
they  were  before  entering  into  the  compact  of  union. 

This  was  not  done  in  anger  nor  in  indecent  haste,  but  with  proper 
grace  and  dignity,  overcast  with  sorrow.  The  time  of  so  doing 
extended  from  December,  1860,  to  June,  18G1.  Each  seceding  State, 
from  natural  sympathy  and  common  interest,  aligned  itself  alongside 
of  those  that  had  preceded  it,  and,  after  the  fashion  of  the  original 
formation  of  the  Union,  they  united  their  fortunes  and  made  common 
cause.  Three  others,  border  States — Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Mary- 
land— hesitated  in  the  attempt  to  join  their  seceding  sisters,  but  finally 
were  forced  to  remain  in  the  Union,  while  numbers  of  individuals  and 
organized  commands,  following  their  convictions,  promptly  and  bravely 
left  their  homes  in  those  States  and  united  their  destinies  with  the 
land  of  the  South. 

The  situation  at  this  juncture  was  critical  and  hazardous,  for  war 
confronted  the  South,  and  she  was  poorly  prepared  to  meet  it.  The 
Confederate  States,  being  without  prestige  as  a  government,  without 
an  organized  army  as  a  nucleus,  without  even  a  treasury,  and  being 
totally  without  a  navy,  a  blockade  soon  coiled  as  a  mighty  anaconda 
about  the  Southern  seacoast,  and  practically  cut  off  all  communication 
with  the  outer  world,  drying  up  every  channel  of  commerce. 

Believing  in  the  justice  and  righteousness  of  their  cause,  and  to  main- 
tain their  constitutional  rights,  and  undaunted  by  such  obstacles,  the 
eleven  seceded  States  organized  what  is  known  to  history  as  the  "Con- 
federate States."  The  doctrine  of  "force"  asserted  itself  in  the  North, 
excitement  was  at  fever  heat  and  inflamed  the  passions  of  both  sec- 
tions, and  hurried  brothers  into  a  war  that  finds  no  parallel  in  all  history. 

THE   CONFEDERACY. 

The  Confederate  States  were  organized  and  established  as  a  separate 
government,  with  its  chosen  capital — Eichmond,  Va.  I  use  the  term 
"  established"  significantly.  This  organized  government,  by  constitu- 
tional designation,  gave  itself  the  name  of  "The  Confederate  States." 

It  belongs  to  history,  however,  that  the  Confederates  did  have  a 
government  for  four  years — years  of  battle  and  of  blood — and  that  it 
was  organized  after  the  fashion  of  the  one  established  by  our  fathers. 

Ours  was  a  pent-up  Utica;  no  navy,  no  commerce  with  the  outer 
world  to  give  value  to  depreciated  currency,  or  obtain  recruits  from 
abroad.  We  may  have  had  arms  strong  enough  in  our  Ithaca  to  spring 
the  bow  of  Ulysses,  yet  when  by  long- continued  strain  they  were 
weakened,  we  had  no  means  of  strengthening  them.  Our  foes  com- 
manded all  the  recuperative  power  desired.  Like  Virgil's  golden 
branch,  when  one  was  torn  away  another  sprang  in  its  place,  yet  the 
adversary  was  held  at  bay  for  four  long  years. 

Eepresentatives,  under  the  election  laws  of  each  State,  were  chosen 
to  its  Congress.  Laws  were  enacted,  putting  the  machinery  of  govern- 
ment in  active  operation — alike  on  a  peace  and  war  basis.  A  consti- 
tution was  formally  adopted  and  elections  held  under  it;  laws  were 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      53 

enacted  and  enforced  through  proper  legal  channels.  It  had,  according 
to  forms  of  law  (as  in  reality  it  had),  its  president,  its  congress  of  two 
houses,  a  full  cabinet,  composed  of  secretaries  of  state,  treasury,  war, 
navy,  attorney-general,  and  postmaster-general.  It  had  its  judicial 
tribunals,  post  routes  and  post-offices,  tax  gatherers,  and  in  fact  all  the 
machinery  and  paraphernalia  of  a  thoroughly  organized  and  equipped 
government. 

It  had  its  national  flag  and  a  patriotic  and  gallant  army  to  defend  it. 
That  flag  emblemized  its  nationality  and  waved  defiantly  for  four 
years  over  Confederate  armies  that  guarded  its  citadel.  It  was  defen- 
sive and  not  offensive  war.  The  Confederates  asked  to  be  let  alone — 
only  that.  Therefore,  was  it  not  an  "established"  government?  Cer- 
tainly, for  that  period,  and,  by  way  of  emphasizing  that  fact,  permit  me 
to  say  that  to  disestablish  it  required  2,759,059  gallant  and  well-equipped 
Federal  soldiers,  four  years,  fighting  hundreds  of  battles,  with  a  loss  of 
more  than  half  a  million  men,  and  at  a  cost  in  money  of  four  or  five 
billions  of  dollars. 

It  is  an  historic  fact  that  President  Lincoln  formally  called,  through 
all  sources,  for  2,759,059  men  for  military  service  to  the  United  States 
from  April  14,  1861  (the  day  after  the  first  gun  was  fired  at  Fort  Sum- 
ter),  to  April  14,  1865  (the  day  of  his  death).  It  is  also  an  historic  fact, 
obtained  from  the  best  available  data  at  my  command,  that  the  Con- 
federate States  had  on  their  aimy  rolls,  from  first  to  last  during  our 
four  years'  strife,  less  than  600,000  men. 

When  impartial  and  truthful  writers  and  philosophers  of  history 
come  to  see,  understand,  and  analyze  such  facts,  can  it  be  believed  that 
they  will  speak  of  it  as  a  "mere  rebellion,"  and  not  as  the  greatest  of 
civil  wars? 

The  word  "rebel,"  while  intended  as  a  word  of  reproach,  created  no 
alarm  among  Confederates.  They  recognized  the  fact  that  wherever 
you  find  in  history  a  struggle  for  liberty,  the  word  "liberty"  is  pre- 
ceded by  the  word  "rebel,"  as  in  the  struggle  of  our  own  Eevolutionary 
fathers  for  independence. 

GREAT  BATTLES. 

Among  those  battles  are  Chickamauga  and  Missionary  Eidge. 

Here,  at  the  foot  of  this  picturesque  and  historical  valley,  immedi- 
ately on  the  Tennessee  and  Georgia  State  line,  under  the  brows  of  the 
mountains  that  encircle  Chattanooga,  there  is  a  sluggish  little  stream 
flowing  from  the  head  of  McLemores  Cove  into  the  broad  and  beautiful 
Tennessee  a  short  distance  above  this  city.  This  little  stream  still 
bears  its  Indian  name,  no  less  beautiful  than  significant,  Chickamauga 
(river  of  death).  Near  the  banks  of  this  fateful  little  river,  on  Sep- 
tember 19  and  20, 1863,  was  fought  a  brilliant  but  terrible  battle,  one 
that  current  history  is  writing  down — on  both  sides — as  the  best-fought 
battle  of  the  war,  and  which,  when  all  is  known  and  viewed  impartially, 
will  be  so  written  by  future  historians.  The  commanding  generals  were 
Bragg  and  Eosecrans.  Eosecrans's  force  largely  outnumbered  that  of 
Bragg,  until  Longstreet's  corps  joined  Bragg,  and  then  the  disparity, 
as  we  see  it,  was  but  about  4,000,  and  that  was  in  favor  of  the  Federals. 

The  two  armies  had  met  before  under  the  same  commanders,  when 
they  fought  the  old  year  out  and  the  new  year  in,  and  made  Stones 
Eiver,  or  Murfreesboro,  a  field  of  historic  renown.  In  that  test  of 
prowess,  though  the  contest  for  two  days  was  bloody,  but  little  advan- 
tage was  gained  by  either  army,  save  that  after  the  second  day's  con- 
flict Bragg  retired  without  pursuit,  and  left  Eosecrans  the  honor  of 


54      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

holding  the  field.  It  was  a  second  Flodden  field,  where  both  Surrey  of 
England  and  James  of  Scotland  believed  the  other  army  vanquished, 
and  neither  could  claim  a  victory  until  the  dawn  of  the  next  day.  Mean- 
while, during  the  winter  and  spring,  Eosecrans  had  recuperated  and 
filled  up  his  army  after  the  battle  of  Murfreesboro ;  Bragg  had  depleted 
his  by  sending  between  eleven  and  twelve  thousand  infantry  to  Mis- 
sissippi. 

After  the  comparatively  small  but  plucky  engagements  at  Hoovers 
Gap  and  Liberty  Gap,  fought  on  General  Bragg's  outposts  in  resistance 
of  General  Eosecrans's  advance,  on  June  24,  1863,  a  series  of  move- 
ments followed  in  which  Eosecrans  sought  to  force  Bragg  to  fight  in 
middle  Tennessee,  while  the  latter  was  maneuvering  to  draw  Eose- 
crans south  of  the  Tennessee  Eiver  before  delivering  battle. 

The  strategic  movements  of  Bragg  after  abandoning  Chattanooga  by 
scattering  his  forces,  under  the  pretense  of  a  retreat,  until  he  had  Eose- 
craus's  three  corps  separated  beyond  immediate  mutual  relief  (McCook 
in  the  mountains  toward  Eome,  Ga.,  Crittenden  near  Eiuggold,  Ga., 
and  Thomas  in  McLemore's  Cove)  were  entirely  successful,  and  con- 
tinuing his  plan  of  operation  he  turned,  on  September  10,  upon  Thomas's 
corps,  which  held  Eosecraus's  center,  then  in  McLemore's  Cove.  It  was 
isolated,  and  Bragg  had  his  army  well  in  hand,  and  orders  were  given 
for  the  attack,  which  for  causes  never  yet  fully  and  satisfactorily 
explained  to  the  world  failed  to  materialize  and  Thomas  escaped 
through  Stevens  Gap,  in  his  rear,  on  the  evening  of  the  llth. 

Had  Thomas  been  crushed,  which  he  could  have  been  by  the  largely 
superior  forces  of  Bragg  which  then  confronted  him  both  on  front  and 
flank,  it  would  have  left  the  other  two  corps  under  McCook  and  Critten- 
den, which  then  composed  Eosecrans's  command,  sufficiently  far  apart 
to  be  attacked  in  detail  by  the  entirfe  army  of  Bragg.  Had  this  plan 
not  miscarried,  the  battle  of  Chickarnauga  would  not  have  been  fought. 

And  so,  again,  the  order  by  General  Bragg  to  attack  Crittenden  in 
his  isolated  position  near  Einggold  on  the  13th  failed  to  materialize, 
else  in  all  probability  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  would  not  have  been 
fought  where  and  when  it  was,  if  fought  at  all. 

At  this  juncture  General  Eosecrans  seemed  to  realize  his  peril,  and 
took  most  active  steps  to  concentrate  his  entire  force,  which  was  done 
in  short  order. 

It  is  doubtful,  however,  if  these  strategic  movements  of  General 
Bragg,  as  brilliant  as  they  were,  were  more  brilliant  and  commendable 
than  the  readiness  and  skill  with  which  General  Eosecrans  relieved 
himself,  and  turned  in  full  form  and  bold  front  and  gave  challenge  for 
the  great  battle  of  Chickamauga. 

The  object  of  General  Eosecrans  was  to  drive  Bragg  through  north 
Georgia — and  Bragg  did  not  intend  that  he  should  without  a  fight. 
The  three  days  from  the  14th  to  the  17th  (the  day  on  which  the  general 
order  for  battle  was  issued  by  Bragg)  were  criticised  by  the  uninitiated 
as  "time  and  opportunity  lost."  But  subsequent  events,  when  Long- 
street  arrived,  showed  the  wisdom  of  this  delay. 

These  two  gallant  armies,  one  composed  of  Western  and  the  other  of 
Southern  men,  with  kindred,  in  many  instances,  brothers  on  the  oppos- 
ing sides,  were  skilled  by  experience  and  seasoned  by  hardship,  and 
possessed  no  mean  opinion  of  the  prowess  of  each  other. 

TWO  DAYS'  STRUGGLE. 

The  gage  of  battle  was  tendered  and  promptly  accepted.  Detail  that 
might  at  another  time  be  more  interesting  would  be  tedious  on  this 
occasion. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      55 

For  two  days  in  this  valley,  under  the  brows  of  Lookout,  near  the 
border  line  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  sluggish 
little  "river  of  death,"  the  terrible  onslaught  was  waged,  with  a 
destructive  fury  hardly  surpassed  in  any  battle  of  modern  times.  With 
hurrying  to  and  fro,  marches  and  countermarches,  sometimes  in  «  double- 
quick,"  in  adjusting  lines,  the  battle  began.  What,  with  assault 
and  repulse,  with  vantage  ground  gained  and  lost,  salients  taken  and 
retaken,  lines  broken  and  righted  up  again,  with  gaps  filled  here 
and  flanks  covered  there,  movements  checked,  flags  captured  and 
recaptured,  guns  taken  and  retaken,  Stars  and  Stripes  and  Stars  and 
Bars  vicing  v.ith  each  other  for  place,  thus  did  the  masterful  strife  con- 
tinue until  the  mantle  of  night,  in  its  charity,  enveloped  the  scene, 
without  any  very  decisive,  permanent  advantage  to  either  side. 

It  was  a  calm,  crisp,  frosty  night,  quiet  and  serene,  save  the  sound 
of  the  ax  in  Federal  hands  as  fieldworks  were  hastily  constructed, 
indicating  Federal  pluck  that  meant  to  stay.  There  was  on  the  Con- 
federate lines  that  stillness  of  slumber  which  exhausted  nature  alone 
can  give.  The  stars,  as  eyes  from  heaven,  save  that  of  Mars,  which 
was  bloodshot,  looked  down  alike  on  the  living  and  the  dead — on  the 
blue  and  on  the  gray — who  seemed  sleeping  together. 

The  Federals  initiated  the  fight  on  the  evening  of  the  18th,  whether 
intended  or  not.  Then  it  was  that  Rosecrans  saw  that  instead  of 
retreating  through  north  Georgia,  General  Bragg  had  assumed  the 
offensive,  and  had  tendered  the  gage  of  battle.  Rosecrans  immedi- 
ately put  himself  in  a  defensive  attitude.  Bragg,  however,  not  yet 
having  crossed  the  Chickamauga  in  force,  gave  Rosecrans  ample  time 
on  the  evening  of  the  18th  in  which  to  choose  his  ground  and  locate  his 
lines.  This  was  advantageously  done  by  placing  them  on  points  of 
slight  elevation  extending  through  a  level  wooded  country  in  a  forest 
abounding  in  dense  undergrowth,  with  here  and  there,  at  long  intervals, 
small  fields  and  small,  open,  gladed  spots.  These  were  the  only  places 
where  troops  would  be  rendered  visible  until  in  close,  deadly  range. 
The  dense  undergrowth  concealed  the  Federal  lines  and  served  as 
masks  to  batteries.  Rosecrans's  lines  thus  situated,  his  batteries  were 
placed  advantageously  to  command  the  approaches,  and  were  used 
most  effectively  on  Bragg's  advance,  while  Confederate  batteries  were 
practically  unused,  as  it  was  difficult  to  move  them  through  woods  and 
thick  underbrush,  much  less  to  securo  advantageous  points  from  which 
to  fire.  This  put  the  Confederates  at  decided  disadvantage. 

Hosecraus  having  assumed  the  defensive,  with  lines  and  batteries 
advantageously  located  (although  broken  here  and  there  in  the  fight  of 
the  19th,  but  practically  maintained),  went  to  work  on  defenses  early 
in  the  night,  and  kept  it  up.  The  sound  of  the  ax  in  Federal  hands 
was  anything  but  grateful  to  the  ears  of  the  Confederates,  who  were 
but  a  few  hundred  yards  distant,  and  knew  that  Bragg's  aggressive 
movements  would  soon  precipitate  them  upon  the  defenses.  Breast- 
works, as  comfortable  as  they  may  be  to  those  behind  them,  are  not 
very  inviting  to  the  attacking  party.  As  courageous  as  the  assailant 
may  be,  he  is  conscious  of  his  disadvantage,  and  necessarily  assaults 
with  more  reluctance,  because  of  knowing  this  disadvantage,  while  the 
soldier  sheltered  behind  them,  however  frail  they  may  be,  feels  a  degree 
of  confidence  because  of  that  advantage.  While  all  this  gave  a  decided 
advantage  to  the  resisting  party,  there  was  to  some  extent  a  corre- 
sponding advantage  to  be  gained  by  an  aggressive  movement;  for  the 
soldier  gets  momentum  in  a  forward  movement  that  often  avails  much. 
This  was  demonstrated  next  day  at  several  points,  where  the  lines 
were  overrun,  but  could  not  be  held. 


56       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Lieutenant-General  Longstreet,  who  had  been  preceded  by  a  part  of 
his  command,  arrived  at  army  headquarters  late  in  the  night  of  the  19th. 
Thereupon,  General  Bragg  divided  his  army  into  two  wings,  without 
disturbing  the  locality  of  the  troops,  and  placed  Lieutenant-General 
Polk  in  command  of  the  right  wing,  and  Lieutenant- General  Longstreet 
in  command  of  the  left  wing.  These  dispositions  having  been  made, 
General  Bragg  ordered  an  attack  at  daylight  on  the  next  day,  to  be 
executed  by  brigades  in  echelon,  beginning  on  the  right.  The  attack 
was  not  made,  however,  until  between  0  and  10  o'clock,  when  it  was 
done  with  vigor  and  fierceness. 

THE    SECOND   DAY'S  FIGHT. 

Thus  the  battle  was  renewed  on  the  morning  of  the  20th,  and  to 
attempt  to  describe  it  in  its  multiform  and  magnificent  detail,  were  I 
sufficiently  informed  and  capable  of  so  doing,  would  be  a  folly.  Feats 
of  valor  were  performed  that  day  by  commands  in  both  armies  that 
should  entitle  them  to  a  place  alongside  of  Grecian  phalanx  or  Eoman 
legion.  And,  in  many  instances,  individual  prowess  displayed  itself 
with  Prince  Eupert  rashness,  and  with  the  endurance  of  Cromwell's 
"ironsides." 

Lines  advanced  and  recoiled  again  and  again  amid  the  din  of  battle. 
The  doubtful  issue  was  prolonged,  each  party  holding  the  line  with 
dogged  tenacity,  making  the  second  a  more  deadly  day  than  the  first. 
The  Federal  left  had  been  driven  back,  but  was  resolutely  resisting  and 
still  defiantly  holding  the  crown  of  Snodgrass  Hill.  The  Federal  cen- 
ter had  been  pushed  from  their  works,  and  had  partially  regained  them. 
The  Federal  left  was  still  firmly  holding  its  lines  behind  their  works, 
when  near  5  o'clock  the  order  came  to  Confederates  to  charge  all  along 
the  line.  It  came,  no  matter  from  whom,  from  headquarters,  doubtless, 
but  to  us  from  Longstreet  to  Stewart,  and  from  him  to  those  of  us  who 
obeyed  his  orders,  and  so  with  other  commands  along  the  lines.  The 
scales  were  still  trembling  in  the  hand  of  fate,  but  slowly  balancing  to 
the  Confederate  side. 

That  September  sun,  poising  on  the  verge  of  equinox,  had  looked 
with  burning  eye  all  day  on  this  carnival  of  blood,  was  nearing  his  set- 
ting, and,  seen  through  the  smoke  of  battle,  was  enlarged  and  softened 
into  an  apparent  ball  of  blood.  That  softened  sunlight,  falling  upon 
the  begrimed,  dust-covered,  and  powder-burned  faces  beneath  the  old 
slouched  hats,  gave  a  weird  aspect,  as,  in  elbow  touch,  the  old  gray 
coats  stood  guard  to  the  little  cross  of  St.  Andrew  that  marked  the  line 
of  serried  ranks,  and  seemed,  as  it  fluttered  over  those  scarred  veterans, 
as  sacred  as  the  sign  to  Constantine,  with  its  heaven-sent  legend  of 
"In  hoc  signo  vinces." 

It  was  truly  a  battle-line  of  old  knights,  with  visors  down,  ready  for 
mortal  combat,  and  would  have  challenged  for  the  laurel  wreath  the 
old  Paladins  in  their  impersonation  of  chivalry. 

This  line  of  old  gray  coats  and  slouched  hats,  standing  on  the  crested 
ridge  of  the  last  shock  of  battle,  was  the  living  impersonation  and 
realization  of  "  grim-visaged  war"  with  "wrinkled  front."  Standing 
thus  in  line  of  battle,  silence,  such  as  precedes  the  storm,  brooded  over 
it,  until  that  fatal  word,  "Forward!"  rang  down  the  lines  as  if  borne 
on  electric  waves,  with  which  the  very  air  was  surcharged.  The  line 
obeyed — moved  at  first  with  slow  and  measured  tread,  then  with  quick- 
ened step  as  it  neared  the  blazing  guns,  when,  with  the  wild  "rebel  yell" 
and  resistless  charge,  it  dashed  on  the  opposing  lines,  which,  after 
dogged  resistance,  sullenly  gave  way,  and  the  battle  was  won. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAEK.      57 

Braxton  Bragg,  the  general  in  chief  commanding  Confederate  forces 
on  this  field  of  Chickamauga,  will  stand  in  history  the  victor  and  hero 
of  one  of  the  bloodiest  and  best  fought  battles  of  the  greatest  of  civil 
wars. 

MISSIONARY  RIDGE. 

It  was  rare,  in  our  civil  war,  no  matter  under  what  commanders,  that 
either  side  in  a  great  battle  reaped  the  fruits  of  victory.  Chickamauga 
was  not  an  exception.  A  marvelously  short  time  after  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga  the  Federal  army  was  behind  the  earthworks  in  and 
around  Chattanooga,  and  General  Bragg  close  in  front  thereof.  The 
battle  of  Chickamauga  encouraged  the  hopes  of  Southern  people, 
while  it  tended  to  neutralize  the  eifect  of  Gettysburg  in  the  North. 
The  efi'ect  was  such  as  to  cause  the  most  prompt  and  vigorous  steps  to 
be  taken  by  the  Federal  authorities  to  relieve  it.  General  Grant  came 
and  took  command  in  person.  Two  corps  were  brought  from  the  East, 
as  was  General  Sherman's  army  from  Mississippi,  and  troops  from  other 
sources,  until  General  Grant  had  at  his  command,  in  and  about  Chat- 
tanooga, as  shown  by  his  official  report  of  November  20, 1863,  an  army 
aggregating  in  round  numbers  102,000  men ;  present  for  duty,  5,063 
officers,  and  80,822  men. 

This  was,  perhaps,  one  of  the  largest,  if  not  the  largest,  army  that 
ever  assembled  in  so  small  a  compass  on  the  American  continent. 

This  vast  army  was  organized  for  an  assault  on  Bragg,  then  holding 
the  front  of  Chattanooga,  including  Missionary  Eidge.  The  command 
with  which  General  Bragg  fought  at  Chickamauga  had  been  reduced 
by  the  casualties  of  that  battle,  by  the  withdrawal  of  Longstreet's  corps 
(then  around  Knoxville)  and  Buckner's  command  (then  near  Loudon), 
by  practically  all  of  his  cavalry  being  detached  and  operating  on  Fed- 
eral line  of  communication,  or  with  Buckner  and  Longstreet,  leaving 
Bragg  with  a  mere  skeleton  of  his  Chickamauga  command.  It  was  cur- 
rently published  and  understood  at  the  time  that  his  command  did  not 
exceed,  on  November  24,  25,000  effectives,  and  subsequently  published 
reports  put  it,  as  I  think,  not  far  from  that  number  on  the  day  of  the 
battle  of  Missionary  Eidge. 

This  command  was  divided  into  two  corps.  Lieutenant-General 
Hardee  commanded  the  right  and  Major-General  Breckinridge  the  left. 
A  day  or  so  preceding  the  battle  General  Bragg  withdrew  his  main  lines 
to  the  crest  of  the  ridge,  having  an  engagement  of  some  moment  at 
Orchard  Knob  on  the  23d.  General  Grant's  forces  were  organized  by 
grand  divisions,  Hooker  on  the  right,  Thomas  in  the  center,  and  Sheman 
on  the  left.  On  the  morning  of  November  25  this  vast  army  of  General 
Grant  appeared  in  lines  of  battle — in  two  lines,  with  reserves  in  sight, 
seeming  equal  to  a  third  line  of  battle. 

In  forming  lines  of  battle  this  large  army  uncoiled  as  a  huge  serpent, 
and  its  movements  were  visible  from  the  ridge.  The  lines  extended  from 
the  slope  of  Lookout  Mountain  for  miles  to  their  extreme  left,  where 
Sherman  confronted  Hardee. 

It  was  believed  by  the  Confederate  commander,  and  not  without 
reason,  that  Sherman  would  make  the  main  assault  on  the  Confederate 
right  with  the  intention  of  turning  it,  and  getting  to  Chickamauga  sta- 
tion, and  thus  get  upon  Bragg's  line  of  communication.  It  was  also 
reasonable  to  believe  that  the  very  marked  demonstration  on  the  center 
in  the  immediate  front  of  the  ridge  was  to  divert  attention  from  the 
Confederate  right,  while  Sherman  and  Hooker,  with  concurrent  move- 
ments on  right  and  left,  would  be  able  to  envelop  Bragg. 


58      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Under  this  apprehension  all  the  force  that  could  be  possibly  spared  was 
withdrawn  from  the  left  and  center,  and  transferred  to  Hardee.  Among 
others,  Lewis's  (Kentucky)  brigade  was  taken  out  of  the  line  just  to  the 
right  of  Bragg's  headquarters  about  midnight  on  the  24th  and  sent  to 
Hardee.  There  being  no  reserves  to  supply  the  place,  the  general  line 
was  extended,  and  weakened  at  that  point  by  a  brigade's  strength. 

The  expected  attack  by  Sherman,  however,  did  not  materialize  to  any 
great  extent,  while  the  main  assault  was  made  by  Thomas,  directly  on 
the  center  and  left  of  the  line  on  the  ridge.  This  vast,  well-equipped 
Federal  army  moved  with  system  and  order,  indicating  veteran  service. 
As  soon  as  within  range  of  the  guns  on  the  crest  of  the  ridge  a  brisk 
and  effective  fire  was  opened  on  the  advancing  lines  and  caused  the 
front  line  to  waver  and  get  in  confusion,  but  it  soon  advanced.  When 
within  range  of  small  arms  the  firing  was  terrific.  The  assailants, 
although  driven  back  at  points  in  their  line,  now  and  then,  still  ad- 
vanced, sheltered  here  and  there  by  irregularities  on  the  surface  of  the 
hillside.  While  the  Federals  were  ascending  the  hill  they  could  be  only 
effectively  reached  with  either  artillery  or  small  arms  by  an  oblique 
fire,  as  the  declivity  made  direct  front  firing  impracticable.  Any  check 
to  the  ascending  forward  movement  was  temporary.  At  some  places  on 
that  fated  Confederate  line  the  resistance  was  vigorous  and  determined, 
even  after  the  Federals  had  gained  footing  on  the  hill,  and  fired  down 
the  lines.  At  other  points  there  was  practically  but  little  resistance. 
The  Federals,  having  gained  footing  on  the  crest,  could  and  did  clear 
the  front  by  enfilade  fire.  Thus  the  Confederate  lines  were  broken  and 
driven  back.  At  Chickamauga  neither  party  could  see  enough  because 
of  the  undergrowth ;  at  Missionary  Ridge  we  could  see  too  much — more 
than  three  to  one — and  the  enemy  with  excessive  numbers  moving 
around  both  flanks. 

A  part  of  those  near  and  to  the  right  of  Bragg's  headquarters,  re- 
formed a  line  in  the  woods  a  few  hundred  yards  to  the  rear  and  resisted 
the  heavy  mass  which  was  pressing  forward  in  disorder.  It  was  then 
getting  dark,  and  a  few  volleys  from  artillery  and  small  arms  checked 
the  pursuit. 

Night  closed  upon  the  scene  and  the  Confederates,  without  further 
pursuit,  crossed  over  the  Chickamauga  bridge  and  bivouacked  for  the 
night. 

The  Federal  advance  next  day  was  successfully  resisted  by  the  Con- 
federate rear  guard  at  Einggold  Gap.  Thus  was  ended  the  Tennessee 
campaign  of  1863,  in  which  the  splendid  victory  for  the  Confederates  at 
Chickamauga  was  followed  by  their  disastrous  defeat  at  Missionary 
Eidge.  Winter  found  the  Federals  in  Chattanooga,  under  General 
Sherman — General  Bosecrans  having  been  relieved  soon  after  the  battle 
of  Chickamauga.  Active  hostilities  were  suspended  and  the  Confeder- 
ates took  up  winter  quarters  at  Dalton,  north  Georgia. 

General  Bragg,  in  that  patriotic,  unselfish  manner  characteristic  of 
true  merit  and  self-sacrificing  patriotism,  asked  to  be  relieved  from  the 
command  of  the  Army  of  Tennessee,  and  was  succeeded  by  that  superb 
soldier  and  military  chieftain,  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 

The  fate  of  Bragg  and  Eosecrans,  commanders  in  chief  of  the  two 
opposing  armies  in  this  Tennessee  campaign,  is  a  commentary  on  the 
fortunes  of  military  commanders. 

THE  SOUTH  A  FACTOR  IN   BUILDING  UP  THE  NORTH. 

Who  can  estimate  the  increased  value  to  commerce,  or  the  manifold 
blessings  to  all  the  world  which  have  flowed  through  all  the  channels 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAEK.       59 

of  commerce  from  the  prosperity  of  the  South'?  Subtract  from  the 
commerce  of  the  United  States  the  value  of  our  cotton,  tobacco,  indigo, 
sugar,  and  rice,  which  for  one  hundred  years  have  freighted  Northern 
ships,  and  the  raw  materials  of  Northern  manufactures,  and  you  will 
understand  how  the  South  has  become  a  factor  in  building  up  the  North. 

If  you  call  the  roll  of  American  statesmen  you  will  find  those  from 
the  South  inferior  neither  in  numbers  nor  abilities  to  those  of  the  North. 
If  you  enumerate  the  antebellum  soldiers  who  have  added  military  glory 
to  national  character  you  will  find  Washington,  Jackson,  Scott,  and 
Taylor — all  Southern  men — standing  on  the  same  plane  with  the  great- 
est captains  of  any  age  in  the  world's  history;  and  in  mere  fecundity 
of  military  and  naval  heroes,  Tennessee  has  furnished  your  Navy  its 
Farragut,  who  was  a  native  of  this  historic  valley,  and  Virginia  gave 
your  Army  its  Thomas,  whom  you  appropriately  cail  the  "  Eock  of 
Chickamauga." 

If  you  reverence  that  more  than  "  Amphictyonic  council" — the 
Supreme  Court — it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  Southern  Chief  Justices 
have  presided  therein  for  sixty-two  years  out  of  its  seventy-one  years 
of  antebellum  existence.  If  you  honor  the  Chief  Magistracy  of  our 
country  above  all  power  on  earth,  remember  that  Southern  Presidents 
performed  its  high  responsibilities  for  fifty-three  years  out  of  seventy- 
one  preceding  our  civil  war. 

AND   WHAT   HAS   THE   SOUTH  DONE   SINCE   THE   WAR? 

"When  the  bugle  sang  truce,"  the  paroled  Confederate  soldier 
returned  home  from  the  fields  of  his  disaster,  but  not  dishonor,  van- 
quished but  not  destroyed;  sorrowful,  but  not  without  hope.  'Twas 
true  the  channel  had  been  cut  deep,  the  iron  had  entered  his  soul,  and 
"melancholy  marked  him  for  her  own,"  but  the  end  of  the  sacrifice  was 
not  yet. 

Broken  in  fortune,  but  not  in  spirit ;  reduced  to  a  penury  unknown 
to  him,  and  the  more  keenly  felt  for  the  sudden  transition  from  afflu- 
ence to  poverty;  returning  from  the  fields  of  glory,  yet  fields  of  disas- 
ter, with  an  armless  sleeve  as  a  life  companion,  in  search  of  his  home, 
his  vision  was  greeted  by  the  broken  windlass  of  the  old  well  which 
had  gone  dry,  and  by  the  stark  and  weird  chimney — a  specter  standing 
in  the  midst  of  desolation — marking  the  spot  where,  erstwhile,  the 
"watchdog  bayed  deep-mouthed  welcome,"  and  where  once  stood  the 
old,  happy  home,  with  its  latticed  porch  and  trellised  vine,  its  garden, 
and  its  roses. 

This  gaunt  specter,  this  dire  want,  greeted  him;  but  the  "chill 
penury"  repressed  not  his  "noble  rage."  Ah!  there  was  an  unseen 
hand  that  scattered  manna,  and  an  unseen  prophet  whose  rod  smote 
the  rock  and  the  life-giving  waters  gushed  forth. 

Behind  a  frowning  Providence 
He  hides  a  smiling  face. 

The  irrepressible  pride  and  indomitable  pluck  of  Southern  manhood 
was  still  with  him,  and  although  in  the  agony  of  want,  without  pension, 
without  place,  he  did  not  humble  himself  and  cry  out  in  his  extremity, 
as  did  Justinian's  greatest  general,  "Give  an  obolus  to  poor  old  Beli- 
sarius." 

Contemplating  and  retro specting,  with  proud  but  saddened  eye,  the 
terrible  ordeal  of  fire  and  blood  through  which  he  had  just  passed,  and 
the  gloomy  future  that  darkened  before  him ;  and  realizing  the  situa- 
tion and  recognizing  the  demands  ot  the  hour,  in  behalf  of  those  he 


60       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

most  loved  crying  unto  him  for  bread,  he  did  not  ask  for  outside  help, 
nor  in  melancholy  mood  give  way  to  lamentation,  nor  cover  himself  in 
sackcloth  and  ashes;  but,  as  the  antique  wrestler  in  the  Olympian 
games,  when  thrown  in  the  dust,  he  arose  with  renewed  challenge,  the 
greater  for  the  fall.  No !  While  he  keenly  felt,  he  did  not  succumb  to 
this  iron  fortune,  this  hard  logic  of  fate,  but  the  spirit  of  true  manhood 
asserted  itself,  and  with  resurgam  as  his  motto,  and  brain  and  brawn, 
aided  by  the  genial  climate  and  generous  soil  which  nature  gave,  was 
his  talisman. 

The  new  house,  in  time,  reared  its  walls  where  the  old  one  stood ;  the 
green  ivy  clings  close  to  the  bare  old  chimney,  covering  its  war  scars; 
the  Virginia  creeper  and  the  eglantine — that  "  country  cousin  of  the 
rose" — vying  with  each  other  in  beauty  and  aroma,  entwine  about  the 
new  porch;  again,  "  the  old  oaken  bucket  hangs  in  the  well,"  the  witch 
elms  lengthen  their  evening  shadows,  and  the  mocking  bird's  throat  is 
in  tune.  The  song  of  the  reaper  is  heard  in  the  fields,  and  again  the 
"lowing  herd  winds  slowly  o'er  the  lea,"  and  the  "  plowman  homeward 
plods  his  weary  way."  It  is  home  again ! 

This  war-worn  Confederate  swept  away  obstacles  and  moved  a  swift 
courser  along  the  great  Apian  way  to  Southern  development,  and  stands 
to-day  in  the  front  rank,  the  peer  of  the  noblest,  the  bravest,  and  best, 
whether  in  war  or  peace. 

With  firm  and  manly  strides  he  forged  ahead  in  the  development  of 
what  is  called,  in  the  nomenclature  of  the  day,  the  "new  South."  He, 
however,  forgets  not  the  past,  but  with  the  loftiest  pride  and  tenderest 
devotion,  turns  to  the  "old  South,"  as  turns  the  sunflower — 

To  its  god  when  he  sets 
The  same  look  that  it  gave  when  ho  rose. 

The  valorous  sons  of  the  South  who,  on  the  crested  ridge  of  battle, 
stood  for  her  honor,  her  rights,  and  her  life,  and  fought  her  historic 
battles,  even  at  the  cannon's  mouth,  held  her  then,  and  hold  her  now, 
supreme  in  their  heart  of  hearts — while  her  daughters,  unwavering  in 
their  loyalty  and  love,  will  ever  crown  the  "old  South"  queen  of  song 
and  star  of  chivalry. 

Mr.  Chairman,  if  the  "  new  South"  is  the  young  and  coming  giant  of 
to-day,  the  old  Confederate  soldier  bids  him  Godspeed,  and  will  stand 
by  his  struggles  in  the  great  battle  for  supremacy,  as  in  all  else  that 
will  make  greater  and  grander  our  devoted  Southland.  But  in  doing 
so  we  withhold  no  love,  no  devotion,  no  duty  from  our  dear  "old 
South." 

THE   OLD   SOUTH. 

Mr.  Chairman,  the  "old  South"  had  characteristics  pronounced  and 
emphatic,  and  among  them  none  more  distinctive  than  her  admiration 
for  and  observance  of  true  and  genuine  chivalry. 

Public  virtue  is  not  found  save  where  there  is  private  virtue — and 
private  virtue  is  not  found  where  patriotism  is  at  discount,  and  where 
woman  is  not  honored  and  elevated.  It  was  reverence  for  woman  and 
hatred  of  oppression  that  gave  mediaeval  chivalry  its  glory  and  its 
charm — and  while  chivalry  may  be  unknown  in  modern  times  as  an 
order,  and  the  chevalier  known  only  as  an  historic  character — at  least 
such  chevalier  as  conserved  public  honor  and  private  virtue  in  the 
twelfth  century — yet  its  spirit  lives,  and  its  cardinal  virtues  are  the 
same  as  when  it  sallied  forth  from  the  mountain  fastnesses  of  old  Spain 
to  redress  the  wrong  and  restore  the  right.  'Tis  true  that  this  utilitarian 
age  justly  laughs  at  its  ancient  fanatic  exaggeration  as  a  highly  colored 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      61 

sham,  yet  the  Cid  and  the  Bayard  of  that  day  are  the  heroes  of  poetry 
and  song  in  this.  The  chaste  and  conservative  elements  of  true  and 
genuine  chivalry  in  this  day  often  shine  out  in  individuals  and  com- 
munities to  the  infinite  pride  and  delight  of  the  refined  and  cultured. 
It  shows  itself  in  nothing  more  marked  than  in  the  social  exaltation  of 
woman  and  in  admiration  for  the  soldier  who  gallantly  fights  the  bat- 
tles of  his  country,  whether  he  wins  or  loses  the  fight.  This  spirit  of 
chivalry  is  not  ephemeral  or  changeable,  for  it  is  based  on  high  and 
holy  principles  that  abide  with  the  true,  the  modest,  and  the  brave.  It 
is  the  embodiment  of  disinterestedness;  the  flowering  of  every  finer 
feeling;  the  synonym  of  honor,  gentleness,  and  courtesy;  the  perfection 
of  self-abnegation,  and  the  happy  combination  of  right  with  might.  It 
is  the  redresser  of  wrongs,  the  foe  of  tyrants,  the  champion  of  the 
oppressed.  It  is  a  check  upon  immorality,  the  scourge  of  vice,  and  a 
living,  breathing  protest  against  the  selfish  idea  that  any  man  can  live 
for  himself  alone.  Neither  is  it  alone  the  quality  of  courage  in  the 
soldier,  though  he  were  "fashioned  after  Cato's  liking" — nor  is  it  alone 
the  grace  and  courtesy  of  the  carpet-knight,  but  the  high  and  holy 
characteristics  of  true  and  noble  virtues  that  make  up  the  chevalier. 

It  was  refreshing  at  the  close  of  our  interstate  struggle  to  witness 
the  delicate  observance  of  the  high  points  of  chivalry  between  true  and 
tried  soldiers,  who  had  met  face  to  face  with  visors  down  and  lance 
well  poised,  soldiers — many  of  whom  I  see  around  me — who  had  stood 
tip  to  tip,  toe  to  toe,  arid  dared  to  stand  and  do  their  duty.  One  of  the 
most  marked  characteristics  of  Federal  and  Confederate  soldiers,  after 
they  had  ceased  to  do  battle,  was  that  manly  bearing  and  courteous 
recognition  among  those  who  did  the  fighting  and  modestly  wore  their 
battle  scars — not  scars  of  infamy,  but  scars  of  honor.  It  is  not  the  brave 
and  generous  who  bears  malice  and  treasures  hate,  and  seeks  to  offend 
his  disarmed  quondam  combatant,  but  the  mountebank  who  struts  in  a 
misplaced  uniform,  with  mock  heroic  air,  who  fights  battles  in  mimicry, 
with  words  for  weapons,  when  the  danger  has  passed.  Some  such  there 
were  in  the  days  of  "  reconstruction." 

Drest  in  a  little  brief  authority, 

Plays  such  fantastic  tricks  before  high  heaven 

As  make  the  angels  vreep ! 

But  they  were  rare  exceptions,  and  were  condemned  by  their  fight- 
ing comrades  who  were  made  of  "  sterner  stuff."  Wherever  is  found 
moral  and  physical  courage,  good  faith,  fearlessness  in  discharge  of 
duty,  love  of  justice,  truth,  and  honor,  admiration  for  gallantry,  and  loy- 
alty to  womanhood,  there  is  the  characteristic  chivalry  of  the  "old 
school,"  no  matter  whether  hidden  beneath  the  closed  visor  of  an  errant 
knight,  or  under  the  blue  blouse  of  the  Federal,  or  within  the  old  gray 
jacket  of  Confederate  knighthood — 

The  hodden  gray — and  a'  that,  and  a'  that. 

Such  chivalry  should  live  and  grow,  and  be  recognized  as  beneficent 
in  all  countries,  and  it  is  pleasing  to  know  that  it  is  a  factor  in  our 
American  Republic — both  North  and  South — and  without  invidious  dis- 
tinction, I  may  justly  claim  for  the  "old  South,"  with  its  cavalier  and 
Huguenot  lineage,  that  higher  order  of  chivalry  for  which  it  is  recog- 
nized by  the  civilized  world. 

VICTORIES   OF  PEACE. 

Mr.  Chairman,  "  peace  hath  her  victories  no  less  renowned  than  war." 
With  gloomy  prospects,  but  high  resolve,  recognizing  that  labor  is  the 


62       CHICKAMAtTGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

true  magician,  the  Confederate  soldier  on  his  return  entered  upon  a 
campaign  against  adversity.  Man's  hardest  struggle  is  with  fortune, 
and  he  who  resolutely  faces  adversity  and  conquers  is  as  much  a  hero 
as  he  who  storms  a  fortress.  This  the  South  has  done,  and  is  doing, 
with  a  mute  energy  and  quiet  persistence  that  challenges  admiration. 
The  South  has  worked  persistently — especially  the  Confederate  soldier 
element — and  has  borne  up  against  reverses  in  peace  as  a  gainst  defeats 
in  war,  and  already  has  had  marked  success,  and  has  given  earnest  of 
far  greater.  And,  happily  for  her  future,  the  policy  of  New  England 
is  rbrcing  her  into  the  line  of  manufacture — the  arsenal  of  industry — 
that  will  enable  her  to  supply  home  wants  in  that  line  and  give  employ- 
ment to  home  people,  which  is  the  greatest  element  of  prosperity. 

Providence  has  lavished  bounties  on  the  South — given  to  it  the  lux- 
uriance of  the  tropics  without  its  disadvantages,  and  the  salubrity  of 
the  North  without  its  drawbacks.  The  South  of  to-day  holds  in  trust 
the  elements  of  the  wealth  of  nations  to  a  greater  extent  than  any- 
other  part  of  the  habitable  globe.  In  its  soil  and  climate  are  the  lever 
that  propels  the  steamship  through  the  waves  and  turns  wheels  that 
keep  in  motion  looms  and  spindles  that  give  employment  to  millions  of 
hands  and  supplies  raiment  to  half  the  civilized  world.  Her  annual 
crop  of  one  staple  alone — cotton — yields  $300,000.000  annually,  without 
which  there  would  be  no  balance  of  trade — no  balance  in  commercial 
accounts  in  our  favor  in  custom-house  or  treasury. 

THE   NEW   SOUTH. 

The  rapid  development  of  mechanical  and  manufactural  interests  in 
the  South  is  seen  in  the  smokestacks  reared  upon  the  banks  of  rivers, 
at  the  base  of  her  mountains,  by  the  borders  of  her  forests,  on  her 
sloping  hillsides  where  the  grape  grows  purple,  in  her  valleys  where 
mellow  fruit  bursts  with  imprisoned  sweets,  and  by  her  unopened 
mines,  fuller  of  treasures  than  the  subterranean  gardens  of  Aladdin. 
They  have  sprung,  Phoenix  like,  from  the  ashes  of  desolation  scattered 
along  the  charred  and  blackened  track  of  war.  All  this  betokens  in 
the  near  future  a  stronger,  richer,  and  more  powerful  South  than  the 
old.  Verily,  it  seems  that  the  great  necromancer,  Time,  makes  all 
things  even. 

The  difficulty,  Mr.  Chairman  and  fellow-citizens,  has  been  for  the 
North  and  South  to  understand  each  other.  That  accomplished,  trou- 
bles end  and  sectionalism  stands  mute.  As  the  light  is  turned  on,  the 
truth  is  revealed  and  we  become  more  considerate  of  each  other.  A 
pertinent  illustration  of  this  is  in  the  delicate  matter  of  the  treatment 
of  prisoners  by  the  respective  parties  when  war  was  flagrant.  Ander- 
sonville  had  its  counterpart  in  Johnsons  Island,  and  Libby  in  Fort 
Delaware.  While  these  may  be  said  to  be  sad  evidences  of  the  unhappy 
past,  each  had  a  history  that  is  much  misunderstood.  Immediately 
upon  the  close  of  the  war,  vicious  literature,  masquerading  as  history, 
flooded  the  country,  influencing  the  passions  and  warping  public 
judgment. 

The  Confederates  were  then  practically  without  means  of  publishing 
their  side  of  these  matters.  Hence,  error  and  slander  went  forth 
through  the  press  without  explanation  or  contradiction,  and  the  one- 
sided statements  were  taken  as  truth  and  easily  found  lodgment  in 
the  popular  mind.  Since,  however,  the  correspondence  between  the 
two  belligerent  powers  has  been  published  officially  by  order  of  the 
Government,  that  popular  judgment  has  undergone  a  great  change — 
forced  into  honest  minds  by  reading  both  Federal  and  Confederate  offi- 
cial records.  Without  detail  or  reviewing  the  correspondence  or  the 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       63 

cartels  resulting  therefrom,  I  beg  in  this  connection  to  read  a  short 
paragraph  of  the  report  of  the  then  Secretary  of  War,  Stan  ton,  who, 
if  not  the  highest  authority  in  these  matters  for  a  Federal,  there  is 
none.  As  to  comparative  deaths  in  prison  of  Federal  and  Confederate 
soldiers,  Secretary  Stanton,  in  his  report  dated  July  19,  1866,  said : 

Confederates  in  Northern  prisons,  220,000;  Union  soldiers  in  Southern  prisons, 
270,000;  excess  of  Union  prisoners,  50,000;  deaths  in  Northern  prisons,  26,436; 
deaths  in  Southern  prisons,  22,756. 

This  report  of  Secretary  Stanton  was  corroborated  the  next  June  by 
the  report  of  Surgeon-General  Barnes,  and  when  reduced  down  to  pure 
mathematics  means  that  12  per  cent  of  all  Confederate  prisoners  died 
in  Northern  prisons,  while  less  than  9  per  cent  of  Union  soldiers  died  in 
Southern  prisons.  If  these  facts  are  true,  and  they  are  all  a  matter  of 
record,  does  not  this  falsify  the  charges  of  the  South's  maltreatment 
of  prisoners  in  her  hands?1 

PREJUDICE   REMOVED. 

Mr.  Chairman,  it  is  cause  of  congratulation  that  the  barriers  of  prej- 
udice are  being  gradually  removed.  The  Ohio  River  has  not  yet  proved 

1  Hon.  John  Shirley  Ward,  after  having  examined  minutely  and  thoroughly  the 
correspondence  between  the  Union  and  Confederate  authorities  and  the  action  of  each 
Government  touching  the  exchange  of  prisoners  during  the  war,  has  published  several 
articles  in  regard  thereto.  The  following  brief  but  comprehensive  extract  from  one  of 
his  publications  is  here  submitted  as  further  explanation  of  this  much  misunderstood 
matter : 

"  *  *  *  During  the  second  year  of  the  war  a  general  exchange  of  prisoners  was 
agreed  upon  by  the  commanding  generals,  man  for  man,  and  officer  for  officer,  of  equal 
rank.  After  thousands  of  prisoners  had  been  exchanged,  this  cartel  was  suspended, 
but  we  have  no  space  to  discuss  the  reason  why.  In  the  meantime  the  Northern 
armies  were  gradually  coiling  around  the  South,  reducing  her  territory  day  by  day, 
and  thus  reducing  her  supplies  in  the  same  way.  Federal  prisoners  were  coming  in 
by  thousands,  and  they  must  be  put  in  miserable  stockades  and  fed  on  the  same  rations 
the  Confederate  soldiers  received.  The  South  was  clamorous  and  persistent  for  a 
fair  exchange,  but  it  was  denied  by  the  United  States  Government.  Seeing  the  great 
and  necessary  suffering  of  the  Northern  prisoners,  the  Confederate  Government  made 
a  proposition  to  allow  the  other  to  send  medicines,  provisions,  and  hospital  stores  to 
their  own  prisoners.  This  request  was  denied.  The  Richmond  authorities  proposed 
to  permit  Federal  surgeons  to  goto  the  Southern  prisons,  carrying  and  administering 
their  own  medicines,  and  not  asking  a  similar  right  for  the  Confederates.  This  was 
not  accepted,  though  they  well  knew  that  the  greatest  mortality  and  suffering  their 
prisoners  were  undergoing  was  for  a  want  of  medicine.  After  all  hope  of  exchange 
was  abandoned,  Judge  Ould,  the  Confederate  commissioner,  offered  early  in  August, 
1864,  to  deliver  to  the  Federal  authorities  all  their  sick  and  wounded,  at  the  inouth 
of  the  Savannah  River,  without  asking  for  an  equivalent  of  Southern  prisoners.  This 
offer  was  made  early  in  August,  and  though  the  deadly  malarial  season  was  just  ahead, 
the  United  States  Government  did  not  send  a  single  vessel  to  receive  these  dying 
prisoners  till  in  December,  thus  allowing  a  scarcity  of  food  and  medicine  and  the 
burning  sun  of  the  '  dog  days'  to  have  full  sway  over  the  brave  but  unfortunate  Union 
soldiers.  As  soon  as  a  Federal  vessel  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  River,  13,000 
Federal  sick,  wounded,  and  some  able-bodied  soldiers  were  turned  over  to  the  author- 
ities, while  3,000  of  Confederate  soldiers  were  handed  over  to  the  Richmond  authori- 
ties. The  supplies  for  hospitals  in  the  South  having  become  absolutely  exhausted, 
the  authorities  offered  to  buy  hospital  supplies  from  the  North  for  their  own  prison 
soldiers,  payable  in  gold  or  cotton,  promising  on  the  honor  of  the  South  that  none  of 
them  should  be  used  for  Southern  soldiers,  yet  this  was  declined.  *  Why  did 

thousands  of  Union  soldiers  die  in  prison?  The  South  was  all  the  time  anxious  to 
exchange  man  for  man.  They  always  thought  it  cheaper  to  fight  the  enemy  than  to 
feed  him.  They  preferred  to  exchange  prisoners  on  the  field  when  they  were  taken, 
thus  avoiding  the  many  hours  of  prison  life  and  the  expense  of  maintenance.  The 
question  then  comes  up  why  all  prisoners  were  not  immediately  exchanged.  The 
answer  is  found  in  General  Grant's  dispatch  to  General  Butler,  August  18,  1864:  'It 
is  hard  on  our  men  held  in  Southern  prisons  not  to  exchange  them,  but  it  is  humanity 
to  those  left  in  the  ranks  to  fight  our  battles.  At  this  particular  time,  to  release  all 
rebel  prisoners  North  would  insure  Sherman's  defeat,  and  would  compromise  our 
safety  here.' " 


64      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

a  Rubicon,  and  the  Mason  and  Dixon  line  is  lost  save  in  obsolete  geog- 
raphy, and  the  Missouri  Compromise,  the  Wilmot  Proviso,  and  Squatter 
Sovereignty  live  only  in  history.  The  antagonism  of  the  Roundhead 
and  the  Cavalier  is  vanishing,  and  their  long-time  rivalry  and  dislikes 
are  less  acute,  and  as  kindred  drops  they  are  mingling  into  one.  The 
tireless  energy,  the  thrift  and  economy  of  the  Northerner,  coming  daily 
into  contact,  through  the  medium  of  steam  and  electricity,  with  the  less 
enterprising,  the  more  extravagant,  and  the  generous-hearted  South- 
erner, infuse  in  him  elements  of  "git  up  and  go  'long"  that  take  him 
out  of  the  beaten  path  and  put  him  upon  another  plane  in  economic 
life  and  business  enterprise.  If  the  shrewd,  thrifty,  and  indomitable 
Yankee  were  in  this  country  entitled  to  a  coat-of-arms,  it  would  be 
appropriate  for  him  to  have  a  well-filled  pocketbook  with  a  clasp,  while 
that  for  the  typical  Southerner  should  be  a  slim  purse,  open  at  both 
ends. 

But  the  crust  is  broken,  and  assimilation  is  gradually  going  on. 
Trade,  with  its  self-interest,  is  the  chief  factor  in  this  assimilating 
process,  and  brings  about  business  relations  and  mutual  dependence, 
which  most  naturally  beget  political,  religious,  and  social  relations,  and 
they  in  turn  often  light  the  torch  at  the  hymeneal  altar,  which  settles 
feuds  and  consumes  hate,  even  as  when  Hiawatha  and  Miunehaha 
became  one  at  the  arrowmaker's  door  in  the  laud  of  the  Dacotahs. 

The  time  has  come  when  genuine  peace  should  prevail  in  all  sections 
of  our  country,  and  no  rankling  from  our  civil  war  be  left  in  the  hearts 
of  our  people.  But  a  little  while  and  all  those  who  wore  the  blue  and 
those  who  wore  the  gray  will  have  crossed  over  the  river.  The  record 
of  their  patriotism,  their  courage,  their  sufferings  and  sacrifices,  on  both 
sides,  is  imperishable. 

The  men  of  to-day,  and  those  who  come  after  them,  should  stand 
together,  and  see  that  the  priceless  heritage  of  liberty,  the  rights  of 
the  States,  the  rights  of  man,  individually  and  collectively,  under  our 
constitutional  government  be  maintained. 

GROWTH  IN  WEALTH. 

The  South  has  increased  the  aggregate  national  wealth,  in  proportion 
to  our  population,  equally  with  the  North.  We  have  developed  coal 
until  the  swiftest  steamers  that  plow  the  ocean  look  to  our  Southern 
mines  for  the  energy  upon  which  their  speed  depends.  Our  iron  rivals 
any  in  the  market,  our  various  minerals  add  tribute  to  the  world's  wealth, 
equal  in  every  respect  to  those  of  the  North. 

In  all  wide-awake  business  circles,  as  in  current  history,  it  is  con- 
ceded that  the  greatest  opportunities  now  inviting  enterprise  are  in  the 
South. 

Progress  and  prosperity  smile  again  on  the  old  South,  whose  energy 
and  enterprise  have  given  generous  profits  to  Northern  capital  which 
found  investment  among  her  people.  It  has  been  truly  said  that — 

When  certain  prejudices  have  become  part  of  our  mental  furniture,  when  our  pri- 
mary data  and  our  methods  of  reasoning  imply  a  lot  of  local  narrow  assumptions,  the 
task  of  getting  outside  of  them  is  almost  the  task  of  getting  outside  of  our  own  skins. 

Unfortunately  that  was  the  condition  of  public  sentiment  of  the  North 
for  many  years  as  to  the  Southern  States,  and  the  South  was  not  free 
from  similar  prejudices  as  to  the  North.  History  (so  called),  poetry, 
romance,  and  art  have  fashioned  and  fostered  the  prejudices  arising  out 
of  war  into  a  public  opinion  which  saw  too  little  virtue,  patriotism,  and 
justice  in  all  the  Southern  States.  Our  annals,  our  opinions^  our  acts, 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK        65 

our  sentiments  have  been  misrepresented  and  falsified  until  by  perverse 
reiteration  even  honest  and  fair-minded  men,  capable  of  honest  judg- 
ment and  solicitous  of  correct  opinion,  had  come  to  look  upon  the  South 
through  a  glass  darkly  and  withhold  from  her  that  credit  to  which  she 
is  entitled  and  which  she  has  bravely  won. 

But,  Mr.  Chairman,  events  have  happened  which  contradict  every 
aspersion.  We  of  the  South  have  prospered  since  our  civil  war  termi- 
nated beyond  the  imaginations  of  poets;  our  wasted  lands  bloom  again 
with  the  fruits  and  flowers  of  our  industry  and  enterprise.  During  the 
local  troubles  of  the  last  few  years  in  this  country  the  South  has  had  in 
her  borders  peace  and  order,  and  wealth  and  prosperity  found  neither 
enemy  nor  anarchy. 

We  have  turned  the  schoolmaster  abroad  in  every  Southern  State, 
and  generously  provided  for  his  maintenance  and  support,  regardless 
of  cost,  and  your  factories  from  the  North  are  finding  their  greatest 
profits  and  security  in  our  Southern  homes. 

The  political  theory  held  at  the  South — that  our  Union  was  a  com- 
pact— evidenced  by  the  Federal  Constitution,  of  which  the  Federal 
Government  was  the  creature  and  the  States  the  creator,  the  former 
the  agent,  the  latter  the  principal,  may  or  may  not  have  been  the  true 
theory  of  our  confederation,  but  it  was  unquestionably  the  conscientious 
conviction  of  our  people,  our  statesmen,  and  our  States. 

It  was  a  theory  of  wise  meu  which  secured  the  liberty  of  local  gov- 
ernment without  weakening  the  central  power  for  public  defense;  it  left 
domestic  affairs  to  the  care  of  those  most  interested  in  all  that  relates 
to  home,  while  it  intrusted  foreign  relations  to  the  watchful  care  of  the 
General  Government  as  the  agent  of  all  the  States.  Capable  of  exten- 
sion throughout  the  continent,  it  had  already  extended  from  ocean  to 
ocean,  from  lakes  to  gulf,  securing  the  largest  liberty  to  each  constituent 
State,  and  yet  uniting  the  will  and  power  of  the  whole  for  the  common 
defense  of  all — 

Distinct  as  the  billows,  yet  one  as  the  sea. 

Under  that  interpretation,  before  the  civil  war,  our  Government  had 
stood  the  test  of  the  two  foreign  wars  and  taught  lessons  of  interna- 
tional law  to  England,  France,  and  Austria,  and  brought  the  Barbary 
pirates  to  recognize  the  power  and  purpose  of  a  great  Republic  to  pro- 
tect its  commercial  interests  in  every  sea.  It  had  covered  the  continent 
with  prosperous  States  and  a  happy  people.  Its  example  had  been 
followed,  until  to-day  there  is  not  a  crowned-  head  in  the  Western 
Hemisphere. 

That  theory  was  changed  by  the  remorseless  force  of  a  bloody  war. 
If  changed  for  the  better,  we  of  the  South  will  rejoice  with  the  joy  of 
the  North;  if  for  the  worse,  we  of  the  South  will  share  the  common  ills 
and  seek  their  betterment  with  the  same  heroic  valor,  the  same  unswerv- 
ing resolution,  and  the  same  devotion  to  duty  that  made  illustrious  each 
of  the  glorious  battlefields  of  our  civil  war — for  "Thy  people  shall  be 
my  people,  and  thy  God  my  God." 

BLESSING  OF  PEACE. 

Among  the  thousands  of  blessings  with  which  a  kind  Providence  has 
crowned  our  country,  there  is  one  which  of  all  others  we  are  prone  least 
to  appreciate — the  blessing  of  peace.  The  pomp  of  war,  its  imposing 
spectacles,  its  glittering  array,  the  measured  tread  of  armed  men,  and 
the  neigh  of  the  war  horse— "as  he  smelleth  the  battle  from  afar, 
'and  to  the  trumpet  saith  ha!  ha!" — captivate  the  eye  and  intoxicate 
S.  Eep.  637 5 


66       CH1CKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  senses,  while  the  halo  of  military  glory  quenches  the  pulsation  of 
humanity  and  veils  from  sight  the  widowed  mother  and  the  weeping 
orphan  kneeling  on  the  bloody  hearthstone. 

We  men  from  yonder  battlefields  know  what  war  is,  and,  while  hold 
ing  ourselves  ever  ready  to  touch  elbows  in  line  of  battle  against  foreign 
foes,  our  experience,  our  courage,  and  our  patriotism  warn  us  to  "beware 
of  entrance  to  a  quarrel." 

The  blood  and  carnage  of  1861-1865  should  not  be  repeated.  No 
thoughtful  man,  however,  is  free  from  grave  apprehensions  when  he 
sees  the  ugly  signs  outcrop  here  and  there,  and  hang  ominously  over 
the  destiny  of  our  country.  We  even  now  see  the  faint  yet  vivid  flashes 
and  hear  the  thunder  in  the  distance,  and  pray  that  the  storm  may  pass 
harmless. 

When  the  time  comes — which  we  pray  may  never  come — that  calls 
our  men  to  battle,  the  record  of  the  past  gives  promise  and  assurance 
to  the  future  that  the  descendants  of  the  men  who  followed  Bragg  on 
yonder  field  will  be  as  responsive  to  the  call,  as  valiant  in  the  fight,  and 
as  vigorous  in  the  pursuit  as  the  children  of  those  who  rallied  under 
Eosecraus. 

And  should  danger  come,  I  believe  the  conservative  South  may  yet 
prove  to  be  the  rod  that  will  conduct  the  fiery  bolt  harmless  to  the  earth, 
and  when  liberty  takes  her  flight,  if  she  ever  should,  from  this  country, 
her  last  resting  place  will  be  in  our  Constitution-loving  and  Constitution- 
defending  South. 

We  of  the  South  love  our  comrades  with  no  less  devotion;  we  see  in 
them  no  less  courage,  honor,  manliness,  and  patriotism  than  you  recog- 
nize in  your  fellow-soldiers.  To  the  men  of  the  South  their  cause  was 
not  less  holy,  not  less  sacred,  not  less  rightful  than  you  esteem  that  for 
which  your  armies  fought. 

TRIBUTE   TO   SOUTHERN  WOMEN. 

And  of  our  coworkers,  the  noble,  patriotic,  and  self-sacrificing  women 
of  the  South,  I  beg,  Mr.  Chairman,  to  say  an  address  from  a  Confederate 
at  the  dedication  of  battlefields  where  Confederates  fought  would  be 
incomplete  without  grateful  acknowledgment  to  the  noble  women  of  the 
South.  They  were  truly  our  companions,  our  support,  our  guardian 
angels  during  that  long,  weary,  and  bloody  period  of  war.  Their  graces, 
their  courage,  their. constancy,  their  prayers,  lightened  our  difficulties, 
relieved  our  trials,  and  assuaged  even  the  humiliation  of  our  defeat. 

"The  women  of  the  South!"  These  words  convey  a  eulogy  in  them- 
selves, and  are  so  interwoven  with  our  Southern  history  as  to  give  to  it 
its  brightest  page  and  sweetest  charm.  It  is  a  phrase  that  epitomizes 
all  that  is  noble  and  exalted;  a  type  of  all  that  is  gracious  and  refined; 
uniting  the  patriotism  of  a  Joan  of  Arc  with  the  heroism  of  a  Maid  of 
Saragossa — inspiring  faith  with  fervor  and  courage  with  love  of  country. 
Their  influence  on  the  Southern  soldier,  from  enlistment  to  the  close, 
was  like  a  "pervading  essence"  that  filled  the  surrounding  air. 

Their  hearts  might  have  trembled  for  the  safety  of  those  they  loved, 
but  their  voices  did  not  falter  when  they  spoke  of  duty  and  gave  words 
of  encouragement. 

God  bless  them  for  the  patience  with  which  they  endured  privation, 
and  the  cheerfulness  with  which  they  gave  up  luxuries  for  the  cause 
they  loved.  Who  can  describe  her  conduct  during  that  wonderful 
drama  of  a  thousand  bloody  fields?  Her  sympathetic  inspiration  moved 
the  hearts  of  the  soldiers  in  the  midst  of  the  terrible  shock  of  battle; 
that  over,  she  found  the  hospital,  and,  like  Noah's  trembling  dove,  she 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       67 

was  the  first  to  enter.  She  soothed  the  last  hour  of  the  dying  hero, 
and  received  his  last  adieus  to  his  loved  ones  far  away,  which  were 
faithfully  conveyed.  She  was  the  ministering  angel  that  mitigated 
pain,  that  inspired  the  despairing,  and  aroused  in  him  a  new  hope  of 
future  success. 

The  women  of  the  South  were  our  greatest  sufferers  during  the  war,  as 
they  are  from  its  results.  Holding  positions  of  ease  and  comfort  in  all 
tlieir  domestic  and  social  relations,  when  the  wheel  of  fortune  turned 
against  us,  and  all  was  lost,  the  ease  and  grace  with  which  they  adapted 
themselves  to  the  change  of  the  situation  and  set  about  their  house- 
hold affairs  to  suit  the  new  order  of  things  called  forth  expressions  of 
admiration  at  home  and  abroad.  They  cheered  by  their  example,  and 
strengthened  by  their  practical  aid,  their  husbands,  fathers,  and  broth- 
ers, and  made  home  happy.  They  are  like  the  diamond  crushed  by  the 
mills  of  the  gods  and  ground  to  powder,  yet  its  particles  glisten  even 
in  the  dust  of  poverty. 

The  women  of  the  North  knew  no  such  trials.  They  had  every  com- 
fort at  hand,  but  had  occasion  required,  I  doubt  not  they  would  have 
borne  them  with  becoming  fortitude,  for  it  is  the  splendor  of  woman's 
character,  unfolding  in  the  line  of  benevolence,  charity,  and  love  that 
transforms  the  social  and  moral  conditions  of  society.  This,  like  the 
cestus  of  Venus,  that  had  the  power  to  render  persons  beautiful  and 
inspire  their  love,  transforms  to  her  own  likeness  all  that  comes  within 
range  of  her  influence. 

NATIONAL  MONUMENTS. 

We  therefore  regard  these  monumental  battlefields  as  a  recognition, 
both  popular  and  governmental,  of  an  appreciation  of  heroism,  and  we 
recognize  their  dedication  as  natural,  right,  and  eminently  proper;  we 
accept  them  as  a  general  advance  toward  that  catholicity  of  sentiment 
without  which  there  can  only  be  a  perfunctory  discharge  of  duty  that 
can  inspire  no  real  love  of  country. 

These  are  plain  and  natural  facts  of  human  love  and  sympathy  which 
every  man  must  recognize  and  feel,  and  which  all  men  ought  to  express 
with  decision  and  promptness.  We  inaugurate,  then,  here  to-day  a 
great  national  monument-^-not  Westminster  Abbey,  where  poets,  phil- 
osophers, and  statesmen  "sleep  with  kings  and  dignify  the  scene,"  nor 
a  Florentine  cathedral,  where  uuder  one  holy  roof  rest  the  tombs  of  a 
Galileo,  a  Macchiavelli,  a  Michael  Angelo,  and  an  Alfieri,  but  a  more 
glorious  monument  of  God's  design  and  architecture,  with  mountain 
walls  and  hills  and  dales  and  living  streams — a  lovely  cyclorama  of 
nature's  ornamentation,  finish,  and  display,  unrivaled  by  artistic  touch 
of  brush  and  tint  on  any  canvas,  or  by  impression  of  any  plate  since 
Daguerre  made  an  artist  of  the  sun. 

No  dome  "of  many-colored  glass"  shuts  out  the  "starry  cope  of 
heaven,"  where  the  music  of  the  spheres  sounds  the  eternal  requiem  of 
"names  that  to  fear  were  never  known."  These  monuments  shall  last 
"  when  Egypt's  fall,"  and  through  all  the  coming  years  shall  inspire 
our  remotest  descendants  with  that  loyalty  to  conviction  which  these 
fields  illustrate,  and  teach  our  people  to  look  to  their  own  country  for 
the  scenes  of  real  glory. 

It  matters  not  whether  the  Confederate  who  fell  in  these  battles  is 
buried  under  the  dry,  smooth  surface  of  mother  earth  in  unmarked  or 
unknown  grave,  or  under  the  little  swelling  mound  of  green  grass,  or 
under  the  marble  shaft — it  is  equally  a  patriot's  rest  and  a  hero's  grave. 


68      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

His  gallant  aiid  devoted  spirit  passed  from  us  in  the  din  and  smoke 
of  battle— 

Into  that  beautiful  land : 

The  far-away  home  of  the  soul. 

We  have  trophies  that  belong  to  history  which  we  hold  sacred.  Our 
flag,  now  known  as  the  "  conquered  banner,"  plucked  by  the  hand  of 
fate  from  among  the  symbolical  emblems  of  nationality,  finds  a  niche  in 
the  Temple  of  Fame  so  high  that  detraction  can  not  reach  it.  Its  cross 
of  St.  Andrew,  with  its  stars  and  bars,  is  a  part  of  our  history,  and 
we  will  hold  its  image  unblurred  in  the  mirror  of  memory. 

'Tis  true,  ours  is  the  u  lost  cause."  Lost  to  the  sisterhood  of  nations 
as  the  wandering  Pleiad  is  lost  to  its  sisters,  to  return  not  again  unto 
their  galaxy.  Yet  no  loyal  gallant  ever  looks  up  to  that  cluster  of 
twinkling  sisters  who  does  not  feel  that  the  missing  one  was  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  sisterhood. 

Our  old  Confederate  sword,  broken  and  bloody,  but  not  dishonored, 
and  our  shield,  though  battered  and  bent,  yet  untarnished,  hang  in  the 
Temple  of  Fame  as  "bruised  monuments"  to  the  valor,  sacrifice,  and 
patriotism  of  Confederates. 

We  shall,  by  these  monumental  battlefields,  engrave  on  the  hearts  of 
our  people  that  record  of  a  heroic  past,  which,  though  it  be  written  in 
the  blood  of  civil  war,  yet  was  essentially  American  in  all  the  glorious 
attributes  of  American  citizenship.  It  is  right  and  proper  to  preserve 
the  memory  of  the  martial  spirit  which  animated  our  people  in  this 
civil  war;  to  preserve  in  ever  durable  characters  on  these  fields  of  battle 
that  truly  American  spirit,  which,  with — 

No  thought  of  flight,  none  of  retreat, 

Each  on  himself  relied 

As  only  in  his  arm  the  moment  lay  of  victory. 

It  is  upon  that  spirit  the  safety  of  any  country  depends.  In  vain 
shall  we  encircle  our  land  with  fortresses:  modern  gunnery  will  demol- 
ish them ;  our  only  security  and  safety  reposes  in  the  spirit  and  valor 
displayed  alike  by  the  blue  and  the  gray  on  these  fields,  which  record 
not  your  victory  nor  our  defeat.  When  you  remove  Thermopylae  from 
ancient,  and  the  "  charge  of  the  six  hundred  "  from  modern  history,  you 
may  expunge  Lee  from  Gettysburg,  or  Bragg  from  Chickamauga. 
Therefore,  embellish  and  beautify  these  glorious  battlefields  for  the 
truth  they  tell  of  unexampled  courage  and  endurance  and  sacrifice  for 
the  right,  the  Constitution  and  liberty  as  each  understood  them,  and 
credit  yourselves  with  a  triumph  won  by  a  larger  army  and  by  our 
exhaustion — for  that  will  be  the  record  of  history.  And  let  it  be 
remembered  that  Confederate  soldiers  who  fought  on  these  and  other 
glorious  battlefields  against  Federals  recognize  their  valor,  and  claim 
our  Lee  and  your  Grant  as  grand  characters  who  adorn  American 
history. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  CHARLES  H.  GROSVENOR. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  :  We  meet  to-day  upon  this  sacred  spot  to  celebrate 
the  heroism  of  the  American  soldier,  the  great  results  of  battles,  and  the 
greater  victories  of  peace.  We  do  not  come  with  words  of  crimination 
or  with  memories  charged  with  bitterness  or  envy.  We  join  here  as 
American  citizens  upon  one  of  the  great  battlefields  of  a  great  war  to 
dedicate  for  all  time  to  the  American  people  these  monuments  and 
this  battlefield.  We  do  this  to  remind  those  of  coming  generations  of 
the  heroic  races  from  which  they  descended ;  to  exhibit  to  them  the 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       69 

enormous  cost  of  the  institutions  bequeathed  to  them  and  placed  in  their 
keeping,  and  to  forever  appeal  to  those  who  are  to  come  after  us  that 
they  guard,  protect,  and  forever  cherish,  imperishably  and  immutably, 
the  results  of  the  great  war. 

We  do  not  coine  with  words  of  criticism  or  bitterness — we  of  the 
North.  And  upon  the  very  threshold  of  this  discussion  it  may  be  well 
to  remind  my  comrades  of  the  great,  victorious  Union  Army  that  the 
achievement  of  which  we  are  proudest,  and  well  may  be  proudest,  is,  not 
that  we  conquered  in  war  and  by  physical  force  overthrew  the  armies 
of  the  Confederacy,  but  that  we  restored  the  union  of  the  States;  or, 
in  more  fitting  terms,  that  we  prevented  the  overthrow  of  the  union  of 
the  States;  that  we  stood  in  the  deadly  conflict,  not  to  change  our  insti- 
tutions, but  to  save  the  Union ;  not  to  commit  revolution,  but  to  save  the 
flag  as  the  representative  of  a  great  Union ;  that  we  fought  to  restore 
the  Constitution  as  the  supreme  law  of  the  land. 

A  PERFECT  UNION. 

But  more  proudly  yet  do  we  contemplate  the  fact  that  these  efforts 
were  not  unavailing;  that  the  result  aimed  at  has  been  accomplished, 
and  that  the  union  of  the  States  to-day  is  a  "union  of  hearts  and  a  union 
of  hands,  and  a  union  of  States  none  can  sever." 

It  would  have  been  an  imperfect  result,  if  after  four  years  of  bloody 
conflict,  with  the  tens  of  thousands  of  new-made  graves,  the  innumer- 
able broken  hearts  and  despoiled  homes,  and  the  enormous  expenditure 
of  treasure — it  would  have  been  an  imperfect  victory  if  we  had  not 
restored  the  Union  absolutely,  with  all  that  is  thereby  implied. 

It  was  not  enough  for  us  to  have  been  physically  victorious ;  it  was 
not  enough  for  us  to  have  vanquished  the  enemies  of  the  Union;  it 
was  not  enough  for  us  to  have  reestablished  the  flag  and  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  to  put  our  armies  again  into  the  possession  of  the  places  of  gov- 
ernmental control ;  it  was  not  sufficient  that  we  should  have  established 
the  physical  power  of  the  United  States  Government  through  its  armies 
and  its  courts.  That  alone  would  have  been  an  imperfect  and  unsatis- 
factory victory.  We  perhaps  would  have  marched  with  the  music  of 
war  and  accomplished  that  result  even  had  we  known  that  the  Union 
of  1895  would  have  been  but  that,  and  that  alone.  But  something 
better  has  been  accomplished.  The  Union  has  been  restored,  not  alone 
in  the  power  of  the  Federal  Government,  not  alone  in  the  mere  restora- 
tion of  all  the  territory  of  the  United  States  to  the  domination  of  her 
flag  and  her  army  and  her  courts ;  but  we  stand  to-day  proudly  declaring 
to  the  nations  of  the  earth  that  the  American  Union  is  to-day  firmly 
reestablished,  and  forever  established  in  the  hearts,  in  the  love,  in  the 
affection,  and  in  the  loyalty  of  all  her  citizens,  North  and  South. 

BROTHERS,  NOT  ENEMIES. 

This  is  the  achievement  of  which  we  are  proudest.  This  is  the  result 
which  makes  us  happy  to-day.  It  is  that  we  are  no  longer  enemies,  but 
brothers.  Brothers  in  loyalty;  brothers  in  devotion  to  the  Union; 
brothers  in  fidelity  to  the  old  flag — the  flag  which  during  the  war  waved 
upon  one  side,  the  flag  that  waves  on  all  sides  of  the  questions  of  to-day. 

It  would  have  been  an  imperfect  victory,  I  have  said.  It  would  have 
been  a  victory  of  brute  force,  not  of  conscience.  The  result  would  have 
been  a  loyalty  of  fear,  and  not  of  love;  a  fidelity  of  duty  or  of  interest, 
and  not  of  cheerfulness  and  affection. 

I  stand  hereto-day  without  qualification  to  proclaim  that  in  rnyjudg- 


70      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

ment  there  is  no  thought  of  disunion,  no  wish  for  the  dismemberment 
of  the  Union  anywhere  on  the  broad  face  of  the  United  States  of 
America.  And  today  all  over  the  smiling  land,  from  east  to  west, 
from  north  to  south,  with  the  mighty  linking  together  of  States  and 
Territories  by  the  steel  bands  that  extend  from  ocean  to  ocean  and 
from  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf,  the  great  struggle  for  progress  and  national 
perfection  and  prosperity  is  manifested  on  every  hand.  All  this  testi- 
fies stronger  than  mere  wonls  that  we  are  a  united  people  once  again — 
united  actually;  united  in  bonds  of  comradeship,  of  loyalty,  of  duty, 
of  love,  and  affection. 

These,  my  countrymen,  are  the  results  of  the  war  of  which  we  are 
proudest.  But  on  an  occasion  like  this  it  is  proper  to  discuss  without 
fear,  without  qualification,  the  history  of  the  war,  not  so  much  the 
organization  of  armies,  the  march  of  battalions,  the  strategy  of  cam- 
paigns, and  the  struggle  upon  the  battlefields,  as  the  more  interesting 
and  more  instructive  study  of  the  causes  that  led  up  to  the  war,  and 
the  results  that  have  grown  out  of  the  war. 

THE   CONSTITUTION. 

The  history  of  tlie  American  Constitution  is  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing of  all  the  histories  of  political  affairs.  Not  Magna  Charta  nor  any 
of  the  great  political  events  of  ancient  or  modern  times  presents  so 
interesting  a  study  to  the  American  as  tbe  history  of  the  formation  and 
development  and  final  glorification  of  the  American  Constitution,  the 
Constitution  of  our  country. 

Upon  the  very  threshold  of  this  discussion  it  may  be  laid  down  as  an 
axiom  about  which  there  can  be  no  successful  discussion,  that  war  legis- 
lates; that  there  has  been  no  great  onward  march  of  intelligence, 
political  virtue,  liberty,  or  national  aggrandizement  that  has  not  been 
the  outcome  of  war.  Parliaments,  legislative  assemblies,  congresses 
mold  into  written  law  the  enactments  of  the  battlefields;  and  in  no 
period  of  the  world's  history  did  war  legislate  so  much,  so  widely,  so 
deeply,  so  enduringly  as  did  the  war  for  the  preservation  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union.  War,  when  once  inaugurated,  disregards  constitutions  and 
written  law.  They  fall  below  the  law  of  necessity.  The  most  valuable 
monuments  that  have  been  erected  by  statutes  and  charters  for  the  pro- 
tection of  liberty  and  property  are  as  brittle  in  the  van  of  war  and 
unstable  as  the  toy  of  the  child;  and  when  the  battle  is  over  and  the 
war  is  ended  and  results  have  been  worked  out,  constitutions  grow, 
charters  are  enacted,  legislation  is  placed  upon  the  statute  books  in 
obedience  to  the  will  of  the  people  and  the  settlements  of  war. 

Time  would  fail  to  enumerate  how  the  great  achievements  of  science, 
of  education,  of  art,  of  Christianity  have  followed  the  bloody  track  upon 
which  war  and  bloodshed  and  marching  armies  and  waving  banners 
have  preceded. 

WORK   OF   THE   FATHERS. 

Our  forefathers  builded  a  constitution  which  was  the  marvel  of  that 
age,  and  is  the  venerated  and  adored  embodiment  of  wise  legislation, 
in  the  estimate  of  the  intelligent  mind  of  to-day.  The  wisdom  that 
framed  it  suggests  inspiration  of  the  original  authors.  It  was  born  of 
a  necessity  so  great  that  in  its  production  it  brought  about  its  cradle 
the  genius,  the  wisdom,  the  patriotism,  the  radicalism,  and  the  con- 
servatism of  the  great  period  of  its  beginning.  It  was  the  child  of 
war.  It  was  the  legislation  of  bloody  conflict.  It  was  the  product  of 
the  study,  the  patriotism,  and  the  fidelity  that  had  waged  eight  years 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       71 

of  conflict  011  the  battlefields  of  the  American  Revolution.  Six  years 
that  followed  the  close  of  the  war,  six  years  which  followed  the  imper- 
fect abandonment  and  surrender  of  the  British  claims  upon  our  soil  and 
our  allegiance,  were  years  of  suffering  indescribable  at  the  present  day. 
The  imperfections  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  were  so  striking 
that  they  rapidly  fell  into  contempt  among  the  thinking,  intelligent  men 
of  that  day.  It  was  a  nation  without  nationality ;  it  was  a  Union  with- 
out a  unity;  it  was  a  constitution  without  force  and  power.  It  was  a 
government  with  no  authority  to  protect  and  perpetuate  itself.  It  was 
a  government  with  powers  neither  limited  nor  unlimited.  There  was  a 
Congress,  but  the  Congress  did  not  legislate.  Doubtful  of  its  own 
powers,  it  was  criticised  by  all  the  States;  and  so  lost  and  utterly 
vanished  was  its  own  self-respect,  that  when  seventy-five  or  eighty 
soldiers  of  the  Revolutionary  army,  armed  with  old  flint-lock  muskets, 
possibly  loaded  and  possibly  not  loaded,  presented  them  in  Philadel- 
phia and  demanded  redress,  Congress  ran  away  bodily,  forsook  the 
impoverished  capital  of  an  alleged  free  government,  and  fled  to  New 
Jersey. 

The  making  of  a  constitution  was  a  necessity.  The  colonial  period 
and  the  six  years  of  confederation  had  so  created  divergences  and  so 
prompted  jealousies  that  it  seemed  a  work  of  impossibility  to  form  a 
constitution  that  would  be  ratified  by  the  States.  I  will  not  stop  here 
to  discuss  these  considerations  that  forced  themselves  upon  the  minds 
of  the  patriots  of  those  days  and  which  suggested  and  demanded  a 
more  perfect  form  of  government,  a  more  perfect  union,  a  more  distinct 
nationality.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  alternative  of  anarchy  on  the 
one  hand  and  the  struggle  for  union  upon  the  basis  of  a  strong  and 
perfect  constitution  crowded  itself  upon  the  consideration  of  the  lead- 
ers and  patriots  of  that  period,  and  the  result  was  the  Constitution — 
marvelous  in  what  it  did  contain — significant  in  what  it  did  not  con- 
tain, and  glorious  now  in  looking  backward  over  what  it  has  resulted 
in,  and  wonderful  in  that  it  did  achieve  such  results  as  it  did. 

THE   WEAK   POINTS. 

The  weak  points  in  this  wonderful  Government  thus  constituted  were, 
first,  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  powers  conferred  upon  the  Congress  and 
the  courts  and  the  Executive,  and,  secondly,  the  question  of  the  dura- 
bility, the  immutability  of  the  Union  thus  formed.  To  use  the  homely 
expression  of  the  day  of  1861  and  prior,  Was  it  a  partnership,  dissolva- 
ble at  the  will  and  wish  of  either  of  its  members,  or  was  it  a  union,  a 
government — a  perpetual  union — a  perpetual  government1?  The  com- 
promises of  the  Constitution  rapidly  developed  a  condition  of  compe- 
tition, controversy,  and  bitterness.  They  all  tended  to  irritation — to 
anger  and  embarrassment.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  the  pivot  of  dis- 
turbance— the  pivotal  point  from  which  discord  and  disturbance  ema- 
nated— was  the  question  of  the  right  of  a  State  to  put  an  end  to  its 
relation  to  the  Federal  Union,  the  right  of  a  State  to  nullify  the  laws 
of  Congress,  as  was  attempted  in  1832,  and  the  rights  asserted  in 
the  Virginia  and  Kentucky  resolution  of  1789  and  later — the  right 
of  a  State  to  sever  its  relations  and  allegiance  to  the  flag  and  the 
Union,  which  was  attempted  on  a  very  large  scale  in  18G1.  The  great 
issue  of  that  year,  which  was  fought  out  upon  the  battlefields  of  this 
country,  was  principally  a  question  of  politics.  What  it  may  have 
been  that  induced  this  State  or  that  State,  this  body  or  that  body  of 
men,  this  man  or  that  man  to  assume  the  position  assumed  upon  this 
side  or  that  side  of  those  questions,  or  either  one  of  those  questions,  it 


72      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

is  unimportant  now  to  discuss.  Men  may  come  and  men  may  go,  but 
these  great  principles  go  on  forever,  and  history  will  not  turn  aside  to 
discuss  the  impossible.  Grant,  if  you  please  (and  I  do  grant),  that  it 
was  loyalty  to  principle,  fidelity  to  what  was  believed  to  be  duty,  that 
caused  the  war  against  the  Union  of  1861.  That  question  is  totally 
unimportant.  It  was  a  question  of  the  character  of  our  Government,  and 
it  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the  one  weak — essentially  weak — appar- 
ently irreparably  weak,  point  in  our  organic  law.  And  what  was  to  be 
done?  That  was  the  question.  Eesort  to  Congress!  Ho w  could  Con- 
gress legislate  upon  a  question  like  that?  Call  a  convention?  What 
good  would  that  have  done?  If  the  wisest  men  in  all  the  States  of  the 
Union  had  been  called  together  in  the  winter  of  1800-01  and  given 
blank  paper,  and  the  order  had  gone  forth  to  them,  Now,  in  this  enormous 
emergency,  now,  in  this  great  deadly  peril  of  our  Government,  write  a 
new  constitution  and  submit  it  to  the  several  States  for  their  ratifica- 
tion— the  work  of  that  body  of  men  would  have  been  the  work  of  the 
idle  child.  It  would  have  been  the  toyhouse  of  the  infant.  It  would 
have  been  like  the  drifting  of  the  leaves  in  a  gale  of  autumn.  It  would 
have  been  like  the  disturbing  of  the  sand  before  the  approach  of  the 
tide.  There  was  a  mighty  wave  that  had  gathered  force  in  eleven 
States,  with  a  sentiment  more  or  less  developed,  more  or  less  organized 
in  numerous  other  States  of  the  Union,  that  would  have  overturned  the 
wisdom  of  Solomon  in  the  form  of  a  new  constitution. 

A  PECULIAR  INSTITUTION. 

There  was  a  peculiar  institution  in  the  country  It  had  its  location 
and  following  in  a  few  of  the  States  of  the  Union.  If  there  was  a 
guilt  in  its  origin  in  this  country  the  guilt  was  the  guilt  of  the  people 
of  the  country ;  and  when  the  Constitution  was  framed  it  was  early  a 
bone  of  contention.  The  contention  of  the  day  was  disposed  of  by  a 
compromise  in  the  Constitution,  a  compromise  condemned  upon  both 
sides.  An  element  in  the  North,  an  element  in  the  East,  an  element  in 
the  South,  criticised  the  provision  that  the  slave  trade  should  con- 
tinue for  twenty  years.  It  criticised  without  stint  the  other  proposition 
that  the  Constitution  should  practically  recognize  slavery  and  make 
possible  a  fugitive  slave  law. 

But  out  of  these  contentions,  long  after  the  twenty  years  had  expired, 
and  when  the  desire  of  many  of  the  Southern  people  who  had  looked 
forward  over  that  period  of  twenty  years  to  the  time  when  slave  breed- 
ing and  slave  trading  should  become  valuable  and  important,  had  been 
attained,  another  question  arose.  It  was  the  free  occupation  of  the 
territories  of  the  United  States  by  this  peculiar  property.  I  need  not 
elaborate.  Among  the  men  who  hear  me  to-day,  and  those  who  will  do 
us  the  honor  to  read  these  discussions,  there  will  come  fresh  to  memory 
the  great  political  contests  of  1856  and  1860.  Those  were  not  the  sud- 
den formation  of  lines  of  political  battle.  Those  discussions  and  those 
heated  conflicts  were  not  spontaneous.  They  were  the  natural  and 
inevitable  outgrowth  and  outcome  of  the  matters  in  the  old  Constitu- 
tion which  had  been  left  unsettled  and  indeterminate.  You  can  com- 
promise a  political  principle  in  a  constitution  or  a  platform,  but  you 
can  not  in  that  way  obliterate  the  sentiment  in  the  hearts  of  the  people 
of  a  country.  You  can  compromise  a  political  opinion  in  a  party  plat- 
form, but  after  a  while  the  smoldering  embers  of  public  opinion,  kept 
alive  by  personal  interest,  by  passion,  by  prejudice,  by  aggression  on 
the  one  side  or  the  other,  will  ultimately  break  forth  into  a  flame  which 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       73 

will  destroy  all  forms  of  government,  all  forms  of  legislation,  all  forms 
of  constitution,  save  only  the  arbitrament  of  war. 

COMPROMISE   A  FAILURE. 

So  it  was  in  our  history.  I  will  not  stop,  and  it  would  be  nonger- 
mane  to  this  occasion,  it  would  be  impolitic  and  out  of  place  here  to 
discuss  who  was  right  and  who  was  wrong  upon  those  political  ques- 
tions. I  mean  the  question  of  policy  before  the  war.  Upon  the  other 
question  I  must  while  I  live  send  forth  my  voice  with  no  uncertain 
sound.  Efforts  at  compromise  only  postponed  the  evil  day.  Efforts  at 
constitutional  tinkering  failed  ultimately.  Then  the  wisest  of  the  men 
of  the  country  met  in  the  great  peace  conference  at  Washington.  It 
was  an  idle  effort,  inspired  by  patriotism,  it  is  true,  inspired  by  the  best 
feeling  of  mankind.  The  hope  I  agree  was  that  we,  as  brothers,  might 
not  embark  in  fratricidal  war;  the  hope  that  the  fair  fabric  of  govern- 
ment which  we  had  inherited,  even  with  its  imperfections,  from  our 
fathers  should  not  fall;  the  hope  that  brother  should  not  goto  war  with 
brother;  the  hope  that  new  lines  of  division  should  not  be  established 
in  this  country ;  but  all  these  failed.  The  time  had  come  in  the  wisdom 
of  Almighty  God.  The  fulfillment  of  the  prophetic  utterances  of  the 
constitutional  period  had  come.  The  declarations  of  those  men  who, 
all  along  the  line  of  that  mighty  controversy,  pointed  out  that  the  time 
would  come  when  this  very  element  would  be  the  crater  of  a  mighty 
volcano  of  political  wrath  and  political  destruction,  had  come  true. 
And  war  came.  The  great  legislative  assembly  of  war  convened.  The 
mighty  parliament  of  blood  assembled.  The  mighty  congress  of  ulti- 
mate settlement  of  these  questions  which  political  wisdom,  statesman- 
ship, patriotism,  philosophy,  fraternity,  and  law  had  failed  to  settle  had 
convened.  The  last  resort  had  been  reached.  The  grim  arbiter  opened 
the  court  of  final  and  ultimate  resort. 

LEGISLATION   OF  WAR. 

A  war  legislated.  Its  mighty  edict  was  written  upon  a  hundred  bat- 
tlefields. The  voters  were  columns  of  troops;  the  ballots  were  bullets, 
and  the  bayonets  and  sabers,  and  the  fixed  ammunition  of  mighty 
armies.  The  thunder  of  the  guns  of  Sumter  proclaimed  the  court  open, 
and  the  parties  came  into  the  dread  presence. 

The  South  inarched  and  fought  for  an  independent  confederacy,  to 
be  corner- stoned  upon  the  peculiar  and  special  institution  about  which 
they  had  gone  to  war.  The  North  met  the  South  with  determined, 
unflinching,  and  patriotic  purpose  to  save  the  Union,  to  overthrow  rebel- 
lion, to  destroy  the  political  heresy  of  secession,  to  place  in  the  unwrit- 
ten law  of  this  country  a  constitutional  provision  with  statutory  enact- 
ments to  support  it,  that  this  was  a  union  of  States  that  should  never 
be  severed ;  that  this  was  a  Government  of  one  people,  by  one  people, 
for  one  people;  and  that  while  it  might  be  enlarged,  and  its  scope 
extended  clear  from  ocean  to  ocean,  and  out  into  the  ocean,  as  I  say,  it 
should  never  be  curtailed.  Once  in  the  Union  always  in  the  Union. 
Once  a  State  forever  a  State.  Once  having  surrendered  independence 
and  adopted  national  autonomy,  always  a  part  of  the  national  autonomy 
of  the  Union.  The  laws  of  Congress  to  be  of  uniform  operation  through- 
out all  the  States.  Ko  citizen  of  one  State  to  be  subjected  to  pains  or 
penalties  or  deprivations  which  were  not  in  like  manner  enforced  against 
the  citizens  of  the  State  attempting  the  enforcement.  And  all  the 
citizens  of  all  States  to  have  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 


74      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

THE  ISSUES. 

These  were  the  issues  upon  which  war  was  waged.  It  was  not  the 
question  of  slavery,  except  as  the  demand  of  the  South  was  met  by  the 
refusal  of  the  North  to  assent  to  their  construction  of  the  constitutional 
laws,  and  their  conditions  of  reconciliation.  The  issue  was  made  up 
and  the  conflict  began. 

We  did  not  go  to  war  to  emancipate  the  slave,  but  we  did  go  to  war 
with  the  full  consciousness  that  the  slavery  question  was  one  of  the 
great  questions  that  was  producing  the  war;  and  he  was  a  man  of 
shortsightedness  on  the  one  side  or  the  other  side  who  doubted  that 
the  result  of  the  conflict,  the  end  of  the  war,  would  produce  either 
emancipation  or  perpetuation.  An  institution  so  intertwined  about  the 
very  heart  of  a  great  mass  of  the  people,  and  thus  becoming  one  of  the 
prompting  elements  of  controversy,  and  thereby  incidentally,  if  you 
please,  producing  a  conflict,  and  thereby  imperiling  the  life  of  a  nation, 
could  not  stand  unless  the  side  that  defended  it  could  stand. 

But  these  were  not  matters  of  discussion  in  those  days.  Witness  the 
fact  that  in  the  South  the  enemies  of  slavery  marched  and  fought  to 
overthrow  the  Union.  Witness  the  fact  that  in  the  North  thousands 
and  tens  of  thousands  of  men,  not  of  the  Kepublican  party,  not  of  the 
Abolition  party,  not  indorsing  the  purposes  of  either,  when  the  Union 
was  imperiled  marched  and  fought  and  struggled  and  prayed,  and  gave 
their  utmost  of  money,  of  effort,  of  wisdom,  to  save  the  Union  and 
destroy  whatever  stood  in  the  way  of  the  Union.  We  did  not  go  to  war 
to  destroy  slavery.  We  did  not  go  to  war  to  humiliate  the  people  of  the 
South.  We  did  not  go  to  war  for  any  aggrandizement.  We  went  to  war 
to  establish  the  principles — the  political  principles — to  which  I  have 
referred.  We  went  to  war  to  legislate.  We  put  in  motion  in  the 
great  congress  of  war  the  passage  of  bills  that  afterwards  were  passed 
upon  the  bloody  battlefields  of  the  country;  and  all  that  stood  in  the 
way,  everything  that  came  incidentally  into  collision,  and  everything 
that  came,  perchance  by  accident,  if  yo'u  please,  to  be  inimical  to  the 
great  end  sought,  was  wiped  out  and  destroyed.  There  was  not  an  insti- 
tution dear  to  the  hearts  of  the  American  people  other  than  the  wor- 
ship of  God  Almighty  and  the  protection  of  family  and  home  that 
would  not  have  been  destroyed  in  battle  had  it  stood  in  the  way  of  the 
accomplishment  of  the  great  purpose  of  that  war. 

THE   SOUTH. 

Your  purpose,  my  Southern  brother,  was  to  overthrow  the  Union  and 
to  establish  the  proposition  that  you,  had  a  right  to  go  out  of  the  Union 
and  make  of  yourselves  another  nation.  Our  purpose  was  to  establish 
the  fact  that  the  Union  could  not  be  dissolved,  and  that  you  could  not 
go  out  of  the  Union,  arid  that  we  were  but  a  single  people.  That  was 
the  legislation  that  was  demanded  by  the  great  congress  of  war.  Both 
sides  made  the  demand  for  which  they  were  ready  to  do  battle. 

And  the  war  did  legislate.  It  began  its  legislative  action  in  the 
sounding  of  the  tocsin  in  the  States  North  and  in  the  States  South,  to 
which  rallying  cry  there  came  forth  the  brightest  and  the  best  and 
purest  and  the  bravest  of  the  people  in  this  Southland.  I  cast  no  dis- 
honor upon  the  men  who,  living  in  the  South,  maintained  their  oppo- 
sition to  secession  and  the  action  of  their  section.  I  am  here  to  impugn 
no  man's  motives,  to  cast  no  slur  upon  any  man ;  but  I  can  not  but  honor, 
from  the  standpoint  of  my  observation  of  that  which  is  chivalrous  and 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       75 

brave  and  glorious  in  mankind — I  can  not  but  honor  the  men  who,  even 
though  they  loved  the  Union,  followed  the  flag  of  their  States  and 
plunged  into  the  abyss  of  rebellion.  They  were  terribly  wrong,  but 
they  stood  ready  to  die  for  the  errors  they  espoused. 

THE   NORTH. 

In  the  North  the  stern,  solid  patriotism  of  the  people  rallied  to  the 
standard  of  the  Union.  The  long-time  graduates  of  the  schools  of 
patriotism,  the  men  whose  lives  had  been  one  long  history  of  faithful 
devotion  to  the  Union,  lave  of  liberty  and  freedom,  and  pride  in  the  old 
flag,  rallied  to  the  standard  of  the  Union  Army.  The  best  blood, 
the  best  brains,  the  best  power  of  a  mighty  people  came  to  stand 
for  the  Union.  I  stand  not  here  to  criticise  or  complain  of  the  men 
of  the  North  who  in  that  terrible  hour  disregarded  the  patriotic 
appeals  of  the  American  President,  criticised  every  act  of  his  Adminis- 
tration, denounced  as  unconstitutional  and  illegal  his  call  for  troops, 
and  stood,  if  not  sympathizing  with  and  enjoying  our  defeats,  at  least 
refusing  to  aid  us.  I  have  no  criticism  for  those  men  here  to-day.  In 
this  proud,  triumphant,  glorious  hour  of  our  enjoyment  I  relegate  those 
men  to  the  sober  reflections  of  their  own  consciences.  But  I  glory  in 
the  history  of  my  country  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  brains  and  con- 
science and  Christian  civilization  of  my  Northland  came  to  the  rescue 
of  the  flag  of  the  country,  marched  into  the  legislative  halls  already 
dripping  with  blood,  upheld  the  banner,  and  cast  their  votes  and  bullets 
for  the  Union.  And  they  stand  to-day — those  who  survive — triumphant, 
glorifying  the  fact  that  the  Union  is  saved  and  that  you,  my  friends 
of  the  Southland,  are  our  brothers  in  loyalty  to  the  flag,  brothers  in 
affection  for  the  Union  of  the  States. 

BATTLE   OF   CHICKAMAUGA. 

The  battle  of  Chickamauga  was  one  of  the  great  incidents  of  the 
war.  It  was  fought  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September,  1863.  The 
prize  for  which  it  was  fought  was  a  lodgment  of  the  Union  army  upon 
the  south  shore  of  the  Tennessee  Kiver.  The  city  of  Chattanooga  was 
the  objective  point  of  a  great  campaign  begun  on  the  24th  of  June  of 
that  year  from  Murfreesboro,  and  pressed  by  General  Rosecrans  with 
his  magnificent  army  down  through  the  great  campaign  of  Tullahoma, 
halting  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  and  eventually  extending  itself 
over  the  mountains,  across  the  Tennessee  Kiver,  ultimately  into  the 
great  field  of  death  at  Chickamauga.  It  is  highly  fitting  that  this 
great  battlefield  should  be  one  to  be  perpetuated ;  perpetually  handed 
down  to  the  American  people  for  their  enjoyment,  for  their  study,  for 
their  pride,  for  their  affection,  for  their  constant  warning  and  memento. 
It  was  not  a  battlefield  like  Bull  Eun,  either  the  first  or  the  second;  it 
was  not  a  Chancellorsville.  It  was  a  battlefield  upon  which  there  was 
a  more  even  distribution  of  honors,  more  even  division  of  achievement, 
than  any  other  great  battlefield  of  the  war.  No  man  can  claim  a  clean, 
decisive  victory  for  either  side,  although  the  Confederates  held  the 
field  at  its  close. 

FORCES  ENGAGED. 

The  forces  engaged  in  the  battle — and  I  maintain  it  without  hesitation 
or  qualification,  and  you,  my  brethren  of  the  late  Southern  Confederacy, 
must  grant  me  this  privilege,  in  which  you  perhaps  will  not  concur — I 
insist  were  so  distributed  that  the  disparagement  of  conditions  and 


76       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 


numbers  was  in  favor  of  your  side  of  the  conflict.  I  know  that  it  has 
been  often  repeated  and  as  often  denied  that  the  troops  of  the  Union 
army  under  Kosecrans  were  superior  in  numbers  to  the  troops  under 
Bragg.  I  can  not  consent  to  the  proposition.  The  best  obtainable 
figures  are  those  which  I  present  in  the  form  of  statistics  made  up  from 
the  returns  of  the  army  of  Bragg  on  the  31st  of  August,  1863.  I  shall 
here  append  these  statistics,  which  furnish  not  only  the  number  present 
for  duty,  but  the  number  of  effectives,  and  the  number  of  the  losses  in 
the  two  armies  officially  announced : 


. 

Kosecrans's 
army  at 
Chickamauga. 

Bragg's  army 
at 
Chickamauga. 

Present 
for 
duty. 

Effect- 
ive. 

Present 
for 
duty 

Effect- 
ive. 

Returns  for  September  10,  1863.  .. 

70,  162 
7,  822 

67,  692 
7,822 

Return  for  August  31,  1863  

49,886 

11,716 
3,769 
4,809 

2,579 

45,  041 

10,659 
3,769 
4,809 

2*579 

Troops     subsequently   joined, 
Hood's  and  Me  Law's  divisions. 
Breckinridge's  division  (report)  . 
Preston's  division  (report)  
Gregg's  and  McKair's  brigades 
(report)  

63,310 

59,  870 

The  absent  forces  wereas  follows  : 
Coburn's  brigade,  Granger's 

1,987 
574 

2,061 
2,000 

1,200 

Total  

Lowe's  cavalry  brigade  

72,  759 

4,000 
300 

66,857 

4,000 
300 

Wagner's  brigade  at  Chatta- 

Deduct    four    of  Longstreet's 
brigades  (not  arrived),  say  
One  regiment  at  Rome,  Ga.,  say. 

Post's  brigade  (estimated)  

Three  and  a  half  regiments 

68,459 

62,  557 

Total  

Losses  (unofficial)  : 
Killed 

7,822 

2,389 
13,  412 
2,003 

Losses  : 
Killed  

1,657 
9,756 
4,757 

Wounded  

Captured  or  missing  

Total  

17,804 

Total  

16,  170 

(The  five  brigades  of  Longstreet's  corps  in  the  fight  Bragg  estimates  at  about 
5,000.  He  also  puts  Preston's  division  and  some  artillery  brought  by  Buckner  from 
Knoxville  at  5,000.)  • 

September  29,  Bragg  reported  his  effective  strength  of  infantry  and  artil- 
lery as 38,846 

Add  losses  at  Chickamauga '. 18, 000 

Add  cavalry,  say 10, 000 

66,846 
Deduct  Longstreet's  brigades  (four)  not  arrived,  say 4,  000 

Total 62,846 

A   CONTROVERSY. 

It  appears  by  these  figures  that  at  the  date  named  the  army  of 
Rosecrans  consisted  of  62,340  present  for  duty,  of  which  number  59,870 
were  efficient.  By  like  statistics  it  appears  there  were  present  for  duty 
in  the  army  of  Bragg  72,759,  and  of  that  number  66,857  were  effectives. 
But  there  has  been  some  controversy  upon  that  subject,  and  it  appears 
by  the  reports  of  the  battle  that  there  were  in  the  army  of  Kosecrans 
181  separate  and  distinct  organizations,  and  that  in  the  army  of  Bragg 
there  were  242.  But  it  appears  that  there  had  been,  following  the  bat- 
tle, some  controversies  growing  out  of  those  jealousies  and  contentions 
which  always  arise  after  a  great  military  commander  has  failed  to  ac- 
complish quite  all  that  was  expected  of  him,  and  a  report  was  called 
for  by  Jefferson  Davis  from  General  Lee,  commanding  the  armies  of  the 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       77 

Confederate's,  and  I  here  append  his  letter,  written  on  the  5th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1863,  when  the  first  sting  of  disappointment  had  penetrated  the 
management  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  at  the  supposed  failure  of 
Bragg.  That  letter  will  be  found  in  the  first  series  of  the  Eebellion 
Records  (vol.  29,  part  2,  p.  771),  and  is  as  follows: 

CAMP  AT  ORANGE  COURT-HOUSE,  October  5,  1863. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT  :  I  have  the  honor  to  receive  your  letter  of  the  1st.  I  hope  there 
was  a  mistake  as  to  the  strength  of  Bragg's  army.  His  effective  strength,  given  me 
by  General  Cooper  before  the  battle,  and  before  the  addition  of  Longstreet's  corps, 
was  76,219 ;  Bragg's,  51,101,  and  Buckner's,  16,118,  pins  9,000  from  Johnson's  army.  I 
think  if  your  excellency  could  make  it  convenient  to  visit  that  country  you  would 
be  able  to  reconcile  many  difficulties  and  unite  the  scattered  troops. 
I  am,  with  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

R.  E.  LEE,  General. 
His  Excellency  JEFFERSON  DAVIS, 

President  Confederate  States,  Richmond,    Va. 

LONGSTREET'S  STRENGTH. 

It  appears  from  the  report  of  General  Lougstreet  of  his  operations  at 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga  that  he  gave  his  strength  as  follows:  "Its" 
[bis  command's]  "strength  on  going  into  action  on  the  morning  of  the 
20th  was  2,033  officers,  20,849  men ;  total,  22,882.  This  report  will  be 
found  in  the  first  series  of  the  Rebellion  Records  (vol.  30,  part  2,  p.  291). 
Adding  together  the  strength  of  Longstreet's  corps  with  that  of  Bragg 
we  have  99,101.  But  it  is  probable  that  inasmuch  as  Longstreet  com- 
manded upon  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga  troops  that  were  embraced 
in  the  morning  report  of  August  31,  the  total  strength  of  Bragg's  army 
did  not  amount  to  99,000,  which  is  thus  indicated,  but  my  best  estimate 
is  that  his  command,  including  Longstreet's  corps,  must  have  been  in 
the  neighborhood  of  80,000  effective  troops.  So  that  if  these  figures 
are  reliable  (and  they  seem  to  be)  the  two  armies  were  more  nearly 
matched  in  numbers  than  perhaps  were  the  contestants  in  any  other  of 
the  great  battles  of  the  war.  The  coming  of  the  mighty  column  of 
Longstreet,  fresh  from  their  achievements  in  the  East,  and  led  by  the 
man  whose  military  genius  was  not  excelled  by  any  officer  of  the 
Confederate  army,  gave  to  the  army  of  Bragg  a  prestige,  a  power,  and 
a  series  of  valuable  conditions  that  will  never  be  forgotten  by  the  men 
of  Chickamauga  who  stood  upon  the  north  side  of  the  line.  One  great 
disparity  in  favor  of  Bragg  and  against  Rosecrl  as  is  found  in  the  fact 
that  in  our  rear  there  were  300  miles  of  communication  to  be  kept  open ; 
300  miles  of  travel  between  the  Ohio  River  and  Chattanooga,  with  the 
railroads  destroyed  nearly  half  the  way,  over  which  our  supplies  must 
come,  and  which  must  be  guarded  and  protected  or  we  were  liable  to 
be  cut  off  in  the  enemy's  country.  Upon  the  other  side,  the  lines  of 
communication  with  Bragg's  army  were  in  a  friendly  country;  there 
were  no  hostile  surroundings  to  endanger  his  lines  of  communication. 
And  so  it  was  that  while  our  effective  force  was  largely  distributed  along 
the  line  of  our  communications  the  effective  force  of  Bragg's  army  was 
concentrated  upon  the  very  front  line  of  battle,  and  the  full  storm  of 
its  enormous  capacity  was  hurled  upon  the  devoted  head  of  the  Union 
army. 

AWFUL  LOSS. 

And  here  upon  this  legislative  field,  where  political  questions  were 
to  be  settled,  and  perpetual  conditions  were  to  be  imposed  upon  the 
people  of  the  United  States,  this  conflict  took  place,  and  more  than 
30,000  men  fell,  killed  or  wounded,  in  this  bloody  conflict.  It  was  an 


78   CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

offering  upon  the  altar  of  a  country's  salvation,  of  a  country's  purifica- 
tion, of  a  country's  rehabilitation,  of  a  country's  glorification,  but  was 
worthy  of  the  magnificent  results  that  followed  the  war. 

I  will  not  stop  to  discuss  the  heroism,  the  skill  manifested  upon  this 
battlefield  by  either  side,  except  to  say  that  while  looking  backward 
and  studying  as  we  do  its  history  and  all  the  circumstances  of  the  great 
conflict,  and  of  the  days  that  intervened  before  the  beginning  and  the 
days  that  followed  its  conclusion,  there  are  many  things  now  that  might 
have  been  done  differently  and  produced  valuable  results  upon  either 
side.  But  as  a  demonstration  of  the  spirit  and  power  of  the  American 
soldier  there  is  no  spot  on  the  American  continent  the  equal  of  Chicka- 
mauga.  Over  against  its  magnificent  strategy,  over  against  its  heroic 
conflicts,  over  against  its  exhibitions  of  unexcelled  valor,  there  were 
fewer  blunders  and  fewer  failures  and  fewer  mistakes  than  pertained 
to  the  history  of  any  other  of  the  great  battles  of  the  war. 

CONSTITUTIONAL   AMENDMENTS. 

Again,  this  battle,  with  the  other  great  battles  of  the  war,  legislated; 
and  that  legislation  will  stand  forever.  That  legislation  has  become 
the  keystone  of  the  arch  and  the  foundation  stone  of  the  structure. 
Some  of  its  legislation  has  been  written  in  the  Constitution.  That  which 
lias  been  written  in  the  Constitution  is  the  perpetual  law  of  the  land, 
unless  it  shall  be  changed  by  the  voice  of  the  American  people  through 
the  constitutional  provisions  for  amendments  to  the  Constitution.  I 
need  not  rehearse  them.  They  have  stricken  down  the  old  time  dis- 
crimination against  men  and  in  favor  of  men.  They  have  spread  out 
over  the  whole  country  the  broad  panoply  of  constitutional  government 
and  constitutional  protection  to  the  liberty  of  the  citizen.  They  have 
not  all,  perhaps,  been  enforced  everywhere,  but  they  are  in  the  Consti- 
tution ;  they  are  the  living  embodiment  of  the  legislation  of  the  war.  I 
need  not  discuss  them.  I  need  not  refer  to  the  manner  of  their  enact- 
ment. There  is  no  appeal.  There  is  no  court  to  which  resort  can  be 
had.  There  is  no  great  body  of  the  American  people  that  desires  to 
appeal.  The  new  provisions  of  the  Constitution  made  that  instrument 
the  glorious  charter  of  American  liberty.  The  temple  that  had  been 
imperfectly  erected  by  our  fathers  has  been  finished  gloriously  by  the 
legislation  of  war. 

THE   UNION   PERPETUAL. 

And  there  is  an  item  of  legislation,  an  enactment  not  written  in  the 
new  Constitution,  not  put  in  the  statutes  of  the  country,  which  yet  is  the 
invaluable  and  perpetual  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
It  is  the  proposition  that  the  evils  of  a  people  within  the  Union  must 
be  remedied  within  the  Constitution,  within  the  Union,  within  the  scope 
of  the  provisions  of  our  legislation.  It  is,  in  other  words,  the  law  of 
our  country  that  the  Union  is  perpetual.  It  is  the  law  of  this  country 
that  no  State  may  secede.  It  is  the  law  of  this  country  that  whenever 
the  people  of  a  State  rise  up  against  the  authority  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  exercised  legitimately,  whether  the  numbers  be  one  or  a 
whole  State,  whether  acting  spontaneously,  as  a  mob,  or  deliberately, 
as  a  constitutional  convention,  it  is  in  hostility  to  the  authority  of  the 
United  States  Government,  it  is  treason  against  the  Government,  and  a 
crime  which  will  be  punished  first  by  the  execution  by  the  civil  author- 
ities of  the  United  States  of  the  provisions  of  law  and  the  Constitution. 

There  will  be  no  further  legislation.    It  will  be  execution.    It  will  be 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       79 

simply  the  carrying  into  execution  by  the  civil  authorities  of  the  United 
States  of  the  provisions  of  law  and  the  Constitution.  And  whenever 
the  power  of  rebellion  becomes  too  great  for  the  exercise  of  civil  power, 
then  the  same  old  power  will  be  invoked  to  execute  the  provisions  of 
the  law. 

It  is  no  new  doctrine,  but  it  is  a  new  power  and  a  new  force  and  a 
new  recognition. 

Standing  here  to-day,  my  countrymen,  is  there  anything  greater,  any- 
thing more  charming  to  the  heart  of  an  American  patriot  than  the 
love  of  the  American  people  for  this  Union,  this  Constitution,  and  this 
power?  It  is  our  protection  against  enemies  abroad ;  it  is  our  assurance 
against  disturbance  within ;  it  is  the  beacon  light  to  other  nations  and 
the  sheet  anchor  of  ours.  It  is  the  doctrine  of  the  American  home, 
the  American  fireside,  American  institutions,  the  American  Union,  and 
the  American  flag.  And  we  will  protect  it  at  home  and  we  will  vindi- 
cate it  abroad;  and  in  the  hour  of  its  peril,  in  the  hour  of  its  danger, 
if  that  hour  shall  come,  in  the  time  that  tries  the  future  of  this  great 
fabric  of  government,  if  the  hour  shall  come,  there  will  rally  to  the  flag 
of  the  Union,  there  will  rally  to  the  Constitution  of  the  country,  there 
will  rally  to  our  institutions,  whether  it  be  to  protect  our  territorial 
integrity,  our  dignity  as  a  nation,  or  our  position  upon  great  political 
questions  international  in  their  character,  there  will  be  found  the  men 
and  the  descendants  of  the  men  of  1861  who  fought  to  destroy  the 
Union  and  who  fought  to  uphold  it;  the  men  and  the  descendants  of 
the  men  who,  at  Gettysburg  and  South  Mountain,  at  Shiloh  and  at 
Nashville,  and  here  upon  this  sacred  spot,  stood  and  fought  and  bled 
and  struggled,  going  forth  as  a  mighty  army  with  banners  to  vindicate, 
to  cherish,  and  protect  the  flag  and  the  Union  that  we  love. 


REMARKS  BY  VISITING  GOVERNORS. 


Before  the  regular  programme  was  entered  upon  several  of  the  visit 
ing  governors  who  were  obliged  to  leave  for  Atlanta  by  an  early  train 
were  called  upon,  and  spoke  as  follows : 

ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  LEVI  P.  MORTON,  OF  NEW  YORK. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  It  gives  me  pleasure  to  acknowledge  your 
greeting  and  to  be  with  you  in  this  great  historical  and  patriotic  com- 
memoration. 

Although  the  great  State  of  New  York  was  not  represented  among 
the  troops  who  won  deathless  renown  at  Chickamauga,  the  Empire 
State  honors  the  soldiers  of  all  other  States — North  and  South — who 
wrought  there  such  a  splendid  example  of  human  courage  and  martial 
valor  in  defense  and  maintenance  of  what  each  side  believed  to  be  a 
natural  right  and  principle.  Their  conspicuous  bravery  has  placed  the 
American  soldier  alongside  the  heroes  of  Marathon,  of  Thermopylae,  of 
Waterloo,  and  Balaklava. 

The  fight  at  Chickamauga  was  the  prelude  to  a  chain  of  battles  and 
field  movements  which  enabled  the  Union  forces  to  grasp  and  hold  the 
important  strategic  position  occupied  by  the  city  in  which  we  are  now 
assembled. 

In  this  series  of  battles  New  York  bore  a  distinguished  part,  through 
her  troops  assigned  to  service  in  Howard's  Eleventh  and  Slocum's 
Twelfth  Army  Corps.  In  these  two  corps  there  were  nineteen  regiments 
of  infantry  and  three  batteries  of  artillery  from  New  York  under  the  chief 
command  of  General  Hooker.  This  series  of  engagements  comprised 
Wauhatchie,  Missionary  Eidge,  Lookout  Mountain,  and  Einggold. 

The  night  battle  of  Wauhatchie,  fought  on  October  28,  was  decisive 
in  relieving  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  then  lying  here  in  Chatta- 
nooga, from  the  danger  which  beset  its  base  of  supplies.  It  was  here 
that  General  Greene's  New  York  brigade  particularly  distinguished 
itself. 

The  armies  operating  in  this  immediate  field  were  not  again  especially 
active  until  the  latter  part  of  November,  when,  beginning  with  Orchard 
Knob,  they  achieved  the  victories  of  Lookout  Mountain,  Missionary 
Kidge,  and  Einggold. 

To  commemorate  the  deeds  of  her  sons  in  enduring  granite  and  bronze, 
the  State  of  New  York  has  thus  far  appropriated  and  expended  $107,000. 
Of  this  $24,000  were  paid  for  the  purchase  of  parcels  of  ground  on  the 
several  fields  which  were  occupied  and  made  noteworthy  by  the  troops 
of  the  Empire  State.  Forty-four  of  these  positions  will  be  indicated  by 
monuments  or  marking  stones  to  denote  the  places  where  sons  of  New 
York  stood  ready  to  do  or  die  that  the  nation  might  live. 
80 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       81 

Veterans  of  the  two  great  armies,  I  congratulate  you  on  the  glorious 
outcome  of  the  deeds  of  arms  in  which  you  bore  so  great  a  part !  To 
the  people  of  Tennessee,  and  especially  the  city  of  Chattanooga,  the 
State  of  New  York  ofi'ers  cordial  greeting,  and  renders  hearty  thanks 
for  the  hospitality  and  courtesy  shown  to  her  representatives. 

When  the  contending  armies  struggled  for  possession  of  your  city 
you  were  little  more  than  a  village,  nestling  among  these  frowning  bat- 
tlements and  bastions  reared  by  nature.  Then,  your  pure  atmosphere 
was  hot  and  stilling  with  the  sulphur,  the  flame,  and  the  smoke  of  war. 
What  a  change  has  been  wrought  since  then !  A  city  of  50,000  inhab- 
itants, intent  on  the  activities  of  industry  and  commerce,  sits  between 
these  hills  and  welcomes  with  open  arms  the  warring  brothers  of  a 
generation  ago. 

Truly,  indeed,  "  Peace  hath  her  victories,  no  less  renowned  than  war." 


ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  WOODBURY,  OF  VERMONT. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  Vermont  has  not  the  honor  of  having 
had  any  troops  in  the  great  historic  battles  which  were  fought  upon  the 
fields  which  we  have  met  here  to  dedicate,  but  her  patriotic  citizens 
desire  to  participate  in  some  small  way  in  these  ceremonies.  The  Ver- 
mont troops  served  on  other  fields  with  a  distinction  unexcelled  by  those 
of  any  other  State. 

I  believe  that  these  ceremonies  will  tend  to  dispel  any  animosities 
that  may  still  exist  between  the  people  of  the  North  and  the  South.  As 
they  mingle  more  and  become  better  acquainted  with  each  other's  good 
qualities  each  will  esteem  the  other  more  highly.  This  meeting  of  the 
blue  and  gray  is  a  sort  of  love  feast,  in  which  the  gray  are  taken  into 
full  connection  with  the  Union  church.  No  braver  soldiers  ever  fought 
than  those  of  the  South,  and  valor  always  excites  admiration.  There 
is  not  in  my  section  of  the  country  the  least  bitterness  or  unkind  feel- 
ing toward  the  people  of  the  South. 

We  of  the  North  are  willing  to  admit  that  the  South  at  the  time 
thought  she  was  right,  but  we  can  not  do  otherwise  than  teach  our  chil- 
dren that  she  was  wrong. 

Jt  is  not  often  that  the  result  of  a  war  is  of  equal  advantage  to  the 
vanquished  and  victor,  but  I  believe  that  the  South  was  as  much  bene- 
fited by  the  triumph  of  the  Union  arms  as  was  the  North.  We  have 
now  an  undivided  country,  which  since  the  close  of  the  war  has  more 
than  doubled  in  population  and  quadrupled  in  wealth.  Its  Stars  and 
Stripes  now  float  undisturbed  over  the  whole  of  this  great  Republic, 
the  most  powerful  nation  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 

May  this  era  of  good  feeling  between  the  different  sections  of  the 
country,  which  has  here  received  a  new  impulse,  continue  until  no  per- 
son from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  shall  cherish  in  his  thoughts  any  shadow  of  bitterness. 


ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  CLAUDE  MATTHEWS,  OF  INDIANA. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  Thirty-two  years  ago  Indiana  was  with 
you  in  time  of  war,  and  now  in  this  day  of  peace  I  am  glad  that  it  has 
been  my  good  fortune,  as  chief  executive  of  the  State,  to  participate  in 
and  witness  these  exercises  which  mark  an  event  in  our  history  as  a 
people  scarcely  second  in  importance  to  any  other  since  the  closing  of 
S.  Rep.  637 6 


82       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  war,  the  importance  of  which  even  we  here  to-day  may  not  appreciate 
in  full,  but  as  time  goes  on  and  the  influences  engendered  here  extend 
and  the  spirit  of  the  occasion  invades  the'homes  of  our  people,  thus  will 
its  great  national  character  and  good  results  be  recognized. 

I  speak  it  in  no  vainglorious  spirit  of  boasting,  nor  in  words  of  dispar- 
agement to  any  other  State,  when  I  say  that  no  State  is  better  entitled  to 
representation  on  a  national  battle  ground,  and  especially  this,  than  is 
my  own  State  of  Indiana. 

Three  regiments  of  her  brave  sons  were  in  the  front  rank  in  the  first 
battle  of  this  terrible  war,  at  Philippi,  W.  Va.,  in  1861,  and  another  of 
her  regiments  fired  the  last  volley  away  down  on  the  Kio  Grande,  May 
13, 1865.  Every  great  battlefield  of  the  war  bears  the  footprints  of  her 
sons,  and  they  have  written  the  name  of  Indiana  in  their  blood  upon 
their  records,  from  Philippi  to  Appomattox.  And  here  upon  this  great 
battlefield,  the  most  protracted  example  of  American  valor  and  heroism 
in  all  the  history  of  battles,  it  was  left  to  an  Indiana  regiment  to  form 
the  first  line  of  battle  on  the  crest  'of  Snodgrass  Hill,  as  it  was  for 
another  to  be  the  last  to  leave  the  field. 

Where  the  battle  raged  the  fiercest  and  brave  men  fell  thickest  over 
this  field  in  the  fight,  there  will  be  found  the  monument  commemorative 
of  the  Indiana  soldier.  While  in  war  her  soldiers  were  in  the  front 
ranks  of  battle,  so  will  Indiana,  in  this  blessed  day  of  peace,  be  found 
in  the  foremost  line  to  welcome  with  outstretched  arms  and  rejoicing 
hearts  the  dawning  of  this  era  of  good  feeling,  and  the  return  of  a  broad, 
generous,  and  complete  brotherhood  of  the  American  people,  which 
through  this  meeting  here  to-day  receives  the  approval  of  the  States 
and  a  national  baptism  and  consecration.  - 

ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  PETER  TURNEY,  OF  TENNESSEE. 

Mr.  VICE-PRESIDENT,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN,  AND  COMRADES 
(and  I  speak  to  all  soldiers  on  both  sides  as  comrades) :  We  fought  the 
fight  together.  This  is  our  common  country.  I  was  on  the  losing 
side.  I  believed  I  was  right.  I  will  not  go  so  far  as  one  of  those  dis- 
tinguished gentlemen,  the  governor  of  another  State,  who  said  that 
while  he  was  willing  to  concede  we  thought  we  were  right  he  would 
not  consent  to  teach  his  children  but  that  we  were  wrong.  I  want  to 
deal  honestly  with  both  sides.  When  I  surrendered  I  accepted  the 
situation,  and  I  have  lived  up  to  it  faithfully  and  honestly  to  the  very 
best  of  my  ability.  I  feel  that  I  am  as  loyal  to  the  United  States 
Government  as  any  man  who  wore  the  blue.  I  say  this  in  face  of  the 
fact  that  for  four  years  and  nineteen  days  I  wore  the  gray  and  was  as 
proud  of  it  the  last  day  of  the  four  years  and  nineteen  days  as  I  was 
on  the  first.  Let  us  deal  candidly  with  each  other,  whatever  we  do. 
Truth  is  always  best;  so  let  us  believe  it  best,  and  try  to  deceive 
nobody.  It  has  been  said  that  our  children  should  be  taught  that  we 
were  wrong.  I  stand  before  you  as  one  who  does  all  in  his  power  to 
persuade  his  children,  and  teach  his  children  (and  I  have  a  goodly  num- 
ber of  them)  that  their  father  was  no  traitor;  that  he  was  right;  that 
he  acted  from  an  honest  conviction.  He  felt  it  then,  and  feels  it  now, 
and  expects  to  stand  by  his  convictions.  [Applause.]  I  allow  no  man 
to  go  beyond  me  in  loyalty  to  this  Government.  It  is  mine.  We  have 
met  here  to-day  and  yesterday  for  what?  "Not-  to  shake  hands  over 
a  bloody  chasm,  but  to  bury  that  chasm  out  of  sight  and  march  to  the 
music  of  the  Union.  I  do  hope  I  have  said  nothing  that  would  wound 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       83 

the  feelings  ot  even  the  most  sensitive.  I  love  to  take  by  the  hand  a 
brave  soldier  who  fought  for  the  Union.  I  know  that  he  was  honest. 
No  man  entered  this  war  on  either  the  Union  or  Confederate  side  and 
went  into  this  game  of  shooting  simply  for  the  fun  of  the  thing.  When 
he  took  his  life  into  his  hands  and  marched  to  the  front  he  had  a  con- 
viction, and  an  honest  conviction,  that  he  was  not  only  fighting  for  his 
right,  but  a  right  that  was  worth  his  life.  I  am  glad  to  meet  so  many 
of  them  here.  Thirty-two  years  ago,  as  I  understand  it,  you  had  then 
a  different  climate  during  the  battles  being  fought  around  this  city. 
You  had  almost  winter.  Now  you  have  extremely  hot  weather.  Then 
you  met  face  to  face;  father  fought  son,  brother  fought  brother.  You 
were  then  in  the  very  throes  of  death.  We  were  not  personal  enemies ; 
we  were  not  mad  with  each  other.  No,  we  fought  for  a  principle.  I 
am  as  true  tp  that  [pointing  to  the  Stars  and  Stripes]  flag  as  any  man 
who  ever  marched  under  it. 

As  the  chief  executive  of  the  State  of  Tennessee  I  extend  to  you  a 
hearty,  warm,  and  honest  welcome.  You  are  all  welcome  now.  Per- 
haps thirty- two  years  ago  you  were  not;  but  you  are  broad,  true,  and 
chivalrous  men,  and  as  such  we  welcome  you. 


PARTICIPATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND. 

[Gen.  J.  D.  Morgan,  presiding,  Chattanooga,  Tenn,,  September  18, 1895—8  p.  m.] 


There  was  great  delay  each  evening  in  the  trains  which  were  to  bring 
a  large  official  attendance  from  the  Inn  on  Lookout  Mountain,  but, 
nevertheless,  there  were  present,  at  some  time  during  the  three  even- 
ing meetings,  the  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  Herbert,  Postmaster-General  Wilson,  Attorney  General  Har- 
mon, Lieutenant-General  Schofield,  ten  governors  of  States,  many 
Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress,  Gen.  Greuville  M.  Dodge, 
the  president,  Gen.  A.  J.  Hickenlooper  and  Col.  Cornelius  Cadle,  the 
secretaries,  and  a  large  representation  of  the  members  of  the  Society 
of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee;  Gen.  John  Gibbon,  the  president,  and 
Gen.  H.  C.  King,  the  secretary,  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac;  Gen.  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  a  representative  of  that  Army;  a 
large  delegation  from  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  a  numer- 
ous attendance  of  distinguished  Confederate  veterans.  The  platform 
was  tilled,  and  in  the  body  of  the  tent  an  audience  of  over  10,000 
gathered. 

The  first  meeting,  in  the  absence  of  the  president,  Gen.  W.  S.  Rose- 
craus,  was  presided  over  by  Gen.  James  D.  Morgan,  of  Quincy,  111., 
the  senior  vice-president  and  oldest  member  of  the  society. 

The  band  of  the  Seventeenth  Infantry  was  present  by  the  courtesy  of 
Col.  John  S.  Poland,  U.  S.  A.,  in  command  of  the  regular  forces  at  Camp 
Lament,  Chickamauga,  and  the  Arion  Glee  Club,  of  Chattanooga,  under 
Professor  Williams,  was  also  present. 

General  MORGAN.  The  time  has  arrived  at  which  this  meeting  was 
called.  We  have  waited  a  few  minutes  in  the  hopes  that  some  distin- 
guished gentlemen  who  have  been  delayed  would  arrive,  but  as  they  are 
still  detained  I  will  now  call  upon  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  to  open  this  meet- 
ing with  prayer. 

General  HOWARD.  My  friends,  I  come  immediately  as  a  substitute. 
Will  you  kindly  follow  me  in  a  repetition  of  the  Lord's  Prayer.  [Lord's 
Prayer  repeated.]  Our  Heavenly  Father,  we  ask  that  Thy  blessing  be 
bestowed  upon  this  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  that  repre- 
sents such  large  interests  among  those  defenders  of  our  Constitution 
and  our  country;  we  ask  Thee  to  vouchsafe  for  them  Thy  blessings  in 
all  their  acts  during  this  reunion;  bless  them  and  bless  their  families, 
and  all  that  are  connected  with  them  in  their  deliberations  and  trans- 
actions; grant  to  them  Thy  tender  mercies  and  loving  kindnesses,  for 
Christ's  sake.  Amen. 

84 


t 

CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       85 

General  MORGAN.  1  have  now  the  pleasure  of  calling  upon  his  honor 
the  mayor  of  Chattanooga. 

ADDRESS  OF  MAYOR  OCHS. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMAN:  Kepresentiug  the  loyal,  liberty- loving, 
brave  city  of  Chattanooga,  I  greet  you  to-night  with  open  arms  and 
extend  to  one  and  all  a  hearty,  honest  welcome.  We  fling  open  our 
gates  to  the  distinguished  statesmen,  renowned  soldiers,  and  patriotic 
Americans  who  have  convened  here  on  this  sacred  mission,  and  pledge 
for  tliis  city,  this  State,  and  for  all  the  people  of  the  South,  a  hearty 
cooperation  in  the  task  you  have  undertaken,  and  sincere  sympathy 
with  the  motives  that  inspire  it.  In  the  name  of  the  people  I  repre- 
sent, I  welcome  you  all.  We  welcome  you  with  hearts  throbbing  with 
patriotic  love  for  this  whole  country,  with  every  resentment,  every 
vestige  of  war  and  its  animosities  wiped  from  our  memory.  We  wel- 
come you  in  the  assurance  that  our  country  is  to  be  made  stronger  and 
greater  by  universal  amity  and  fraternity.  We  welcome  you  as  repre- 
sentative Americans  convoked  under  the  sanction  and  by  the  express 
authority  of  the  United  States  Government  to  perform  a  work  possible 
in  no  other  country  upon  this  globe — to  consign  to  its  eternal  sepulcher 
the  last  memory  of  sectional  hostility  and  to  consecrate  and  rededi- 
cate  to  succeeding  generations  the  imperishable  glory  of  our  arms. 
The  present  meeting  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  is 
an  event  of  national  importance  and  will  arrest  the  attention  of  the 
entire  civilized  world.  No  other  Government  upon  earth  could  conduct 
such  a  ceremony  as  you  are  now  engaged  in.  Nowhere  else  upon  the 
habitable  globe,  except  beneath  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  could  there  be 
witnessed  such  an  inspiring  spectacle — a  reunited  nation,  torn  asunder 
less  than  a  generation  ago  by  the  rude,  red  hand  of  civil  war,  now  com- 
memorating the  fiercest,  bloodiest,  and  most  desperate  battles  of  that 
struggle  in  an  everlasting  memorial  to  the  achievements,  not  of  one,  but 
of  both  the  contending  hosts. 

The  city  of  Chattanooga,  made  memorable  as  the  theater  of  some  of 
the  fiercest  battles  of  the  civil  war,  is  indeed  proud  that  history  will 
again  be  emblazoned  with  its  renown  as  the  scene  of  this  apotheosis  of 
a  reunited  country,  arched  by  that  bow  of  promise  which  bends  over 
these  sanguinary  plains,  like  a  sweet  benediction,  a  token  proclaiming 
that  civil  discord  is  forever  at  an  end,  that  sectional  strife  has  been 
engulfed  in  the  vortex  of  revolution  beyond  the  hope  of  resurrection, 
that  our  nation  is  now  in  spirit  as  well  as  in  law  an  indestructible  union 
of  indissoluble  States. 

We  ungrudgingly  offer  our  homes;  we  open  wide  our  doors,  and 
we  clasp  you  to  our  hearts  in  earnest  welcome.  May  these  days  be 
fruitful  of  a  new  birth  of  patriotism,  adding  a  brighter  luster  to  our 
glorious  history,  and  a  further  advance  in  the  unparalleled  growth  of 
our  beloved  country. 

General  MORGAN.  It  now  becomes  my  pleasure  to  introduce  to  you 
General  Boyuton,  the  father  of  this  national-park  system;  a  man  who 
has  devoted  years  to  bringing  about  the  result  we  see  to-day.  No  man 
in  this  nation  deserves  greater  credit  than  General  Boyuton.  I  now 
have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  him.  He  will  respond  to  the  address 
of  welcome  by  his  honor  the  mayor. 


86      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 


RESPONSE  OF  GENERAL  H.  V.  BOYNTON. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT,  COMRADES,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  I  sincerely 
thank  you,  Mr.  President,  for  your  friendly  words.  In  behalf  of  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland  I  thank  you,  Mayor  Ochs,  for  your  cordial  wel- 
come, for  the  beauty  of  its  language,  for  the  strength  of  its  friendship, 
and  the  fervor  of  its  patriotism. 

Chattanooga  has  often  welcomed  us — at  first,  with  all  that  was  horri- 
ble in  war;  at  last,  with  all  that  is  beautiful  and  entrancing  in  peace. 

Over  the  13,000  graves  of  our  comrades  in  your  cemetery,  under  that 
flag  which  is  your  flag  as  well  as  our  flag,  we  take  the  hand  which  Chat- 
tanooga oilers,  and  thank  God  that  we  stand  together  citizens  of  a 
union  strong  and  inseparable  henceforth  at  home  and  a  ruling  force 
for  good  in  the  affairs  of  nations. 

We  stand  before  you  with  a  notable  company  of  guests:  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  represented  by  his  Cabinet;  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent,  whose  personality  and  high  office  we  all  delight  to  honor;  the 
Congress  of  the  land,  numerously  present  in  the  persons  of  many  of 
its  distinguished  members,  most  of  whom  served  with  marked  distinc- 
tion under  one  or  the  other  flag  on  the  memorable  fields  about  your 
city;  the  governors  of  nearly  all  the  States  in  that  vast  empire  which 
within  its  cardinal  points  embraces  Massachusetts  and  Colorado,  Min- 
nesota and  Texas,  and  twenty-five  State  commissions;  the  Lieutenant- 
General  of  our  Army,  whose  recent  and  well-deserved  promotion  has 
received  the  universal  commendation  of  the  country;  our  special  guests, 
our  sister  Society  of  the  Army  of  Grant  and  Sherman,  that  invincible 
army,  made  invincible  by  the  valor  of  those  splendid  American  sol- 
diers with  whom  they  contended  inch  by  inch  and  step  by  step,  from 
the  Mississippi  to  these  mountains,  from  the  mountains  to  the  sea,  and 
thence  to  that  peaceful  review  at  Washington;  we  bring  you  the  son 
of  our  great  captain  in  war  and  the  South's  best  friend  in  peace,  Grant, 
and  the  sou  of  his  brilliant  lieutenant,  Sherman;  we  present  the  last 
commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  as  widely  known  in  the 
philanthropic  and  religious  worlds  as  in  the  fields  of  war,  General 
Howard;  and  we  find  ourselves  honored  by  the  presence  of  many  dis- 
tinguished Confederates  who  will  receive  special  welcome  at  the  hands 
of  our  presiding  officer. 

These  are  some  of  the  national  jewels  in  the  crown  we  bring  you 
to-night. 

ADDRESS  OF  GENERAL  J.  D.  MORGAN. 

In  looking  at  this  programme  I  see  that  my  name  is  mentioned,  and 
as  there  is  no  one  to  introduce  me  to  the  people,  I  will  introduce-myself. 
What  little  I  have  to  say  is  a  welcome  to  the  Confederates,  and  I  warn 
you  now  that  you  will  have  to  listen  to  something  very  common  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  great  eloquence  you  have  had  before  you  up  to  the 
present  time. 

Comrades,  we  have  here  with  us  to-night  soldiers  that  wore  the  gray. 
In  my  own,  and  in  behalf  of  the  society,  I  bid  you  one  and  all  a  sincere 
and  cordial  greeting.  Old  Father  Time,  in  his  progress  through  this 
busy  and  teeming  world  of  ours,  brings  some  strange  and  startling 
changes.  About  thirty-two  years  ago,  not  far  from  where  I  am  now 
standing,  a  great  battle  was  fought,  when  the  blue  and  the  gray  met 
face  to  face  in  conflict,  both  battling  for  what  they  thought  was  right. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       87 

With  us,  that  great  contest  ended  thirty  years  ago,  and  now  the  blue 
and  the  gray  meet  again,  not  as  enemies,  but  friends,  members  of  the 
same  Government,  and  protected  under  one  flag,  "Old  Glory,"  as  we 
like  to  call  it.  And  if,  in  the  near  or  far  future,  this  good  Government 
again  requires  the  services  of  her  sous,  the  blue  and  the  gray  will  be 
found  standing  shoulder  to  shoulder  in  protecting  "her  rights.  Again  I 
bid  you  welcome. 

I  now  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you  Gen.  Charles  F.  Man- 
derson. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  CHARLES  F.  MANDERSON. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT,  LADIES,  GENTLEMEN,  AND  COMRADES  OF  THE 
SOCIETY  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND:  We  celebrate  an 
event.  We  do  more.  We  mark  an  epoch !  We  commemorate  a  con- 
flict. We  do  more.  We  record  a  new  era ! 

That  the  celebration  of  the  event,  the  commemoration  of  the  conflict, 
the  marking  of  the  epoch,  and  the  recording  of  the  new  era  should  be 
at  the  same  place,  with  identical  natural  surroundings,  is  most  fitting. 

Mighty  hosts  battling  for  the  mastery  made  these  hills  and  vales  a 
scene  of  desolation  a  third  of  a  century  ago.  The  earth  was  torn  and 
seamed  by  the  dread  enginery  of  war.  The  fruitage  of  those  autumn 
days  was  gathered  by  the  grim  reaper  whose  name  is  Death. 

A  generation  has  passed  away  since  that  shock  of  arms.  For  thirty- 
two  years  the  spring  rains  have  fallen,  the  summer's  sun  has  shown 
upon  the  soil  once  crimsoned  by  the  blood  of  the  country's  best  and  its 
bravest;  and  how  great  the  change! 

Time,  the  great  healer,  and  nature,  the  sweet  restorer,  have  labored 
hand  in  hand  to  wipe  out  the  traces  of  conflict  and  heal  the  scars  of 
"  griin-visaged  war."  The  salient  and  the  bastion,  behind  which  shone 
the  glistening  steel  and  above  which  threatened  the  black-muzzled  can- 
non, are  now  leveled  to  the  crop -producing  earth.  The  soil  that  then 
drank  with  fearful  thirst  of  the  enriching  blood  of  battle  now  feeds  the 
plant  and  nourishes  the  flower.  Broad  fields  of  nodding  corn  and  wav- 
ing grain,  yielding  abundant  harvest  to  the  knife  and  scythe  of  the 
husbandman,  gladden  the  sight.  Where  was  heard  the  cannon's  roar, 
the  sharp  rattle  of  musketry,  the  shriek  of  shell,  the  hiss  of  bullet,  and 
all  the  dissonant  din  of  the  votaries  of  "  Moloch,  horrid  king,"  now  the 
consonant  harmony  of  piping  peace  pleases  the  ear,  the  song  of  birds 
melodiously  mingling  with  the  hum  of  busy  industry,  leisurely  rising 
and  gently  falling  in  symphonic  unison.  "  Our  bruised  arms  hung  up 
for  monuments"  have  gathered  the  rust  and  dust  of  the  advancing  years, 
and  have  nigh  forgot  their  mission. 

All  tells  of  change ! 

The  veteran  returning  to  the  field  of  "high  emprise"  meets  difficulty 
in  finding  the  "dark  and  bloody  ground"  where  once  the  red  tide  of 
battle  ebbed  and  flowed.  There  are  those  of  us  here  present  who  have 
seen  where — 

"Tracks  of  blood,  even  to  the  forest's  depths, 
And  scattered  arms  and  lifeless  warriors, 
Whose  hard  lineaments 
Death's  self  could  change  not, 
Marked  the  dreadful  path 
Of  the  outsallying  victors." 

But  to  find  that  path  to-day  is  a  vain  and  fruitless  endeavor-  Peace 
hath  emphasized  her  victories! 


88       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  scattered  hamlet,  the  objective  point  of  military  endeavor  in  1863, 
is  the  thriving  city,  the  center  of  commercial  distribution,  in  1895. 
Stately  public  edifices,  business  palaces,  and  artistic  homes,  lining  the 
well-paved  streets  of  a  metropolis,  afford  most  marked  contrast  to  the 
lowly  and  homely  structures  that  were  strung  along  the  country  roads 
a  generation  ago.  The  quiet  of  the  agricultural  village  has  given  place 
to  the  activity  of  the  manufacturing  city.  Fed  by  the  rich  deposits  of 
iron  and  coal,  the  pulse  of  trade  throbs  with  vitalized  energy.  The 
vibration  of  mighty  machinery,  the  whirr  of  revolving  wheels,  the  tre- 
mendous movement  of  the  mighty  mills,  fill  all  the  air  and  shake  the  very 
earth  itself.  A  people  few  in  numbers,  with  petty  ambitions,  has  given 
place  to  a  great  population  of  enterprising  citizens,  instinct  with  energy, 
pursuing  their  varied  vocations  with  forceful  power.  It  is  a  trans- 
formation wonderful  indeed. 

And  yet,  mingled  with  the  new  and  strange,  is  the  old  and  familiar. 
With  the  old-time  resemblance  to  the  crouching  lion  with  paws  extended, 
lofty  Lookout  Mountain  still  lifts  its  proud  head,  looking  out  over  the 
confines  of  five  mighty  States  of  a  mightier  nation.  Missionary  Ridge, 
with  its  steep  sides  and  thin  backbone,  yet  forms  the  rim  of  the  semi- 
circular amphitheater  in  which  lies  Chattanooga.  Moccasin  Point  is  as 
prominent  in  the  landscape  as  of  yore,  and  Orchard  Knob  is  in  evidence 
before  us. 

The  Tennessee,  like  "Tagus'inaking  onward  to  the  deep,"  still  sweeps 
along;  carrying  its  weight  of  water  to  "La  Belle  Riviere,"  the  old 
boundary  line  of  the  middle  North  and  South,  it  rushes  on  to  join  the 
turbid  flood  of  the  Father  of  Waters,  which  now  indeed  "flows  un vexed 
to  the  sea."  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  creeks,  as  their  waters 
are  swallowed  by  the  greater  stream,  still  tell  the  story  of  the  past  that 
dignified  their  names,  and  even  little  Citico  is  here  to  whisper  of  that 
first  day's  advance  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  upon  the  line  in 
gray  on  Orchard  Knob. 

These  witnesses  of  the  memorable  past  are  here  to  observe  the  new 
condition. 

Most  fitting,  too,  it  is  that  the  actors  in  the  tragedy  played  here  a 
generation  gone  by  should  again  be  on  the  stage.  Alas !  not  all  are 
here. 

We  recall  with  aching  hearts  the  tens  of  thousands  of  braves  of 
both  contentions  who  paid  the  supreme  sacrifice  for  the  cause  for  which 
they  fought,  and  who  proved  their  belief  in  the  faith  professed  by  lay- 
ing down  their  young  lives  for  its  advancement. 

By  instant  killing,  and  from  grievous  wounds;  with  blighting  disease, 
and  from  criminal  neglect;  upon  the  field  of  honor,  under  the  hospital 
tent,  in  the  pest  camp,  within  the  prison  pen — they  perished.  To  the 
glorious  list  of  the  honored  dead  who  thus  fell,  we  add  the  many  others 
who,  surviving  the  conflict  of  four  long  years,  have  crossed  the  dark 
river.  How  rapidly  are  our  mighty  lines  shortening! 

The  years  that  bring  old  age,  infirmity,  and  death  are  making  greater 
havoc  in  our  ranks  than  did  the  fire  of  the  foe.  Time  is  our  most  relent- 
less enemy.  File  after  file  drops  to  earth,  and  soon  our  vast  host  will 
be  a  small  battalion;  yet  a  little  while  and  but  a  squad  will  remain, 
and  then  not  one  shall  live  to  tell  the  tale  of  personal  experience  in  the 
great  war  of  the  rebellion. 

As  in  the  hour  of  battle,  so  now,  death  is  no  respecter  of  person  or 
rank.  The  great  leveler  calls  for  his  victims  from  the  field  and  staff,  as 
well  as  from  the  rank  and  file.  Of  the  great  leaders  who  here  wou 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       89 

immortal  fame  how  few  are  left !     Their  passing  away  is  of  the  every 

day.     Indeed — 

"The  air  is  full  of  farewells  to  our  dying, 
And  mournings  for  our  dead."  . 

In  the  hearts  and  minds  of  those  who  are  left  their  names  are  enshrined, 
and  a  grateful  country  will  ever  keep  their  memories  green. 

The  new  era  we,  survivors  of  those  troublous  times,  are  here  to  greet 
is  that  of  perfect  peace  and  genuine  good  will.  The  period  of  distrust, 
the  time  of  suspicion,  has  passed  away.  We  who  fought  to  save  the 
nation  ever  recognized  the  indomitable  courage  and  puissant  valor  of 
those  who  sought  to  break  asunder  the  Union  of  States. 

Long  ago,  while  condemning  the  false  teaching  that  led  to  the  belief 
that  allegiance  was  to  the  State,  we  appreciated  how  deep  abiding 
was  the  honest  conviction  of  those  who,  taught  in  a  different  school 
from  us,  made  untold  sacrifice  for  the  cause  they  espoused. 

Forgetting  nothing  of  the  past — the  cruel  blow  at  nationality,  the 
unhallowed  attack  upon  the  flag,  with  all  the  sad  results  of  weeping 
and  wounds,  of  desolation  and  death — we  have  forgiven  everything. 

Full  citizenship,  with  all  of  honor,  of  governing  power,  and  control- 
ling rights  that  the  term  imports,  has  been  accorded  to  all  who  partici- 
pated or  lent  aid  and  comfort  to  the  enemies  of  the  Union. 

.  Happy  in  the  glorious  trinity  of  results — the  saving  of  the  nation's' 
life,  the  extinction  of  the  curse  of  slavery,  and  the  establishment  of  the 
equality  of  all  men  before  the  law — we  believe  them  worth  even  the 
cost  of  treasure  and  of  blood,  and  have  no  room  for  malice  or  ill  will. 
We  join  in  the  sentiment  of  our  great  chieftain,  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  "Let 
us  have  peace,''  remembering  also  that  the  generous  conqueror  at 
Appomattox  said  of  and  for  himself,  and  for  us  who  served  under  him, 
"  We  are  not  ready  to  apologize  for  our  part  in  the  war,"  and  are  con- 
tent that  the  result  of  the  dread  arbitrament  and  the  pages  of  the 
truthful  history  have  shown  that  we,  who  fought  to  save,  were  forever 
right  and  they,  who  fought  to  destroy,  were  eternally  wrong. 

As  the  victors  and  the  vanquished  have  recognized  equal  courage 
and  even  powers  of  endurance,  there  has  come  mutual  respect.  Through 
the  throes  and  labor  of  reconstruction,  with  the  contact  of  peoples,  the 
interchange  of  commerce,  the  common  interests  of  the  different  parts  of 
the  national  whole,  the  dovetailing  of  States  through  the  construction 
of  the  iron  highways  of  trade,  and  mutual  contribution  of  the  capital 
needed  for  the  development  of  the  new  South  has  come  peaceful,  con- 
tented reconciliation.  The  years  that  gather  wisdom  and  experience  to 
all  long  ago  taught  the  lesson,  even  to  those  who  fought  for  it,  that  the 
cause  for  which  they  struggled  and  suffered  was  better  lost  than  won. 

And  now  all  rancor  and  hate  are  gone.  The  Unionist  and  the  Seces- 
sionist, the  Federal  and  the  Rebel,  the  Yankee  and  the  Johnnie,  meet 
to  rejoice  in  the  existence  of  a  nation,  not  a  confederacy. 

We  glory  in  the  fact  that  we  have  the  proudest  dignity  and  highest 
rank  that  can  come  to  appreciative  man,  that  of  American  citizenship. 
H  ail,  the  epoch  of  concord !  All  hail,  the  era  of  fraternity ! 

To  morrow's  sun,  rising  on  the  anniversary  of  the  first  day  of  Chick- 
amauga,  will  witness  a  scene  the  like  of  which  has  no  record  in  his- 
tory. By  the  bounty  of  a  generous  Government,  supplemented  by  the 
action  of  appreciative  States  and  by  the  voluntary  contributions  of 
men  who  fought  on  either  side,  a  great  battlefield  has  been  restored. 
The  ex-Federal  and  the  ex-Confederate  soldier  will  go  hand  in  hand 
and  recount  to  each  other  the  story  of  the  struggle  for  Chattanooga. 


90      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  lines  of  both  contending  armies  are  correctly  shown  by  enduring 
monuments  and  lasting  tablets. 

The  skill  of  the  artist  and  the  genius  of  the  architect  have  been 
supplemented  by  the  deft  constructive  power  of  the  artisan. 

The  combat  of  arms  has  become  the  rivalry  in  taste.  A  generous 
contest  has  succeeded  the  grapple  of  death-dealing  foes.  Destruction 
has  given  way  to  preservation.  Emulation  succeeds  detraction. 

We  are  told  that  thirty-four  years  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo  it  was 
necessary  to  cover  with  many  coats  of  color  the  walls  of  the  chateau 
of  Hougomont,  held  so  valiantly  by  the  English  against  the  repeated 
attacks  of  the  French,  because  of  the  scurrilous  and  insulting  sentences 
written  upon  them  by  the  survivors  of  the  battle.  A  generation  had 
served  but  to  intensify  the  mutuality  of  hatred  of  the  two  peoples. 

The  visitor  to  Brussels  who  visits  the  field  of  Waterloo,  tempted  so 
to  do  by  the  well-known  story  of  the  fall  of  Napoleon  and  the  fame  of 
Wellington,  meets  with  grievous  disappointment.  The  English  and 
Germans,  in  placing  the  great  monuments  of  earth  and  stone  commem- 
orating the  renown  of  the  Iron  Duke,  the  name  of  Blucher,  and  the 
glory  of  those  who  fought  under  them,  have  so  changed  the  earth's  sur- 
face that  the  features  of  the  field  are  uudiscoverable.  As  Victor  Hugo 
puts  it:  "  History,  disconcerted,  no  longer  recognizes  herself  upon  it. 
To  glorify  it,  it  has  been  disfigured." 

Wellington,  visiting  the  scene  of  his  stupendous  victory  a  few  years 
thereafter,  exclaimed,  "They  have  changed  my  battlefield." 

We  have  restored,  as  near  as  may  be,  the  condition  of  1863  in  the 
surface  surroundings  about  this  great  strategic  center.  My  comrades 
of  the  Cumberland!  We  will  hold  in  grateful  remembrance  the  men 
who  have  been  instrumental  in  accomplishing  this  great  work.  I  can 
not  here  mention  all  entitled  to  credit,  but  in  fairness  I  must  record  the 
names  of  Generals  Boynton,  Fullerton,  and  Cist  of  the  Federal  Army, 
and  Generals  Stewart,  Wheeler,  and  Bate  of  the  Confederate. 

What  has  here  been  done  should  also  be  accomplished  on  the  other 
fields  set  apart  by  the  nation  as  places  not  to  be  profaned.  Gettysburg, 
Antietam,  and  Shiloh  should  become  object  lessons  to  the  patriotic 
student  of  American  history. 

As  he  intelligently  studies,  and  as  he  shall  write  the  result  of  his 
investigation,  he  will  say  to  the  future:  "For  bold  attack  and  firm 
defense,  for  dashing  assault  and  valorous  resistance,  for  dogged  on- 
slaught and  tenacious  grasp,  for  desperate  fighting  and  courageous 
combat,  no  battle  excels  and  nearly  all  fall  far  short  of  being  the  equal 
of  Chickamauga." 

Aye !  more  is  true.  In  importance  to  the  cause,  in  far-reaching  result, 
in  the  bringing  of  the  end  desired,  no  battle  equals  those  fought  for  the 
possession  and  retention  of  Chattanooga.  Capturing  the  stronghold  of 
the  South,  this  strategic  key  to  open  the  very  vitals  of  the  Confederacy, 
guaranteed  the  holding  of  loyal  east  Tennessee ;  kept  Kentucky  within 
our  bounds;  threatened  the  flank  and  rear  of  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia,  permitted  the  Atlanta  campaign,  with  the  capture  of  the  capi- 
tal city  of  Georgia;  made  possible  the  march  to  the  sea;  was  the  chief 
instrumentality  in  the  fall  of  Richmond;  was  a  prime  factor  in  the  sur- 
render at  Appomattox,  and  did  much  to  prevent  that  recognition  of 
Southern  nationality  by  the  great  powers  that  would  probably  have 
made  of  secession  a  fact  accomplished. 

We  know  this,  and  history  must  record  it.  Too  long  have  the  lights 
of  Antietam  and  Gettysburg  been  allowed  to  dim  the  glory  of  Stone 
River  and  Chickamauga.  Great  battles  indeed  were  those  of  the  East, 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       91 

but  in  extended  effects  they  bear  no  comparison  with  these  sanguinary 
conflicts  of  the  middle  West. 

You  brave  men  who  wore  the  gray  know  it.  Let  some  of  "our 
friends — the  enemy"  give  testimony. 

Confederate  General  Loring  says  of  the  campaign  for  Chattanooga: 

"  We  would  have  gladly  exchanged  a  dozen  of  our  previous  victories  for  that  one 
failure.  *  '  *  *  No  mail  in  the  South  felt  that  you  had  accomplished  anything 
until  Chattanooga  fell.  f  It  was  the  closed  doorway  to  the  interior  of  our 

country.  The  loss  of  Vicksburg  weakened  our  prestige,  contracted  our 

territory,  and  practically  expelled  us  from  the  Mississippi  River,  but  it  left  the  body 
of  our  power  unharmed.  As  to  Gettysburg,  that  was  an  experiment.  *  *  *  Our 
loss  of  it,  except  that  we  could  less  easily  spare  the  slaughter  of  veteran  soldiers 
than  you  could,  left  us  just  where  we  were.  *  *  The  fall  of  Chattanooga,  in 

consequence  of  the  Chickamauga  campaign,  and  the  subsequent  total  defeat  of  Gen- 
eral Bragg's  efforts  to  recover  it,  caused  us  to  experience  for  the  first  time  a  diminu- 
tion of  confidence  as  to  the  final  result." 

Lieutenant-General  Hill,  a  most  distinguished  Confederate,  came 
from  experience  on  the  Peninsula  and  the  seven  days'  battle  about 
Richmond,  and  was  ripened  by  service  at  South  Mountain,  Autietam, 
and  Fredericksburg,  to  command  that  great  corps  of  the  Army  of  Ten- 
nessee in  which,  commanding  divisions,  were  such  men  as  Gens.  P.  E. 
Cleburne,  J.  C.  Breckiuridge,  W.  H.  T.  Walker,  and  St.  John  E.  Liddell, 
and  in  command  of  brigades  were  Colquitt,  Walthall,  and  Mills.  In 
his  contribution  to  war  history  he  writes : 

"There  was  no  more  splendid  fighting  in  1861,  when  the  flower  of  the  Southern  youth 
was  in  the  field,  than  was  displayed  in  those  bloody  days  of  September,  1863.  But 
it  seems  to  mo  that  the  elan  of  the  Southern  soldier  was  never  seen  after  Chicka- 
mauga— the  brilliant  dash  \vhich  had  distinguished  him  was  gone  forever.  He  was 
too  intelligent  not  to  know  that  the  cutting  in  two  of  Georgia  meant  death  to  all  his 
hopes.  He,  fought  stoutly  to  the  last,  but,  after  Chickamauga,  with  the  sullenness 
of  despair  and  without  the  enthusiasm  of  hope.  That  "barren  victory"  sealed  the 
fate  of  the  Southern  Confederacy." 

And  yet,  in  spite  of  abundant  available  testimony,  Chickamauga  is 
declared  by  those  .either  ignorant  or  jealous  to  have  been  a  defeat  of 
the  Federal  arms,  and  the  noufi  ghtiug  croakers  at  Washington  indulged 
in  much  paper  bombardment  of  those  who  planned  the  campaign  for  the 
capture  of  Chattanooga.  A  victim  was  demanded,  and  Eosecraus  was 
cruelly  sacrificed.  His  service  from  thebegiuningof  the  war  was  ignored. 
No  recollection  of  Stone's  Eiver  moved  to  respect  for  that  ability  that 
we  who  had  served  under  him  knew  he  possessed.  The  vilification  of 
Eosecrans  by  these  carping  critics  was  abuse  of  the  grand  army  he  led 
from  Nashville  to  Murfreesboro ;  to  "victory  plucked  from  the  jaws  of 
defeat,"  and  victory  most  pronounced  at  Stone's  Eiver;  through  the 
Tullahoma  campaign  to  the  final  occupation  of  the  objective  point  of 
all  military  endeavor,  from  the  days  in  1801  when  the  troops  of  the 
Union  crossed  the  Ohio  Eiver.  On  that  eventful  20th  day  of  Septem- 
ber, 1863,  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  for  the  first  and  only  time,  lost 
possession  of  the  battlefield,  but  it  gained,  to  hold  until  the  end,  the 
goal  of  military  aspiration,  this  Gibraltar  of  the  South.  It  was  not 
to  be  won  without  hard  fighting,  and  the  conflict  for  it  raged  with 
indescribable  fury  from  Lee  &  Gordon's  Mill  to  Snodgrass  Hill,  the 
Horseshoe  Eidge,  made  immortal  by  that  immovable  figure  that  stood 
there,  serene,  sedate,  our  own  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas,  the  "Eock  of 
Chickamauga." 

The  Army  of  the  Cumberland  can  well  be  congratulated  that  among 
its  leaders  there  were  no  jealousies,  and  never  evidence  of  desire  to 
reach  chieftainship  by  wrecking  another's  fortune  and  ruining  another's 
fame.  Fealty  to  each  other,  devotion  to  the  service,  and  loyalty  to  the 


92      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

cause  were  the  inspirations  that  led  to  success.  Victories  are  assured 
while  fealty  holds,  devotion  continues,  and  loyalty  prompts. 

How  well  those  in  supreme  command  supplemented  each  other !  To 
organize,  to  discipline,  to  convert  the  fresh  levies  of  raw  troops  into  the 
compact  and  resistless  batallions  that  moved  with  precision  and  struck 
with  force,  came  Gen.  Don  Carlos  Buell.  To  take  the  mighty  weapon, 
thus  skillfully  fashioned  for  his  hand,  and,  with  admirable  skill,  wield 
it  with  the  power  of  genius  and  the  force  of  a  strategy  most  masterful, 
followed  Gen.  William  S.  Kosecrans.  To  steadily,  persistently,  hold  to 
all  advantages  ever  gained,  and  to  be  ever  successful  in  fighting  with 
the  veteran  soldiers,  who  looked  on  him  as  their  father  and  tinged  all 
their  service  for  him  with  a  confidence  never  shaken,  a  devotion  that 
never  faltered,  and  a  love  that  has  never  faded,  succeeded  Gen.  George 
H.  Thomas. 

And  those  splendid  subaltern  commanders  who  were  at  the  head  of 
corps,  the  chiefs  of  divisions,  and  who  led  our  brigades.  How  our 
hearts  thrill  with  recollections  of  that  distant  past  as  we  read  the  roll 
of  names  that  were  not  born  to  die.  Let  me  speak  some  of  them — 
Jackson,  Sill,  Whitaker,  Beatty,  Geary,  Kimball,  Newton,  Baird,  Bran- 
nan,  Oruft,  Kousseau,  Davis,  Johnson,  Van  Cleve,  Reynolds,  Steedman, 
Slocum,  Granger,  Garfleld,  Hooker,  Palmer,  Crittendeu,  Wood,  Stanley, 
McCook,  Howard,  Sheridan — these  are  the  immortals ! 

Never  did  better  men  draw  swords  and  fix  bayonets  than  those  of 
inferior  place  and  of  the  rank  and  file  that  followed  these  trained 
leaders.  Coming  from  nearly  all  the  States  north  of  those  bordering 
the  Gulf,  the  great  mass  of  them  were  from  the  middle  West.  They 
were  of  the  best  blood  of  the  communities  from  whence  they  came. 
Skilled  in  many  callings,  learned  in  all  professions,  they  brought  to  the 
performance  of  their  duties  a  rare  and  most  exceptional  intelligence. 
Filled  with  the  fire  of  patriotism,  they  followed  the  flag  of  their  coun- 
try to  endure  until  the  end,  and  determined  that  at  the  end  no  star 
should  be  effaced  from  that  glorious  banner  of  the  Republic.  They 
were  "inflexible  in  faith,  invincible  in  arms." 

Fain  would  I  give  in  detail  the  story  of  our  army  from  its  first  com- 
bats in  the  summer  of  1861,  on  the  neutral  soil  of  Kentucky,  to  the 
great  battle  in  the  winter  of  1864,  fought  at  the  capital  of  Tennessee. 
But  time  will  not  permit  that  I  should  make  more  than  the  merest 
reference  to  the  glorious  record  unparalleled  for  continuous  success  in 
the  annals  of  war.  Neither  need  I  show  the  process  by  which  it 
passed  from  the  hands  of  its  first  commander,  Gen.  Robert  Anderson, 
of  Fort  Sumter  fame,  to  the  control  of  that  able  military  leader,  who, 
endowed  with  prophetic  vision,  saw  the  magnitude  of  the  coming  con- 
test, said  that  to  advance  the  great  line  of  the  center  to  its  ultimate 
objective  and  reap  the  legitimate  rewards  would  require  an  army  of 
200,000  men,  and  who  was  relieved  because  of  doubts  of  his  sanity,  to 
be  again  sought  for  and  to  win  immortal  fame — Gen.  William  Tecumseh 
Sherman. 

He  was  succeeded  by  Gen.  Don  Carlos  Buell,  and  the  troops  under 
his  command  became  known  as  the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  losing  for  a  time 
their  original  appellation. 

To  operate  on  Buell's  flank  and  retard  the  movement  into  Tennessee, 
Gen.  Humphrey  Marshall,  then  of  considerable  military  fame,  moved 
a  strong  force  into  eastern  Kentucky.  In  the  presence  of  this  threat- 
ening danger,  Buell  looked  for  the  man  equal  to  the  emergency.  He 
selected  an  unknown  volunteer  soldier,  a  newly  made  colonel  of  an 
Ohio  infantry  regiment,  who  proved  himself  the  right  man  in  the  right 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       93 

place,  drove  the  Confederates  from  their  mountain  fastnesses,  and  laid 
the  foundation  of  that  splendid  reputation  and  forceful  character  that 
commanded  our  admiration  and  won  our  sincere  respect  for  Gen.  James 
A.  Garfield. 

In  the  winter  of  1861  the  Confederate  line  extended  from  the  Missis- 
sippi Eiver  at  Columbus  to  Cumberland  Gap,  its  center  being  at  Bow- 
ling Green.  It  was  not  long  to  remain  undisturbed,  for  the  first  field 
tight  in  Kentucky,  at  Mill  Springs,  was  a  victory  so  decided  that  it  com- 
pelled the  abandonment  of  the  rebel  line,  and,  with  the  fall  of  Forts 
Henry  and  Donelson,  permitted  the  occupation  of  Nashville.  The 
defeat  of  Crittenden  at  Mill  Springs  was  a  crushing  blow  to  Southern 
hopes.  Gen.  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  wrote  of  it:  "The  tide  of  fugi- 
tives from  that  battlefield  filled  the  country  with  dismay."  It  did  much 
for  the  cause  of  Unionism  in  Kentucky,  and  above  all  it  drew  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Eepublic  to  the  great  soldier  who  was  never  to  disappoint 
its  expectations,  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas. 

Of  the  concentration  of  our  troops  at  Nashville  I  need  not  speak,  but 
to  forego  allusion  to  Shiloh  would  be  inexcusable.  It  was  the  first 
great  combat  between  large  armies,  led  by  prominent  chieftains,  and 
while  its  results  were  not  decisive,  the  bloody  slaughter  secured  to  us 
the  holding  of  the  center  West,  and  the  opening  of  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi.  The  natural  and  artificial  conditions  pointed  to  Corinth 
as  the  objective,  and  it  was  won  at  Shiloh  as  Chattanooga  was  won  by 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 

How  well  do  we  who  formed  that  marching  column  that  composed 
the  divisions  of  Nelson,  Crittendeu,  McCook,  and  Wood  remember  the 
booming  of  the  cannon  that  filled  the  air  of  that  beautiful  Sabbath 
morning  in  the  early  springtime. 

We  moved  to  the  sound  of  the  guns  that  told  us  that  the  fight  was 
on  in  deadly  earnest,  and  that  our  brethren  of  the  Army  of  the  Ten- 
nessee were  heavily  engaged  across  the  deep  river  whose  name  they 
bore. 

There  were  long  miles  ahead  of  us  before  we  could  reach  Savannah, 
where  there  could  be  crossing  of  the  deep  and  rapid  stream  flowing 
past  the  rear  of  the  army  of  Grant;  but  eager  feet,  responding  to  lis- 
tening ear,  devoured  them  rapidly.  Supply  wagons  were  thrown  to  the 
side  of  the  road,  ammunition  hurried  to  the  front  for  rapid  distribution, 
unnecessary  burdens  cast  away,  and  the  men  of  Buell's  army  stripped 
themselves  for  the  fight.  The  division  of  Nelson,  the  gallant  old  tar, 
was  the  first  to  reach  the  battlefield,  and  did  good  work  on  that  Sun- 
day afternoon  in  repelling  the  assault  of  Bragg's  command  on  Grant's 
left.  Crittenden's  division  was  a  close  second,  and  McCook's  crossed 
the  river  early  the  next  day.  The  spectacle  presented  to  these  troops 
as  they  left  the  transports  and  climbed  the  river  bank  is  simply  inde- 
scribable.. Under  the  protection  afforded  by  the  slope  was  huddled  a 
mass  of  disheartened,  demoralized  creatures,  completely  unnerved  and 
cowed.  It  was  a  trying  ordeal  to  pass  through  these  prophets  of  dis- 
aster and  hear  their  forebodings  of  defeat.  But  the  bearing  of  the 
well-disciplined  troops  of  Buell  put  heart  into  many  of  those  thus  dis- 
pirited, and  induced  good  service  in  the  battle  of  the  7th.  The  Comte 
de  Paris  says  of  the  three  divisions  that  served  at  Shiloh: 

"Constantly  drilled  for  the  year  past  by  a  rigid  disciplinarian  and  trained  by  their 
long  marches  across  three  States,  these  soldiers  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  are  distin- 
guished by  their  discipline  and  their  fine  bearing.  The  readiness  with  which  they 
march  against  the  enemy  wins  the  admiration  of  generals,  who,  like  Sherman,  have 
had  to  tight  a  whole  day  at  the  head  of  raw  and  inexperienced  troops." 


94      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Sherman  himself  says  in  his  official  report: 

"Here  I  saw  for  the  first  time  the  well-ordered  and  compact  Kentucky  forces  <>f 
General  Buell,  whose  soldierly  movement  at  once  gave  confidence  to  our  newer  and 
less  disciplined  forces." 

I  do  not  here  propose  to  open  the  vexed  question  as  to  whether  the 
attack  of  Johnston  upon  Grant  at  daylight  on  that  quiet  Sunday  morn- 
ing was  the  expected  and  prepared  for.  However  that  may  have  been, 
true  it  is  that,  fighting  under  conditions  of  great  and  positive  disa;i 
vantage,  the  magnificent  bravery,  the  stern  determination,  and  the 
soldierly  qualities  of  the  men  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  under  that 
steady  and  resistless  immobility  of  Grant  that  the  country  afterwards 
came  to  know  so  well,  prevented  the  sudden  blow  of  the  first  day  from 
becoming  a  crushing  defeat;  and  equally  true  it  is  that  the  participa- 
tion of  the  army  under  Buell  on  the  second  day  brought  a  threatened 
disaster  to  a  full,  complete,  and  glorious  victory. 

It  was  a  terrific  combat,  and  the  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  very 
great.  Grant  had  33,000  men  and  lost  10,050,  Buell  with  22,000  lost 
2,140,  making  the  total  Union  loss  out  of  55,000  men  12,190.  The 
Confederates  numbered  about  40,000  and  lost  10,697,  making  the  total 
loss  of  both  armies  23,000. 

The  battle  of  Shiloh  strengthened  confidence  in  General  Buell.  He 
was  a  great  organizer,  a  fine  disciplinarian,  a  learned  strategist,  with 
a  wide  and  comprehensive  grasp  of  military  conditions — in  short,  an 
accomplished  soldier.  A  great  pity  indeed  it  was  that  these  qualities 
were  so  soon  to  be  lost  to  the  country,  and  that,  apparently  of  his  own 
volition,  there  came  retirement  from  activity,  and  that  after  October, 
1862,  he  could  find  no  place  for  the  exercise  of  talent  so  pronounced. 

Under  him  the  grand  army  he  had  molded  into  shape  and  dressed  in 
such  perfect  form  moved,  after  the  fall  of  Corinth,  across  Mississippi, 
Alabama,  and  Tennessee,  its  objective  the  strategic  center  of  the  Con- 
federacy, where  we  meet  to-night.  With  much  distress  of  mind  at  the 
loss  of  territory  it  had  cost  so  much  labor  to  gain,  it  moved,  on  lines 
parallel  to  those  of  the  army  of  General  Bragg,  back  to  the  Ohio  Eiver. 
General  Thomas  urged  that  battle  be  forced  upon  the  Confederates 
before  they  could  reach  Kentucky,  but  his  sound  advice  was  unheeded. 

I  need  not  tell  of  Perryville,  with  its  useless  sacrifice  of  4,300  men, 
and  of  the  unfortunate  misunderstandings,  if  not  to  say  the  inexcusable 
blunderings,  of  that  most  unhappy  day. 

After  it  there  came  a  renewal  of  the  long-standing  conflict  between 
the  trained  and  practical  leader  of  men  in  the  field  and  the  inexperi- 
enced and  theoretical  superior  at  Washington,  whether  East  or  Middle 
Tennessee  should  be  the  scene  of  active  operations.  Such  disturbance 
of  relations  between  Buell  and  Halleck  ensued  that  Gen.  William  S. 
Eosecrans  came,  on  October  30, 1862,  to  the  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,  rebaptized  in  its  original  name. 

He  came  to  us  with  the  halo  of  battles  fought  and  won,  and  soon 
secured  not  only  the  confidence  but  the  affection  of  his  men,  who  gave 
the  soldiers'  characteristic  evidence  of  it  by  giving  him  a  familiar  nick- 
name, and  to  us  of  that  time  he  is  still  "Old  Eosey." 

Bragg  settled  the  question  in  dispute  by  concentrating  a  large  army 
at  Murfreesboro,  threatening  thereby  our  hold  on  Nashville.  Again  the 
Union  forces  gathered  at  that  city,  and  how  well  we  recall  the  Christ- 
mas greeting  that  came  to  us  the  night  of  December  25,  1862,  to  move 
upon  the  enemy  30  miles  away.  No  battle  of  the  war  shows  the  dash, 
pluck,  bravery,  and  endurance  of  the  American  soldier  better  than 
Stone's  Eiver.  The  attack,  so  spirited  and  bold,  upon  the  right  wing, 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       95 

under  McCook,  in  the  gray  dawn  of  that  winter  morning,  that  forced 
it  back  until  the  exultant  enemy  was  not  only  on  our  flank  but  in  our 
rear!  The  speedy  taking  of  new  positions  by  the  troops  of  the  left 
wing,  under  Crittenden;  their  gallant  and  successful  charge  in  the 
cedars  that  regained  much  of  the  ground  so  ruinously  lost ! 

The  sturdy  and  immovable  stand  of  the  center,  under  Thomas,  that 
resisted  assaults  most  impetuous  and  broke  the  charging  columns  into 
disorganized  fragments,  as  waves  are  broken  on  a  rock-bound  coast! 
The  dash  of  the  Southerners  in  attack,  the  steadiness  of  the  Northern- 
ers in  resistance,  the  impulsive  ardor  of  the  one,  the  deliberate  repose 
of  the  other;  both  so  characteristic!  The  bold  front,  the  confident 
daring,  the  personal  exposure,  the  actual  leadership,  and  the  uncon- 
querable spirit  of  Bosecrans,  that  "plucked  victory  from  defeat  and 
glory  from  disaster!" 

All  this,  any  of  this,  was  worth  the  sacrifice  of  life  itself  to  see.  To 
the  troops  engaged  it  was  experience  most  valuable  and  fitting,  as 
preparation  for  the  fearful  shock  of  arms  that  must  come  at  Chickamauga 
before  Chattanooga  could  be  ours. 

Again,  let  the  figures  tell  how  bloody  was  the  struggle,  how  desperate 
the  fighting.  The  Union  force  of  43,400  lost  11,597.  The  Confederates, 
out  of  37,800,  lost  10,306.  The  loss  in  officers  was  particularly  severe. 
Of  the  Cumberland,  93  were  killed  and  384  wounded.  Generals  Sill 
and  Kirk  and  eight  colonels  fell  dead  at  the  head  of  their  commands, 
and  Chief  of  Staff  Garesche  went  to  his  reward.  The  Confederates 
mourned  the  loss  of  Generals  Hanson  and  Rains  and  many  another 
gallant  leader  of  brave  men. 

Of  the  masterly  strategy  that,  after  some  months  of  restoration  of 
lines  of  supply,  of  fortifying  positions  of  strength  to  be  held  by  small 
garrisons,  of  devotion  to  drill  and  discipline,  led  to  the  campaign  of 
Tullahoina  and  Shelbyville,  that  drove  Bragg  across  the  Tennessee  and 
permitted  the  forces  of  Crittenden  to  march  into  Chattanooga,  the 
"gateway  of  Georgia  and  the  backdoor  of  East  Tennessee,"  I  need  not 
speak.  Nor  will  I  attempt  a  detailed  description  of  bloody  Chicka- 
mauga and  its  two  days  of  desperate  fighting,  unparalleled  in  the  annals 
of  war.  The  orators  at  the  solemn  dedicatory  services  to-morrow  will 
speak  of  the  incidents  of  that  great  battle  and  will  be  worthy  to  be 
heard,  for  they  were  participants,  and  did  their  duty  nobly  and  well. 

At  the  dedication  of  Gettysburg  these  words  fell  from  the  lips  of  that 
greatest  of  Americans,  than  whom  the  South  never  had  a  truer  friend, 
or  the  nation  a  truer  patriot — Abraham  Lincoln: 

"  The  world  will  little  note,  nor  long  remember,  what  we  say  here,  but  it  can 
never  forget  what  they  did  here." 

The  speakers  of  to-morrow  upon  this  hallowed  field  were  the  actors  of 
a  generation  ago.  They  will  speak  of  that  of  which  they  were  a  part. 
Who  can  better  tell  than  they  of  the  gathering  of  the  components  of  the 
army  of  Bragg,  strongly  reenforced  from  both  east  and  west,  to  strike 
the  Federal  force  in  detail;  of  the  speedy  concentration  of  the  widely 
scattered  corps  and  divisions  of  the  Union  army  along  Chickamauga 
Creek,  so  soon  to  be  baptized  with  blood  in  an  immortal  name;  of  the 
delay  of  Bragg  to  take  the  initiative,  while  his  enemy  was  "exposed  in 
detail;"  of  the  terrific  charges  of  the  19th  of  September  made  with  the 
"historic  fierceness  of  the  primal  attacks  of  Southern  armies;"  of  the 
stout  resistance  of  the  fighting  brigades  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land; of  the  capture  and  recapture  of  cannon  and  their  indiscriminate 
use  on  both  sides  of  the  bloody  controversy;  of  the  struggle,  during  all 
the  day,  that  left  both  sides  exhausted;  of  the  coming  of  the  night  that 


96       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

brought  not  repose  nor  rest,  but  active  vigil  and  sleepless  movement, 
with  the  certainty  of  conflict  still  more  fierce  in  the  morning;  of  the 
coming  of  a  great  and  experienced  captain  during  the  night  in  the  per- 
son of  General  Longstreet,  with  three  brigades  of  veteran  fighters  from 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia;  of  the  renewal  of  the  combat  in  the 
early  dawn,  with  its  varying  and  uncertain  fortune,  to  that  critical  time 
when,  obeying  an  order  mistakenly  given,  Wood  moved  his  division  out 
of  line;  of  the  pouring  into  the  gap  thus  opened  of  the  charging  col- 
umns of  Longstreet ;  of  the  doubling  up  of  our  right,  the  capture  of  our 
guns  and  the  hurling  of  broken  brigades  and  disorganized  divisions 
back  upon  the  far  slopes  of  Missionary  Eidge  and  toward  Chattanooga; 
of  the  passing  to  that  objective  point  of  Generals  Eosecrans,  McCook, 
and  Crittenden,  with  the  shattered  but  not  demoralized  forces  of  our 
right;  of  the  ride  of  Garfield,  chief  of  staff,  to  where  stood  the  grand 
old  hero,  the  "Eock  of  Chicamauga,"  at  whose  unmoved  feet  the  high- 
est waves  of  battle  broke  into  surf  and  foam;  of  the  persistent,  furious, 
and  impetuous  attacks  on  the  small  force  on  Horseshoe  Eidge  that 
made  no  impression  on  that  firm,  impassive,  defensive  line  except  a 
slaughter  that  was  mutual ;  of  the  flanking  of  Brannan  by  the  left  wing 
of  the  Confederates  and  the  opportune  arrival  of  the  comparatively  fresh 
troops  of  Gordon  Granger,  which  was  like  the  coming  of  Blucher  to 
Wellington;  of  the  charge,  with  a  fury  born  of  deadly  peril,  of  the 
division  of  that  gallant  soldier,  Steedman,  that  saved  Thomas  from  a 
rear  attack  that  surely  meant  disaster  and  probably  imported  defeat 
and  rout;  of  the  giving  out  of  all  ammunition  and  the  holding  with 
grim  determination  of  Snodgrass  Hill  with  cold  steel ;  in  short,  of  a  con- 
test so  severe,  a  battle  so  tremendous  as  to  force  from  General  Hind- 
man  the  statement  that,  while  he  "had  never  seen  Confederate  troops 
fight  better,"  he  "had  never  seen  Federal  troops  fight  so  well." 

Again,  let  the  roll  of  glory  tell  its  story  of  heroic  sacrifice.  From 
Eosecraus's  army  of  50,905,  the  loss  was  10,179.  The  Confederates,  out 
of  71,551,  lost  17,804,  making  a  total  loss  in  the  most  precious  of  war 
material,  33,923. 

The  Army  of  the  Cumberland  felt  that  splendid  leadership  had  failed 
of  recognition,  arduous  service  had  been  poorly  requited,  and  the  sol- 
dierly merits  of  a  superb  strategist  grossly  ignored  when  Eosecrans 
was  deposed.  The  name  of  his  successor  in  command  reconciled  them 
to  the  change,  for  it  was  one  that  was  never  mentioned  by  them  save 
in  terms  of  endearment  and  with  tones  of  confidence,  for  it  was  the 
man  of  pure  mind,  large  heart,  and  noble  soul — "the  true  soldier, 
the  prudent  and  undaunted  commander,  the  modest  and  incorruptible 
patriot,  who  stands  as  the  model  American  soldier,  the  grandest  figure 
of  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  our  own  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas." 

Of  the  starvation  siege  of  Chattanooga;  the  coming  to  our  relief  and 
the  opening  of  our  "cracker  line"  by  our  brethren  from  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac;  of  the  "retort  courteous"  of  our  comrades  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee,  who,  as  we  had  gone  to  their  aid  at  Shiloh,  came  now 
to  our  assistance  here;  of  the  appearance  on  the  scene  of  the  great 
captain  of  the  war,  Grant,  and  his  able  and  aggressive  lieutenant, 
Sherman;  of  the  spectacular  battle  of  fighting  Joe  Hooker  against 
that  gallant  Confederate,  Walthall,  amidst  the  clouds  that  lowered 
about  the  front  of  lofty  Lookout  I  fain  would  speak,  but  passing  time 
forbids. 

But  how  can  I  refrain  amidst  these  surroundings  from  repeating  the 
oft  told  tale  of  Missionary  Eidge!  While  the  beleagured  army,  fore- 
going, if  not  forgetting,  the  pangs  of  hunger,  echoed  the  language  of 


CHICK  AM  AUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       97 

Thomas  in  his  telegram  to  Grant,  "We  will  hold  this  place  until  we 
starve,"  it  was  with  right  good  will  that  it  marched  out  in  front  of  its 
works  on  that  beautiful  November  morning,  being  ordered  to  make  a 
"demonstration"  and  relieve  the  pressure  on  Sherman  in  his  effort  to 
take  Tunnel  Hill,  the  right  flank  of  the  semicircular  natural  defense, 
composed  of  Missionary  Eidge,  with  its  crest  from  500  to  800  feet  above 
us,  around  to  Lookout  on  the  left  with  its  proud  head  over  2,000  feet 
above  the  town.  It  was  a  crescent,  with  defensive  works  erected  with 
engineering  skill,  bristling  with  guns  and  reflecting  threatening  lights 
as  the  sun  played  upon  the  musket  barrels  and  bayonets  in  the  hands 
of  skilled  and  brave  defenders.  It  looked  like  the  curve  of  the  cutting 
edge  of  a  huge  scimitar. 

Our  comrades  of  the  Tennessee  were  to  teach  us  how  to  fight  and  give 
an  object  lesson  to  the  men  of  Mill  Springs,  Shiloh,  Perryville,  Stone 
Eiver,  and  Chickainauga.  We  were  simply  to  make  a  "  demonstration." 
But  for  us,  to  demonstrate  meant  to  solve  the  problem. 

A  feeling  of  amity,  almost  of  fraternization,  had  existed  between  the 
picket  lines  in  front  of  Wood's  division  for  many  days.  In  the  early 
morning  of  that  day,  being  in  charge  of  the  left  of  our  picket  line,  I 
received  a  turn  out  and  salute  from  the  Confederate  reserve  as  I  rode 
the  line.  But  the  friendly  relation  was  soon  to  be  rudely  disturbed. 
My  pickets,  composed  of  the  Nineteenth  Ohio  and  the  Ninth  Kentucky, 
became  the  line  of  skirmishers.  Our  troops  being  well  out  of  their 
works,  we  advanced  with  our  left  resting  on  Citico  Creek,  and  I  believe 
that  from  these  regiments  came  the  first  shots  in  that  glorious  advance 
that  resulted  in  the  taking  of  Orchard  Knob. 

Baird's  and  Johnson's  divisions  of  Palmer's  corps  and  Sheridan's  and 
Wood's  divisions  of  Granger's  corps,  having  "demonstrated,"  were  per- 
mitted to  remain  during  the  night,  all  the  day  of  the  24th,  and  well  into 
the  afternoon  of  the  25th  before  they  were  again  called  upon.  With 
impatient  joy  they  had  witnessed  the  Stars  and  Stripes  raised  on  Look- 
out's crest  and  heard  the  guns  of  Hooker  on  the  enemy's  left.  The  evi- 
dences of  the  hard  fighting  by  Sherman  and  the  stubborn  resistance 
Bragg's  right  was  giving  him  were  borne  on  every  wind.  The  flanking 
assaults  upon  the  Eidge  were  not  achieving  success.  There  must  be 
another  "demonstration"  by  the  center.  Grant  stands  on  Orchard 
Knob,  silently  smoking  the  inevitable  cigar.  He  sees  the  heavy  work 
to  right  and  left  and  that  the  waning  day  is  showing  its  lengthening 
shadows.  The  center  must  again  relieve  the  pressure.  To  Thomas 
goes  the  order:  "Take  the  rifle-pits  at  the  foot  of  the  ridge.  At  the 
six-gun  signal  from  Orchard  Knob  advance  the  lines  to  the  attack." 
Baird,  Wood,  Sheridan,  and  Johnson  were  quickly  in  line  in  the  order 
named  from  left  to  right. 

Eestlessly  they  await  the  signal.  It  is  well  on  to  4  o'clock.  At  last 
the  sharp  report  of  a  cannon  from  the  knob !  Another !  and  another ! 
and  in  quick  succession  the  six  have  thundered  forth  the  order  for  the 
charge. 

To  your  feet  and  forward,  men  of  the  Cumberland !  "Take  the  rifle 
pits  at  the  foot  of  the  ridge,"  is  the  order.  How  splendidly  they  respond. 
Adding  emphasis  to  their  loud  huzzas  is  the  noise  of  the  light  artillery 
on  the  plain  and  the  deep  roar  of  the  big  siege  guns  in  the  forts  of 
Chattanooga.  The  crest  of  the  ridge  throws  its  full  weight  of  metal 
at  the  lines  in  blue.  The  musketry  fire  from  the  pits  is  full  in  their 
faces.  But  neither  shot  nor  shell  can  stop  that  impetuous  advance. 
On  and  on  they  go,  surmounting  every  obstacle.  The  order  is  obeyed. 

The  rifle  pits  are  ours  and  their  late  defenders  our  prisoners.  How 
S.  Eep.  637 7 


98      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  gray  jackets  hasten  to  the  rear.  We  wondered  at  their  haste,  but 
soon  understood  it  when  the  guns  of  the  ridge,  depressed  to  sweep  the 
pits,  seemed  to  open  the  gates  of  hell  itself  upon  us. 

We  can  not  stay.  Must  we  fall  back?  Perish  the  thought.  No! 
No !  No  order  given,  and  yet  to  every  man  the  impulse.  Forward  the 
whole  line!  To  the  crest  of  the  ridge  and  take  the  guns!  Every  man 
forward ! 

Grape  and  canister  from  fifty  cannon  forbid  the  advance.  Wood, 
Sheridan,  Baird,  Johnson,  Willich,  Hazen,  Beatty,  Carlin,  Turchin, 
Vanderveer,  catching  the  spirit  from  the  men,  shout,  ll Up, boys!  To 
the  top!"  and  grape  and  canister,  wounds  and  death  are  forgotten. 

On  and  on  and  up  and  up  we  go.  "while  all  the  world  wondered." 
Grant  turns  to  Thomas,  and,  with  distress  if  not  anger  in  his  voice, 
says,  "  Who  ordered  those  men  up  the  ridge  ? "  Eeplies  our  old  hero,  "  I 
don't  know;  I  did  not."  Says  Grant,  "Granger,  did  you!"  "No," 
says  Granger,  "they  started  without  orders.  When  those  fellows  get 
started  all  hell  can't  stop  them." 

With  hearts  in  their  throats  these  anxious  chieftains  watched.  The 
spectators  in  Chattanooga  hold  their  breath  in  terrible  suspense.  It 
looks  a  desperate  venture,  a  foolhardy  effort.  Can  they  make  the  top, 
or  will  they  be  driven  back  to  the  plain,  with  columns  broken  and  ranks 
disordered  ? 

The  musketry  fire  from  the  intrenched  line  in  gray  is  murderous.  The 
cannon  belch  forth  incessantly. 

"It  is  as  though  men  fought  upon  the  earth  and  fiends  in  upper  air." 
Not  a  shot  from  the  wedge-shaped  lines  in  blue  as  they  advance  with 
the  colors  of  regiments  at  the  apex  of  the  triangles.  Sixty  regimental 
banners  in  rivalry  for  the  lead!  Colors  fall  as  their  bearers  sink  in 
death,  but  other  stout  arms  nerved  by  brave  hearts  bear  the  flag  aloft. 

Ah !  the  lines  waver !  They  can  not  make  it !  But  repulse  means 
defeat  and  the  loss  of  all  we  have  gained. 

Look !  again  they  go  forward !  Will  they  reach  the  crest?  See!  the 
a'nswer !  A  flag !  the  nation's  flag !  Our  flag  upon  the  top !  Another, 
and  yet  another !  The  crest  breaks  out  in  glory !  It  is  the  apotheosis  of 
the  banner  of  the  free! 

The  rebel  lines  are  broken !  We  are  into  their  works !  Cheer  upon 
cheer  "set  the  wild  echoes  flying"  from  Tunnel  Hill  to  Lookout !  They 
tell  of  victory !  glorious,  exultant  victory. 

Forty  pieces  of  cannon  and  7,000  stand  of  arms  with  6,000  prisoners 
captured  give  emphasis  to  the  story. 

The  bars  are  down  for  entrance  next  campaign  to  Atlanta,  gate  city 
of  the  South. 

How  vividly  we  recall  the  winter  movement  into  East  Tennessee  for 
the  relief  of  Burnside,  penned  up  in  Knoxville,  and  the  reenlistment 
"for  during  the  war"  of  the  veteran  soldiers.  We  can  give  it  brief  men- 
tion only,  but  I  would  love  to  tell  of  the  campaign  of  the  summer  of 
1864  in  Georgia — of  the  start  in  early  May  from  Einggold,  Gordon's  Mills, 
and  Eed  Clay  of  the  three  great  armies  of  the  West  under  the  leader- 
ship of  their  commanders — McPherson,  so  soon  to  fall  upon  the  field  of 
glory;  Schofield,  who  yet  lives  to  receive  from  a  grateful  country  the 
recognition  of  his  services  and  fame,  and  Thomas,  the  steady,  the  ever 
sure,  all  under  the  command  of  that  military  genius  William  Tecumseh 
Sherman,  and  how  they  swept  with  uniformity  of  success  and  constant 
contest  until  they  entered  Atlanta  in  early  September. 

Mr.  President,  three  great  rivers  have  their  source  in  sections  remote 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       99 

from  eacli  other,  and  taking  their  winding  course  by  mountains  and 
through  plain  unite  to  give  the  Father  of  Waters  that  mighty  current 
that  insures  to  the  country  he  traverses  prosperity  and  power.  With 
sources  far  apart  they  have  a  common  destination,  and  in  generous 
rivalry  their  waters  flow,  each  helping  the  other  to  the  accomplishment 
of  the  same  purpose. 

Most  happy  the  thought  that,  recognizing  the  parallel,  gave  to  these 
three  grand  western  armies  that  united  in  the  advance  on  Atlanta, 
numbering  100,000  men,  the  names  of  these  mighty  rivers  that  drain  a 
continent — the  Ohio,  the  Tennessee,  and  the  Cumberland. 

Organized  at  different  times  at  places  far  apart  they  met  in  Georgia, 
and  in  the  steady  flow  of  their  generous  rivalry  contributed  to  the 
common  cause,  labored  for  the  same  purpose,  and  as  the  result  of  their 
supreme  efforts,  separate  yet  combined,  a  nation,  glorious  and  united, 
instinct  with  power,  alive  with  progress,  rejoices  in  its  salvation  and 
rests  calmly  assured  of  perpetuity.  Each  gave  to  the  other  the  strong 
hand  of  assistance,  and  all  united  in  help,  support,  and  succor.  Thus 
joined  they  made  of  the  Atlanta  campaign  one  that  is  unprecedented 
in  the  annals  of  war.  It  is  a  study  in  grand  strategy. 

Under  the  able  leadership  of  a  great  Confederate,  Gen.  Joseph  E. 
Johnston,  the  Army  of  the  Southwest,  with  Hardee,  Polk,  Stewart,  and 
Wheeler  commanding  corps,  made  a  fighting  retreat  most  masterly, 
challenging  the  admiration  of  every  military  student. 

General  Scott  said  early  in  the  war : 

"  Beware  of  Lee  advancing  and  watch  Johnston  at  a  stand,  for  the  devil  himself 
would  be  defeated  in  the  attempt  to  whip  him  retreating." 

The  history  of  that  well-conducted  retreat  from  Dalton  to  Atlanta, 
with  its  wonderful  preservation  of  material,  men,  and  morale,  justified 
the  characteristic  compliment  of  the  old  soldier. 

We  inscribed  upon  our  regimental  banners  many  bright  names,  among 
them  Dalton,  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Resaca,  Allatoona,  Pumpkin  Vine 
Creek,  Dallas,  New  Hope  Church,  Kenesaw  (where  the  lamented  Har- 
ker  and  gallant  Dan  McCook  met  their  glorious  fate),  Peach  Tree  Creek, 
Chattahootchie,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Lovejoy's  Station. 

It  was  over  one  hundred  days  of  constant  fighting  in  which  Sher- 
man's loss  was,  killed  4,423,  wounded  22,822,  missing  4,442 ;  total,  31,687. 
The  Confederate  loss  was  3,044  killed,  18,952  wounded,  12,983  captured ; 
total,  34,979.  These  suggestive  figure'  show  the  desperate  character 
of  the  campaign. 

One  of  its  wonders  to  me  was  the  manner  in  which  our  long  line  of 
communication  with  the  point  of  supply  was  sustained.  Five  hundred 
miles  of  railroad  to  the  Ohio  River,  and  yet  the  welcome  shriek  of  the 
locomotive  followed  us  with  the  move  of  every  day. 

Says  Carlyle,  "An  army,  like  a  serpent,  goes  upon  its  belly,"  and  that 
great  army  of  100,000  men  was  seldom  hungry  on  the  movement  to 
Atlanta. 

We  captured  50  pieces  of  cannon,  many  of  them  siege  guns,  25,000 
stand  of  arms,  a  vast  amount  of  war  material  impossible  for  the  Con- 
federacy to  replace,  occupied  more  new  territory  and  opened  the  gate 
for  that  "March  to  the  Sea,"  which  served  to  stamp  out  the  expiring 
embers  of  the  rebellion. 

Men  of  the  Cumberland  were  of  that  famous  march,  but  their  duty 
was  a  pleasure  jaunt  compared  with  the  work  of  their  comrades  who 
remained  to  resist  and  fight  the  army  of  Hood — alert,  vigorous,  and 


100      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

experienced.  Would  that  time  would  permit  me  to  tell  of  Franklin, 
with  the  splendid  exhibition  of  manly  courage  from  Stanley  and 
Opdycke  and  of  glorious  Nashville,  the  last  signal  victory  and  the  final 
and  decisive  battle  of  the  West. 

December,  1864,  saw  the  end,  when  the  disheartened  remnant  of 
Hood's  army  was  driven  for  the  last  time  across  the  Tennessee.  As 
General  Thomas  expressed  it  in  his  congratulatory  order: 

"It  Lad  been  finally  sent  flying,  dismayed  and  disordered,  from  whence  it  came 
impelled  by  the  instincts  of  self-preservation." 

Stating  to  his  victorious  troops  the  result  of  their  Dhenomenal  cam- 
paign, he  said : 

"  You  have  diminished  the  force  of  the  rebel  army  since  it  crossed  the  Tennessee 
River  to  invade  the  State,  at  the  least  estimate,  15,000  men,  among  whom  were  killed, 
wounded,  and  captured,  eighteen  general  officers.  Your  captures  from  the  enemy, 
so  far  as  reported,  amount  to  68  pieces  of  artillery,  10,000  prisoners,  as  many  stand 
of  small  arms — several  thousand  of  which  have  been  gathered  in,  and  the  remainder 
strew  the  route  of  the  enemy's  retreat — and  between  thirty  and  forty  nags,  besides 
compelling  him  to  destroy  much  ammunition  and  abandon  many  wagons." 

Colonel  Fox,  in  his  valuable  work  on  the  Losses  in  the  American 
Civil  War,  says  that  battles  are  considered  great  in  proportion  to  the 
loss  of  life  resulting  from  them,  and  that  the  history  of  a  battle  should 
always  be  studied  in  connection  with  the  figures  that  show  the  losses. 
The  suggestiom  is  founded  in  truth,  and  tried  by  that  standard  the 
importance  of  the  great  battles  fought  by  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland 
are  already  shown.  The  later  gauge  or  measure  of  importance  is  usually 
comparison  with  the  loss  sustained  at  Waterloo  or  Gettysburg,  the 
greatest  fields  of  the  present  century.  Compared  with  them,  and  taking 
the  percentage  of  loss  to  the  numbers  engaged,  many  of  the  battles 
entirely  fought  or  participated  in  by  the  Cumberland  are  at  no  disad- 
vantage. It  is  true  of  Shiloh,  Perryville,  Stone  Eiver,  and  Chicka- 
mauga,  and  the  percentage  of  loss  to  the  troops  engaged  in  the  battles 
about  Atlanta  and  at  Mission  Eidge  is  nearly  as  great. 

The  desperate  and  deadly  character  of  the  fighting  of  Americans 
from  North  or  South  is  shown  by  consulting  the  very  interesting  figures 
given  by  Colonel  Fox,  and  gathered  also  by  that  dashing  cavalryman, 
so  pestiferously  annoying  at  times  in  our  rear,  Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler, 
late  of  the  Confederate,  now  of  the  United,  States. 

At  Waterloo,  while  the  loss  to  the  French  army  was  much  in  excess, 
and  unobtainable  with  accuracy,  Wellington's  loss  was  but  12  per  cent. 
At  Gettysburg  the  Federal  loss  was  25  per  cent,  and  the  Confederate  30 
per  cent.  At  Shiloh  the  loss  to  the  army  of  Grant  and  that  of  his  enemy 
proportionately  equaled  Gettysburg,  and  at  Chickamauga  the  total  loss 
was  over  25  per  cent  of  the  entire  force  of  both  armies,  and  of  the 
troops  actually  engaged  both  days  it  exceeds  33  per  cent.  Lougstreet's 
division  lost  the  second  day  44  per  cent,  and  Steedman  lost  49  per  cent 
in  four  hours  of  heroic  fighting.  Bate's  brigade,  of  theirs,  lost  nearly 
49  per  cent,  and  Vander veer's  brigade,  of  ours,  a  fraction  less  than  50 
per  cent.  Regimental  losses  were  at  times  terribly  severe.  I  may  be 
pardoned  the  statement  that  my  own  regiment  at  Stone's  River  lost 
over  40  per  cent. 

These  figures  are  most  startling  when  compared  with  destruction  of 
men  in  battles  declared  by  historians  to  have  been  most  sanguinary. 
At  Wagrain  Napoleon  lost  but  5  per  cent,  and  at  Marengo  and  Auster- 
litz  less  than  15  per  cent.  At  Malplaquet  Marlborough  lost  but  10,  and 
at  Ramillies  but  6  per  cent.  At  Worth  and  Sedan  the  average  loss  of 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       101 

both  armies  was  12  per  cent.    The  charge  of  the  Light  Brigade  at  Bal- 
aklava  has  been  immortalized  by  Tennyson : 

"  Cannon  to  right  of  them, 
CaDuon  to  left  of  them, 
Cannon  in  front  of  them, 

Volleyed  and  thundered ! 
Stormed  at  with  shot  and  shell, 
Boldly  they  rode  and  well, 
Into  the  jaws  of  Death, 
Into  the  mouth  of  Hell, 

Rode  the  six  hundred." 

Yet  of  those  who  rode  in,  673  in  number,  there  rode  back  426  who 
were  unscratched,  for  there  were  killed,  113;  wounded,  134;  being  a 
total  of  247,  or  36.7  per  cent. 

The  number  of  regiments,  of  armies,  engaged  in  our  war  that  exceed 
that  percentage  in  a  single  engagement  can  be  counted  by  the  score. 
It  is  claimed  that  Helm's  brigade  of  Breckinridge's  division  lost  75  per 
cent  of  its  fighting  force,  and  its  gallant  leader  was  numbered  with  its 
slain. 

You  will  pardon  this  digression  for  the  showing  that  it  makes  of  the 
bravery,  tenacity,  nerve,  and  verve  of  the  American.  1  pray  to  God 
that  through  all  future  time  its  exertion  may  be  directed  against  foreign 
and  not  domestic  foes.  We  fight  too  hard  to  combat  with  each  other. 

The  battle  of  Nashville  practically  closed  the  war  in  the  West,  and 
in  a  few  months  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  dissolved,  and  the  men 
who  had  carried  the  flag  of  the  nation  in  the  forefront  of  battle,  and 
the  scenes  of  whose  high  emprise  I  have  faintly  portrayed,  were  swal- 
lowed up  in  the  great  body  of  the  American  people.  Their  work 
accomplished,  this,  like  the  other  great  armies  of  the  Kepublic,  melted 
away  at  the  command  of  the  Government,  whose  call  to  arms  had  given 
them  life,  as  the  morning  vapor  before  the  rising  sun.  Quietly  and 
without  disorder  they  stacked  their  arms,  dropped  the  garb  of  war, 
and  took  upon  themselves  the  duties  of  civil  life.  They  crowd  the 
busy  avenues  of  commerce,  and  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  marts  of 
industry  and  places  of  endeavor. 

The  hand  that  dropped  the  musket  seized  the  plow,  the  good  right 
arm  that  wielded  the  saber  with  destructive  force  impelled  the  saw  and 
plane,  and  the  swords  of  the  leaders  of  charging  hosts  were  dropped  for 
the  pens  that  have  proved  to  be  mightier  weapons  on  change,  in  the 
busy  mart,  the  office,  or  in  the  councils  of  the  nation. 

Likewise  has  disappeared  that  splendid  body  of  men  who  fought  so 
courageously  and  sacrined  so  much  for  the  "lost  cause."  They  have 
accepted  the  result  manfully,  hopefully,  patriotically.  The  two  con- 
tending forces  are  blended.  They  are  united  in  devotion  to  one  flag, 
one  nation,  one  destiny.  There  is  no  line  of  division  now  between 
those  who  wore  the  blue  and  those  who  wore  the  gray.  Their  blend- 
ing has  brought  the  neutral  tint,  gratifying  every  sense,  indicative  of 
rest  and  peace. 

My  comrades  and  my  countrymen,  have  no  fear  for  the  Kepublic.  It 
is  based  upon  man's  love  of  liberty,  its  structure  embedded  in  equal 
rights  to  all,  and  is  cemented  by  the  blood  of  our  slain.  Let  the  pessi- 
mist feel  disturbed,  false  prophets  scent  danger  in  the  signs  of  the 
times,  and  give  forth  forebodings  of  evil  to  come. 

Be  not  dismayed!  This  "government  of  the  people,  by  the  people, 
and  for  the  people  shall  not  perish  from  the  earth."  It  has — 

"Our  hearts,  our  hopes,  our  prayers,  our  tears; 
Our  faith  triumphant  o'er  our  fears." 


102      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

And  that  faith  springs  eternal  in  the  perpetuity  of  this  greatest  of 
Bepublics,  chiefest  of  Nations ! 

"God  uncovered  the  land 

That  he  hid  of  old  time  in  the  West, 
As  the  sculptor  uncovers  the  statue 

When  he  has  wrought  his  best. 

"O,  thou,  my  country,  may  the  future  see 
Thy  shape  majestic  stand  supreme  as  now, 
And  every  stain  which  mars  thy  starry  robe 
In  the  white  sun  of  truth  be  bleached  away ! 
Holil  thy  grand  posture  with  unswerving  mien, 
Firm  as  a  statue  proud  of  its  bright  form, 
Whose  purity  would  daunt  the  vandal  hand 
In  fury  raised  to  shatter!     From  thine  eye 
Let  the  clear  light  of  freedom  be  dispread, 
The  broad,  unclouded,  stationary  noon ! 
Still  with  thyright  hand  on  the  fasces  lean, 
And  with  the  other  point  the  living  source 
Whence  all  thy  glory  comes ;  and  Avhere  unseen, 
But  still  all  seeing,  the  great  patriot  souls 
Whose  swords  and  wisdom  left  us  thus  enrich'd, 
Look  down  and  note  how  we  fulfill  our  trust! 
Still  hold  beneath  thy  fix'd  and  saudal'd  foot 
The  broken  scepter  and  the  tyrant's  gyves; 
And  let  thy  stature  shine  above  the  world, 
A  form  of  terror  and  of  loveliness ! " 

Following  the  distinguished  orator,  the  Arion  Glee  Club  rendered 
Tenting  on  the  Old  Camp  Ground,  the  audience  joining  in  the  chorus 
at  the  close  of  the  final  verse.  An  encore  was  vociferously  demanded, 
and  Marching  through  Georgia  was  sung. 

General  MORGAN.  We  have  the  present  commander  of  the  American 
Army  with  us,  Lieutenant- General  Schofield,  and  I  will  now  call  upon 
him  to  address  you. 


ADDRESS  OF  LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  SCHOFIELD. 

COMRADES  :  Every  year  the  services  you  rendered  to  our  common 
country  in  the  time  of  her  sorest  need  appear  greater  and  greater,  and 
your  heroic  deeds  shine  with  increasing  luster.  But  since  that  period 
you  have  won  a  greater  victory  than  that  which  crowned  your  arms 
upon  the  field  of  battle. 

It  was  well  asked  in  1861 : 

What  good  can  possibly  result  from  a  political  union  that  does  not  carry  with  it 
union  of  sentiment,  of  interest,  and  of  patriotic  devotion — union  of  the  hearts  of 
the  people? 

On  the  other  hand  it  was  asked : 

What  possible  guaranty  of  peace  and  friendship  can  be  given  in  a  division  of  the 
United  States  into  two  unfriendly  nations,  separated  by  an  arbitrary  line,  and  con- 
stantly exposed  to  conflict  of  interest  and  policy? 

A  large  majority  of  the  American  people  determined  to  preserve  the 
national  political  union  and  trust  to  the  future  for  that  union  of  hearts 
which  would  make  the  political  union  subserve  the  best  interests  of  the 
nation  and  of  mankind.  By  your  justice  and  generosity  in  the  hour  of 
victory,  and  by  your  constant  brotherly  conduct  in  extending  the  right 
hand  of  fellowship  to  your  Southern  brethren,  you  have  finally  won 
the  greatest  victory  of  which  man  is  capable.  It  is  a  victory  of  reason 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       103 

and  good  will  over  prejudice  and  passion.  It  is  a  victory  in  which  the 
former  conqueror  and  conquered  are  now  alike  victorious.  Your 
Southern  brethren,  by  their  heroic  conduct  in  accepting  the  results  of 
civil  strife,  devoting  themselves  with  untiring  effort  to  the  restoration 
of  civil  government  and  domestic  industries  destroyed  by  war,  and  by 
manifestation  in  the  most  unequivocal  manner  of  loyalty  to  the  restored 
Union,  have  nobly  done  their  part  in  gaining  this  great  victory  which 
has  made  the  people  of  the  United  States  one  and  indivisible  forever. 
This  is  the  victory  of  peace,  more  renowned  than  any  victory  of  war. 

You,  my  comrades,  are  now  able  to  rejoice  in  the  full  fruits  of  your 
heroic  sacrifice  and  of  the  blood  of  your  comrades,  which  watered  the 
fields  of  the  South,  but  was  not  shed  in  vain. 

The  fierce  conflict  which  swept  the  fields  of  Chattanooga,  Chicka- 
rnauga,  Antietain,  Gettysburg,  Shiloh,  Franklin,  Nashville,  Atlanta, 
and  the  ever  memorable  fields  of  Virginia  was  the  storm  which  cleared 
the  political  atmosphere  of  our  country  and  made  it  fit  to  support  the 
life  of  the  free,  enlightened,  patriotic,  and  united  people  of  to-day. 
This,  my  comrades,  is  the  great  fruit  of  your  heroic  sacrifice  in  war 
and  of  your  patriotic  and  fraternal  conduct,  and  that  of  your  brethren 
in  the  South  since  they  returned  to  their  allegiance  to  the  flag  of  our 
common  country. 

Gen.  Grenville  M.  Dodge,  president  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee,  was  introduced  by  General  Morgan,  and  followed  General 
Schofield. 

ADDRESS  OF  GENERAL  DODGE. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT  AND  COMRADES  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  CUMBER- 
LAND :  In  thanking  you  for  your  cordial  greeting,  you  will  expect  me  to 
say  something  to  you  about  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

You  have  all  seen  it,  stood  many  a  time  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  it, 
heard  its  praises  sounded,  know  its  record,  and  anything  I  could  have 
to  say  about  it  would  not  be  new  to  you. 

The  armies  of  the  Cumberland  and  the  Tennessee  have  been  so  inter- 
woven in  our  campaigns,  and  stood  together  on  so  many  fields,  that  we 
are  one  family,  and  the  praise  of  one  army  redounds  to  the  credit  of 
the  other ;  and  with  this  feeling  I  will  be  excused  if  1  quote  the  tribute 
of  that  modest  soldier,  now  dead,  who  never  claimed  anything  for  him- 
self, but  only  for  his  armies,  General  Grant.  In  speaking  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee,  he  said : 

As  an  army  it  never  sustained  a  single  defeat  during  four  years  of  war.  Every 
fortification  which  it  assailed  surrendered.  Every  force  arrayed  against  it  was 
either  defeated,  captured,  or  destroyed.  No  officer  was  ever  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  that  army  who  had  afterwards  to  be  relieved  from  it  or  to  be  reduced  to 
another  command.  Such  a  history  is  not  accident. 

In  the  war  there  was  an  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  an  Army  of  the 
Tennessee,  an  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  other  noted  armies.  We  used 
to  hear  a  great  deal  about  them,  but  my  observation  was  when  a  cam- 
paign was  on,  when  there  was  fighting  to  be  done,  or  when  one  army 
was  called  upon  to  aid  another,  the  armies  in  name  did  not  exist;  they 
went  as  one  man,  as  one  division,  as  one  corps,  as  one  army — for  the 
enemy  and  for  results;  and  they  generally  obtained  them;  and,  as  far 
as  I  know,  the  same  feeling  exists  to-day  as  existed  then,  and  while  it 
was  not  my  good  fortune  to  serve  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  I 
had  a  more  difficult  and  not  so  congenial  a  task  to  command  a  corps  of 
another  army  while  being  located  in  the  Department  of  the  Cumber- 


1 04      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

land,  with  its  authority  over  the  territory  and  mine  over  only  my 
command. 

Perhaps  some  of  you  have  been  there;  if  you  have,  you  know  how  I 
was  situated,  and  while  thus  situated  I  came  to  know  you  and  your 
own  great  commander,  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas,  and  who  from  that 
acquaintance  became  a  warm  personal  friend  of  mine,  which  friendship 
lasted  until  his  death. 

While  the  Sixteenth  Army  Corps  was  stretched  out  from  Columbus 
to  Decatur,  in  the  winter  of  1863,  rebuilding  the  railway  from  Nash- 
ville to  Decatur  and  toward  Hunts ville,  it  was  necessary  for  me  to  live 
off  the  country  and  feed  12,000  men  and  10,000  animals,  as  we  had  no 
communication  with  any  depot  by  rail  or  water,  and  when  General 
Sherman  halted  me  there  he  intimated  that  it  rested  with  me  how  long 
it  would  be  before  we  would  get  something  to  eat  from  Uncle  Sain.  In 
fact,  he  told  me  the  sooner  I  got  rail  communications  with  Nashville  the 
sooner  we  would  reach  supplies.  In  building  this  line  I  gave  it  personal 
attention,  as  it  was  a  difficult  task — high  bridges,  swift  streams,  and 
some  of  it  dangerous  work. 

I  was  ordered  to  do  the  work  by  General  Grant,  as  he  believed  I  could 
rebuild  or  destroy  a  railway  rapidly,  as  it  was  my  profession.  Naturally, 
troops  stretched  over  a  territory  in  the  richest  portion  of  Tennessee, 
foraging  for  a  distance  of  50  miles  on  each  side  of  the  line,  committed 
many  depredations,  and  the  citizens  were  indignant. 

I  issued  an  order  stating  that  if  the  people  brought  me  their  products, 
I -would  buy  and  pay  for  them  without  any  regard  to  their  loyalty;  but 
if  I  went  after  them  I  would  take  them  without  any  receipt  or  payment. 
These  complaints  of  my  depredations  naturally  were  sent  to  the  post 
commanders  who  belonged  to  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  and  its 
department.  Their  indorsements  upon  the  complaints,  as  they  went 
along  up,  were  neither  mild  nor  choice,  and  when  you  rounded  them  all 
up,  they  resulted  in  the  natural  conclusion  that  Dodge  and  his  Six- 
teenth Corps  were  all  robbers,  cutthroats,  thieves,  etc.,  and  one  uni- 
versal appeal  went  forth  for  their  suppression.  They  finally  reached 
General  Thomas.  I  have  no  doubt  that  they  appalled  him,  as  they  did 
me,  when  I  saw  them  afterwards;  but  General  Thomas,  for  some  reason, 
in  forwarding  the  complaints  to  General  Grant  did  not  make  any  com- 
plaint. He  tried  to  excuse  the  action  of  my  troops  by  remarking  that 
Dodge  was  probably  so  busy  with  his  other  duties  that  he  was  not 
aware  of  what  was  going  on.  The  fact  was,  I  had  no  knowledge  of  it 
whatever,  as  none  of  the  complaints  came  to  me.  General  Grant  put 
his  foot  on  them  pretty  solidly  and  reproved  the  iudorsers  severely, 
and  as  the  papers  came  back,  no  doubt  they  all  thought  Grant  was  on 
my  side,  as  he  paid  the  highest  compliments  to  the  corps  and  explained 
how  necessary  it  was  for  us  to  forage  to  live. 

When  the  papers  reached  me  I  was  appalled  at  the  complaints  made, 
and  immediately  investigated  thoroughly.  I  found  some  causv  and 
punished  the  parties,  but,  generally,  when  these  complaints  were  sifted, 
it  was  a  rebel  view  of  a  Union  soldier's  acts. 

As  soon  as  I  received  the  document  with  the  numerous  indorsements, 
I  immediately  wrote  General  Thomas,  thanking  him  for  his  considera- 
tion in  the  matter.  After  that,  no  one  that  I  am  aware  of  in  the  depart- 
ment entered  any  more  complaints. 

In  the  spring  of  1864,  I  moved  with  the  rest  of  the  army,  but  did  not 
meet  General  Thomas  until  after  Resaca,  when  he  came  to  see  me,  and 
I  noticed  his  marked  friendliness  to  me,  and  so  did  others,  and  during 
our  campaign  I  received  many  indications  of  his  kindness.  He  appeared 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       105 

to  want  it  known  by  others.  Of  course  this  was  a  great  thing  for  me, 
as  I  was  a  young  officer,  with  a  command  beyond  my  rank  and  experi- 
ence. However,  after  Atlanta  fell,  I  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the 
Department  of  the  Missouri.  The  first  order  I  received  was  from  the 
Secretary  of  War,  Mr.  Stanton,  who  forwarded  a  dispatch  from  General 
Grant,  telling  me  to  send  General  Thomas  at  Nashville  all  the  troops 
I  could  spare,  and  I  then  had  the  opportunity  of  reciprocating  some  of 
Thomas's  though tfulness  and  kindness,  as  I  was  in  a  department  with- 
out an  organized  army  against  me.  I  sent  General  Thomas  every 
organized  regiment  and  command  in  my  department.  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith 
and  his  entire  command  moved  first,  and  I  added  to  it  all  the  regiments 
scattered  over  the  whole  department  guarding  railways  and  towns, 
calling  upon  the  militia  in  that  State  to  take  their  places.  It  brought 
upon  my  head  a  protest  from  every  portion  of  the  State,  but  I  could 
not  see  the  necessity  of  holding  troops  to  guard  citizens  when  Thomas 
was  confronted  by  a  rebel  army,  and  so,  as  I  have  said,  I  had  left  but 
a  few  detachments  of  volunteers  and  the  Missouri  State  militia.  I  was 
in  communication  daily  with  General  Thomas,  and  he  saw  and  appre- 
ciated my  efforts. 

Some  of  my  troops  got  frozen  in  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  I  had 
to  unload  them  and  forward  them  by  rail,  but  they  all  reached  him  and 
took  part  in  the  great  move  to  the  right  when  Hood's  left  was  turned 
and  crushed  under  the  attacks  of  that  superb  soldier,  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith. 

After  the  war,  General  Thomas  was  assigned  to  duty  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  En  route  there  he  stopped  with  his  wife  at  my  home  in  Council 
Bluffs,  Iowa,  and  made  me  a  short  visit  and  renewed  our  acquaintance 
of  the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  thanked  me  in  person  for  my  efforts  to 
aid  him  at  Nashville.  He  was  then  hale  and  hearty,  and,  so  far  as  I 
could  see,  very  happy.  He  was  pleased  with  the  assignment  to  the 
Pacific  division,  and  was  going  to  renew  old  acquaintances,  when  I  bid 
him  good-by  at  the  depot,  and  as  we  parted  I  concluded  that  the  proper 
name  had  been  given  him,  the  "Rock  of  Chickamauga." 

I  think  General  Sherman  sized  General  Thomas  up  correctly,  when 
he  used  to  swing  the  Armies  of  the  Tennessee  or  Ohio  from  one  flank  to 
the  other,  when  he  said  if  the  enemy  did  crush  him,  there  was  Thomas, 
with  his  great  army  as  a  center,  which  it  would  be  impossible  for  John- 
son or  Hood  to  defeat. 

And  now  let  me  say  that  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  appreciates 
fully  the  kindness  and  courtesy  and  the  great  honor  of  being  present 
here  with  you  to-night.  It  is  an  occasion  never  to  be  forgotten,  and 
only  cements  more  firmly,  if  possible,  those  friendships  formed  when 
each  was  struggling  to  save  the  life  of  a  nation. 

We  extend  to  you  our  thanks,  and  we  hope  some  day  to  see  you  in  a 
body  at  one  of  our  reunions,  where  we  will  promise  you  as  hearty  a  wel- 
come as  we  have  received  from  you;  more  we  could  not  do. 

General  MORGAN.  A  belated  train  deprives  us  of  the  presence  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  so  I  will  call  upon  General  Butterfield,  General 
Hooker's  chief  of  staff. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  DANIEL  BUTTERFIELD. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT  AND  COMRADES  :  To  speak  of  General  Hooker  and 
his  forces  brought  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  here,  with  a  view  of 
doing  justice  to  the  work  and  the  merits  of  both,  in  the  great  struggle 
which  brought  all  the  armies  here  represented  into  existence,  would 
demand  time  beyond  the  limits  to  spare  on  an  occasion  like  this. 


106      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

I  must  not  exceed  the  limits  of  proper  thanks  for  your  kindly  and 
fraternal  remembrance  in  a  brief  re"sum6  of  the  service  of  the  detach- 
ment sent  out  to  reenforce  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  in  its  hour  of 
great  trial,  and  in  a  few  words  of  its  commander,  that  splendid  soldier, 
Geu.  Joseph  Hooker. 

The  failure  to  forward  serviceable  information  on  the  part  of  our 
Government  and  commanders  in  the  East,  with  the  skill  and  ability  of 
our  opponents,  permitted  Longstreet's  corps  to  be  detached  from  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia  under  Lee,  in  the  presence  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  under  Meade,  and  fall  upon  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland 
with  superior  forces,  while  its  commander,  General  Eosecraus,  had  been 
assured  that  no  troops  had  been  so  detached. 

Their  arrival  surprised  Eosecrans  at  Chickamauga  and  produced  a 
result  calling  for  immediate  reenforcements. 

That  reenforcement,  sent  when  the  gallant  Army  of  the  Cumberland 
was  on  the  verge  of  starvation,  accomplished  its  immediate  purpose  in 
opening  up  the  line  of  communication  with  Chattanooga,  that  Eose- 
crans's  most  brilliant  strategy  had  conquered,  and  made  possible  a  new 
and  future  base  of  operations,  which,  but  for  the  timely  arrival  of 
Hooker  with  our  Potomac  troops,  might  possibly  have  been  lost  through 
the  strength  of  the  reenforced  enemy. 

That  detachment  under  General  Hooker  subsequently  became  part 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  until  separated  and  merged  into  the 
Army  of  Georgia  under  General  Sherman,  for  the  great  pictorial  march 
to  the  sea,  while  its  gallant  and  best-loved  commander,  the  grand  sol- 
dier, whom  every  true  patriot  and  soldier  that  served  under  him  placed 
at  the  highest  pinnacle  for  ability  and  true  greatness,  George  H. 
Thomas,  was  left  to  guard  and  defend  the  lines  and  territory  which 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  had  conquered. 

This  brief  outline  covers  the  events  which  brought  together  two  corps 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  with  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  and 
made  them  part  of  that  army.  This  service  caused  your  special  recog- 
nition to  day,  and  through  its  results  a  knowledge  on  the  part  of  all 
who  participated  of  the  character  and  training  of  both  armies. 

There  is  no  similar  instance  to  my  knowledge  where  a  body  of  troops, 
equal  to  a  small  army,  moved  to  and  incorporated  with  another  and  a 
larger  army  under  a  new  commander,  ever  so  quickly,  so  thoroughly, 
and  so  absolutely  became  inspired  with  enthusiastic  admiration,  en- 
thusiasm, confidence,  and  respect  for  a  new  commander,  as  did  our 
detachment  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  from  its  chief,  the  gallant 
Hooker,  down  to  the  humblest  private,  all  feel  toward  that  grand  man, 
magnificent  soldier,  and  great  patriot,  George  H.  Thomas. 

Would  that  every  citizen  and  inhabitant  of  the  United  States  could 
understand  and  know,  as  we  do,  his  merits,  his  services,  and  his  ability. 
He  had  no  superior  and  few  equals. 

Our  love  for  and  confidence  in  him  cemented  the  bond  of  union 
between  our  portion  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  which  has  never  been  and  never  will  be  broken  as  long  as 
there  are  survivors. 

Of  the  incidents  of  our  service  here  before,  as  Potomac  corps,  we 
were  subdivided  and  merged  into  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  and 
elsewhere,  it  is  not  vainglorious  or  immodest  to  speak  of  the  splendid 
fighting  of  General  Greene's  New  York  brigade  at  Wauhatchie,  Gen. 
Orland  Smith's  brigade  at  the  hill  we  now  call  Smith's  Hill  in  the  Wau- 
hatchie Valley,  and  the  fighting  of  the  other  troops  of  our  command 
when  Longstreet  made  his  night  attack  to  defeat  our  purpose  and  duty. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       107 

Hemmed  in  as  you  were  in  Chattanooga,  our  night  fight  in  darkness 
only  lightened  by  the  flash  of  musketry  gleaming  on  charging  bayonets, 
you  did  not  then  so  clearly  understand  and  know  what  good  work  it 
was.  We  were  proud  of  it;  we  have  been  ever  since.  We  are  now, 
and  we  have  a  right  to  be.  We  were  the  more  gratified  and  proud  of 
it  when  we  came  to  know  and  be  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

The  arrival  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  here  made  it  evident  that 
reorganization  would  not  further  keep  us  in  shape  to  particularly  empha- 
size our  Army  of  the  Potomac  training  in  the  new  field  of  duty.  Our 
corps  entire  were  transferred,  broken  up,  and  merged  with  troops  under 
Generals  Sherman  and  Grant.  General  Hooker  was  left  with  a  portion 
of  one  division,  and  but  for  the  breaking  of  the  pontoon  bridge  from 
the  Wauhatchie  Valley  across  the  Tennessee  having  prevented  Cruft's 
division  of  the  Cumberland  and  Osterhaus's  division  of  the  Army  of 
the  Tennessee  getting  into  Chattanooga  for  the  planned  and  prepared 
assault  on  the  Confederate  line  on  Missionary  Eidge  you  may  never 
have  known  and  seen,  as  you.  did,  the  brilliant  and  soldierly  qualities 
of  General  Hooker  and  the  remainder  of  his  detachment,  as  exhibited 
in  the  assault  thus  caused. 

The  ability  displayed  in  crossing  Lookout  Creek,  surprising  and  cap- 
turing the  enemy's  pickets,  forming  the  line  up  the  side  of  the  moun- 
tain, turning  the  enemy's  flank  and  moving  down  and  around  the  face 
of  Lookout,  covering  the  crossing  of  Osterhaus's  division  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee  and  Cruft's  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
while  sweeping  the  enemy  out  of  their  rifle-pits,  was  a  masterly  and  a 
great  movement  in  the  art  of  war.  The  union  of  a  division  from  each 
army  in  a  grand  line,  advancing  to  capture  the  mountain,  around  the 
front  and  over  the  nose  of  Lookout,  amidst  alternate  fog,  clouds,  and 
sunshine,  the  plainly  defined  and  progressive  line  of  battle  of  these 
combined  forces,  each  and  all  pressing  forward  under  physical  difficulties 
of  the  worst  character,  with  flags,  and  leaders  in  advance,  was  an  inspir 
,ing  and  brilliant  spectacle  that  none  who  witnessed  it  will  ever  forget. - 

It  was  an  object  lesson  of  mountain  climbing  in  the  face  of  the 
enemy  to  the  troops  in  Chattanooga,  of  whose  repetition  of  it  the  next 
day  at  Missionary  Ridge  we  were  equally  proud  with  our  comrades  from 
the  other  armies. 

Those  who  saw  or  participated  in  these  events  will  never  forget  or 
cease  to  be  proud  of  them. 

No  spectacle  in  our  war  ever  surpassed  the  climbing  and  capture  of 
Lookout.  It  was  equaled  by  the  storming  of  Chapultepec  and  the 
glorious  assault  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  up  and  over  Missionary 
Eidge.  But  for  the  delay  caused  by  the  failure  of  pontoons  reaching 
us  to  cross  Lookout  Creek  in  time,  the  combined  division  of  the  three 
armies  under  Hooker  would  have  first  found  the  enemy's  flank,  and 
moved  to  sweep  the  ridge  and  clear  the  way  for  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland. As  it  was,  we  arrived  on  the  enemy's  left  simultaneously 
with  the  right  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

That  scene  can  never  be  forgotten.  The  declining  sun  shone  brightly 
yet  on  the  bayonets  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  and  those  of 
Hooker's  command  as  we  advanced  and  met  on  the  summit.  Osterhaus 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  ridge,  Cruft  on  the  center,  and  Geary  on 
the  western  slope,  all  advancing,  while  the  troops  of  Sherman  and 
Thomas  climbed  the  ridge  in  front  under  the  enemy's  fire.  The  climax, 
the  possession  of  Missionary  Eidge,  the  capture  of  much  war  material, 
and  a  great  and  glorious  victory  over  brave  and  gallant  opponents,  I 
can  find  no  language  to  fitly  describe. 


108      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  report  of  it  by  an  eyewitness,  General  Meigs,  Quarterinaster- 
General,  an  able  soldier  and  engineer,  made  to  the  Secretary  of  War  at 
the  time — when  you  read  it  will  recall  your  enthusiasm  and  pride.  The 
language,  fitting  and  appropriate,  I  could  not  attempt  to  alter  or 
improve. 

General  Hooker's  execution  in  this  campaign  of  the  duty  entrusted 
to  him  to  make  a  demonstration  on  Lookout  the  first  day  and  move  on 
the  enemy's  flank  the  next,  introduced  him  more  thoroughly  as  a  soldier 
and  captain  to  your  army  here. 

General  Thomas  spoke  of  our  operations  in  his  general  order  of 
November  7,  1863,  as  "of  so  brilliant  a  character  as  to  deserve  special 
notice."  We  all  know  General  Thomas  always  meant  exactly  what 
he  said.  Such  action  and  skill  brought  out  admiration  for  Hooker's 
thorough  knowledge  of  his  profession  and  his  duties. 

His  magnificent  physique  and  genial  bearing  with  his  magnetic  influ- 
ence over  his  command  soon  became  apparent.  It  contradicted  the  effect 
of  reckless  statements  of  his  personal  habits  and  character.  From  a 
long  service  with  him  and  every  opportunity  to  judge  and  know  by 
personal  observation,  I  denounce  these  statements  as  false.  The  time 
has  come  when  his  old  comrades  and  those  who  knew  him  best  should 
set  this  slander  finally  at  rest.  Fearless  in  the  expressions  of  his  opin- 
ions and  of  his  criticisms,  he  gave  offense  often  without  intending  offense, 
but  claiming,  when  remonstrated  with  concerning  it,  that  the  expres- 
sion of  a  truthful  opinion  was  the  duty  of  a  patriot  and  the  privilege  of 
a  gentleman.  We  can  overlook  these  expressions  from  their  sincerity 
and  lack  of  malignity,  and  the  bitter  hostility  they  brought  him. 

Outspoken  and  fearless  in  speech,  in  conduct  vigilant,  wonderfully 
skillful  in  strategy,  his  troops  soon  learned  that  no  soldier's  life  would 
be  uselessly  imperiled  through  his  orders,  and  that  no  personal  peril 
must  forbid  or  endanger  the  accomplishment  of  a  necessary  military 
purpose  or  the  winning  of  a  battle. 

In  the  recent  celebration  of  his  old  corps  at  Hadley,  Mass.,  a  distin- 
guished soldier  and  orator,  here  present  with  us,  truly  said  of  him : 

In  the  conception  of  military  operations  Hooker  was  audacious,  original,  acute; 
in  executing  them  he  was  energetic,  yet  circumspect  and  prudent.  He  was  severe 
in  discipline,  exacting  in  his  demands  upon  officers  and  men;  lofty  in  his  ideal  of 
the  soldier's  intrepidity,  fortitude,  earnestness,  and  zeal;  yet  he  was  generous  in 
praise,  quick  to  see  and  recognize  ability  and  merit,  as  well  in  the  ranks  of  his 
adversary  as  in  his  own. 

A  soldier  by  intuition,  instinct,  and  profession,  Hooker's  sword  was  adorned  by 
the  best  accomplishments  known  to  the  art  of  war.  His  character  thoroughly 
military,  he  was  iit  for  command.  He  was  proud  of  the  profession  of  arms.  He 
brought  to  it  the  highest  accomplishments  of  a  soldier.  His  manner  and  bearing 
were  distinguished,  yet  urbane  and  gentle.  His  temper  was  quick,  yet  forgiving. 
He  was  gracious  to  junior  officers  and  prompt  to  recognize  merit. 

Diligent  and  punctilious  in  the  discharge  of  duty ;  toward  all  under  his  command 
he  was  exacting  in  discipline,  inexorable  to  the  laggard,  prodigal  in  praise  to  the 
zealous  and  diligent.  He  always  bowed  to  superior  power  with  the  same  loyalty 
that  he  demanded  from  his  own  troops.  He  never  sulked  in  his  tent  when  sum- 
moned to  battle.  He  was  a  patriot.  He  loved  his  country.  He  loved  its  defenders. 
He  has  passed  into  history  with  the  great  characters  of  1861  to  1865.  He  tilled 
glorious  pa"ges  of  our  American  annals. 

He  served  the  country  under  McClellan,  Burnside,  Thomas,  Sherman,  and  Grant 
with  unfaltering  fidelity  and  zeal.  When  relieved  from  the  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  the  only  favor  he  asked  of  Lincoln  was  the  privilege  of  changing 
places  with  Meade — to  command  a  corps  under  his  late  subordinate — so  that  he  might 
share  in  the  dangers  and  honors  of  the  campaign  he  had  begun. 

That  campaign  was  completed  successfully  by  battle  at  Gettysburg, 
the  point  he  had  selected  two  weeks  in  advance.  Never  was  the  great 
Confederate  chieftain,  Lee,  outflanked  when  forces  were  equal,  save 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       109 

when  Hooker  commanded  against  him.  Massachusetts  has  this  to  her 
credit  for  her  first  soldier. 

I  may  be  permitted,  in  discharging  the  duty  assigned  me,  to  speak 
of  Hooker  and  his  army,  to  echo  and  repeat  his  oft-expressed  senti- 
ments concerning  General  Thomas  and  our  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 
They  were  ever  full  of  admiration,  high  confidence,  and  esteem. 

This  occasion  would  not  be  complete  did  I  fail  to  recognize  the 
astounding  ability  and  courage  shown  by  our  opponents  in  those  days. 
The  brilliant  strategy  and  tactics  of  that  great  commander,  Gen.  Joe 
Johnson;  the  courage  and  skill  of  Longstreet;  the  vigor  and  force  and 
soldierly  qualities  of  Bragg,  Hood,  Stewart,  Cleburne,  Wheeler  and 
others  to  mention  all  of  whom  would  be  almost  to  read  the  Confederate 
roster.  But  for  this  we  could  claim  no  laurels  of  our  battles.  Thankful 
that  they  are  not  tinged  with  bitterness,  malignity,  or  unkind  feelings 
on  either  side,  may  we  ever  remain  united  with  our  glorious  flag,  free 
institutions,  and  Government  so  aptly  described  by  the  immortal  Lin- 
coln, in  Henry  Wilson's  words,  as  the  "  Government  of  the  people,  by 
the  people,  for  the  people." 

God  grant  if  ever  again  temptations  or  causes  arise  for  sectional 
strife,  we  may  remember  that — 

"In  vain  is  our  strife,  when  its  fury  has  passed, 

Our  fortunes  must  flow  in  one  channel  at  last, 

As  the  torrents  that  rush  from  the  mountains  of  snow 

Roll  mingled  in  peace  to  the  valleys  below. 

Our  Union  is  River,  Lake,  Ocean,  and  Sky; 

Man  breaks  not  the  medal  when  God  cuts  the  die." 

General  MORGAN.  I  now  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you 
General  Porter,  of  General  Grant's  staff.  [Applause.] 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  HORACE  PORTER. 

COMRADES,  AND  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  I  have  been  asked  to 
step  forward  at  this  period  of  the  proceedings  and  make  a  few  extem- 
poraneous remarks,  but  I  don't  altogether  believe  in  that  method.  I  am 
sufficiently  acquainted  with  our  public  men  to  know  how  our  most  popu- 
lar off-hand  speakers  and  our  readiest  debaters  lie  awake  whole  nights 
thinking  over  what  they  will  say  rashly  the  next  day.  [At  this  point 
a  locomotive  began  to  blow  its  whistle  and  let  off  steam,  making  a  very 
loud  noise.]  I  have  talked  in  my  time  against  brass  bands  and  cyclones, 
but  this  is  the  first  time  that  I  have  ever  had  to  talk  against  a  locomo- 
tive steam  whistle.  I  spent  about  half  of  my  term  of  service  in  the 
field  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  and  the  other  half  in  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  so  that  my  affections  are  about  equally  divided  between 
them.  I  feel  like  that  man  who  was  courting  a  very  pretty  girl  who 
had  an  equally  beautiful  twin  sister.  A  friend  asked  him,  "When you 
go  courting  your  sweetheart  of  an  evening,  how  do  you  manage  to  tell 
the  difference  between  her  and  her  sister?"  He  replied,  "1  never  try." 

The  period  of  a  third  of  a  century  ago  taught  us  what  America  can 
do  in  an  emergency.  It  showed  that  in  a  great  contest  America  can 
not  only  furnish  the  arms,  munitions,  and  men,  but,  if  necessary,  even 
the  war  itself.  It  recalls,  comrades,  the  time  when  we  were  down  here, 
and  our  camp  equipage  consisted  entirely  of  a  toothbrush  and  a  hair- 
brush, and  we  never  had  time  to  use  either.  You  all  remember  when 
the  commissary  supplies  ran  low  and  the  sutler's  prices  ran  high,  when 
there  was  hardly  enough  commissarv  whisky  to  take  the  cruelty  out  of 


110      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  water,  and  what  little  of  that  whisky  we  did  take  we  still  feel  in  our 
joints.  I  don't  think  any  set  of  men  in  the  world  have  ever  suffered 
more  from  the  effects  of  rum,  rheumatism,  and  rebellion. 

Now,  we  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  came  down  here  to  crush 
the  rebellion  out  of  Tennessee,  and  we  succeeded.  In  a  little  more 
than  two  years  we  had  crushed  it  clear  up  into  Ohio,  where  John 
Morgan  was  making  special  dates  for  its  appearance;  but  we  finally 
got  it  back  into  Tennessee  and  surrounded  ourselves  with  it  here  in 
Chattanooga,  where,  during  the  siege,  we  had  to  eat  persimmons  to 
pucker  up  our  stomachs  sufficiently  to  fit  the  diminished  and  fast- 
dwindling  rations. 

But  it  shows  us,  as  we  look  back,  that  that  war  produced  the  true 
type  of  American  manhood — I  speak  of  the  soldier,  for,  after  all,  the 
true  hero  of  the  war  was  the  private  soldier.  [A  voice :  "  That's  true."] 
Well,  I  am  glad  you  recognize  that  fundamental  fact.  We  remember 
how  he  came  down  to  the  front  when  the  tocsin  of  war  sounded — clean 
shaved,  hair  close  cropped,  freshly  vaccinated,  newly  baptized,  a  gun 
on  his  shoulder ;  ready  for  any  kind  of  carnage,  from  squirrel  hunting 
up  to  manslaughter  in  the  first  degree. 

I  am  glad  to  meet  here  my  comrades  of  that  grand  old  Army  of  the 
Cumberland — that  army  which  immortalized  itself  by  its  valor,  that 
marched  from  valleys'  depths  to  mountains'  heights,  and  whose  blood 
flowed  as  freely  as  festal  wine — an  army  which  had  nearly  as  many 
different  commanders  as  it  undertook  different  campaigns,  yet  which 
marched  as  patiently  and  fought  as  valiantly  under  the  new  commander 
as  the  old  one. 

We  are  glad  to  greet  the  survivors,  and  we  bow  our  heads  in  sorrow 
for  the  loss  of  those  who  are  no  longer  with  us.  Alas !  there  are  too 
many  empty  chairs — one  in  particular,  in  which  there  once  sat  a  leader 
who  many  years  ago  passed  from  the  living  here  to  join  the  other  living, 
commonly  called  the  dead;  one  whom  all  men  respected,  and  to  whom 
all  hearts  warmed  with  the  glow  of  an  abiding  affection — the  "  Eock  of 
Chickamauga."  He  abundantly  illustrated  the  fact  that "  much  danger 
makes  great  hearts  most  resolute."  Wherever  blows  fell  thickest,  his 
crest  was  in  their  midst.  Under  the  inspiration  of  his  presence,  his 
troops  marched  to  victory  with  all  the  confidence  of  Caesar's  Tenth 
Legion.  He  was  the  personification  of  knighthood,  the  embodiment  of 
true  chivalry,  the  incarnation  of  battle.  As  long  as  manly  courage  is 
talked  of,  or  heroic  deeds  are  honored,  a  grateful  people  will  keep  a 
place  green  in  their  hearts  for  the  memory  of  George  H.  Thomas. 

I  do  not  feel  as  if  I  could  interest  this  vast  audience  to-night  by 
reciting  the  stirring  scenes  of  the  war,  after  you  have  listened  to  the 
masterful,  graphic,  and  eloquent  address  of  the  chief  speaker  of  the 
evening.  I  would  rather  refer  to  the  results  of  the  war.  As  far  as 
my  experience  goes,  I  have  never  found  one  man  of  a  logical  mind, 
in  the  North  or  in  the  South,  who  does  not  believe  that  the  manner  of 
the  termination  of  that  war  was  the  grandest  consummation  that  could 
be  hoped  for  as  the  result  of  a  fratricidal  struggle — the  preservation  of 
the  integrity  of  the  Union,  the  perpetuity  of  the  Eepublic.  As  iron  is 
welded  in  the  heat  of  the  forge,  so  was  this  Union  of  States  rewelded 
in  the  heat  of  battle.  We  can  not  in  this  land  be  all  from  the  South 
or  all  from  the  North;  we  can  not  be  all  Democrats  or  all  Eepublicans; 
we  can  not  be  all  Protestants  or  all  Catholics ;  but,  thank  God,  we  can 
all  be  Americans.  And  after  the  result  of  that  war,  we  can  all  feel 
that  we  are  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name  the  United  States  of  America. 
Sometimes,  upon  memorable  occasions  in  history  such  as  this,  it  is  well 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       Ill 

to  contemplate  how  big  with  events  is  our  country's  history — to  meas- 
ure the  blessings  of  the  present,  and  try  to  peer  into  the  future. 

Our  Eepublic  has  in  its  brief  existence  rolled  up  a  population  greater 
than  that  of  any  nation  save  one.  in  all  Europe.  It  has  delved  down 
into  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  wrested  therefrom  her  hidden  treasures, 
and  developed  a  wealth  greater  than  ever  conceived  even  in  the  wildest 
dreams  of  avarice.  It  has  marshaled  armies  which  have  fought  over 
more  miles  of  ground  than  most  European  armies  have  marched  over. 
And  yet  it  requires  no  large,  permanent  military  forces  for  its  protec- 
tion, for  it  stands  almost  alone  upon  this  continent,  and,  unlike  the 
nations  of  Europe,  it  is  neither  goaded  by  jealousy  nor  cursed  by  pro- 
pinquity. 

America  has  reached  up  into  the  skies,  drawn  the  lightnings  there- 
from, and  made  them  subservient  to  her  will.  Europe  sent  her  ships 
to  America,  propelled  by  the  winds  of  heaven;  we  have  sent  them  back 
propelled  by  the  giant  power  of  steam.  We  are  now  regaining  our 
merchant  marine,  which  had  for  years  been  lost  to  us,  and  every  week 
go  forth  and  return  upon  the  North  Atlantic  vessels  bearing  their 
precious  cargoes,  and  carrying  at  their  masthead  the  glorious  flag  of 
a  united  Eepublic. 

America  has  now  thrown  off  her  swaddling  clothes,  and  stands  erect 
in  all  the  vigor  and  majesty  in  which  the  God  who  made  her  intends 
that  she  shall  henceforth  tread  the  earth. 

Attempts  have  been  made  to  humble  this  country  in  the  past,  but  it 
is  not  likely  that  they  will  ever  be  made  again  by  foreign  lands.  We 
send  this  message  to  the  nations  of  Europe.  We  say  to  them:  "We 
intend  to  abide  by  the  wise  counsel  of  Washington  offered  in  his  immortal 
farewell  address ;  we  will  keep  free  from  all  entangling  alliances  abroad. 
You  over  there  can  go  to  war  with  each  other  just  as  ofteu  and  as 
quickly  as  you  wish;  you  can  devote  as  much  of  your  time  as  you  like 
to  fighting  among  yourselves;  you  can  parcel  out  Africa  and  Asia  as 
you  like,  but  if  you  send  your  forces  here  into  this  New  World,  where 
the  people  are  enjoying  the  blood-bought  treasure  of  free  republican 
government,  and  attempt  to  enforce  upon  them  your  monarchical  institu- 
tions, America  will  rise  in  her  majesty  and  her  might,  and  with  one 
accord  will  cry  out  to  you :  i  Have  a  care !  Have  a  care !' " 

[This  address  was  received  with  alternate  laughter  and  applause.] 

General  MORGAN.  The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  has  now  arrived,  and 
will  address  you. 

ADDRESS  OF  SECRETARY  HERBERT. 

Mr.  CHAIRMAN  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS:  This  gathering,  consider- 
ing the  antecedents  and  the  present  purposes  of  those  who  compose 
this  audience,  could  not  be  paralleled  save  in  our  own  country.  I  am 
glad  to  take  part  in  it,  and  glad  of  the  opportunity  to  say  a  few  words 
in  commemoration  of  the  heroism  displayed  by  our  countrymen  in  the 
great  American  civil  war;  a  war  that  solved  questions  that  could  be 
solved  in  no  other  way;  a  war  that  brought  peace — enduring  peace — 
between  hostile  sections ;  a  war  that  settled  firmly  the  foundations  upon 
which  rests  the  greatest  among  the  governments  of  man.  There  have 
been  two  great  civil  wars  on  this  continent,  each  of  which  was  a  distinct 
and  definite  forward  step  in  the  progress  of  the  human  race.  The  war 
of  the  Eevolution  decided  that  the  thirteen  colonies  were  to  be  forever 
free  from  British  control  and  that  monarchy  should  never  set  foot  upon 


112      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  soil  that  had  been  won.  The  war  from  1861  to  1865  decided  that  the 
Government  founded  on  that  soil  should  be  one  ami  indivisible.  More 
than  a  hundred  years  have  passed  since  the  colonies  won  their  inde- 
pendence, and  never  from  that  day  to  this  has  there  been  evolved  iu 
the  wildest  imaginings  of  discontented  dreamers  among  us  the  thought 
that  Great  Britain  could  ever  recover  the  control  she  had  lost.  That 
question  was  settled  forever  when  Cornwallis  surrendered  at  Yorktown. 
So,  too,  the  verdict  of  our  civil  war  has  been  accepted  as  absolutely 
final.  Centuries  will  tread  upon  the  heels  of  centuries,  and  still  the 
perpetuity  of  the  union  of  these  States  will  never  be  mooted.  That 
question  was  settled  forever  when  Lee  surrendered  to  Grant  at 
Appomattox. 

It  was  no  ambitious  design  of  any  great  chieftain  that  separated  the 
South  from  the  North  ;  it  was  to  settle  underlying  principles  of  the  Gov- 
ernment that  the  two  sections  arrayed  themselves  against  each  other 
in  battle.  There  was  dispute  in  the  convention  that  framed  the  Con- 
stitution as  to  what  the  relative  powers  of  the  State  and  Federal  Gov- 
ernment ought  to  be;  a  dispute  afterwards  all  along  the  line  as  to  what 
these  relative  powers  really  were.  That  contention  came  down  to  the 
generation  of  1860  and  it  was  of  such  a  nature,  so  radical  and  so  ultimate, 
that  there  was  nothing  for  honest  men  to  do  but  to  fight  it  out,  and  we 
did  fight  it  out  honestly,  squarely,  bravely  on  both  sides.  Both  sides 
were  desperately  in  earnest,  because  both  sides  believed  themselves  in 
the  right.  Never  could  the  people  of  the  Southern  States,  purely  Amer- 
ican as  they  were  by  birth  and  training,  have  been  induced  to  sacrifice 
themselves  as  they  did  by  the  tens  of  thousands,  except  upon  the  belief 
that  they  were  fighting  for  the  rights  bequeathed  them  by  their  ances- 
tors. This  belief  it  was  that  inspired  their  hearts  and  nerved  their 
arms  throughout  that  desperate  struggle.  On  the  other  hand,  the  peo- 
ple of  the  Northern  States  who  adhered  to  the  Union  could  never  have 
been  induced  to  fight  as  they  did  had  they  felt  they  were  waging  a  war- 
of  conquest.  They  poured  out  their  blood  as  if  it  were  water;  they  scat 
tered  their  treasure  like  dross,  inspired  with  the  abiding  conviction  that 
they  were  fighting  to  maintain  in  its  integrity  the  Constitution  of  the 
fathers,  which,  as  they  understood  it,  ordained  a  perpetual  Union. 

COURAGE   SHOWN. 

And  so  it  was,  American  freemen  met  American  freemen,  all  fighting 
for  principles  that  were  dear  to  their  hearts ;  and  the  world  stood  aghast 
at  the  carnage.  Never  were  the  courage,  the  constancy,  the  endurance 
of  the  Confederates  surpassed ;  never  were  the  pluck,  the  patriotism, 
and  persistence  of  the  Union  soldiers  excelled.  Most  wars  that  have 
settled  great  questions  have  turned  upon  pivotal  battles.  England  was 
conquered  in  the  battle  of  Hastings.  Napoleon  humbled  Italy  at  Lodi ; 
he  broke  the  power  of  the  Austrian  alliance  at  Austerlitz  and  Wagram, 
and  his  own  downfall  was  complete  at  Waterloo;  Austria  was  over- 
thrown by  Prussia  in  the  single  battle  of  Sadowa,  and  the  great 
Franco  German  war  was  practically  decided  at  Metz  and  Sedan;  but 
in  our  civil  war  neither  Manassas  nor  Gaines  Mill,  nor  Fredericks- 
burg,  nor  the  terrible  carnage  at  Cold  Harbor,  nor  all  these  combined 
could  dishearten  the  armies  of  the  Union.  Nor  could  Donaldson, 
nor  Vicksburg,  nor  Missionary  Ridge,  nor  Gettysburg  all  together 
break  the  spirit  of  the  Confederates.  The  Confederacy  only  fell  when 
exhausted  by  four  years  of  incessant  combat.  Then  the  question  of 
secession  was  decided  and  then,  too,  thank  God,  the  question  of  slavery., 
which  had  come  into  the  dispute,  was  also  decided. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       113 


OFFICIAL   RECORDS. 

Our  Government  has  done  and  is  doing  what  no  other  Government  has 
ever  attempted  or  countenanced.  We  have  published  fully  and  fairly 
the  official  records  of  both  armies  during  a  civil  war,  and  we  are  now 
publishing  a  complete  record  of  both  the  Union  and  Confederate  navies. 
We  conceal  nothing  on  either  side  from  the  world  or  from  our  posterity; 
and  the  soldiers  of  the  two  armies  are  fraternizing  as  soldiers  who  had 
fought  each  other  never  fraternized  before.  We  do  not  forget  to  mourn 
our  comrades  who  fell,  but  meet  here  to  do  honor  to  their  memory.  We 
also  contemplate  with  a  patriotic  pleasure  and  pride  that  knows  no  bounds 
the  splendid  exhibition  of  American  manhood  that  lit  up  every  battle- 
field of  the  civil  war  with  a  halo  of  glory.  The  soldiers  of  every  State 
from  Maine  to  Texas,  from  Oregon  to  Florida,  won  for  themselves  renown 
that  will  endure  while  history  survives.  The  common  opinion  in  the 
South  in  1860  was  that  the  Yankee  had  degenerated  into  a  dollar  hunter 
and  that  he  would  not  fight.  In  the  North  the  belief  obtained  that 
slavery  had  enervated  the  Southerner  till  he  had  become  a  braggart 
and  a  coward.  Political  fury  and  sectional  hate  had  destroyed  mutual 
respect,  the  necessary  foundation  of  fraternal  feeling.  How  quickly  all 
was  changed !  The  change  began  at  the  front.  I  remember  that  from 
the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  in  December,  1862,  till  the  battle  of  Chan- 
cellorsville,  in  May,  1863,  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  lay  opposite  Fred-  • 
ericksburg  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Rappahannock,  stretching  for  miles 
up  and  down  the  stream ;  opposite  it,  on  the  south  bank,  was  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia.  Both  armies  picketed  close  up  to  the  banks  of 
the  stream,  which  was  scarcely  a  hundred  yards  wide.  In  all  these 
months  there  was  no  picket  firing.  There  was  a  tacit  understanding 
that  there  should  not  be. 

LEE'S  PERIL 

During  this  period  I  saw  General  Lee  one  day  with  two  or  three  mem- 
bers of  his  staff  ride  halfway  down  the  hill  at  Bank's  Ford  and  survey 
the  scene.  There  he  stopped  and  looked  serenely  on.  The  enemy's 
picket  were  in  full  view,  not  500  yards  away.  Within  1,200  yards  of 
him,  on  the  brow  of  the  opposite  hill,  was  a  battery  of  artillery.  I  could 
not  but  fear  he  would  be  fired  on.  With  the  naked  eye  the  Federal 
soldiers  could  see  he  was  a  general  officer.  With  a  glass  he  might  have 
been  recognized.  But  the  unwritten,  unspoken  compact  was  faithfully 
kept.  No  effort  was  made  to  harm  him.  During  that  period  officers 
visiting  the  picket  lines  rode  up  and  down  the  river  bank  and  often  were 
saluted  by  enemies  who  might  have  shot  them  down.  Pickets  talked 
and  traded  and  visited  across  the  river  until  orders  were  issued  on  both 
sides  to  prevent  it.  After  these  orders  were  issued  I  saw  a  Confederate 
officer  one  day  ride  up  suddenly  on  a  Federal  soldier  who  was  wading 
across  the  stream  at  Scott's  Old  Dam,  just  as  the  soldier,  with  a  New 
York  paper  in  hand,  neared  the  shore.  The  soldier  stopped  and  was 
about  to  turn  back  when  the  officer,  pistol  in  hand,  compelled  him  to 
come  ashore,  and  told  him  he  was  a  prisoner.  The  soldier  pleaded  that 
the  Confederate  pickets,  who  were  present,  had  invited  him  to  come  over. 
"Yes,"  said  the  Confederate  officer,  "they  violated  orders,  and  you  vio- 
lated your  orders  when  you  came,  and  you  are  my  prisoner."  The  soldier 
was. a  big,  manly  fellow,  but  the  tears  came  as  he  said,  "Colonel,  shoot 
me  if  you  want  to,  but  for  God's  sake  don't  take  me  prisoner.  I  have 
only  been  in  the  army  six  weeks.  I  have  never  been  in  a  battle.  If  I 
am  taken  now  my  reputation  is  ruined;  it  will  be  said  at  home  that 
I  deserted,  and  I  can  never  clear  it  up." 
S.  Eep.  637 8 


114      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  Confederate  officer  hesitated  a  moment  and  then  said:  "Well, 
sir,  you  can  go  back,  but  tell  your  comrades  that  you  are  the  last  man 
that  will  ever  be  allowed  to  return  if  he  comes  over  to  this  side.  Orders 
must  be  obeyed." 

The  Confederate  officer  who  had  so  sternly  said  that  "orders  must 
be  obeyed"  rode  straight  to  his  brigadier  and  told  him  he  himself  had 
disobeyed  orders,  and  the  general,  when  he  had  heard  the  story,  said  : 
"  You  have  done  right.  I  would  have  done  the  same  myself." 

That  was  the  spirit  that  animated,  in  1863,  the  soldiers  who  two  years 
before  had  for  each  other  nothing  but  hate. 

Month  after  month,  as  the  years  rolled  away  and  as  battle  after  battle 
was  fought,  the  respect  and  admiration  of  the  two  armies  for  each  other 
increased.  During  the  thirty  years  that  have  elapsed  since,  as  we  have 
looked  back  at  the  past,  that  admiration  and  respect  has  continued  t » 
increase;  as  we  have  looked  around  at  the  present  we  have  learned  to 
confide  in  and  rely  upon  each  other,  and  here  we  are  to-day  all  met  as 
brothers  to  do  honor  to  the  valiant  hosts  that  fought  at  Missionary 
Eidge  and  Chickamauga. 

Gentlemen,  you  who  wore  the  blue  in  the  days  that  tried  men's  souls 
are  not  more  true  to  the  flag  under  which  you  fought  than  are  the  men 
who  fought  in  gray  at  Chickamauga  and  Missionary  Kidge.  If  the 
Government  that  ordained  the  dedication  of  this  national  park  is  yours, 
so  also  is  it  their  Government.  Its  privileges  are  theirs  and  its  promises 
are  to  them  and  their  children.  They  take  pride  in  its  power  and  its 
prestige  among  the  nations  of  the  earth,  and  this  loyalty  to  the  Union 
of  the  Confederates  who  once  fought  so  bitterly  against  it  is  the  crown- 
ing glory  of  the  heroes  in  blue  to  whom  monuments  are  to  be  dedicated 
to-morrow. 

Following  this  address,  which  closed  the  speaking,  there  was  a  gen- 
eral reunion  of  the  great  crowd  upon  the  platform,  which  was  joined 
by  a  large  company  from  the  audience.  The  band  rendered  many 
patriotic  airs,  and  enthusiasm  continued  at  great  height  long  after  the 
regular  exercises  closed. 


PARTICIPATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  TENNESSEE 
(UNION)  AND  THE  ARMY  OF  TENNESSEE  (CONFED- 
ERATE). 

[Gen.  Grenville  M.  Dodge  presiding.    Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  September  19, 1895—8  p.  m.] 


The  proceedings  were  opened  with  prayer  by  Eev.  J.  P.  McFerrin, 
of  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  GRENVILLE  M.  DODGE. 

COMRADES  OF  THE  ARMIES  OF  THE  TENNESSEE,  LADIES  AND 
GENTLEMEN  :  It  devolves  upon  me  to  preside  over  this  great  assem- 
blage— a  very  distinguished  honor — however,  hardly  as  responsible 
but  evidently  of  greater  satisfaction  to  us  than  when  at  the  head  of  a 
corps  I  marched  through  here  on  that  celebrated  Atlanta  campaign 
in  May,  1864.  No  matter  what  our  motives  or  our  intentions  then,  it 
gives  me  the  greatest  pleasure  to  meet  here  to-night  the  distinguished 
soldiers,  grown  to  more  distinguished  statesmen,  representing  two  of 
the  most  celebrated  armies  of  the  West  and  South — in  name  the  Armies 
of  the  Tennessee.  These  armies  each  carried  aloft  the  banners  of 
victory. 

To-day  those  who  speak  for  them  from  different  standpoints  here 
have  but  one  thought — loyalty  to  our  flag  and  the  building  up  to  its 
proper  status  in  this  world  of  our  own  country's  greatness;  and  in 
behalf  of  all  the  people  and  on  behalf  of  the  two  armies,  each  to  the 
other,  I  bid  you  one  and  all  welcome. 

We  are  nationally  commemorating  great  events  and  performing  a 
sacred  duty  in  inaugurating  and  commemorating  the  two  great  battles 
fought  here.  As  viewed  by  that  illustrious  chieftain,  who  commanded 
the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  on  that  day,  and  as  giving  here  his  views  of 
what  was  before  him,  I  will  read  a  portion  of  a  personal  letter  he  wrote 
me  after  he  had  visited  the  ground  and  had  returned  to  hurry  forward 
his  troops.  General  Sherman  wrote : 

I  have  been  up  to  Chattanooga ;  there  poor  mules  and  horses  tell  the  tale  of  horrid 
roads  and  no  forage;  I  hate  to  put  ours  up  in  that  mountain  gorge;  two  divisions 
have  gone  and  two  more  follow  to-morrow.  I  go  to  Chattanooga  to-morrow,  and 
think  many  days  can  not  elapse  before  we  bring  on  a  fight.  It  is  intended  to  act 
quick,  as  Longstreet  has  gone  up  to  East  Tennessee. 

President  Jefferson  Davis  is  represented  by  Surgeon  John  J.  Craven, 
in  his  Prison  Life  of  Davis,  as  saying  that  Davis  regarded  Bragg's 
victory  over  Eosecrans  at  Chickamauga  as  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
achievements  of  the  war. 

The  subsequent  victory  of  Grant  over  Bragg,  he  thought,  was  the 
result  of  an  audacity  or  desperation  which  no  military  prudence  could 
have  foreseen.  So  confident  was  Bragg,  he  said,  of  the  impregnability 

115 


116      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  bis  position  that  he  detached  Longstreet  with  16,000  men  to  make 
a  demonstration  against  Knoxville,  thus  indirectly  threatening  Grant's 
communications  with  Nashville.  The  opponents  of  his  administration 
censured  Bragg  for  detaching  Longstreet,  but  the  subsequent  events 
which  made  that  movement  unfortunate  were  of  a  character  which  no 
prudence  could  have  foreseen,  no  military  calculation  had  taken  into  view 
as  probable.  This  opinion  was  given  after  an  elapse  of  time  when  no 
interests  could  be  subserved  by  withholding  one's  real  views.  It  may, 
therefore,  be  accepted  as  the  calm  verdict  of  one  who,  from  an  elevation 
which  gave  him  command  of  all  the  facts  and  with  a  natural  prejudice 
to  overcome,  has  examined  all  the  evidence. 

Few  other  battles,  possibly  none,  can  show  their  histories  for  the 
advanced  orders  for  the  intended  operations  so  nearly  written  as  this. 
They  were  issued  on  the  18th  of  November,  1864,  and  the  battle  closed 
in  decisive  victory  on  November  25. 

General  Grant  said  to  me  that  he  felt  assured  of  the  victory  if  his 
plans  were  executed ;  that  they  were  more  nearly  executed  than  any 
of  his  plans  made  before  a  battle  during  the  war,  and  that  they  only 
miscarried  in  minor  matters.  He  seemed  to  take  great  satisfaction  in 
the  result  of  the  plans  as  showing  the  experience  and  ability  of  the 
officers  after  three  years'  active  service  in  executing  their  orders.  He 
considered  that  the  detachment  of  Longstreet  by  Bragg  was  fatal  to 
Bragg  if  lie  could  attack  before  Longstreet's  return.  So,  we  have  the 
consensus  of  opinion  of  the  generals  on  both  sides  as  to  the  magnitude 
of  the  battle  and  its  results. 

We  who  view  it  thirty  years  after,  and  upon  the  ground,  can  not  but 
be  struck  with  the  views  of  President  Davis  as  to  the  impregnability  of 
Bragg's  position  and  the  audacity  of  Grant's  attack  upon  its  strongest 
part — its  center — and  wonder  at  his  great  success.  No  doubt  it  was 
one  of  the  two  great  tactical  battles  of  the  world  (Napoleon's  battle  of 
Austerlitz  being  the  other)  and  we  trust  that  in  assembling  here  in 
commemoration  of  these  great  events  we  may  carry  home  with  us 
experiences,  teachings,  and  results  that  will  add  to  our  trust  in  our 
country,  in  its  strength,  its  greatness,  and  its  justice,  and  forever  teach 
to  those  who  follow  us  lessons  that  will  prevent  forever,  in  the  future, 
any  question  that  shall  as  a  nation  divide  us. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  0.  0.  HOWARD. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  The  very  thought  of  this  occasion  brings 
to  my  recollection  visions  of  the  past.  Late  in  October,  18(53,  it  was  a 
glorious,  a  spectacular  welcome,  though  not  very  kindly  in  intent,  that 
Longstreet  gave  me  from  the  top  of  Lookout  Mountain,  as  I  entered 
its  western  valley.  Stevenson  also  rather  impolitely  and  inhospitably 
disturbed  my  slumbers  as  I  was  sleeping  soundly  that  night  in  his 
vicinity  by  attempting  a  noisy  night  visit  to  my  friend,  General  Geary, 
who  was  resting  with  his  white  wagons  at  Wauhatchie.  Though  in  the 
operations  I  was  comparatively  triumphant  and  commended  in  Cum- 
berland orders,  yet  all  the  horrors  of  a  night  battle,  dark,  dismal, 
bloody,  and  unsatisfactory,  are  upon  me  whenever  I  think  of  Wauhatchie 
and  Lookout  Valley. 

As  long  as  I  live  I  can  not  fail  to  be  grateful  to  General  Fragg,  whom 
I  have  understood  from  his  intimate  friends  to  be  a  little  crusty  during 
times  of  indigestion,  that  he  sent  Longstreet  away,  so  that  Fighting 
Joe  Hooker  might,  without  his  persistent  opposition,  gain  a  quantum  of 
glory  "  above  the  clouds." 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       11? 

That  removal  of  Longstreet  rendered  it  possible  for  me  to  cross  two 
long  bridges  and  stand  beside  Grant  and  Thomas  the  23d  of  November 
and  watch  them  in  battle.  It  enabled  me  to  see  how  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland  went  into  action,  by  which  Orchard  Knob  was  rendered 
famous.  It  enabled  ine,  also,  the  next  day  to  creep  up  the  Tennessee, 
with  Stein wehr  and  Buschbeck  as  companions,  and  to  shake  hands  with 
Sherman  just  as  he  was  finishing  his  bridge;  and  there  to  meet  for  the 
first  time  John  Logan,  Frank  Blair,  Jeff  C.  Davis,  and  a  host  of  others 
then  already  famous.  In  brief,  it  enabled  me  to  participate  in  all  the 
operations  clustering  around  Missionary  Bidge. 

I  now  recall  vividly  the  historic  names  on  both  sides  the  line  with  no 
little  emotion,  and,  strange  to  say,  the  feeling  of  comradeship  is  not 
confined  to  our  old  comrades  in  arms.  A  singular  respect  attaches  to 
the  names  of  Hardee,  Cleburne,  Hindman,  Cheatham,  Breckinridge, 
Stewart,  Walker,  Bate,  Stevenson,  and  others  who  met  us  at  Lookout 
Mountain  and  beyond;  who  hemmed  us  in  at  Chattanooga;  who  forti- 
fied and  defended  till  the  last  the  narrow  crest  of  Tunnel  Hill,  and 
covered  the  summit  and  the  slopes  of  Missionary  Bidge  with  hostile 
arms. 

The  visions  of  the  past  crowd  upon  me  and  tempt  me  to  glorify  the 
work  done  here  at  Chattanooga,  of  which  I  formed  an  humble  part;  but 
for  the  sake  of  a  higher  purpose  I  forbear. 

THE   AMERICAN  VOLUNTEER — SOME   THINGS  HE   SAW. 

The  next  year  after  the  war  I  was  asked  to  give  an  oration  at  the 
laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  the  great  monument  on  the  Cemetery  Hill, 
at  Gettysburg,  which  was  to  mark  the  resting  place  of  the  thousands 
who,  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  "there  laid  down  their  lives  that  the 
country  might  live." 

The  temptation  came  to  me  to  make  that  address  a  personal  vindica- 
tion of  the  part  which  providentially  I  had  played  there  in  the  great 
battle  drama  but  two  years  before.  Hosts  of  friends  were  very  greatly 
disappointed  that  I  did  not  at  least  attempt  an  account  of  that  extraor- 
dinary engagement,  which  was  the  turning  point  of  the  war.  But 
the  sacredness  of  the  great  conflict,  in  which  comrades  had  struggled 
so  hard,  and  at  such  an  enormous  cost  had  obtained  their  results,  so 
pressed  itself  upon  my  heart  that  I  said  to  myself,  "No;  by  God's  help 
we  will  try  to  rise  above  self-assertion,  self- vindication,  and  endeavor  to 
look  at  the  struggle  of  four  long  years  as  a  whole."  So  I  headed  my 
subject,  "The  American  volunteer."  Again  it  appears  to  me  that  this 
occasion  is  a  fitting  one  upon  which  to  review  that  American  volunteer. 
I  know  one,  a  God-fearing,  conscientious,  devoted  son  of  New  En  gland; 
one  born  on  a  farm  and  trained  to  all  the  handiwork  of  farm  life;  later 
an  academic  student,  a  teacher  of  youth,  a  college  graduate,  a»d  then, 
lastly,  a  theological  student.  Here  at  a  seminary  the  war  found  him, 
with  a  handsome,  healthful  figure,  a  smiling  face,  as  noble  a  specimen — 
physically,  mentally,  morally,  and  spiritually — of  our  best  American  life 
as  can  be  found  in  New  England.  He  volunteered  at  the  first  call  as  a 
private  soldier.  He  carried  the  musket  as  we  did  in  those  days,  carry- 
ing the  piece  in  the  left  hand.  As  the  war  progressed  he  passed  through 
every  grade;  that  of  second  lieutenant,  first  lieutenant,  captain,  major, 
lieutenant  colonel,  colonel,  and  finally  was  brevetted  a  brigadier-general. 
He  was  engaged  in  more  than  twenty  of  the  big  battles  of  the  war  and 
saw  at  times  conflicts  like  that  at  the  Stone  Bridge  at  Antietam  and 
that  near  Gulp's  Hill,  at  Gettysburg;  the  showering  of  bullets  at  Fair 


118      CHtCKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Oaks,  where  it  was  difficult  to  get  between  them;  the  dreadful  slaughter 
at  Fredericksburg  in  front  of  Marye's  Heights ;  Jackson's  flank  attack  at 
Chancellorsville;  the  piercing  of  the  clouds  at  Lookout  Mountain;  the 
night  fight  at  Wauhatchie,  and  the  death  scramble  for  the  crest  of 
Missionary  Eidge.  He  saw  Sherman  and  Thomas  and  McPherson  and 
Schofield  as  they  gathered  in  the  spring  of  1864  at  Tunnel  Hill,  near 
Dalton. 

He  scaled  Eocky  Face  Eidge,  and  penetrated  Buzzard  Eoost  Gap.  He 
bore  his  part  in  the  two  days  of  Eesaca,  the  double  and  twisted  skir- 
mishing at  Adairsville,  the  half-fledged  battles  of  Kingston  and  Cass- 
ville.  He  went  blindly  through  the  mud  and  ugly  dry  forests  of 
northern  Georgia  to  be  with  Hooker's  assault  against  the  shaggy 
abattee  of  Joe  Johnston  at  New  Hope  Church.  No  man  worked  more 
than  he  did  at  the  bloody  evening  entertainment  at  Pickett's  Mill.  He 
worked  all  night  with  his  comrades  at  the  trenches,  which  kept  back 
Joe  Johnston  in  the  morning  and  preserved  Sherman's  left.  He  had  a 
sight  at  Pine  Top,  where  the  military  bishop,  like  some  old  master  of 
Santiago,  was  surveying  his  forces,  but  yet  was  forever  cut  off  while 
doing  so  by  a  shrieking  Yankee  shell.  He  saw  the  charge  at  Muddy 
Creek,  where  breastworks,  well  manned,  were  wrested  from  brave  foes — 
a  thing  almost  never  done.  He  was  in  the  midst  of  the  fearful  slaughter 
and  sad  repulse  of  Kennesaw.  He  knew  Gen.  J.  M.  Corse,  whose 
indomitable  spirit  kept  him  at  his  work  at  Alatoona  Pass  after  losing 
a  part  of  his  ear  and  right  cheek  bone,  and  who,  hero-like,  with  the 
courage  of  Joshua,  made  the  few  defeat  and  put  to  rout  the  many.  He 
witnessed  that  remarkable  Fourth  of  July,  celebrated  with  double- 
shotted  guns,  where  Stanley's  doable  skirmish  line  swept  the  field  and 
both  sides  fired  more  than  forty-four  cannons,  a  veritable  Union  salute. 
He  barely  escaped  capture  at  Pace's  Ferry,  over  the  Chattahoochee,  but 
was  all  himself  as  he  pressed  forward  into  action  where  Thomas  and 
Newton  fought  with  fury  and  persistency  for  a  flank.  The  flank  was 
saved  to  us,  for  here,  at  Peachtree  Creek,  the  dauntless  Hood,  mighty  in 
attack,  had  abutted  against  the  "Eock  of  Chickamauga" — a  rock  made 
to  stand.  He  participated  in  the  bloody,  shifting,  terrific  strife  of 
Hood  again  when  McPhersou  fell,  and  where  Logan,  Blair,  and  Gren- 
ville  M.  Dodge,  with  their  never-beaten  corps,  with  much  loss,  forced 
him  back  into  the  citadel  of  Atlanta.  At  Ezra  Church  he  watched 
through  a  long,  noisy,  and  anxious  day  the  fitful  fighting  of  Logan  and 
S.  D.  Lee,  and  bore  his  part,  yet  without  a  scratch.  A  little  later  in 
the  night  he  w.as  in  the  columns  of  Howard,  which  were  pulling  out 
from  the  Atlanta  works;  was  saluted  with  only  one  shrieking  shell  that 
fortunately  fell  into  an  empty  space  and  merely  said,  "Good-bye."  He 
swung  with  the  column  a  circuit  of  25  miles.  He  charged  with  Captain 
Estey  the  Confederate  cavalry  at  a  run  for  6  miles  more,  and  helped  to 
stamp  out  the  fire  over  the  Flint  Eiver  bridge.  He  guided  the  men 
who  crowded  the  unfriendly  heights  of  Jonesboro,  where  the  skirmish- 
ing was  incessant.  Here  he  beheld  Hardee's  defeat.  Here,  too,  he 
heard  the  rumbling  of  the  exploding  magazines  of  Atlanta  evacuated, 
and  here  he  got  a  glimpse  of  Sherman's  dispatch  about  Hood  going  out 
and  Slocum  coming  into  the  long-coveted  citadel,  a  dispatch  wherein 
the  fiery  Sherman  proclaimed,  "Atlanta  ours,  and  fairly  won."  The  , 
further  battlings  he  shared  on  front,  flank,  and  rear  over  the  Atlanta 
bone,  already  in  Sherman's  teeth,  till  Thomas  went  back  to  Nashville 
and,  like  a  loadstone,  drew  on  Hood,  via  Franklin,  to  himself  and  to 
destruction,  and  till  Sherman  was  reorganizing  under  Howard,  Slocum, 
and  Kilpatrick,  with  65,000  comrades,  for  a  seaward  march;  these 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       119 

tilings,  with  duty  unremitted,  he  watched  with  interest,  and  wrote  con- 
cerning them  to  his  mother  and  his  loved  ones  as  yet  so  far  off  in  the 
North.  Now,  with  a  good  horse  to  ride— for  promotion  has  brought 
it — he  faced  Macon.  He  fought  with  Walcutt  at  Griswoldsville ;  along 
the  route  he  foraged  ireely  on  the  country;  and  at  last  he  wedged  him- 
self up  between  the  Ogeechee  and  Savannah,  where  for  a  time,  perforce, 
he  halted  till  everybody  was  made  to  feed  on  rice  alone,  for  here  Hardee 
had  accomplished  a  noisy  and  bothersome  resistance.  The  Savannah 
being  crossed  at  last  by  Slocum,  hurried  the  Confederates  out  into 
Carolina,  and  our  young  friend  rode  cheerily  into  the  captured  city  the 
day  before  Christmas,  1864. 

EXPERIENCE   WHEN  DETACHED. 

But  now,  while  these  comrades  are  crossing  the  arms  of  the  sea  and 
cotton  islands  of  South  Carolina,  while  they  are  scrambling  on,  leaving 
their  dead  and  wounded  at  Pocotaligo  Rivers  and  Binaker's  Bridges, 
Orangeburg,  Congaree  Creek,  and  elsewhere  up  to  Columbia,  naughtily 
beholding  the  burning  of  that  great  city,  our  young  friend  has  gone 
away  from  them  to  the  coast  to  discipline,  drill,  and  bring  to  Sherman's 
support  a  thousand  black  men. 

THE   WELCOME   NEWS. 

His  comrades  roll  along  through  Cheraw,  the  battles  of  Averasboro, 
the  skirmish  of  Fayetteville,  up  to  the  final  stubborn  fight  of  Joseph  E. 
.Johnston  again  at  Bentonville,  and  are  quietly  waiting  for  a  final  set- 
tlement of  all  the  national  trouble;  when,  anxious  to  bear  a  part  in  the 
terminal  conflicts,  the  young  soldier  on  the  coast  broke  the  seal  of  an 
apparent  order  to  find  the  refreshing  news  of  Lee's  surrender;  then 
shortly  another  dispatch  revealed  to  him,  now  in  camp  at  Newbern,  the 
story  of  Johnston's  capitulation,  and  then  of  the  capture  of  Jefferson 
Davis.  The  young  colonel  had  never  been  happier. 

THE   THUNDER    CLOUD. 

The  cheers  of  the  black  troops  were  only  excelled  in  melody  by  their 
jubilee  songs ;  when,  like  an  unexpected  thunder  cloud,  full  of  lightning 
flashes  and  startling  reverberation,  the  nation's  sky  was  overcast  with 
indescribable  blackness,  while  the  saddest  messages  imported  nothing 
but  sorrow  and  impending  trouble.  Who  can  describe  it? 

Abraham  Lincoln  is  dead !  Assassinated !  Killed,  not  by  the  Con- 
federates, but  by  an  enemy  of  mankind.  There  was  intense  national 
grief,  in  which  the  young  volunteer  with  his  new  soldiers  bore  their 
sad  part.  But  the  sources  of  joy  that  were  flowing  from  the  fountain 
head  of  the  great  peace  were  rolling  down  the  mountain  sides  and  fill- 
ing the  valleys  of  the  land  all  the  way  to  the  sea. 

HOMEWARD   BOUND. 

Our  young  friend  saw  Sherman's  men  marching  at  25  miles  a  day  on 
to  Richmond  redeemed,  and  to  Washington  forever  relieved.  He  came 
to  the  capital.  He  sat  on  his  noble  horse  and  participated  in  the  grand 
review,  lingering  at  the  President's  stand  to  behold  the  very  last  of  the 
armies  of  the  East  and  West,  as  they  passed  the  executive  platform  in 
their  strong  martial  tread.  The  words  were  not  said,  but  the  meaning 
of  them  swelled  every  heart,  penetrated  to  every  home  in  the  land: 
"The  Union  is  ours,  and  fairly  won ! "  Slavery  is  dead  and  the  Goddess 


120      CHICKAMAGUA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  Liberty  forever  enthroned.  It  was  worked  out  by  our  young  friend 
and  his  comrades — comrades  from  various  climes  and  of  different  hues. 
An  accomplishment  synthetically  condensed  for  the  benefit  of  the 
human  memory  into  the  work  of  the  American  volunteer. 

Comrades,  I  did  not  mean  to  worry  you  with  so  long  an  acquaintance, 
so  familiar  a  face,  so  faulty  a  hero,  so  undoubted  a  patriot,  so  persist- 
ent a  warrior,  and  so  fair  a  citizen  as  this  American  volunteer. 

AFTER  THIRTY  YEARS. 

It  is  over  thirty  years  since  he  was  mustered  out  of  the  United  States 
service.  Let  us  take  a  look  at  him  as  he  now  appears.  He  does  not 
seem  so  tall,  only  about  5  feet  9  inches ;  rather  thin  of  flesh,  a  little  stoop- 
ing in  the  shoulders;  his  hair  and  beard  much  sprinkled  with  gray,  and 
he  halts  in  his  gait. 

"How  are  you,  comrade?"  "Very  well,  thank  you;  but  I  suffer  a  good 
deal  from  these  wretched  old  wounds,  wounds  received  in  Virginia  and 
Georgia;  I  have  worked  hard  since  I  saw  you;  yes,  have  a  good  home 
and  fine  family;  the  girls  help  their  mother,  and  the  boys,  bless  their 
hearts,  help  me;  yes,  yes,  but  I  am  rather  poor;  have  been  forced  at 
last  to  ask  for  a  pension  against  the  old  days."  "  How  about  this  pen- 
sion business,  comrade?"  "Well,  1  did  without  it  as  long  as  I  could,  but 
thought  that  when  the  weakness  and  suffering  came,  initiated  by  the 
wounds  and  swamps  of  the  war,  tbat  I  deserved  just  a  little  help ;  guess 
it  won't  break  up  the  dear  old  Government  to  help  such  a  disabled  and 
needy  old  fellow ! "  Surely  our  unselfish  volunteer  is  modest,  seeing  that 
the  rich  old  Government  ijbself  owes  its  very  existence  to  his  suffering 
and  sacrifice.  But  brave  men  and  true,  who  have  laid  down  their  lives 
on  the  altar  of  their  country,  are  the  most  modest  of  men,  especially 
when  asking  even  for  their  dues. 

AT  THE  PHILADELPHIA  REUNION  AND   CONFEDERATE  MEETING. 

Near  the  time  when  I  met  our  friend  again  after  the  years  had  elapsed, 
he  and  I  received  an  invitation  to  a  banquet  in  Philadelphia  on  the 
birthday  of  our  most  successful  general,  U.  S.  Grant.  It  was  given  by 
the  Union  League  Club  of  that  city,  and  I  assure  you  that  it  was  a 
remarkable  gathering.  Union  and  Confe'derate  officers  of  high  rank 
were  invited  to  meet  there  the  27th  of  April,  1893,  to  do  honor  to  the 
memory  of  our  patriot  hero,  the  acknowledged  leader  of  leaders  in  the 
salvation  of  the  land.  Longstreet,  Alexander,  Mahone,  Latrobe,  Con- 
federate volunteers  facing  our  volunteer  and  his  comrades;  they  take 
hold  of  hands,  tears  and  gladness  mingled  in  their  faces  as  they  repeated 
together  the  pregnant  phrase  of  Grant,  which  said  at  the  war's  close, 
"Let  us  have  peace."  The  Union  Leaguers  cheered  and  cheered  as 
speech  after  speech  was  delivered  glorifying  Columbia  prosperous; 
Columbia  uniting  the  hands  of  her  children;  Columbia  blessing  her 
unique,  essential,  perpetual  institutions;  Columbia  holding  aloft  a  new 
copy  of  the  Stars  and  Stripes;  Columbia  with  gleamiugeyes  and  fervent, 
patriotic  songs  pointing  to  the  number  44,  the  present  galaxy ;  Columbia 
bearing  the  emblem  of  the  unbroken  number,  the  enlarged  Union  of 
States.  Amid  a  forest  of  flowers  more  than  COO  men  of  Philadelphia, 
the  very  best  types  of  American  manhood,  sealed  anew  the  peace  and 
union  of  this  laud,  in  their  shouts  of  joy  at  the  new  spectacle  of  North 
and  South  joining  hands  and  hearts  in  fraternal  promise. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       121 


AGAIN   ON   A  BATTLEFIELD   BOTH   PARTIES   MEET. 

The  next  day  the  vice-president  of  tLe  Beading  Eailroad,  Hon.  John 
Russell  Young,  who  at  one  time,  as  will  be  remembered,  had  taken 
General  Grant  and  his  family  around  the  world,  transferred  the  new 
scene  from  the  Union  League  of  Philadelphia  to  the  heights  of  Gettys- 
burg. Carriages  and  an  eloquent  guide  bore  the  party,  our  volunteer 
among  them,  over  the  great  field  of  strife,  along  the  Seminary,  or  Oak, 
Ridge,  where  the  gallant  Reynolds  fell,  along  by  the  divisions  of 
Donbleday,  Wadsworth,  Robinson,  Schimmelpfennig,  and  Barlow,  along 
the  Confederate  lines  that  enveloped  them  from  the  left  of  Ewell,  past 
A.  P.  Hill,  to  the  right  of  Longstreet.  The  party  grew  more  animated 
as  they  broke  into  the  conflict  of  Sickles's  divisions,  of  Humphrey  and 
Birney,  as  they  jolted  along  over  the  rough  roads  of  Devil's  Den,  and 
listened  to  a  speech  of  the  guide  delivered  near  the  monuments  of  War- 
ren, Vincent,  Weed,  and  Hazlett,  eloquently  trying  to  put  into  words 
the  fierce  battlings  of  strong  men  there.  We  a  little  later  stood  where 
Slocuin  and  Greene  and  Geary  and  Williams  and  Ruger  and  Wads- 
worth  had  for  five  mortal  hours  met  the  desperate  fighting  of  Ewell, 
Ed  Johnson,  Early,  and  Rhodes,  till  they  (the  Yankees)  had  secured 
McAllister's  Mill,  Gulp's  Hill,  and  the  intervening  Baltimore  pike, 
which  both  sides  appeared  to  covet  with  a  strength  stronger  than 
life.  We  gathered  lor  the  photographer  to  make  a  mixed  picture  of 
Northern  and  Southern  men  at  the  very  place  where  Howard  with 
Meisenburg  sat  on  their  horses  and  deliberately  chose  the  Cemetery 
Ridge  for  the  first  day's  reserves  and  the  gi  eat  battlefield.  It  was  rain- 
ing fast,  but  nobody  minded  the  rain  when  we  assembled  for  a  last 
address  of  the  inspired  guide  to  portray  the  charge  of  Pickett's  Con- 
federate division  and  Hancock's  glorious  counter  defense.  What 
afield!  Five  miles — following  the  bends  of  the  fishhook  curve  from 
McAllister's  Mill,  via  Gulp's  Hill,  the  Seminary  Ridge,  Ziegler's  Grove, 
Little  Round  Top,  on  as  far  as  the  base  of  Big  Round  Top — 5  miles  of 
Union  forces,  with  Gregg's  cavalry  still  beyond  the  right,  and  Kilpat- 
rick's  beyond  the  left.  As  we  roamed  over  the  well-known  Cemetery 
Ridge,  stopping  here  and  there  to  view  the  grand  monuments  already 
erected,  and  looking  at  the  almost  innumerable  gravestones  at  our 
feet,  our  American  volunteer  seemed  to  grow  young  again.  He 
became  more  erect;  there  appeared  to  come  before  his  eyes  a  vision: 
Slocum  with  thousands  on  the  right;  Wadsworth  and  his  brave  men 
at  Gulp's  Hill;  Adelbert  Ames  next,  and  in  their  order  Schurz, 
Steinwehr,  Newton,  Hancock,  Hays,  Gibbon,  Caldwell,  Sickles,  Birney, 
Humphrey,  Sykes,  Barnes,  Ayres,  Crawford,  Sedgwick,  Wheaton, 
Wright,  Howe,  Pleasonton,  Gregg,  Kilpatrick,  Buford,  and  a  host  of 
others.  Then  came  into  his  mind  that  remarkable  grouping  of  artillery 
under  Hunt  with  Osborn  on  Cemetery  Hill,  Wainwright  in  the  center, 
and  McEldry  near  Little  Round  Top,  and  there  before  him  was  the 
very  Confederate  leader  who  had  grouped  the  cannon  of  Longstreet 
and  Lee.  It  almost  seemed  as  if  he  could  hear  the  cannons  again 
speaking  with  a  voice  of  thunder,  rolling  rattling,  and  reverberating 
among  the  hills  and  valleys. 

CHANGE    OF   HEART. 

It  is  said  that  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  while  the  strain  was  on,  was 
felt  by  Abraham  Lincoln's  soul  more  deeply  than  if  he  had  been  present, 
and  that  it  was  the  means  of  a  spiritual  change  wrought  in  him,  which 


122       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

ever  after  gave  him  a  more  complete  consecration  of  himself  to  the  will 
of  the  Lord  his  God.  My  last  visit,  comrades,  to  the  field  of  Gettys- 
burg, in  connection  with  a  thorough  revival  in  my  mind  of  the  details 
of  the  events  connected  with  that  greatest  battle  of  the  war,  taken  in  con- 
nection also  with  the  friendly  intercourse  with  representative  men  who 
had  been  opposed  to  us  on  that  ground,  changed  my  attitude,  if  not  my 
conviction  of  right,  toward  the  Confederates  who  fought  us.  I  was 
looking  into  Longstreet's  face,  while  Sickles  was  leaning,  supported  by 
his  crutches,  against  an  enormous  rock,  when  I  said  something  concern- 
ing the  demands  of  duty.  General  Longstreet  answered  me  reflect- 
ively, "We  must  be  guided  by  the  light  within  us;  I  have  tried  all 
along  to  stand  firm  to  my  conviction  of  duty,  according  to  the  light  I 
have  had."  These  may  not  be  his  exact  words ;  they  are  the  substance ; 
they  set  me  to  reflecting  upon  the  counterpart  of  our  American  volun- 
teer, namely,  the  Southern  volunteer. 

THE   SOUTHERN   VOLUNTEER. 

He  was  educated  from  boyhood  in  certain  political  doctrines,  certain 
interpretations  of  the  Constitution  of  our  country;  he  was  bred  in  the 
heart  of  slavery;  he  was  part  and  parcel  of  it.  We,  the  champions  of 
a  free  Republic,  could  not  allow  him  with  his  comrades  even  to  follow 
the  logic  of  his  convictions  because  they  led  to  the  destruction  of  the 
Union ;  the  breaking  up  of  our  country;  the  perpetuation  not  of  human 
liberty,  but  of  human  slavery.  We,  ourselves,  however,  did  not  see  at 
the  outset,  all  this  with  divine  clearness.  It  took  a  clarification  of 
storm  and  disaster,  yea,  was  it  not  as  necessary  as  that  Christ  should 
die  on  the  cross  for  the  redemption  of  men,  that  our  land  should  have 
been  baptized  in  the  blood  of  her  sons. 

GRATIFYING  AND   STEADY  PROGRESS. 

I  have  lately  compared  notes  with  a  prominent  Confederate  leader 
and  find  that  we  have  come  together,  unconsciously,  no  doubt.  Here  is 
where  we  now  agree.  The  war  was  a  necessity.  Nothing  human  could 
have  warded  it  off.  Slavery  was  the  cause  of  division.  It  was  neces- 
sary that  it  should  be  completely  rooted  out.  The  providence  of  God 
went  far  beyond  the  projects  of  men  in  its  destruction.  Everything  in 
our  political  method,  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  is  not  yet  all  right. 
There  are  ballot  stuffings ;  there  are  corruptions  of  office;  there  is  bribery 
in  elections ;  there  is  cheating  in  legislation ;  there  is  selfishness  in  great 
monopolies,  and  there  are  political  dangers;  but  the  fundamental  insti- 
tutions remain  to  us,  namely:  A  church,  or  a  set  of  churches,  where 
every  man  is  free  to  worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  con- 
science; a  school  or  set  of  schools  adequate  to  the  necessities  of  a  great 
people,  well  established  and  free  to  every  child ;  and  an  American  home 
which  in  its  purity  and  simplicity  can  not  be  surpassed  by  those  of  any 
other  people  on  the  globe.  These,  with  our  free  ballot,  are  our  peculiar 
institutions;  they  constitute  the  nucleus  from  which  radiate  untold 
blessings  and  almost  limitless  streams  of  development.  All  American 
volunteers  of  the  whole  land  will  preserve  them. 

NO  MORE  REBELLION — GENUINE  COMRADESHIP  FOR  US  ALL. 

Some  months  ago  I  stood  again  in  Atlanta.  Our  comrades  of  the  war 
gave  me  a  reception ;  among  them  one,  a  Confederate  leader,  bearing  the 


CHICK  AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       123 

great  historic  name  of  Calhoun,  with  the  mayor,  came  to  the  hall  and 
spoke  words  of  welcome.     He  said  among  other  things : 

General,  however  different  our  feelings  and  our  sentiments  may  be  on  some  topics, 
please  understand  this  fully,  that  we  who  once  fought  against  you  are  not  meditat- 
ing another  rebellion.  We  have  a  common  interest,  a  common  country,  a  common 
flag.  Should  these  be  in  danger,  should  their  honor  be  in  question,  so  that  Columbia 
would  be  constrained  to  call  men  to  arms,  we  would,  all  be  side  by  side  with  you  iii 
the  common  defense. 

These  were  his  words  as  I  recall  them,  spoken  with  all  the  feeling  of 
a  strong  man  of  noble  heart  and  all  the  eloquence  of  a  Southern  orator 
like  Calhoun. 

The  Fifth  Virginia  met  one  of  our  regiments,  the  Twenty-eighth  New 
York,  at  Niagara  Falls,  by  invitation  of  the  latter.  An  officer  of  that 
regiment  used  these  words: 

And  we  feel  that  in  this  coining  together  we  do  no  dishonor  to  the  memory  of  our 
dead  comrades  or  our  cause.  From  the  battlements  of  heaven  there  look  down  upon 
us  to-day  the  spirits  of  both  the  Union  and  Confederate  dead,  and  I  believe  that  they 
rejoice  in  a  reunion  like  this,  and  that  the  issue  of  the  war  was  national  unity.  It 
should  now  be  our  aim  to  obliterate  all  sectional  lines.  Let  there  be  no  North,  South, 
East,  or  West,  but  one  country  and  one  people. 

Col.  E.  E.  Stickley,  of  Woodstock, Va.,  a  one-armed  Southern  man,  in 
the  war  a  Confederate,  replied: 

We  are  brothers,  of  one  flesh,  one  blood,  one  manhood,  having  one  Heavenly  Father, 
and  one  common  country,  wide  enough,  broad  enough,  rich  enough  for  all  to  inhabit. 
We  are  here  to  show  you  that  we  can  march  side  by  side  with  our  former  enemy,  and 
to  demonstrate  how  perfectly,  too,  we  can  rise  above  the  animosities  of  those  years 
of  blood  and  carnage  and  recognize  you  as  our  brothers  and  friends  of  a  common 
brotherhood.  Does  not  this  august  spectacle,  this  magnificent  scene,  this  magnani- 
mous manifestation  of  peace,  here  so  beautifully  presented  under  the  thunders  of 
Niagara,  suggest  to  our  hearts  that  the  war  is  over,  the  contest  ended,  the  battle 
done? 

It  is  coming  into  my  heart  this  year  as  it  came  into  the  heart  of  General 
Grant,  near  the  close  of  his  life,  to  speak  only  kindly  words.  Lest  we 
might  injure  the  manhood  of  the  noblest  men  of  the  South,  I  would  press 
no  chalice  of  exaction  to  their  lips ;  I  would  not  even  boast  of  a  victory, 
which  cost  us  so  dearly  to  win ;  I  could  not  impute  bad  intentions  to  any 
but  known  wrong-doers;  and  I  would  do  and  say- those  things  which 
are  tender  and  kind,  which  I  know  our  Lord  through  his  spirit  would 
smile  upon.  The  black  men  are  advancing;  the  schools  are  almost  uni- 
versal; his  home  is  being  improved,  wherever  vital  religion  and  knowl- 
edge have  found  their  way.  Yes,  in  general,  the  battle  for  the  right  so 
hard  to  wage  is  steadily  pressing  back  the  hosts  which  are  opposed  to 
truth.  On  the  floor  of  the  Senate  General  Gordon  pledges  us  unity  of 
arms  and  loyalty.  Sometimes,  comrades  of  battle,  it  seems  amid  our 
aches  and  pains  and  sicknesses  and  weaknesses  as  if  our  young  people 
had  almost  forgotten  us,  did  not  half  appreciate  our  work,  our  sacrifice, 
our  suffering,  our  principles,  and  our  hopes.  No ;  they  can  not  do  so,  my 
comrades ;  this  is  part  of  what  we  gave,  in  order  to  transmit  a  magnifi- 
cent heritage  to  children  and  children's  children.  God  alone  makes  up 
the  difference;  God  alone  adjusts  the  balances  of  justice;  and  He  only 
is  able  to  fill  the  soul  of  every  waiting  comrade  with  fullness  from  His  own 
abundant  perennial  fountains.  I  covet  for  our  comrades  of  war,  Union 
and  Confederate,  above  all  things,  something  that  is  beyond  the  love  of 
wife  and  children,  beyond  the  appreciative  sympathy  of  grand-children, 
yea,  much  more,  namely,  a  life  invisible  but  immortal,  born  within  the 
soul,  a  life  which  shall  have  a  power  to  make  our  companionship  com- 
plete and  perpetual,  which  death  can  not  dim,  and  which  will  expand 


124      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  1>ARK. 

« 

with  the  ages.    It  is  not  a  dream;  it  is  described  by  the  Great  Apostle 
of  love  and  charity,  in  these  words: 

I  am  Alpha  and  Omega,  the  beginning  and  the  end.  I  will  give  unto  him  that  is 
athirst  of  the  fountain  of  the  water  of  life  freely.  He  that  overcometh  shall  inherit 
all  things,  and  I  will  be  his  God  and  he  shall  be  My  son. 

Grant  and  Thomas,  Lee  and  Jackson  understood  this;  they  have 
tested  the  promise.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  comrades  have  gone  on 
before.  Let  us,  too,  have  the  safe  shield,  bright  and  glistening  as  Christ 
can  make  it,  when  we  join  them  there. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  JOSEPH  WHEELER. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  The  scenes  presented  to  us  to-day  and 
our  thoughts  mingling  as  they  must  with  the  events  of  nearly  a  third 
of  a  century  ago,  it  is  but  natural  that  our  reflections  would  be  of  a 
very  unusual  character. 

That  the  dedication  of  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga  is  pursuant  to 
a  solemn  enactment  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  gives  evi- 
dence that  a  great  and  good  purpose  is  sought  to  be  accomplished. 
The  soldiers  of  the  North  and  the  soldiers  of  the  South,  who  met  in 
deadly  strife  upon  this  field  thirty-two  years  ago,  are  here,  surrounded 
by  this  vast  assemblage  who  have  come  from  every  State  of  the  Union 
to  commemorate  the  sanguinary  struggle  in  which  the  soldiers  of  Chicka- 
mauga were  the  actors,  and  no  one  asks  whether  the  hero  they  honor 
fought  under  the  Stars  and  Stripes  which  float  above  us  or  under  the 
banner  which  has  been  furled  forever.  They  are  here  to  imprint  into 
history  and  to  perpetuate  a  story  of  heroism  exhibited  upon  this  field  by 
American  people.  They  are  here  to  commemorate  and  honor  American 
valor.  They  are  here  to  view  the  spectacle  of  soldiers  who  once  fought 
each  other  in  deadly  battle  now  one  people,  with  one  interest,  one  flag, 
one  country,  and  one  ambition. 

When  we  look  into  the  history  of  the  past  we  find  that  the  lapse  of 
time  causes  animosities  of  every  character  to  fade  away. 

THE  BRAVE  FORGET  ENMITIES. 

In  all  ages  we  find  that  the  bravest  soldiers  have  always  been  the 
first  to  banish  from  their  hearts  the  enmities  which  have  their  origin  in 
the  strife  of  battle. 

The  most  sanguinary  of  the  English  wars  comes  down  to  us  under 
the  softest  and  sweetest  of  names.  It  is  called  the  War  of  the  Roses. 
Under  that  gentle  and  poetic  designation  lie  concealed  the  features  of 
a  struggle  the  most  ferocious  of  any  in  the  annals  of  warfare,  waged  as 
it  was  between  brothers  and  kinsmen.  That  also  was  a  civil  war ;  a  war 
rendered  more  heroic  by  the  personal  hostility  of  the  combatants. 

It  was  a  war  waged  for  nobility,  the  nobility  of  persons,  where  titles 
and  place,  manors  and  earldoms,  crowns  and  kingdoms  were  the  stakes; 
where  the  result  was  the  tyrannical  dominance  of  family  on  the  one  side 
and  individual  extermination  on  the  other.  Yet  to-day  the  English 
people,  in  pointing  with  pride  to  the  heroic  deeds  of  that  terrible  strife, 
never  ask  whether  the  knight,  whose  valor  added  renown  to  English 
prowess,  fought  under  the  colors  of  the  red  rose  of  York  or  under  the 
banner  of  the  white  rose  of  Lancaster;  and  the  people  of  France  to-day 
erect  monuments  to  the  true  hero,  whether  he  fought  in  the  ranks  of 
the  royalists  of  La  Vendee  or  under  the  tricolor  of  the  Eepublic. 


TENNESSEE   MONUMENT  TO   FORREST'S  CAVALRY. 


'CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       125 

THE   LATE  WAR. 

There  are,  however,  other  distinctive  characteristics  connected  with 
the  sanguinary  strife  of  1861  to  1865.  While  it  was  one  of  the  most 
fierce  and  terrific  that  ever  employed  the  arm  of  a  soldier  or  engaged 
the  pen  of  the  historian,  yet  as  between  the  soldiers  who  met  and  fought 
each  other  so  desperately  there  was  not  and  never  had  been  any  indi- 
vidual or  personal  hostility;  none  of  that  despicable  feeling  known  as 
hatred;  DO  revenge,  no  ambition,  no  malice,  no  bloodthirstiness.  They 
met  and  fought,  not  in  the  spirit  of  anger,  but  in  the  fulfillment  of  duty. 
They  and  their  ancestors  had  been  brothers  for  more  than  two  centuries. 
The  men  of  the  North  and  the  men  of  the  South  had  alike  taken  pride 
in  the  same  history,  the  same  traditions,  the  same  military  triumphs, 
and  their  patriotic  fathers  had  fought  side  by  side  from  the  struggles  at 
Lexington,  Concord,  and  Bunker  Hill,  in  1775,  to  the  glorious  victories 
before  the  City  of  Mexico,  in  1847;  and  when  the  four  years'  strife  was 
over  and  the  soldiers  of  both  armies  had  again  become  one  people,  it 
was  but  natural  that  all  animosities  of  actual  war  should  subside  and 
pass  away. 

DEEDS    OF   BRAVE    SOLDIERS. 

Let  me  now  express  my  acknowledgments  to  the  brave  men  I  had 
the  honor  and  the  good  fortune  to  command,  and  to  whose  courage, 
fortitude,  endurance,  and  soldierly  conduct  I  am  indebted  for  any  suc- 
cess I  attained.  First,  to  my  early  companions  in  arms  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Alabama  Infantry,  who  remember  so  well  the  enthusiasm  of 
our  baptism  in  blood  on  the  historic  field  of  Shiloh.  Their  brilliant 
career,  commenced  upon  that  field  and  maintained  throughout  the 
war,  was  not  excelled  by  any  regiment  in  the  Confederacy,  next  to 
my  command  of  cavalry,  who  were  always  superb  in  the  execution  of 
every  duty  they  were  called  upon  to  perform.  Always  bravely  lead- 
ing the  van  when  the  army  advanced,  and  always  with  unexcelled 
skill  and  courage  forming  the  rear  guard  in  every  retrograde  move- 
ment; frequently  engaging  the  opposing  cavalry  and  always  with 
credit  to  our  arms;  sometimes  on  a  successful  raid  destroying  the  Fed- 
eral wagon  trains,  lines  of  communication,  and  depots  of  stores;  some- 
times fighting  dismounted  in  our  infantry  line  of  battle,  sometimes 
assaulting  works  held  by  strong  lines  of  infantry,  and  sometimes  hold- 
ing positions  against  the  most  terrible  assaults  of  Federal  infantry 
columns  and  lines  of  battle.  To  these  brave  officers  who  for  a  third  of 
a  century  have  always  been  in  my  thoughts,  for  whom  iny  heart  is 
filled  with  love  and  gratitude — men  whose  courage  and  fortitude  I 
have  always  admired  and  revered — to  them  I  beg  now  to  express  my 
thanks,  my  adoration  and  my  love. 

When  we  look  upon  all  the  veterans  assembled  here  to-day,  all  must 
be  impressed  with  the  havoc  time  has  made  in  our  ranks.  The  4,000 
who  fell  upon  the  field  of  Chickamauga  have  been  rapidly  followed  by 
their  comrades  who  escaped  death  in  that  terrible  battle,  and  the  biv- 
ouac of  the  dead  beyond  the  river  now  claims  the  greater  half  of  the 
brave  men  who,  on  September  18,  1863,  stood  upon  this  field  eager  to 
enter  the  impending  strife. 

DEAD   HEROES  MEET. 

There  is  a  beautiful  fancy  of  Pagan  mythology  which  contends  that 
soldiers  who  are  distinguished  in  battle  are  allowed  to  meet  in  the 


126      CHICKAMAUQA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

happy  fields  of  Elysium  and  talk  over  the  events  of  the  conflicts  in 
which  they  engaged. 

Jomini,  in  his  Life  of  Napoleon,  in  the  following  manner  most  charm- 
ingly availed  himself  of  this  fiction: 

Finally,  on  the  5th  of  May,  1821,  the  clear  sky  of  Elysium  is  suddenly  covered 
with  clouds;  the  angry  waves  of  Acheron,  lashed  by  the  unchained  winds,  give 
notice  of  some  extraordinary  apparition.  All,  with  a  common  sentiment  of  interest 
and  curiosity,  hasten  to  the  shore.  Soon  the  skiff  of  the  sad  and  silent  Charon  is 
seen  approaching ;  it  carries  the  shade  of  Napoleon  the  *  *  *  .  All  press  for- 
ward to  see  him;  Alexander,  Ciesar,  Frederick,  are  in  the  first  rank,  and  they  alone 
have  the  right  of  interrogating  him. 

To  the  usual  felicitations  succeed  the  most  weighty  questions.  Alexander,  who 
from  the  mountains  of  Macedonia  penetrated  into  India  and  returned  victorious,  is 
astonished  at  the  retreat  from  Moscow,  and  asks  to  know  the  cause;  Ca-sar,  who 
died  in  vincible,  asks  an  explanation  of  the  disasters  of  Liepsic  and  Waterloo;  Fred- 
erick, so  great  in  reverses  and  so  measured  in  his  enterprises,  wishes  an  explanation 
of  the  prompt  destruction  of  his  monarchy  and  of  its  brilliant  resurrection  in  1813. 

Napoleon  then  recites  the  events  which  mark  his  extraordinary  career, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  narration  the  verdict  of  the  noble  Areopagus 
was  pronounced : 

His  illustrious  auditors  declared  with  unanimous  voice,  that  although  he  had 
failed  in  the  execution  of  his  vast  projects  he  surpassed  them  all  in  his  force  of  genius 
and  greatness  of  soul.  Each  in  particular  eulogized  those  traits  which  most  resem- 
bled his  own.  Alexander  praised  Napoleon  for  his  generosity  to  his  conquered  foes; 
Caesar  admired  his  having  built  up  an  empire  out  of  the  scattered  fragments  of  pub- 
lic liberty,  and  established  his  power  with  legions  destined  to  defend  that  liberty; 
Frederick  applauded  his  spirit  of  order  and  economy,  and  was  particularly  pleased  at 
seeing  his  own  system  of  war  receive  such  new  and  extensive  developments. 

From  that  moment  the  four  heroes  became  inseparable,  and  their  conversations 
form  an  inexhaustible  source  of  political  aud  military  instruction,  and  constitute 
the  principal  charm  and  delight  of  the  illustrious  shades  who  inhabit  the  fields 
of  Elysium. 

Can  we  not  apply  this  pleasing  fiction  to  the  present  case? 

Can  we  not  imagine  that  the  brave  soldiers  of  Chickamauga  who  rest 
under  the  shade  of  the  trees  greet  each  comrade  as  he  crosses  the  dark 
river  and  joins  in  the  bivouac  of  the  dead? 

Can  we  not  imagine  that  to-day  these  heroes  are  aware  of  our  pres- 
ence and  know  that  we  are  here  to  commemorate  their  heroic  actions? 

NOTABLE  EVENTS  AND   STRIKING  FEATURES. 

I  must  not,  however,  forget  that  the  duty  was  specially  assigned  me 
to  group  together  the  more  notable  events  connected  with  the  history 
of  the  Army  of  Tennessee. 

One  of  the  striking  features  in  the  history  of  the  Army  of  Tennessee 
and  that  section  of  our  country  which  became  the  field  of  its  opera- 
tions, is  the  rather  singular  fact  that  although  Virginia  in  the  east  and 
Missouri  in  the  west  were  the  scenes  of  active  operations,  and  were 
occupied  by  large  armies  early  in  the  summer  of  1861,  the  expanse  of 
territory  some  400  miles  in  width,  comprising  the  States  of  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee,  lying  between  Virginia  and  North  and  t^outh  Carolina 
on  the  east  and  bounded  by  the  Mississippi  River  on  the  west,  escaped 
becoming  the  theater  of  actual  war  until  nearly  a  year  after  the  complete 
organization  of  the  Confederate  Governmen  t. 

While  the  State  officials  of  Kentucky  were  professing  strict  neutrality, 
the  Federal  Government  was  active  in  perfecting  military  organizations 
within  its  borders,  and  camps  were  being  established  in  many  localities. 

As  early  as  August  15, 1861,  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky 
were  constituted  a  military  department  under  the  command  of  Gen. 
Kobert  Anderson, 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       127 

Gen.  U.  S.  Grant,  who  commanded  at  Cairo,  invaded  Kentucky,  and 
on  September  6  occupied  Paducah.  The  next  day,  September  7,  Gen. 
Leonidas  Polk,  who  commanded  some  12,000  Confederate  troops  in 
west  Tennessee,  occupied  Columbus. 

On  the  14th  Gen.  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  reached  Nashville,  and  four 
days  later,  pursuant  to  his  order,  General  Buckner  occupied  Bowling 
Green  with  a  force  of  about  5,000  Confederate  soldiers.  General  Zolli- 
coffer,  with  3,000  men  in  east  Tennessee,  had  already  occupied  Cumber- 
land Gap,  preparatory  to  advancing  into  Kentucky. 

A  NATURAL   ROUTE. 

The  dispositions  illustrate  how  early  the  line  passing  through  Cum- 
berland Gap — the  line  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  and  the  Nash- 
ville and  Chattanooga  railroads — the  line  up  the  Tennessee  Eiver  from 
Paducah,  and  the  line  down  the  Mississippi  were  accepted  as  the  nat- 
ural routes  for  invading  forces.  They  also  show  how  the  troops  who 
finally  composed  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  were  drawn  together  to 
confront  and  so  desperately  engage  the  gathering  Federal  armies. 

On  October  8  General  Anderson  was  relieved  by  Gen.  William  T. 
Sherman,  who,  on  November  15,  relinquished  the  command  to  Gen.  Don 
Carlos  Buell,  whose  territory  was  changed  so  as  to  include  the  States 
of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Michigan,  and  to  exclude  that  portion  of  Ten- 
nessee and  Kentucky  which  lies  west  of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland 
rivers.  Previous  to  this,  on  November  7,  General  Grant  had  thrown 
forward  from  Cairo  about  3,000  men,  who  fought  Folk's  forces  at  Bel- 
inont,  Mo.,  a  small  village  opposite  Columbus. 

The  disposition  of  the  Confederate  forces  shows  that  early  in  1862 
Gen.  Sidney  Johnston  was  endeavoring  to  hold  a  line  from  the  Alle- 
gheny Mountains  at  Cumberland  Gap  to  the  Mississippi  Eiver  at 
Columbus,  Ky. 

THE   UNION  FORCE. 

To  give  some  idea  of  the  Federal  force  opposed  to  General  Johnston, 
I  will  state  that  on  February  14  General  Buell  reported  73,472  men  for 
duty,  and  I  wijl  also  quote  the  following  correspondence  between  the 
Secretary  of  War  and  Major-General  Halleck : 

WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
Washington,  March  29,  1862. 
Major-General  HALLECK,  St.  Louis : 

Without  waiting  for  details  you  will  report  without  delay  by  telegraph  about  the 
strength  of  your  command  and  the  general  distribution  of  troops,  naming  the  localities 
of  the  principal  commanders. 

EDWIN  M.  STANTON, 

Secretary  of  War. 

ST.  Louis,  March  30,  1862. 
Hon.  E.  M.  STANTON,  Secretary  of  War: 

Under  Major-General  Buell,  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  101,000;  under  Major- 
General  Grant,  in  Tennessee,  75,000;  under  General  Pope,  New  Madrid,  25,000;  under 
General  Curtis,  Arkansas,  23,000;  under  General  Strong,  Cairo,  Columbus,  etc.,  9,000; 
under  General  Steele,  Arkansas,  6,000;  under  General  Schofield,  St.  Louis  district, 
15,000;  including  regiments  organizing  at  Benton  Barracks,  under  General  Totten  in 
central  Missouri,  4,000;  in  northern  Missouri,  2,000,  and  State  militia;  in  Kansas, 
Colorado,  Nebraska,  etc.,  about  10,000. 

H.  W.  HALLECK, 

Major-General, 


128      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 
CONFEDERATE  TROOPS. 

Gen.  George  B.  Oittenden,  who  had  succeeded  General  Zollicoffer  in 
December,  was  in  command  of  the  right  of  General  Johnston's  line,  with 
a  force  which  his  field  return,  dated  in  January,  reported  to  be  8,000 
officers  and  men  present  for  duty;  and  General  Marshall  had  in  addi- 
tion about  2,100  men  on  the  Virginia  and  Kentucky  borders.  In  giving 
the  figures  of  field  returns  of  Confederate  troops  I  include  all  officers, 
all  noncommissioned  officers,  and  all  privates  who  are  reported  present 
for  duty. 

The  center  and  most  salient  position  at  Bowling  Green  was  com- 
manded by  General  Hardee,  whose  return,  dated  January  14,  was  24,113. 
At  Forts  Donelson  and  Henry  General  Tilghman  commanded,  and  on 
January  31  reported  a  force  of  4,989.  General  Polk  commanded  at 
Columbus,  and  his  returns  of  February  numbered  17,425.  The  only 
other  troops  subject  to  the  orders  of  General  Johnston  were  those  of 
Generals  Van  Dorn  and  Price.  The  maximum  returns  which  I  can  find 
report  them  at  12,910. 

Theoretically  this  distribution  of  forces  proposed— 

For  Crittenden  and  Marshall  to  defend  east  Tennessee  and  west 
Virginia. 

For  General  Hardee  to  hold  Buell  in  check  north  of  Bowling  Green. 

For  the  troops  and  guns  at  Forts  Donelson  and  Henry  to  prevent 
ingress  up  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers,  and  the  forces  and 
guns  at  Columbus  expected  to  prevent  Federal  invasion  down  the  Mis 
sissippi. 

Practically  none  of  these  results  were  attained.  At  the  first  indica- 
tion of  serious  pressure,  the  5,000  men  at  Fort  Donelson  and  Fort 
Henry  were  reenforced,  8,000  men  being  sent  from  the  Bowling  Green 
army  and  over  5,000  from  other  points. 

FEDERAL  ADVANCE. 

A  general  advance  of  the  Federal  forces  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee 
then  commenced,  with  the  following  results : 

First,  the  defeat  of  General  Crittenden  at  Mill  Springs,  January  19, 
finally  resulting,  June  18,  in  the  occupation  of  Cumberland  Gap  by  the 
Federal  troops. 

Second,  the  advance  of  General  Grant  and  the  Confederate  defeat  at 
Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  February  6  and  14,  followed  by  Johnston's 
retreat  from  Bowling  Green;  Grant's  further  advance  up  the  Tennes- 
see Kiver,  the  concentration  of  General  Johnston's  forces  at  or  near 
Corinth,  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6  and  7,  and  loss  of  Corinth, 
May  30. 

Third,  the  advance  down  the  Mississippi  Kiver  and  capture  and  occu- 
pation of  Island  Ten  on  April  8  and  occupation  of  Memphis  on  June  6. 

The  field  returns  of  June  9,  a  week  after  the  Confederate  army  reached 
Tupelo,  reported  it  at  45,080.  This  return  includes  the  Army  of  Mis- 
sissippi, reeuforced  by  the  troops  brought  from  Arkansas  by  Generals 
Price  and  Van  Dorn,  together  with  detachments  gathered  from  various 
other  localities.  About  2,000  cavalry  not  included  in  this  return  also 
belonged  to  the  army.  This  was  the  maximum  force  General  Bragg 
could  expect  to  concentrate  at  that  point.  General  Halleck,  immedi- 
ately confronting  Bragg  with  the  armies  of  Grant,  Pope,  and  Buell, 
had  in  and  about  Corinth  a  force  of  128,315  men,  of  which  the  field 
return  of  June  1  showed  108,538  present  for  duty.  A  division  report- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      129 

ing  8,682  for  duty  under  the  Federal  general  George  W.  Morgan  was 
at  Cumberland  Gap.  A  division  with  6,411  for  duty  under  Gen.  Ormsby 
M.  Mitchell  was  in  North  Alabama,  and  three  brigades  were  located  at 
Memphis,  Nashville,  and  other  points  in  middle  Tennessee. 

Buell  soon  started  en  route  to  north  Alabama,  General  Halleck 
remaining  at  or  near  Corinth  with  70,000  men  for  duty,  a  force  strong 
enough  to  hold  Corinth  and  west  Tennessee,  while  Buell  could  menace 
or  even  invade  Alabama  or  north  Georgia. 

CHANGED  CONDITIONS. 

| 

The  changed  condition  of  the  opposing  armies  during  four  months 
should  now  be  considered. 

In  January,  1862,  the  Confederates  held  all  of  Tennessee  and  most  of 
Kentucky  and  the  Mississippi  Kiver  from  Columbus  to  the  Delta.  Now, 
after  a  series  of  Confederate  reverses,  both  States  were  virtually  under 
the  control  of  the  armies  under  General  Balleck,  and  the  Federal  flotilla 
sailed  unmolested  from  St.  Louis  to  Vicksburg.  The  Federal  right  was 
thrown  forward  into  Mississippi,  its  center  occupied  north  Alabama, 
and  its  left  was  pressing  the  Confederates  to  the  southern  border  of 
east  Tennessee. 

The  Confederate  problem  was  to  devise  some  plan  to  turn  the  tide  of 
disaster  and  recover  at  least  a  portion  of  the  lost  territory.  The  Con- 
federates had  expected  a  battle  at  Corinth,  in  which  they  felt  confident 
of  as  decisive  a  victory  as  was  won  by  them  on  the  first  day  of  Shiloh ; 
and  the  withdrawal  to  Tupelo  had  at  last  forced  upon  them  a  conviction 
that  the  numerical  preponderance  of  the  enemy  was  such  that  they 
could  not  expect  to  cope  successfully  with  the  combined  armies  then 
commanded  by  General  Halleck.  Already  the  army  had  suffered  much 
from  sickness,  and  could  hardly  expect  any  improvement  while  it  re- 
mained idle  in  the  locality  where  it  had  halted  after  its  retreat  from 
Corinth.  An  advance  into  west  Tennessee  would  not  afford  protection 
to  Alabama  or  Georgia.  An  advance  into  middle  Tennessee  by  cross- 
ing the  river  at  Florence,  Decatur,  or  any  adjacent  point  would  liave 
the  disadvantages  of  placing  the  Confederates  between  the  armies  of 
Grant  and  Buell,  under  circumstances  enabling  these  two  commanders 
to  throw  their  forces  simultaneously  upon  General  Bragg,  who  could 
not,  in  this  event,  depend  upon  any  material  cooperation  from  the  army 
in  east  Tennessee  under  General  Smith.  There  was,  however,  another 
and  better  line  for  an  aggressive  movement.  A  rapid  march  through 
Alabama  to  Chattanooga  would  save  that  city,  protect  Georgia  from 
invasion,  and  open  the  way  for  a  Confederate  advance  into  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky  without  the  disadvantage  of  an  intervening  force  be- 
tween the  column  commanded  by  Bragg  and  that  under  the  orders  of 
Gen.  Kirby  Smith. 

KENTUCKY  CAMPAIGN. 

This  movement  was  determined  upon  and  resulted  in  what  is  called 
the  Kentucky  campaign  of  1862,  during  which  was  fought: 

The  battle  of  Richmond,  August  30. 

Munfordsville,  September  14  to  16. 

Perryville,  October  8. 

On  September  26  Major-General  Wright,  commanding  Department 

of  Ohio,  went  from  Cincinnati  to  Louisville  to  confer  with  General 

Buell,  and  on  the  27th  the  War  Department  issued  an  order  placing 

Buell  in  command  of  the  troops  of  both  departments,  thus  placing 

S.  Kep.  637 9 


130.      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

under  General  Buell's  orders  an  effective  force  of  137,282  men,  without 
including;  the  12,397  left  at  Nashville  or  the  26,351  in  West  Virginia, 
all  of  which  troops  were  a  part  of  his  command. 

General  Halleck,  the  General  in  Chief  of  the  Army,  in  his  official 
report  of  November  25,  1862,  says: 

Major-General  Bnell  left  Louisville  on  October  1  with  an  army  of  about  100,000 
men  in  pursuit  of  General  Bragg. 

The  entire  force  under  Bragg,  Smith,  and  Marshall  was  48,768  men. 

For  the  Confederate  army  to  have  remained  in  Kentucky,  confronted 
by  so  formidable  a  force,  and  with  streams  which  would  soon  become 
impassable  crossing  its  line  *of  communication,  was  not  regarded  as 
practicable  by  General  Bragg  or  any  of  his  generals.  He  therefore 
very  wisely  withdrew  his  army  from  Kentucky,  and  taking  position  at 
Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  he  again  confronted  the  Federal  army,  now  com- 
manded by  General  Eosecrans,  who,  on  October  30,  had  succeeded 
General  Buell  in  command  of  the  army  and  department. 

CHICKAMAUGA  CAMPAIGN. 

The  severe  battle  of  Murfreesboro  followed,  December  31, 1862,  to 
January  2,  1863.  The  Confederates  were  victorious  the  first  day  of 
the  conflict,  but  were  finally  compelled  to  retire  from  the  field,  taking 
post  at  Shelbyville  and  Tullahoma,  from  which  points,  after  a  series  of 
conflicts,  June  23  to  June  30,  Bragg  was  compelled  to  retreat  to  Chat- 
tanooga. The  prompt  advance  of  Bosecrans  soon  brought  the  contend- 
ing armies  face  to  face,  resulting  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  fought 
September  19  to  21. 

After  this  battle  the  Federal  army  at  Chattanooga  was  reenforced 
from  Mississippi  by  the  army  commanded  by  General  Sherman,  and  the 
entire  force  at  Chattanooga  was  placed  under  the  command  of  General 
Grant.  The  battle  of  Chattanooga,  or  Missionary  Eidge,  took  place 
November  23  to  26,  resulting  in  the  retreat  of  Bragg  to  Tunnel  Hill 
and  Dalton. 

In  this  engagement  General  Grant  reported  his  army  85,888  present 
for  duty,  75,533  present  for  duty  equipped. 

Bragg  reports  his  aggregate  present  37,911,  and  his  effective  total  at 
33,502. 

On  February  22  General  Thomas,  who  had  relieved  General  Eosecrans, 
moved  forward,  pressing  the  outposts  of  the  Confederate  army,  now 
under  the  command  of  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 

ATLANTA  CAMPAIGN. 

On  March  18  General  Sherman  was  placed  in  command  of  all  the 
troops  of  the  military  division  of  Mississippi,  including  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland,  under  General  Thomas,  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee 
under  General  McPherson,  and  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  under  General 
Schofield.  On  May  5  General  Sherman  commenced  his  aggressive  ad- 
vance upon  Johnston's  army.  His  effective  force  south  of  Chattanooga 
at  this  time  was  98,797  men.  He  was  soon  reinforced  by  the  Seven- 
teenth Army  Corps  under  Major-General  Blair,  the  cavalry  of  the  Army 
of  the  Ohio  under  General  Stoneman,  a  division  of  infantry  under 
General  Hovey,  and  a  division  of  cavalry  under  General  Garrard, 
and  other  smaller  organizations,  making  the  effective  strength  of  the 
army  in  Georgia  under  General  Sherman's  immediate  command  as 
follows : 


Junel 112,819 

Julyl 106,070 


August  1 91,675 

September  1 81,  758 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       131 

This  included  officers,  who  numbered  about  5  per  cent  of  the  aggre- 
gate. Sherman's  losses  were  much  more  than  made  up  by  recruits, 
etc.,  and  he  tells  us  (Memoirs,  vol.  2,  p.  134)  that  the  gradual  reduction 
in  his  strength  was  due  in  part  to  detachments  sent  to  points  in  the 
rear. 

The  force  under  General  Johnston  was  about  half  the  strength  of 

the  troops  under  General  Sherman.     In  his  Memoirs  (vol.  2,  pp.  47  and 

18)  General  Sherman  puts  General  Johnston's  force  May  1,  42,856,  and 

lie  puts  the  reinforcements  which  Johnston  received  during  the  cam- 

,  paigu  at  21,600. 

General  Johnston  was  compelled  to  act  almost  entirely  on  the  defen- 
sive, but  constantly  entertaining  the  hope  that  some  movement  on  the 
part  of  Sherman  would  divide  that  army  and  enable  him  to  attack  less 
than  the  entire  force  at  a  time  when  they  were  not  covered  by  iutrench- 
meuts.  Such  opportunities  did  present  themselves  during  the  cam- 
paign, but  owing  to  a  combination  of  unfortunate  circumstances  they 
were  not  seized  upon  in  time  to  give  the  Confederates  the  hoped-for 
advantage. 

JOHNSTON   BELIEVED. 

On  July  17,  when  in  front  of  Atlanta,  General  Johnston  was  relieved 
from  command  by  Gen.  John  B.  Hood  (a  bold  and  aggressive  fighter) 
under  circumstances  which  seemed  to  be  understood  by  the  army  and 
country  as  having  been  done  for  the  purpose  of  changing  the  Confeder- 
ate policy  to  one  of  active  aggression.  The  battles  of  Peach  Tree  Creek, 
July  20;  Atlanta,  July  22;  Ezra  Chapel,  July  28,  and  Jonesboro,  August 
31  to  September  1,  followed,  resulting  in  very  severe  loss  to  the  Con- 
federates, and  without  attaining  any  substantial  compensating  advan- 
tage. 

The  complete  defeat  of  Sherman's  cavalry  in  their  battles  with  the 
Confederate  cavalry  during  the  last  half  of  July  gave  the  Confederates 
a  preponderating  prestige  in  that  arm  of  the  service,  which  in  a  great 
measure  made  up  for  our  infantry  losses. 

Atlanta  having  fallen,  General  Hood  moved  his  entire  army  to  Sher- 
man's rear,  destroying  the  line  of  railroad  at  various  points  between 
Atlanta  and  Chattanooga.  General  Hood  hoped  that  this  movement 
would  compel  Sherman  to  abandon  Atlanta. 

His  original  plan,  after  attacking  Sherman's  line  of  communications, 
was  to  establish  himself  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Blue  Mountain  Railroad, 
drawing  his  supplies  from  Selma  via  Jacksonville,  and  intending  to  fall 
on  Sherman's  rear  should  that  general  attempt  to  march  southward. 

MARCH   TO   THE   SEA. 

General  Sherman's  large  force,  however,  enabled  him  to  leave  a  strong 
corps  intrenched  in  Atlanta,  and  with  the  balance  of  his  army  he  fol- 
lowed Hood  northward  a  distance  of  100  miles.  General  Hood  here 
changed  his  plans  and  determined  to  march  his  army  into  Tennessee, 
leaving  General  Sherman  an  open  road  to  the  Atlantic  or  Gulf  Coast. 

Late  in  October  it  became  evident  that  Savannah  would  be  Sherman's 
objective  point,  and  General  Hood  directed  General  Wheeler,  with  a 
portion  of  his  cavalry  corps,  to  so  far  as  possible  assail  and  harass 
Sherman  while  upon  this  march  and  save  the  important  cities  from 
capture.  Hood  then  moved  forward  and  attacked  General  Schofield  at 
Franklin,  November  30,  and  ten  days  later  confronted  General  Thomas 
at  Nashville,  who  on  December  15  and  16  attacked  and  defeated  the 
bold  Confederate  commander.  General  Hood  retreated  from  Tennessee 


132      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

and  his  depleted  divisions  were  transferred  to  North  Carolina  and 
placed  under  their  old  commander,  General  Johnston. 

In  the  meantime  General  Sherman  had  marched  to  Savannah  and 
thence  through  South  Carolina,  finally  engaging  what  was  left  of  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee  at  Averasboro,  N.  C.,  March  1C,  and  Bentou- 
ville,  March  19  to  21. 

This  was  soon  followed  by  the  loss  of  Eichmond  and  the  surrender  of 
General  Lee's  army  at  Appomattox  Court-House  on  April  9.  Further 
resistance  being  impracticable,  General  Johnston  on  April  20  surren- 
dered the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  to  General  Sherman. 

POLICY  OF  ATTACK  AND  DEFENSE. 

The  battle  of  Chickanuiuga  very  distinctly  marks  the  turning  point 
in  the  great  question  of  warfare  which  involves  the  policy  of  aggres- 
sive and  defensive  tactics.  Up  to  and  including  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga  the  notable  successes  of  the  Army  of  Tennessee  were  achieved 
by  bold  and  determined  attacks  upon  the  opposing  army.  This  was 
the  policy  at  Shiloh ;  it  was  the  policy  at  Perry  ville,  at  Murfreesboro, 
and  most  certainly  was  the  policy  at  Ohickamauga. 

This  great  battle  marked  a  new  era.  From  that  time  the  Confederate 
policy  of  attacking  was  not  successful,  but  was  frequently  quite  the 
reverse.  A  change  of  tactics  was  in  a  measure  forced  upon  the  Army 
of  Tennessee  by  the  overwhelming  strength  and  improved  administra- 
tion and  discipline  of  the  Federal  army. 

At  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge  and  in  all  the  battles  in  the  Georgia 
campaign  and  in  the  campaign  around  Nashville  and  in  the  Carotin  as 
the  numerical  superiority  of  the  Federal  army  was  so  great  and  their 
plan  of  battle  such  that  we  had  few  opportunities  to  advantageously 
attack.  The  most  usual  policy  of  General  Johnston  was,  therefore,  to 
use  all  his  skill  in  compelling  an  attack  from  the  opposing  army. 

General  Sherman's  large  army  enabled  him  to  meet  General  Johnston's 
plans  by  confronting  him  with  a  line  of  battle  which  he  promptly  cov- 
ered with  breastworks,  and  at  the  same  time  extending  his  intrenched 
lines  so  as  to  encircle  Johnston's  flank  and  threaten  his  rear. 

On  June  27, 18C4,  General  Sherman  for  the  first  time  abandoned  his 
cautious  method  and  made  a  desperate  charge  upon  General  Johnston's 
lines.  It  was  a  brilliant  exhibition  of  the  most  heroic  courage.  Sher- 
man's killed  and  wounded  in  this  battle  was  about  4,000,  while  John- 
ston's was  but  about  400. 

MODERN  METHODS. 

.  In  future  wars  the  plan  of  campaign  adhered  to  by  General  Johnston 
will  become  more  marked  and  universal.  The  great  superiority  of 
weapons  of  to-day  is  such  that  hereafter  the  main  purpose  of  each  .gen- 
eral will  be  to  compel  an  attack  from  his  opponent,  and  the  one  who 
shows  the  most  skill  in  maneuvers  of  that  character  will  be  the  suc- 
cessful and  victorious  general. 
More  than  two  thousand  years  ago  Hannibal  wrote  to  the  great  Scipio : 

If  you  are  a  general  you  will  come  out  and  fight  me. 

Scipio  retorted : 

If  you  are  a  general  you  will  make  me  come  out  and  fight  you. 

And  we  also  learn  that  Hannibal  addressed  the  same  challenge  to 
Fabius  and  received  from  that  cautious  general  the  same  reply. 

So  it  will  be  in  future  wars.  The  great  and  successful  general  will 
be  the  one  who  can  so  maneuver  as  to  compel  his  opponent  to  attack  him. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       133 

I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  this  rule  will  be  unvarying.  Circumstances 
will  undoubtedly  arise  when  intrenched  troops,  armed  with  the  superior 
arms  of  to-day,  can  be  attacked  to  advantage,  but  the  opportunities 
will  certainly  be  fewer  than  in  the  battles  fought  previous  to  this  time, 
for  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  present  superior  weapons  of  both  artillery 
and  infantry  will  suggest  to  generals  that  disciplined  troops  if  supplied 
with  means  to  rapidly  throw  up  intrenchrnents  can  make  themselves 
almost  impregnable  against  a  direct  attack  and,  having  repulsed  the 
assaulting  force,  could  very  generally  leap  over  their  works  and  well- 
nigh  destroy  the  repulsed  and  retreating  foe. 

At  the  battle  of  Shiloh  Grant's  army  was  entirely  without  breastworks 
or  fortifications,  and  the  battle  was  a  square  stand-up  fight  without 
intrenchments  or  covering  of  any  kind  for  either  army. 

The  battle  was  an  excellent  illustration  of  a  complete  success  attained 
by  marching  upon  and  vigorously  attacking  an  army  in  repose.  Gen- 
erals Grant  and  Sherman  knew  that  a  large  force  of  Confederate  troops 
was  close  at  hand,  but  they  did  not  seem  to  realize  that  General  Johnston 
was  ready  to  attack  with  his  entire  army.  The  first  day's  battle  was  the 
utter  defeat  and  rout  of  about  49,000  men  under  Grant  by  the  Confed- 
erate army  of  less  than  three-fourths  that  number.  In  the  entire  battle 
the  Confederates  lost  1,728  killed,  8,042  wounded,  and  928  missing, 
most  of  the  losses  being  on  the  first  day;  but  the  Confederates  so  thor- 
oughly swept  the  field  that  at  4  o'clock  when  Prentiss's  division  and  a 
part  of  Wallace's  division  surrendered  there  was  not  left  an  organized 
brigade  in  Grant's  army. 

The  battle  of  Worth  and  early  battles  between  the  Germans  and 
French  in  1870  exhibited  some  features  similar  to  the  battle  of  Shiloh, 
as  it  is  evident  the  French  were  surprised  at  the  magnitude  of  th«  force 
the  Germans  hurled  against  them. 

The  second  day  at  Shiloh  was  a  desperate  struggle  of  the  worn  Con- 
federates with  the  fresh  army  under  Buell.  The  timely  arrival  of  Buell 
on  the  evening  of  the  Cth  has  a  parallel  in  Desaix's  arrival  at  Marengo 
in  time  to  save  Napoleon  from  defeat.  Desaix,  however,  unlike  Buell, 
was  enabled  to  continue  the  pursuit  and  accomplish  the  defeat  of  the 
Austrian  army. 

SIEGE   OF   CORINTH. 

After  the  battle  of  Shiloh  General  Halleck  commenced  his  advance 
upon  Corinth,  taking  most  extreme  precautions  to  fortify  every  line  of 
battle,  and  the  Confederates  under  Bragg  were  compelled  to  adopt  the 
same  policy.  This  continued  till  the  end  of  May,  the  few  engagements 
which  took  place  being  between  bodies  of  troops  which  had  advanced 
outside  of  the  intrenchments. 

The  battle  of  Perry  ville  was  a  vigoroiis  attack  by  Bragg  upon  Buell's 
advancing  columns,  the  enemy  having  no  covering  except  the  fences 
and  stone  walls,  which  they  used  so  far  as  practicable.  At  Murfrees- 
boro  our  attack  upon  Eosecrans's  right  flank  was  practically  a  square 
stand-up  fight  until  our  charging  column  reached  the  pike  and  railroad, 
both  of  which  obstacles  Eosecrans  eifectively  used  as  an  intrenchment. 

By  January  2  Eosecraus  had  strengthened  his  position,  and  our  attack 
that  day  was  unfortunately  at  point  where  his  concentrated  artillery 
gave  him  great  advantage. 

CHATTANOOGA  BATTLES. 

At  Chickamauga  a  portion  of  Eosecrans's  line  was  strengthened  by 
temporary  works  and  in  many  instances  our  assailing  columns  encoun- 


134      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

tared  such  obstacles,  and  although  the  Confederates  were  successful 
their  attacks  resulted  iu  very  severe  losses. 

At  the  battle  of  Missionary  Eidge  the  great  preponderance  on  the 
part  of  Grant's  forces  were  such  that  any  aggressive  movement  on  the 
part  of  Bragg  would  have  been  attended  by  the  most  serious  conse- 
quences, and  when  Sherman  commenced  his  advance  into  Georgia  not 
only  was  his  army  double  the  strength  of  Johnston's  but  it  was  com 
posed  of  thoroughly  organized,  disciplined,  and  seasoned  soldiers,  and 
notwithstanding  this  Sherman  erected  formidable  intrenchments  at 
nearly  every  point  of  his  advance.  The  tactics  adopted  at  Missionary 
Eidge  and  in  the  campaign  to  Atlanta  was  to  a  certain  degree  followed 
in  the  Eusso-Turkish  war  eighteen  years  ago.  The  Turks  being  largely 
outnumbered  by  the  Eussians  protected  themselves  with  intreuchments, 
geijerally  with  commendable  military  skill,  especially  at  Plevna,  where 
they  repulsed  the  Eussians.  The  battle  of  Plevna  and  Sherman's 
assault  at  Kenuesaw  June  27,  1864,  are  similar  in  some  respects. 

GENERALS  KILLED   AND  WOUNDED. 

Twenty-two  generals  were  killed  and  more  than  100  wounded  while 
commanding  troops  which  composed  the  Army  of  Tennessee. 

The  killed  included  Gen.  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  commanding  the 
army;  Lieutenant-General  Polk,  commanding  an  army  corps;  Maj. 
Gens.  Patrick  E.  Cleburne  and  William  H.  T.  Walker,  commanding 
divisions,  and  the  following  brigadier- generals:  John  Adams,  Samuel 
Beiiton,  James  Deshler,  S.  E.  Gist,  A.  H.  Gladden,  Hiram  B.  Graubury, 
Martin  B.  Green,  Eoger  W.  Henson,  Benjamin  H.  Helm,  John  H.  Kelly, 
Henry  L.  Littel,  John  H.  Morgan,  James  S.  Eaines,  Preston  Smith, 
Clement  H.  Stevens,  Oscar  F.  Strahl,  Edward  D.  Tracy,  and  Gen.  Felix 
Zollicoffer. 

In  order  to  fully  comprehend  the  severity  of  the  battles  fought  by 
the  contending  armies  in  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and  Georgia,  we  must 
remember  that  in  single  battles  each  army  sustained  losses  in  killed 
and  wounded  almost  as  great  as  the  entire  loss  of  the  American  Army 
during  the  seven  years  of  the  war  of  the  Ee volution,  the  two  years' 
war  of  1812,  and  the  Mexican  war  of  1846  and  1847. 

FORCES  ENGAGED  AND   CASUALTIES. 

I  will  now  group  together  some  figures  to  show  the  forces  engaged 
and  the  losses  sustained  in  the  battles  fought  by  the  Army  of  Ten- 
nessee, or  by  troops  which  afterwards  became  a  part  of  that  army,  and 
as  a  matter  of  comparison  will  mention  a  few  of  the  historic  battles  of 
the  world  which  are  similar  to  them  in  some  respects : 

WildCat,  October  21,  1861.— Federal:  Col.  John  Coburn ;  force,  1,000;  loss,  5  killed, 
11  wounded,  40  missing.  Confederate:  Brigadier-General  Zollicofter;  force,  1,200; 
loss,  11  killed,  42  wounded, 

Belmont,  November  7,  1861. — Federal:  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant;  3,500  men  (War  Records? 
Vol.  Ill,  p.  277);  loss,  90  killed,  173  wounded,  235  missing.  Confederate:  Gen. 
Leonidas  Polk;  force,  2,500;  loss,  105  killed,  419  wounded,  117  missing  (War 
Records,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  304). 

Mill  Spring,  January  19  and 20, 1862. — Federal :  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas ;  force,  8,000 ; 
loss,  39  killed,  207  wounded.  Confederate:  Gen.  George  15.  Crittenden;  force,  4,000 
(War  Records,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  105-108);  loss,  105  killed,  309  wounded,  45  missing. 

Fort  Henry,  February  6, 1862. — Federal :  General  Grant ;  15,000  men,  and  7  gunboats 
with  their  crews  under  Commodore  Foote ;  loss,  10  killed,  39  wounded.  Confederate : 
General  Tilghman;  force,  2,734;  loss,  5  killed,  11  wounded,  99  captured. 

Fort  Donelson,  February  14  to  16.— Federal :  Force,  about  24,400  effectives,  but  Gen- 
eral Grant  states  that  the  actual  force  engaged  was  only  15,000  men,  besides  6  gun- 
boats and  their  crews  under  Commodore  Foote.  General  Grant's  losses  were  495 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       135 

killed,  2,108  wounded,  and  224  captured.  Commodore  Foote  reports  his  loss  as  11 
killed  and  43  wounded.  General  Buckner,  of  the  Confederate  army,  in  his  official 
report  says  that  "the  aggregate  of  the  army,  i> ever  greater  than  12,000,  was  now 
reduced  to  less  than  9,000  after  the  departure  of  General  Floyd's  brigade." 

Shiloh,  April  6  and  7,  1862. — Grant  and  Buell  report  their  entire  force  at  70,863,  and 
they  report  the  Federal  loss  at  1,700  killed,  7,495  wounded,  and  3,022  captured. 
Before  leaving  Corinth  the  entire  Confederate-  force  was  38,773  effective  total,  the 
total  present  being  46,425.  Fully  7,000  were  detailed  to  guard  important  points  and 
to  corduroy  the  roads,  leaving  much  less  than  40,000  who  reached  the  iield.  The 
Confederate  loss  was  1,728  killed,  8,012  wounded,  and  959  missing. 

Bridge  Creek,  May  28, 1862. — Federal  force,  parts  of  Tenth,  Nineteenth,  and  Twenty- 
second  brigades  under  General  Nelson,  about  4,000  strong;  loss,  9  killed,  53  wounded, 
and  20  captured.  Confederates  under  Col.  Joseph  Wheeler,  2,000  strong;  loss,  12 
killed,  24  wounded,  and  7  missing.  About  1,000  on  each  side  were  actually  engaged. 

Tuscumbla  Creek,  May  SO,  1863. — Federal  force,  cavalry  division  under  Gen.  Gordon 
Granger.  He  reports  his  loss  at  2  killed,  7  wounded,  and  10  horses  killed.  Confed- 
erate force,  two  regiments  under  Col.  Joseph  Wheeler;  loss,  1  wounded. 

Raid  in  west  Tennessee,  July  25  to  August  1,  1862. — Wheeler's  force,  1,000;  loss,  2 
killed,  8  wounded.  Federal  force,  detachment  from  the  commands  of  Gens.  John  A. 
Logan  aud  G.  M.  Dodge  and  Col.  A.  T.  Lee ;  3  killed,  9  wounded,  and  30  prisoners. 

Baton  Rouge,  August  5, 1862. — Federal  force,  under  General  Williams,  was  6,400,  but 
it  is  contended  that  only  2,500  went  into  action;  his  loss,  90  killed,  including  the 
commander,  and  250  wounded.  Confederate  force,  under  Breckinridge,  was  3,000, 
but  only  2,600  went  into  action;  his  loss,  84  killed,  307  wounded,  and 56  missing. 

Richmond,  Ky.,  August  13,  1862. — General  Smith's  force,  5,000  strong,  and  his  loss, 
78  killed  and  372  wounded.  The  Federal  force,  under  General  Nelson,  was  16,000 
strong,  but  it  is  contended  that  only  6,500  were  actually  engaged.  The  Federal  loss 
was  206  killed,  844  wounded,  and  4,303  captured. 

Munfordsville,  September  17  and  18,  1862.— Bragg's  force,  30,000;  loss,  35  killed, 
253  wounded.  Federal  force,  4,148;  loss,  15  killed,  57  wounded,  4,076  captured. 

luka,  September  19  and  20,  1862. — Federal  force,  under  Rosecraus,  23,000,  but  he 
contends  that  but  9,000  went  into  action ;  his  loss,  144  killed,  598  wounded,  and  <tO 
missing.  Confederates  under  General  Price.  The  battle  was  fought  by  two  brigades 
of  Little's  division,  numbering  3,179.  His  loss,  86  killed,  408  wounded,  and  about 
100  prisoners. 

Corinth,  October  3  and  4. — General  Rosecrans's  force,  23,000 ;  his  loss,  315  killed,  1,812 
wounded,  and  232  missing.  Van  Dorn's  force,  22,000;  his  loss,  505  killed,  2,150 
wounded,  and  2,183  missing. 

Perryville,  October  8,  1862. — Bragg  engaged  Buell  with  19,000  men,  and  lost  510 
killed,  2,635  wounded,  and  251  missing.  Buell's  force  was  about  68,000;  his  loss  was 
916  killed,  2,943  wounded,  and  489  missing. 

Murfreesboro,  December  31,  1862,  to  January  2,  1863. — General  Rosecraus  succeeded 
General  Buell,  who,  on  October  1,  1862,  had,  as  stated  by  the  commander  in  chief, 
100,000  men.  On  February  20, 1863,  Rosecrans  reports  his  aggregate  force  at  133,305 
and  his  grand  total  present  at  72,671,  of  which  there  were  at  Nashville  and  adjacent 
points  14,559.  Rosecrans  states  that  he  moved  on  the  enemy  at  Murfreesboro  with 
46,940  men,  but  that  only  43,400  were  actually  engaged.  He  gives  his  losses,  1,533 
killed,  7,245  wounded,  and  3,717  captured  or  missing.  General  Bragg's  report  says 
the  lighting  men  he  had  on  the  field  December  31  were  less  than  35,000.  His  return 
for  December  31  (War  Records,  Vol.  XX,  p.  674)  shows  37,715  officers  and  men  for 
duty.  Bragg  reports  his  losses  at  1,294  killed,  7,945  wounded,  1,227  missing.  Bragg 
reports  that  the  prisoners  actually  captured  from  the  enemy  were  6,273. 

Wheeler's  raids  round  Rosecrans,  December  29,  1862,  to  January  5,  1863. — Federal 
force  under  General  Stanley,  4,000;  loss,  25  killed,  110  wounded,  1,800  prisoners,  400 
wagons,  teams,  stores,  etc.  Wheeler's  force,  2,000;  loss,  very  small;  his  killed  and 
wounded  occurred  during  the  battle. 

Champion  Hill  or  Baker's  Creek,  May  16,  186S. — Federals  commanded  by  Gen.  U.  S. 
Grant;  force,  42,000;  actually  engaged,  25,000;  loss,  410  killed,  1,844  wounded,  and 
187  missing.  Confederates  commanded  by  Gen.  Leonidas  Polk;  force,  16,000;  loss, 
380  killed,  1,018  wounded,  2,441  missing. 

Milliken's  Bend,  June  7,  1863. — Federals  commanded  by  Gen.  E.  P.  Dennis;  force, 
3,000;  actually  engaged,  1,061;  loss,  101  killed,  285  wounded,  266  captured.  Con- 
federates commanded  by  Gen.  H.  E.  McCullough;  force,  1,500;  actually  engaged, 
about  1,000 ;  loss,  44  killed,  131  wounded,  10  missing. 

Vicksburg,  May  18  to  July  4, 1863. — Federals  commanded  by  Gen.U.  S.  Grant;  force, 
75,000,  of  which  71,000  were  actually  engaged;  loss,  545  killed,  3,688  wounded,  303 
missing.  (Sherman's  Memoirs,  p.  351 ,  edition  1891,  gives  the  loss  at  1,243  killed,  7,095 


136      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

wounded,  535  missing.)  Confederates  commanded  by  Gen.  J.  C.  Pemberton;  force, 
May  16,  17,356;  loss,  805  killed,  1,938  wounded,  24,000  captured.  The  captured 
included  more  than  the  garrison. 

Port  Hudson,  May  23  to  July  S,  1863.— Federal :  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks;  force,  25,000; 
actually  engaged,  13,000 ;  loss,  708  killed,  3,336  wounded,  319  captured.  Confederate : 
Gen.  Franklin  Gardner;  force,  5,500;  entire  garrison  capitulated. 

Jackson,  Miss.,  July  9  to  16. — Federals  commanded  by  Maj.  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman; 
force,  48,000;  loss,  129  killed,  762  wounded,  231  missing  (Sherman's  Memoirs,  p. 
361).  Confederates  commanded  by  Gen.  Jos.  E.  Johnston;  force,  30,500;  loss,  71 
killed,  504  wonnded,  25  missing.  General  Sherman  claims  that  he  captured  a  num- 
ber of  prisoners,  but  they  must  have  been  stragglers. 

Chiclcamaiiya. — There  is  some  controversy  as  to  the  actual  Federal  forces  engaged 
in  this  battle,  some  Federal  writers  contending  that  Rosecrans  had  but  67,692  present 
for  duty  equipped,  and  that  of  these  7,822  were  not  brought  into  action,  thus  leav- 
ing the  actual  force  engaged  at  59,870.  General  Rosecrans  reports  his  force  on 
August  31  as  follows  (War  Records,  Vol.  XXX,  part  3,  p.  276) : 

"Officers  and  men  present  for  duty,  80,967.  Aggregate  present,  95,905."  The  same 
day  he  reports  present  for  duty,  equipped,  80,425.  He  also  reports  his  artillery  pres- 
ent at  273  guns.  There  is  no  evidence  that  any  of  these  organizations  were  decreased 
prior  to  the  battle,  but  the  reports  show  that  General  Rosecrans  did  everything  in 
his  power  to  bring  up  troops  from  the  rear  and  increase  his  force  as  much  as  possible. 
To  show  how  effectively  this  was  done,  I  call  attention  that  the  pioneer  brigade  on 
August  31  reports  418  officers  and  men.  This  same  brigade  (p.  716)  reports  an  effect- 
ive force  on  September  17  of  885  officers  and  men,  but  it  is  important  to  mention  that 
this  brigade  was  originally  organized  by  detailing  men  from  various  regiments  of 
the  Army.  It  is  contended  that  7,822  of  Rosecrans's  troops  did  not  get  into  action. 
Deducting  these  from  the  80,425  which  ho  reports  equipped  for  duty,  it  shows  that 
he  must  have  carried  into  action  at  least  72,603.  General  Rosecrans  reports  his  loss 
as  1,657  killed,  9,756  wounded,  and  3,757  captured  and  missing.  This  shows  that 
Rosecrans's  entire  loss  was  22  per  cent  aud  his  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  about  16 
per  cent. 

Rosecrans's  report  of  September  10, 1863,  is  found  in  War  Records,  Vol.  XXX,  page 
169.  It  gives  Rosecrans's  present  for  duty  on  that  date  at  70,162,  and  it  states  Rose- 
crans's present  for  duty  equipped  at  67,692,  but  in  a  note  it  is  specially  stated  that 
the  report  of  the  reserved  corps  includes  the  First  Division  only.  It  also  states  in  a 
note  that  between  August  31  and  September  12,  three  regiments  were  added  to  the 
reserved  corps.  Note  E,  page  170,  in  speaking  of  the  reserved  corps,  says : 

"The  First  Division  and  the  Second  Brigade,  Second  Division,  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Chickamauga." 

Bragg  states  (War  Records,  Vol.  XXX,  part  2,  p.  26)  that  Buckner  brought  from 
Knoxville,  August  30, 5,000  men.  On  page  27,  Bragg  says :  "  By  the  timely  arrival  of 
two  small  divisions  from  Mississippi  (September  8th)  our  effective  force,  exclusive 
of  cavalry  was  now  a  little  over  35,000,  with  which  it  was  determined  to  strike  on 
the  first  favorable  opportunity."  On  page  33,  Bragg  says:  "Five  small  brigades  of 
his  (Longstreet's)  corps,  about  5,000  effective  infantry  (no  artillery),  reached  us  in 
time  to  participate  in  the  action — three  of  them  on  the  19th  and  two  more  on  the  20th. 

Much  of  Bragg's  cavalry,  though  borne  on  the  returns,  was  distant  many  hundred 
miles,  leaving  not  more  than  6,000  cavalry  in  the  field  at  Chickamauga.  This  would 
have  made  Bragg's  entire  strength — infantry,  artillery,  and  cavalry — 46,000,  while 
the  force  opposed  to  him  under  Rosecrans,  after  the  deduction  of  every  man  who  was 
not  actually  engaged,  appears  from  the  reports  to  have  been  72,603. 

Bragg's  loss  was  2,389  killed,  13,412  wounded,  2,003  missing.  This  would  be  40 
per  cent  of  his  army,  and  his  killed  and  wounded  was  therefore  more  than  35  per 
cent  of  his  entire  army. 

Wheeler's  raid  round  Rosecrans,  September  30  to  October  9. — Confederate  force,  under 
Major-General  .Wheeler,  3,879;  loss,  20  killed,  65  wounded,  102  missing.  Federal 
force,  divisions  of  Gen.  George  Crook  and  Gen.  Edward  M.  McCook,  of  Major-Geueral 
Stanley's  corps;  7,600  also  of  the  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Army  Corps,  under  Maj.  Gen. 
Joseph  Hooker;  15,312  present  for  duty.  Federal  loss,  70  killed,  360  wounded,  3,000 
captured.  Confederates  also  captured  1,200  wagons,  6,000  mules,  and  immense  stores 
at  McMinnville,  Shelby ville,  Columbia,  and  other  points ;  also  destroyed  bridges  and 
other  communications. 

On  September  20,  after  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  Rosecrans  reported  the  cavalry 
of  his  army  present  for  duty  as  follows  (War  Records,  Vol.  XXX,  part  1,  p.  170) : 

Cavalry  Corps : 

Officers : 560 

Men 9,517 

Wilder's  brigade : 

Officers 137 

Men 2,282 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTONOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.  137 

At  headquarters: 

Officers 27 

Men  . .  411 


12, 934 

This  did  not  include  Lowe's  brigade,  nor  did  it  include  the  Third  Tennessee 
or  Seventh  Kentucky  Cavalry 1, 200 

Total 14,134 

In  addition  to  this  the  reserve  brigade  under  General  Granger  also  reported  a 
cavalry  force,  and  the  Third  Tennessee  and  the  First  Alabama  were  guarding  points 
in  Tennessee.  (War  Records,  Vol.  XXX, part  3.)  Also  Spears's  brigade.  (See  War 
Records,  Vol.  XXX,  part  4,  p.  23.) 

Campaign  against  Knoxmlle,  October  to  December  4,  1863. — Burnside's  force  for  duty, 
10,743  infantry,  1,209  artillery,  8,673  cavalry.  Loss,  92  killed,  394  wounded,  727  cap- 
tured. Lougstreet's  infantry  and  artillery  were  15,245  and  cavalry  under  Wheeler 
were  3,900.  Loss,  208  killed,  895  wounded,  253  missing. 

Chattanooga,  Orchard  Knob,  and  Mission  Ridge,  November  23  to  25,  1863. — Grant 
reports  his  force  85,888  present  for  duty,  72,533  present  for  duty  equipped,  and  his 
loss  753  killed,  4,722  wounded,  349  missing.  Bragg  reports  his  aggregate  force  37,911 
and  his  effective  total  33,502  and  his  loss  361  killed,  2,180  wounded,  4,146  missing. 

Ringgold,  November  27. — Hooker's  force,  15,590;  loss,  65  killed,  377  wounded,  35 
captured.  General  Cleburue's  force,  6,157;  loss,  20  killed,  190  wounded  and  11 
missing. 

Georgia  campaign. — General  Johnston  states  that  the  loss  of  his  infantry  and  artil- 
lery from  May  7  to  July  4,  1864,  was  1,221  killed  and  8,229  wounded.  General  John- 
ston also  reports  the  losses  from  July  4  to  September  1,  during  most  of  which  period 
General  Hood  commanded,  at  1,823  killed  and  10,723  wounded.  General  Sherman 
states  that  his  losses  from  May  1  to  September  1  were  4,423  killed,  22,822  wounded, 
and  4,442  missing.  \^ 

Stoneman,  Garrard,  and  McCooTc's  raid,  July  27  to  August  1,  1864. — Force  10,000  (see 
Sherman's  Memoirs,  edition  1891,  vol.  2,  p.  87).  Federal  loss  200  killed,  700  wounded, 
2,600  captured.  Confederates  also  captured  more  than  3,000  horses,  their  artillery, 
and  trains.  Wheeler's  force,  4,000.  Loss  60  killed,  150  wounded.  Sherman,  in  his 
Memoirs  (p.  87),  says  that  on  July  25,  before  starting  on  his  raid,  McCook's  division 
"numbered  3,500  effective  cavalry,"  and  on  page  98,  on  August  4,  after  McCook's 
return,  he  refers  to  "McCook's  broken  division  of  cavalry,  1,754  men  and  horses." 

Wheeler's  raid,  August  10  to  August  30,  1864. — Wheeler's  force  3,000;  loss  20  killed, 
110  wounded,  30  missing.  Federal  force  7,000;  loss  40  killed,  160  wounded,  1,200 
captured.  Confederates  also  captured  1,700  beef  cattle  and  immense  depots  of  stores 
and  trains. 

To  defend  against  Wheeler's  raid,  Sherman,  in  his  Memoirs,  page  130,  says : 

"I  ordered  Newton's  division  of  the  Fourth  Corps  back  to  Chattanooga,  and  Corse's 
division  of  the  Seventeenth  Corps  to  Rome,  and  instructed  General  Rousseau  at 
Nashville,  Granger  at  Decatur,  and  Steadman  at  Chattanooga,  to  adopt  the  most 
active  measures  to  protect  and  insure  the  safety  of  our  roads." 

March  to  the  sea. — General  Sherman  gives  the  force  with  which  he  marched  to  the 
sea  at  62,204,  and  gives  his  losses  on  that  inarch  at  103  killed,  426  wounded,  and  278 
missing.  Major-General  Wheeler,  who  opposed  him  with  about  3,000  cavalry,  lost 
90  killed  and  400  wounded.  v 

FranWn,  November  SO,  1864.— Hood's  force,  29,500 ;  loss,  6,352.  Schofield's  force, 
35,000;  loss,  189  killed;  1,033  wounded,  and  1,104  missing. 

Nashville,  December  15, 16. — General  Thomas  reports  his  force  79,418  present  for  duty 
and  70,272  present  for  duty  equipped,  and  his  loss  400  killed  and  1,740  wounded. 
General  Hood  reports  his  force  26,877,  and  his  loss  at  about  5,000. 

March  through  the  Carolinas. — Sherman  gives  the  force  with  which  he  marched 
through  the  Carolinas  at  60,079.  He  reports  his  loss  at  Averasboro  at  77  killed,  477 
wounded.  General  Johnston  reports  his  loss  in  that  battle  at  500.  Sherman  reports 
his  loss  at  Bentonville  191  killed,  1,117  wounded,  and  196  missing.  General  Johnston 
reports  that  his  entire  force  of  infantry  and  artillery  at  Bentonville  was  14,000,  and 
his  loss  223  killed,  1,467  wounded,  and  653  missing. 

EUROPEAN  BATTLES. 

Battle  Hoechstaedt,  August  13,  1704. — Eugene  of  Savoy  commanded  56.000  men,  and 
lost  11,000.  Maximilian  commanded  60,000,  and  lost  14,000. 

Ramillies,  May  S3,  1706.— Marshal  Villiers  had  62,000  French  and  Bavarians  and 
lost  13,000  killed  and  wounded.  Marlborough  had  60,000,  and  lost  1,066  killed  and 
2,565  wounded. 


138      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Turin,  September  7,  1706. — French,  under  Duke  of  Orleans,  44,000.  Allies,  under 
Prince  Eugene,  35,000.  French  loss  3,200  killed  and  wounded,  and  5,265  prisoners. 
The  allies  lost  3,246  killed  and  wounded. 

Racour, October  11,  1746.— Marshal  Saxe  had  111,000  men  and  lost  about  3,000  killed 
and  wounded.  The  allies  under  Duke  Charles  had  74,700  and  lost  2,863  killed  and 
wounded  and  1,695  prisoners. 

Hastenbeck,  July  26,  1757.—  The  allies  had  36,000  men  and  lost  1,239  killed  and 
wounded.  The  French  had  74,000  and  lost  2,000  killed  and  wounded. 

Rossbach,  November  5,  1757. — King  Frederick  had  22,000  men  and  lost  165  killed  ami 
376  wounded.  The  allies  had  63,000  and  lost  some  800  killed  and  about  2,5(X) 
wounded. 

Luthen,  December  5,  1757. — Frederick  had  30,000  men  and  lost  about  6,000  killed 
and  wounded.  King  Charles  had  80,000  and  lost  6,500  killed  and  wounded  and  about 
20,000  prisoners. 

In  these  battles  Frederick's  strength  as  compared  to  the  opponents  is  similar  to 
the  relative  strength  of  Johnston  and  Sherman  in  the  campaign  of  1864. 

The  battle  of  Toulouse  was  also  similar  in  this  respect.  Marshal  Soult's  force  was 
32,000  men,  while  Wellington  had  60,000.  Soult  lost  2,690  killed  and  wounded, 
while  the  allies  lost  4,458.  Wellington  in  his  report  claims  that  when  the  French 
abandoned  Toulouse  they  left  there  1,600  French. 

HochTcirch,  October  14,  1758. — The  Prussians,  under  King  Frederick  the  Great,  had 
51  battalions  of  infantry,  29,000  men  ;  108  squadrons  of  cavalry,  13,000;  in  all  42,000. 
The  Austrians,  commanded  by  Field  Marshal  Danu,  had  116  battalions  of  infantry, 
69,000  men;  128  squadrons  of  cavalry,  15,000.  Light  troops  6,000;  in  all  90,000. 
The  Austrians  lost  5,628  killed  and  wounded,  and  311  prisoners.  The  Prussians  lost 
9,097  killed,  wounded,  and  missing.  They  also  lost  101  cannon,  30  flags,  and  the  most 
of  their  camp  equipage.  King  Frederick  was  surprised  and  defeated  iu  this  battle 
under  circumstances  quite  similar  to  the  battle  of  Shiloh. 

Valmy,  September  20,  1792.— Frederick  William's  force,  60,000;  loss  1,804  killed  and 
wounded.  French,  under  General  Dumouriez,  were  53,000  strong,  and  their  loss 
about  2,800. 

Lodi,  May  10,  1796. — Napoleon's  force  was  17,500,  and  his  loss  200.  The  Austrian 
force  was  9,627,  and  their  loss  2,036. 

Lonati,  August  S  and  5,  1796. — Bonaparte's  force,  46,943;  loss  7,000.  Wurmser's 
force,  44,993;  loss  about  10,000. 

La  Farorita,  September  15,  1796. — Napoleon  with  20,000  men  defeated  a  force  of 
about  30,000  under  Wnrmser.  The  loss  o.n  each  side  was  about  2,000. 

Nori,  August  15,  1799. — Sorwarraw's  force  50,000,  loss  7,000  killed  and  wounded. 
General  Moreau,  force  35,499;  loss,  killed  and  wounded,  6,500. 

Zurich,  September  25  and  36, 1799. — Messina  had  37,000  men,  and  lost  3,000  killed  and 
wounded.  The  Prussians  had  24,000,  and  lost  8,000  killed  and  wounded  and  pris- 
oners. 

Marengo,  June  14,  1800.—  Napoleon  had  28,169  and  Milas  had  30,857  men.  The 
Austrians  lost  963  killed,  5,512  wounded,  and  2,920  prisoners.  The  French  lost  1,100 
killed,  including  General  Dessaic,  and  3,600  wounded,  and  900  prisoners.  The  defeat 
of  the  Austriaus  was  complete  and  the  favorable  results  to  the  French  were  most 
momentous. 

Nohenlinden,  December  3,  1800. — General  Moreau  commanded  55,976  men  and  lost 
2,200  killed  and  wounded.  Archduke  John  commanded  64,000  and  lost  about  5,000 
killed  and  wounded. 

Austerlitz,  December  2,  1805. — Napoleon,  with  65,000  men,  defeated  the  allied  Rus- 
sians and  Austriaus,  numbering  83,645.  Napoleon  lost  9,000  men  and  the  allies  26,922 
killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 

Corvnna,  January  16, 1809. — English,  under  Sir  John  Moore,  had  14,500  men  and 
lost  1,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  was  himself  slain.  Soult,  commandingthe  French, 
had  20,000,  and  lost  about  2,000  killed  and  wounded,  but  captured  vast  amounts  of 
ordnance  and  military  stores. 

Brago,  March  20,  1809.—&o\\\t  had  15,000  men,  and  lost  200  killed  and  wounded. 
The  Portuguese  had  25,000  and  lost  3,600  killed  and  wounded,  and  400  prisoners. 

Abensbera,  April  20,  1809. — Napoleon's  force,  75,393;  loss  about  2,000.  The  Arch- 
duke Charles  commanding  90,000,  and  lost  2,688  killed  and  wounded,  and  about  2,000 
prisoners. 

Landshut,  April  21, 1S09. — Napoleon  had  6,000  men  and  lost  2,000 killed  and  wounded,  i 
The  Austrians  had  45,000  and  lost  6,000  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       139 

Essling,  May  21  and  22,  1809. — Napoleon,  commanding  about  75,000.  The  Austriaus 
give  their  loss  at  20,636  killed  and  wounded  and  900  prisoners.  The  French  state 
their  loss  at  2,000  killed  and  4,000  wounded.  The  Austrians  claim  2,300  prisoners 
and  both  sides  charge  the  other  with  understating  losses. 

Eaab,  June  14, 1809. — Eugene  commanded  about  36,000  French  and  Italians.  Arch- 
duke John  commanded  about  the  same  number,  composed  of  Austrians  and  Hun- 
garians. The  Austrians  lost  about  4,000  killed  and  wounded.  The  French  lost  about 
2,900. 

Wagram,  July  5  and  6,  1809.—  Has  some  features  similar  to  the  battle  of  Murfrees- 
boro ;  each  side  lost  about  12,000  men,  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners.  The  Austrians 
lost  4  generals  killed  and  12  wounded.  The  French  lost  3  generals  killed  and  21 
wounded,  including  a  marshal  of  France.  The  armies  engaged  were,  however, 
immense,  the  French  having  217,461  men  and  the  Austrian  force  not  being  quite  so 
large. 

Talavera  de  la  Reyna,  July  27  and  28, 1809.— Wellington's  force,  53,000.  The  French 
under  King  Joseph,  56,122.  English  and  Spanish  lost  1,148  killed,  4,410  wounded. 
French  lost  946  killed,  7,294  wounded,  and  556  prisoners. 

Salamanca,  July  22,  1812. — Fought  between  Lord  Wellington's  army,  about  44,000 
strong,  and  Marshal  Marmont,  with  about  47,000,  was  something  similar  to  Shiloh, 
though  the  losses,  killed  and  wounded,  were  only  about  half  as  great,  Wellington's 
losses  being  714  killed  and  4,452  wounded.  The  French  loss  was  greater.  In  his 
report,  dated  July  24,  Wellington  claims  6,000  prisoners. 

Bautzen,  May  20  and  21, 1813.— Allies's  force,  82,852;  loss,  estimated,  13,000.  Napo- 
leon's force  was  greater  than  the  opposing  armies,  and  his  loss  was  nearly  the  same. 
His  opponents  claim  that  Napoleon's  total  force  was  199,300. 

La  Bothiere,  February  1,  1814,—ElncheT,  with  123,000  men,  of  whom  80,000  were 
actually  engaged,  defeated  Napoleon's  army  of  about  40,000.  French  killed  and 
wounded  were  2,400.  Blucher's  killed  and  wounded  were  7,000. 

Laon,  March  9,  1814. — Napoleon  commanding  52,000  men  and  lost  5,800  killed  and 
wounded.  Blucher  commanded  98,000,  brought  60,000  into  action,  and  lost  about 
3,000. 

Tolentino,  May  2  and  3,  1815. — Murat  had  28,500  and  lost  1,720  killed,  and  wounded 
and  2,261  prisoners.  The  Austrians  had  10,742  and  lost  671  killed  and  wounded  and 
153  prisoners. 

Waterloo. — The  actual  force  of  the  allies  on  June  16,  1815,  was:  Wellington, 
105,950;  Blucher,  116,897.  Wellington  lost  at  Quatre  Bras  on  June  16  killed,  350; 
wounded,  2,380;  June  17  he  lost  killed,  35;  wounded,  132.  At  Waterloo,  June  18,  he 
lost  killed,  2,047 ;  wounded,  7,016.  Wellington  claims  that  nearly  one-third  of  his 
army  was  not  called  into  action. 

Blucher  lost  at  Ligny  on  June  15  and  16  killed,  3,507 ;  wounded,  8,571 ;  prisoners 
and  missing,  8,439;  he  lost  at  Waterloo  on  June  18  killed,  1,225;  wounded,  4,388. 
Blucher  had  at  Waterloo  Bulow's  Fourth  Corps  and  part  of  the  First  and  Second 
Corps ;  in  all,.  51,944  men. 

On  June  18  General  Thielmann,  with  23,980  men  of  Blucher's  army,  was  fighting 
Marshal  Grouchy  at  Wavre,  about  7  miles  from  Waterloo.  His  loss  was  2,476  killed 
and  wounded.  During  that  day  a  portion  of  Blucher's  army  was  enroute  from  Wavre 
to  Waterloo.  Marshal  Grouchy's  force  at  Wavre  was  32,066.  Napoleon's  entire  force 
on  June  16,  when  these  actions  commenced,  including  Grouchy's  command,  was 
107,066.  The  losses  of  the  French  are  nowhere  definitely  stated. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  force  under  Wellington  and  Blucher  was  222,847  men,  and 
their  total  losses  in  killed  and  wounded  were  as  follows : 

Wellington:  June  16,  Quatre  Bras,  2,720;  June  17,  retreat  to  Waterloo,  167;  June 
18,  Waterloo,  9,061. 

Blucher:  June  16,  Ligny,  11,706;  June  18,  Waterloo,  5,613;  June  18,  Wavre, 2,476. 

This  does  not  include  the  prisoners.  Wellington  claims  that  he  and  Blucher  cap- 
tured 5,000  prisoners  at  Waterloo  and  Blucher  lost  8,439  prisoners  at  Ligny. 

Sadowa. — The  Prussians  had  220,000  men  and  the  Austrians  206,000,  and  the  total 
loss  of  both  armies  together  was  27,600. 

Franco- German  War,  1870. — The  German  force  was  1,496,346.  The  entire  loss  of 
the  German  Army  in  all  the  battles  of  the  campaign  was  129,700.  The  French  official 
reports  of  the  battles  of  November  29  and  30  and  December  1,  2,  and  3, 1870,  described 
them  as  sorties  made  by  the  army  of  Paris  and  as  engagements  on  most  of  the  points 
of  the  enemy's  lines.  The  reports  speak  of  their  losses  as  serious. 

In  speaking  of  the  engagement  on  December  2  the  report  says:  "The  fight  was 
long  and  terrible."  The  French  had  several  hundred  thousand  men,  yet  they  report 
their  entire  loss  at  1,008  killed  and  5,022  wounded. 


140      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

These  statements  of  forces  engaged  and  the  losses  in  battle  of  Euro- 
pean armies,  when  compared  with  those  engaged  aiid  the  killed  and 
wounded  in  the  battles  of  the  war  of  1861-1865,  are  worthy  of  the  most 
careful  consideration. 

It  proves  that  in  this  great  American  war  both  sides  fought  with  a 
courage  and  fortitude  never  before  experienced  in  the  annals  of  war- 
fare. It  shows  that  when  Americans  meet,  opposed  to  each  other  in  bat- 
tle, the  killed  and  wounded  are  three  and  sometimes  four  times  as  great 
as  the  average  killed  and  wounded  in  the  battles  of  modern  times.  It 
gives  indisputable  evidence  that  in  the  American  war  each  side  met  foe- 
men  worthy  of  their  steel. 

The  fearful  casualties  of  that  struggle  can  be  explained  upon  no  other 
hypothesis.  It  can  not  be  attributed  to  superior  weapons,  because  in 
the  Franco-Prussian  war  of  1870  both  Germans  and  French  used  small 
arms  and  artillery  far  superior  and  more  deadly  than  any  which  existed 
at  the  time  of  the  war  of  1861-1805,  and  yet  their  losses  in  battle  were 
insignificant  when  compared  with  those  of  the  Federals  and  Confeder- 
ates in  the  great  battles  of  the  civil  war,  and  the  reports  of  the  battle 
of  Sadowa  in  1866,  the  numerous  battles  between  the  Russians  and 
Turks  in  1877,  give  additional  proof  of  the  superb  qualities  of  the 
American  soldier. 

CONCLUSION. 

And  yet  a  cause  sustained  by  soldiers  such  as  I  have  described,  led 
by  the  most  skillful  generals,  and  guided  by  the  most  profound  states- 
men, was  lost.  It  was  lost  only  because  it  lacked  in  numbers  and 
resources,  for  the  Confederacy  had  all  else  that  could  be  desired  to 
establish  it  as  a  great  government,  respected  and  honored  by  the 
nations  of  the  earth.  Some  writers  say  fortune  was  against  the  Con- 
federacy, and  the  great  historian,  Napier,  attributes  Napoleon's  disas- 
trous downfall  to  this  fickle  "mistress."  In  the  last  paragraph  of  his 
Peninsular  War,  Col.  Napier  says  : 

Napoleon,  the  greatest  man  of  whom  history  makes  mention,  the  most  wonderful 
commander,  the  most  sagacious  politician,  the  most  profound  statesman,  lost  by 
arms  Poland,  Germany,  Italy,  Portugal,  Spain,  and  France.  Fortune,  that  name  for 
the  unknown  combinations  of  infinite  power,  was  wanting  to  him,  and  without  her 
aid  the  designs  of  man  are  as  bubbles  on  a  troubled  ocean. 

Napier  was  wrong.  Not  fortune,  but  men,  battalions,  and  artillery 
were  wanting  to  him,  and  it  was  these  essentials  to  success  which  were 
wanting  to  the  cause  which  developed  in  its  highest  sense  exalted  vir- 
tue, knightly  valor,  undaunted  courage,  and  unflinching  fortitude. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  WILLARD  WARNER. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  Nearly  a  generation  has  passed  since  we 
fought  our  last  fight. 

Our  battles  have  since  been  fought  over  and  over  again,  until  they 
have  doubtless  become  wearisome  to  the  public.  Our  part  in  the  great 
drama  of  war  has  been  acted;  the  curtain  fell  on  us  thirty  years  ago 
and  we  passed  to  the  judgment  of  the  world  and  history. 

We  have  had  much  speech  about  peace  since  1865  and  conciliation 
has  been  the  theme  of  endless  discourse,  until  the  bloody  chasm  has 
become  a  nightmare  and  bridging  it  a  farce.  The  combatants  made 
peace  at  Appomattox;  we  meant  it  then,  we  have  meant  it  ever  since,  we 
mean  it  now,  and  we  mean  to  have  it. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       141 

Occasionally  we  hear  a  preacher,  belated  in  being  born  too  late  for  the 
fight,  who  makes  war  by  speech  or  pen,  or  women,  broomstick  in  hand, 
who  show  fight,  but  the  soldiers  of  the  two  armies  and  the  mass  of  our 
people  are  serenely  at  peace. 

Is  it  not  about  time  that  we  had  ceased  talking  of  the  bloody  chasm 
and  should  take  peace  and  reconciliation  for  granted?  There  is  such 
a  thing  as  protesting  too  much.  When  I  was  a  boy  and  another  boy 
said  something  with  a  "deed  and  double  deed,"  I  generally  thought  he 
was  lying. 

Let  us  to-night  turn  our  backs  on  the  past  and  its  sorrows,  and  seek 
to  lift  a  little  corner  of  the  veil  which  hides  the  future  and  see  what  of 
promise  and  of  danger  it  has  in  store  for  us. 

MARCH   OF   PROGRESS. 

In  what  I  shall  try  to  forecast  of  the  future  I  shall  have  reference 
mainly  to  our  country,  though  the  world  goes  together  nowadays,  and 
the  great  leading  nations  of  the  world  keep  abreast  of  each  other  in  the 
march  of  progress.  And  by  socialism  I  shall  mean  not  the  socialism 
of  Bellamy,  and  Hardie,  and  Carl  Marx,  but  rather  the  socialism  of 
municipalities  and  States. 

The  question  of  socialism  is  simply  how  far  we  shall  go  in  that  direc- 
tion. Government  is  but  society  organized  for  the  good  of  the  whole, 
and  all  laws  and  sanitary  and  police  regulations  are  but  steps  toward 
socialism  in  its  broadest  sense,  and  all  restrictions  and  limitations  of 
the  rights  of  individuals  and  all  penal  laws  are  but  the  assertion  of  the 
principle  that  the  good  of  society  must  be  promoted,  even  at  the  expense 
of  some  individuals,  and  a  recognition  of  the  dominant  fact  in  all  life  from 
the  beginning  that  the  individual  must  suffer  for  the  common  good. 

So  careful  of  the  type  she  seems, 
So  careless  of  the  single  life. 

Through  the  long  upward  march  of  the  race  it  has  ruthlessly  tram- 
pled the  individual  under  foot,  and  only  the  fittest  have  survived.  The 
condemnation  of  private  property  for  public  use,  all  exercise  by  the 
State  of  the  law  of  eminent  domain  for  highways,  hospitals,  forts,  etc., 
are  but  steps  in  socialism.  When  my  house  stands  in  the  way  of  a 
public  thoroughfare  it  must  come  down,  however  much  I  may  love  it. 

I  repeat  that  it  is  simply  a  question  as  to  how  far  society  shall  go  in 
supplying  public  wants,  and  in  promoting  the  public  good,  by  municipal 
and  state  action. 

While  man  will  continue  to  earn  his  bread  by  the  sweat  of  his  brow, 
and  while  victory  over  great  temptation  will  be  won  through  bloody 
sweats,  yet  the  development  of  the  future  which  I  shall  predict  will,  I 
think,  be  an  orderly  and  quiet  one,  and  without  great  convulsions  of 
society,  or  great  war  between  nations. 

Men  will  more  and  more  recognize  that — 

The  cohesion  of  society,  as  well  as  the  perpetuity  of  government,  depends  upon 
the  universal  recognition  of  the  fact  that  civic  rights  are  subordinate  to  civic  duties; 
that  the  duty  of  obedience  to  law  is  primal  and  transcendent,  and  that  no  rights 
under  the  law  can  exist  without  it. 

I  do  not  think  that  another  civil  war  in  our  country  is  possible,  nor 
do  I  believe  that  we  shall  ever  again  be  involved  in  any  great  war  with 
a  foreign  power,  or  that  France  and  Germany  will  fight  the  generally 
expected  war  in  1897,  or  ever. 


142       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

TOWNS  AND   CITIES. 

When  I  come  to  speak  of  municipal  activities,  or  socialism,  if  you 
please,  of  the  future,  it  will  be  well  to  remember  that  about  one-half  of 
the  people  of  the  civilized  world  live  in  towns  and  cities,  and  that  the 
ratio  of  the  urban  population  to  the  rural  is  constantly  increasing 
throughout  the  world,  for  European  cities  are  increasing  in  population 
as  rapidly  as  American  cities  and  the  rural  population  of  all  civilized 
countries  is  at  a  standstill,  or  increasing  very  slowly. 

Scotland,  once  with  a  rural  population  three  times  as  great  as  the 
urban,  now  has  the  figures  reversed,  not  counting  villagers  who  are  on 
the  boundary  between  urban  and  rural  conditions. 

England  in  1891  had  20,800,000  urban  to  8,200,000  rural  population. 

Since  the  Franco-Prussian  war  the  rural  population  of  Germany  has 
been  at  a  standstill,  while  the  urban  population  has  increased  20  per 
cent. 

In  France  the  rural  population  has  remained  at  about  25,000,000  for 
half  a  century,  while  the  urban  population  has  increased  from  7,000,000 
to  13,000,000.  The  same  facts  are  found  in  our  own  country.  Except 
in  our  newest  regions  the  whole  increase  in  population  is  in  the  towns 
and  cities.  For  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  the  older  farming  States, 
including  such  Western  States  as  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  have  been 
losing  in  rural  population,  and  the  towns  have  received  all  the  new- 
comers, and  have  also  drawn  from  the  country;  and  such  is  the  condi- 
tion and  trend  of  population  in  all  the  civilized  world. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  a  great  majority  of  the  population  of  the  world 
will  be  in  the  cities  and  towns,  and  that  more  and  more  it  will  be  true 
as  now,  that  the  cities  and  towns  are  to  be  the  great  centers  of  intellec- 
tual and  religious  life  and  of  progress.  The  furthest  steps  yet  made  in 
the  direction  of  sociaMsrn  have  been  taken  by  the  cities. 

IN  THE  FUTURE. 

Some  of  the  things  I  think  sure  to  happen  in  the  next  century  are 
municipal  ownership  and  control  of  all  water,  gas,  and  electric-light 
works,  and  street  railways;  the  establishment  of  municipal  bath  and 
wash  nouses  and  technical  schools;  State  inspection  of  food;  State 
wagon-road  building;  State  penalties  for  the  nonacceptance  of  public 
office ;  Government  control  of  the  liquor  manufacture  and  traffic ;  inter- 
national arbitration  instead  of  war;  the  building  of  many  great  deep- 
water  ship  canals ;  the  solution  of  the  labor  and  capital  question  through 
profit  sharing  and  cooperation  and  arbitration;  the  regulation  of  mar- 
riage and  the  broadening  and  simplifying  of  church  creeds,  with  largely 
increased  sympathy  and  charity  and  more  "  going  about  doing  good " 
after  the  manner  of  Christ. 

I  shall  very  briefly,  and  in  a  suggestive  rather  than  an  exhaustive 
way,  speak  of  these  predicted  steps  in  the  march  of  the  coming  cen 
tury,  and  I  hope  no  one  will  be  frightened  by  the  bugaboo  of  modern 
communistic  socialism,  which  I  do  not  expect  in  the  next  century,  or 
ever,  and  which  I  condemn  as  utterly  impracticable,  and  as  destructive 
of  the  greatest  in  human  progress  in  taking  away  all  motive  for  indi- 
vidual achievement  and  success,  and  as  reducing  society  to  one  common 
level  of  mediocrity,  without  art,  poetry,  or  literature. 

We  have  already  taken  long  steps  in  the  direction  of  the  kind  of 
socialism  I  predict.  Our  common  school  and  mail  systems  are  great 
socialistic  institutions,  and  from  these  it  is  but  a  step,  and  in  the  same 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       143 

direction,  to  Government  ownership  and  control  of  all  telegraph  and 
telephone  lines;  and  the  same  reasons  apply  for  public  control  of  tele- 
graph and  telephone  .as  for  mails,  and  with  nearly  equal  force,  for  tel- 
ephone and  telegraph  have  become  indispensable  to  modern  civilized 
life. 

The  vastuess  of  our  common  school  and  mail  systems  is  shown  by 
the  facts  that  New  York  State  alone  expends  $20,000,000  annually  for 
her  common  free  schools  and  that  the  National  Government  expends 
about  87,000,000  annually  in  excess  of  receipts  for  mail. 

These  are  a  tax  on  all,  single  and  married,  barren  and  fruitful,  for 
the  common  good,  the  safety  of  the  State,  the  lessening  of  crime,  and 
the  happiness  of  the  people. 

Only  1,000  of  the  08,000  post-offices  in  this  country  pay  expenses, 
while  the  New  York  City  office  yields  $4,000,000  annual  net  revenue. 
Her  citizens  could  be  served  as  now  for  one-quarter  of  the  rate  of  post- 
age they  pay  now,  but  they  and  all  other  cities  are  required  to  contribute 
to  the  remote  and  sparsely  populated  portions  of  the  country. 

This  governmental  control  of  schools  and  mails  has  been  an  unquali- 
fied success,  and  gives  encouragement  to  go  further  in  the  same  direc- 
tion. No  business  of  equal  magnitude  and  difficulty  is  so  successfully 
executed  as  the  mail  business  of  this  country  and  Great  Britain,  and 
the  public  schools  are  an  equal  success. 

TREND    OF  OPINION. 

As  showing  the  trend  of  opinion  in  this  country,  I  quote  from  an 
article  in  the  August  Forum  by  Justice  Brown,  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court : 

If  the  Government  may  be  safely  intrusted  with  the  transmission  of  our  letters 
and  papers,  I  see  no  reason  why  it  may  not  also  be  intrusted  with  the  transmission  of 
our  telegrams  and  parcels,  as  is  almost  universally  the  case  in  Europe;  or  of  our 
passengers  and  freight,  through  a  state  ownership  of  railways,  as  in  Germany, 
France,  Austria,  Sweden,  and  Norway.  If  the  state  owns  its  highways,  why  may 
it  not  also  own  its  railways  ?  If  a  municipality  owns  its  streets  and  keeps  them 
paved,  sewered,  and  cleansed,  why  may  it  not  also  light  them,  water  them,  and 
transport  its  citizens  over  them,  so  far  as  such  transportation  involves  a  monopoly 
of  their  use?  Indeed,  wherever  the  proposed  business  is  of  a  public  or  semipublic 
character,  and  requires  special  privileges  of  the  state,  or  a  partial  delegation  of 
governmental  powers,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  condemnation  of  laud,  or  a  special 
use  or  disturbance  of  the  public  streets  for  the  laying  of  rails,  pipes,  or  wires,  there 
would  seem  to  be  no  sound  reason  why  such  franchises,  which  are  for  the  supposed 
benelit  of  the  public,  should  not  be  exercised  directly  by  the  public.  Such  at  least 
is  the  tendency  of  modern  legislation  in  nearly  every  highly  civilized  state  but  our 
own,  where  great  corporate  interests,  by  putting  prominently  forward  the  dangers 
of  paternalism  and  socialism,  have  succeeded  in  securing  franchises  which  properly 
belong  to  the  public. 

WATER  A  NECESSITY. 

Water  is  a  necessity,  not  only  to  human,  but  to  all  animal  life,  as 
much  as  air,  and  its  purity  and  healthfulness  are  as  important.  A 
kind  Providence  has  furnished  water  in  beneficent  abundance  to  nearly 
all  parts  of  the  earth,  and  to  most  of  its  people  and  animals  it  is  as 
free  as  air.  When,  however,  people  gather  in  large  communities  like 
towns  and  cities,  it  becomes  impossible  for  them  to  individually  supply 
themselves,  and  the  organized  community  or  corporation  must  provide 
it,  either  directly  or  through  the  agency  of  private  companies.  Water 
being  a  necessity  of  human  and  of  all  animal  life  should  be  supplied 
to  the  people  in  abundance,  of  healthful  quality,  and  at  the  lowest 
possible  cost.  You  may  speculate  on  people's  clothes;  on  the  material 
of  their  houses,  and  even  on  their  bread,  if  you  will,  for  in  each  of 


144      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

these  they  have  at  least  an  alternative ;  but  for  water  there  is  no  sub- 
stitute, and  life  can  not  exist  without  it,  and  you  must  not  speculate  or 
make  usurious  interest  out  of  either  the  poor  man's  cup  or  the  rich 
man's  fountain. 

To  be  inoje  explicit,  the  cost  of  water  to  the  rich  and  poor  alike 
should  only  be  the  cost  of  supplying  it,  and  anything  beyond  this  is  an 
abuse  and  calamity  injurious  to  the  public  health  and  well  being.  It 
should  be  so  cheap  as  to  insure  its  abundant  use,  and  so  pure  as  to 
conserve  health.  The  abundant  use  of  pure  water  tends  to  cleanliness, 
health,  and  godliness. 

The  question  of  the  utility  and  success  of  municipal  ownership  of 
waterworks  has  been  already  demonstrated  both  in  tfis  country  and  in 
Great  Britain. 

The  tendency  in  this  country  is  strongly  toward  public  ownership 
and  operation  of  waterworks,  and  the  reasons  for  such  ownership  and 
management  are  almost  as  conclusive  and  imperative  as  for  the  public 
ownership  of  streets  and  highways. 

From  1810  to  1890  17  cities  of  the  United  States  changed  from  public 
to  private  ownership  of  their  waterworks,  while  80  cities  changed  from 
private  to  public  ownership,  and  the  average  rate  for  water  in  438  cities 
with  private  ownership  is  43  per  cent  higher  than  in  318  cities  owning 
their  own  works. 

This  city  now  pays  for  badly  filtered  water  rates  based  on  a  water 
rate  of  32  cents  per  1,000  gallons,  when  the  city  could  supply  the  peo- 
ple with  clear  water  for  one-half  that  rate,  and  provide,  besides,  from 
net  receipts  a  sinking  fund  which  in  less  than  twenty  years  would  pay 
the  entire  cost  of  the  plant,  and  thereafter  rates  could  be  still  further 
reduced. 

The  teachings  of  experience  in  this  country,  and  in  England  and  Scot- 
land, demonstrate  the  wisdom  of  public  ownership,  not  only  of  city 
waterworks,  but  also  of  city  gas  works  and  street  railways. 

MUNICIPAL   SOCIALISM. 

Probably  very  few  persons  in  this  country  know  to  what  extent  munic- 
ipal socialism  has  been  carried  by  English  and  Scottish  cities. 

Glasgow  not  only  owns  £»r  water  and  gas  works,  street  railways, 
electric-light  plant,  bath  and  wash  houses,  and  hospitals,  but  has  con- 
demned and  paid  for  many  blocks  of  the  crowded  parts  of  the  city,  torn 
down  the  unhealthy  tenements,  widened  the  streets,  and  replaced  the 
Did  houses  with  model  tenement  and  lodging  houses.  The  city  rents 
the  tenements  and  operates  the  lodging  houses.  The  city  also  deepened 
the  Clyde  and  made  Glasgow  the  seat  of  a  great  shipbuilding  industry — 
&s  we  had  occasion  to  know  during  our  late  war — collects  and  treats  a 
portion  of  the  city's  sewage,  using  the  solid  residuum,  pressed  into 
cakes,  on  the  city  sewage  farm  as  a  fertilizer,  and  sending  the  odor- 
less and  clear  water  into  the  Clyde. 

The  water  supply  is  brought  from  Loch  Katrine,  distant  34  miles,  and 
the  present  consumption  is  40,000,000  gallons  a  day,  at  an  average 
charge  to  consumers  of  5  cents  per  1,000  gallons,  yielding  a  net  annual 
revenue  of  $200,000,  all  of  which  goes  to  the  sinking  fund.  The  works 
cost  $14,000,000,  and  the  annual  reduction  of  the  debt  has  been  about 
2  per  cent.  The  city  is  duplicating  the  present  supply  at  a  cost  of 
$5,000,000  to  $6,000,000,  and  this  they  will  be  able  to  do  without  increas- 
ing rates  or  taxes.  The  supply  is  of  soft  water,  and  one  curious  esti- 
mate of  the  shrewd  and  thrifty  Scotchmen  is  that  the  saving  to  the 
people  in  tea  and  soap  is  equal  to  the  interest  on  the  cost  of  the  works. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      145 

One  curious  fact  I  may  note  in  passing  is  that  the  lack  of  bone- 
inaking  material  in  the  Loch  Katrine  water  is  said  to  have  resulted  in 
much  deformity  among  the  children. 

The  city  gas  works  have  been  an  equal  success.  The  price  of  gas  has 
been  reduced  to  consumers  from  $  1.14  per  thousand  feet  to  60  cents,  and 
the  debt  reduced  from  $  "',300,000  in  1875  to  $2,400,000.  The  city  also 
sells  and  rents  at  low  prices  a  large  number  of  gas  stoves  to  the  people, 
70  per  cent  of  the  population  living  in  houses  of  one  or  two  rooms.  The 
city  also  has  its  own  electric-light  plant  and  its  own  street-car  lines. 
The  latter  are  leased  to  a  private  syndicate  at  a  rate  that  pays  interest 
on  cost  and  renewal  fund  of  4  per  cent  on  the  cost  of  the  lines,  and  a 
payment  to  a  sinking  fund  that  will  pay  the  cost  of  the  lines  at  the  end 
of  the  lease,  and  a  further  yearly  rental  of  $750  per  street  mile,  and  yet 
on  these  terms  the  leasing  company,  after  1880,  have  paid  10  per  cent 
dividends,  besides  writing  off  each  year  a  part  of  the  $750,000  premium 
which  the  operating  company  paid  to  the  original  lessees. 

Glasgow  is  a  compact  city  with  800,000  people  on  15,000  acres  of 
ground  and  45  miles  of  street  railway  lines.  In  1894  the  city  took  the 
management  of  the  roads,  the  lease  having  expired,  and  further  reduc- 
tion of  rates  was  made,  and  the  hours  of  labor  of  employees  reduced 
from  fourteen  hours  per  day  to  ten. 

One-third  of  the  street  railways  of  Great  Britain  have  been  con- 
structed and  are  owned  by  municipal  or  local  authorities,  and,  omitting 
London,  more  than  half  of  the  gas  consumed  in  Great  Britain  is  made 
by  public  works,  and  the  public  supply  is  steadily  gaining  on  the  private 
supply. 

Birmingham,  Manchester,  and  Leeds  have  each  public  libraries  of 
200,000  volumes. 

This  glance  at  England  and  Scotland  shows  the  trend  of  the  times 
toward  the  further  and  further  extension  of  municipal  activities  and 
municipal  socialism,  and  how  results  have  justified  such  action. 

In  our  country  Philadelphia  has  shown  that  under  municipal  owner- 
ship and  operation  gas  has  been  reduced  from  $1.50  to  $1  per  1,000  feet 
and  still  give  the  city  a  net  profit  of  $3,000,000  from  1891  to  1894, 
inclusive. 

The  next  century  will  be  a  great  canal-building  era.  We  have  seen 
the  Suez,  the  Manchester,  and  the  Kiel  canals  finished,  and  the  Panama 
and  Nicaragua  canals  begun.  The  next  century  will  see  the  Nicaragua 
Canal  finished,  ship  canals  from  Chicago  to  the  Mississippi,  from  Buf- 
falo to  New  York,  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario  on  the  American 
side,  and  the  deepening  of  the  St.  Lawrencd  canals  to  26  feet,  a  canal 
connecting  the  Baltic  Sea  with  the  White  Sea,  one  connecting  the  Don 
and  the  Volga,  one  from  Bordeaux  to  Narbonne,  320  miles,  to  connect 
the  Atlantic  and  the  Mediterranean. 

RESULTS  ELSEWHERE. 

The  results  of  municipal  socialism  in  Manchester,  Birmingham,  and 
other  English  towns  have  been  the  same  as  in  Glasgow.  Bates  have  been 
reduced,  including  the  death  rate,  and  the  works  are  self-sustaining, 
with  a  sinking  fund  to  pay  cost  of  plant. 

The  Manchester  Ship  Canal  from  Liverpool  to  Manchester  was  begun 
by  a  private  company  with  an  estimated  cost  of  $25,000,000.  This  was 
increased  to  $50,000,000  and  then  the  city  of  Manchester  contributed 
$25,000,000  more  and  secured  control,  with  eleven  out  of  twenty-one 
directors. 

S.  Eep.  637 10 


146       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  canal  has  not  as  yet,  of  course,  proven  a  financial  success,  but  Man- 
chester has  received  large  benefit  in  reduced  rail  rates  from  Liverpool. 

Birmingham,  under  the  lead  of  Mayor  Chamberlain,  has  invested 
$45,000,000  in  providing  water,  gas,  street  railways,  sewage  and  sewage 
farms,  model  cottages,  parks,  free  libraries,  technical  schools,  cemeteries, 
public  baths  and  wash  houses,  art  galleries,  and  markets,  and  with 
success.  The  death  rate  has  been  reduced  from  26  to  20  in  the  1,000, 
and  the  investment  has  been  a  financial  success  and  has  involved  no 
increased  taxation. 

Liverpool  has  gone  08  miles  at  a  cost  of  $10,000,000  for  pure  water. 

Shakespeare's  town  of  Stratford  has  public  waterworks,  with  a  model 
sewage  farm.  Leamington,  with  30,000  population,  derives  its  supply 
from  lofty  hills  and  its  sewage  is  treated  by  land  irrigation. 

France  now  has  3,000  miles  of  canals  and  5,000  miles  of  slack-water 
river  navigation. 

We  shall  also  have  canals  across  Florida,  one  across  Michigan  from 
Grand  Haven  to  the  St.  Glair  Kiver,  one  across  New  Jersey  to  the 
Delaware  and  thence  across  Maryland  to  the  Chesapeake  and  on  through 
the  North  Carolina  sounds  to  Charleston  or  Savannah,  and  one  from 
Lake  Erie  to  the  Ohio  River. 

Men  now  grown  will  see  bills  announcing  excursions  from  New  Orleans, 
via  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Buffalo,  Montreal,  and  Quebec,  to  the  gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  without  change  of  ship. 

WHAT   WE   SHALL   SEE. 

We  shall  see  the  entire  matter  of  wagon-road  making  taken  in  charge 
by  the  States  and,  as  a  result,  good  macadamized  roads  everywhere, 
with  an  economic  saving  to  the  people  of  an  amount  which  can  not  be 
estimated,  but  which  will  be  equal  to  half  the  entire  cost  of  the  common 
road  transportation  of  the  country.  And  one  great  factor  in  this  will 
be  the  bicycle  riders — now  half  a  million — soon  to  be  a  million. 

Massachusetts  has  begun  the  work  by  an  appropriation  of  $300,000 

for  roads,  and  I  have  seen  some  of  the  roads  she  has  built,  and  royal 

kgood  roads  they  are — such  as  our  National  Park  Commission  has  built. 

We  shall  have  an  international  court  to  which  will  be  referred  for 
final  and  binding  decision  all  issues  between  nations  not  soluble 
between  themselves.  I  note  the  significant  fact  that  354  of  the  670 
members  of  the  English  House  of  Commons  have  signed  a  paper  thank- 
ing our  Congress  for  its  resolution  in  favor  of  international  arbitration. 

We  shall  have  State  inspection  of  food  in  all  the  States.  Curiously 
enough,  in  this  State  we  inspect  coal  oil,  but  not  the  food  of  the  people. 

We  shall  adopt  the  English  idea  and  have  penalties  for  the 
refusal  to  take  public  office  when  chosen,  as  we  now  have  penalties  for 
refusal  to  dojury  or  witness  duty. 

We  shall  have  1-cent  postage  before  1925,  and  international  arbi- 
tration before  1950,  and  there  is  some  prospect  that  the  National 
Government  may  take  charge  of  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  all  intoxi- 
cating liquors. 

There  is  a  class  of  socialists  who  demand  Government  ownership 
and  operation  of  railroads;  but  this  is  so  vast  and  intricate  a  matter 
that  if  ever  taken  at  all  it  will  be  the  last  step  in  the  march  of  Gov- 
ernment socialism. 

We  shall  see  the  relations  of  labor  and  capital  more  wisely  adjusted 
through  cooperation,  profit  sharing,  and  Government  boards  of  arbi- 
tration and  conciliation,  empowered  by  law  to  arbitrate  finally  in  certain 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       147 

classes  of  cases,  and  to  investigate  and  seek  to  harmonize  in  those 
classes  of  cases  where  arbitration  can  not  be  made  compulsory. 

UTOPIA   COMING. 

We  shall  have  shorter  hours  of  labor,  and  higher  prices  to  con- 
sumers, to  give  the  laborer  a  fair  day's  wages  for  a  fair  day's  work — 
thus  a  tendency  to  equalization  of  wealth.  Those  who  buy  products  of 
labor  should  pay  a  price  that  will  allow  the  producer  a  wage  that  will 
allow  him  the  comforts  and  some  of  the  luxuries  of  life,  and  should 
include  the  risk  of  limb  and  life,  for  these  are,  as  Sir  John  Gorst  well 
says,  "Just  as  much  a  matter  to  be  taken  into  account  in  determining 
the  price,  as  the  consumption  of  material,  or  the  destruction  of  instru- 
ments of  production." 

Early  in  the  twentieth  century  every  corner  of  the  world  will  have 
been  explored,  and  darkest  Africa  will  all  be  under  the  control  of  the 
great  European  nations,  and  railroads  will  have  been  built  from  coast 
to  coast.  Already  the  English  have  built  a  railroad  north  from  Cape 
Town  1,000  miles,  and  are  purposing  to  build  650  miles  from  Moambosa 
on  the  eastern  coast  to  Uganda.  The  French  are  building  a  railroad 
from  Senegal  to  the  upper  Niger,  thus  connecting  1,000  miles  of  navi- 
gable river  with  the  sea,  and  they  also  propose  to  build  a  road  across 
the  Great  Desert  to  French  Soudan. 

Belgium  proposes  to  build  a  Congo  road.  Soon  tourists  will  "  do" 
Africa  as  they  now  "do"  Europe. 

Woman's  suffrage  has  been  relegated  to  the  women  themselves,  and 
as  they  decide  it  will  go.  The  indications  now  are  that  they  will  decide 
that  they  don't  want  it. 

We  shall  witness  a  tremendous  extension  and  expansion  of  English 
speaking  people.  In  1800  France  had  27,000,000  population,  England 
20,000,000,  and  the  United  States  5,000,000.  In  1890  France  had 
40,000,000,  England  and  the  United  States  101,000,000,  and  1995  will 
see  ten  men  speaking  English  to  one  speaking  French. 

In  view  of  the  degeneration  which  Max  Nordau  notes  in  the  increase 
of  nervous  disorders,  hysterics,  hypochondriacs,  maniacs,  kleptoma- 
niacs and  cranks,  I  think  that  the  twentieth  century  will  regulate  mar- 
riage by  law,  and  that  the  marriage  license  will  include  a  certificate  of 
the  State  medical  examiner,  that  Walter  Smith  and  Mary  Brown  are 
of  sound  mind  and  body.  We  now  assume  control  of  marriage  by 
requiring  a  State  license,  and  by  fixing  the  age  at  which  people  may 
marry,  and  there  is  good  reason  why  we  should  go  further  and  require, 
for  the  good  of  society,  that  the  parties  shall  be  of  sound  mind  and  body. 

RELIGIOUS   PROGRESS. 

And  what  of  our  moral  and  religious  progress  next  century?  What 
of  the  church? 

The  church — not  the  Episcopal  Church,  not  the  Roman  Catholic,  not 
the  Methodist  or  Baptist  or  Unitarian,  but  the  great  body  of  the  mem- 
bers and  patrons  of  all  the  churches — will  be  an  increasing  factor  in 
the  upward  progress  of  the  race.  With  scant,  or  no  creed,  save  the  two 
great  commandments  on  which  hang  all  the  law  and  the  prophets — love 
to  God  and  man — it  will  work  with  mighty  force  for  the  true  salvation 
of  men,  not  alone  from  future  hell,  but  from  sin  and  evil  in  this  life 
that  now  is,  from  selfishness,  cruelty,  all  forms  of  uncleanness,  moral 
and  physical,  from  bad  eating,  cooking,  and  housekeeping.  Thus  a 
better  type  of  physical  man  will  be  evolved,  and  there  will  come  forth 
in  man  more  of  the  lineaments  of  Him  in  whose  image  he  is  made.  All 


148      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

history  testifies  that  it  has  been  religious  influence,  more  than  intel- 
lectual, which  has  uplifted  the  race. 

Less  and  less  the  church  will  attempt  to  define  the  universe  by  definite 
phrase,  and  to  explain  all  the  ways  of  God  with  man,  and  the  doubt 
will  deepen  in  the  minds  of  sincere  and  thoughtful  men  whether  the 
plan  of  salvation  is  broad  enough  to  be  consistent  with  our  conception 
of  a  good  and  merciful  God,  who  loves  and  pities  his  children,  and 
whether  belief  of  something  is  as  important  as  conduct  and  character, 
and  as  to  whether  when  a  man  believes  all  he  can,  he  is  to  be  everlast- 
ingly punished  for  not  believing  more. 

There  will  be  more  study  of  the  eternity  behind  us,  which  has  left 
some  record,  and  less  of  the  eternity  before  us,  on  which  shines  so  dim 
a  light,  and  the  church  will  speak  with  less  dogmatism  of  what  God 
will  do  with  His  children  in  that  eternity. 

It  is  this  life  with  which  we  have  to  do  now,  and  which  we  love,  and 
the  man  who  "wants  but  little  here  below,  nor  wants  that  little  long," 
is  yet  to  be  found. 

FOKCES  OF  CIVILIZATION. 

The  great  altruistic  ideas  of  Christ — doing  good  to  others;  loving 
your  neighbor  as  yourself;  that  all  men  are  equal  before  God;  that 
"God  is  no  respecter  of  persons";  of  the  fatherhood  of  God  and  the 
brotherhood  of  man — these  have  been  the  masterful  forces  to  which  we 
owe  our  present  high  civilization.  The  statement  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  that  "  all  men  are  created  free  and  equal,"  our  repre- 
sentative democracy  Avherein  all  men,  and  some  women,  are  sovereigns, 
the  broadening  of  the  suffrage  in  England,  the  republics  of  the  world, 
the  great  humanitarian  institutions  of  the  world  for  the  care  of  the 
unfortunate,  our  vast  benevolences,  our  vast  expenditures  for  free 
schools  for  all,  our  efforts  to  prevent  cruelty  to  animals,  the  general 
deepening  and  softening  of  human  character  which  marks  modern  life — 
all  these  are  the  outcome  of  the  teachings  of  Him  who  knew  no  classes, 
no  casts,  no  races,  but  only  one  common  brotherhood  of  man  and  father- 
hood of  God,  and  who  "went  about  doing  good." 

The  fierce  contest  among  theologians  about  dogmas  and  creeds — 
whether  Christ  was  begotten  or  made;  about  a  Greek  word;  as  to 
sprinkling  or  immersion  in  baptism ;  election;  predestination,  and  apos- 
tolic succession — has  had  little  influence  on  the  world's  course,  while 
the  altruistic  teachings  of  Christ  and  His  clear  enunciation  of  the  doc- 
trine of  immortality  have  leavened  and  uplifted  the  world. 

The  church  of  the  future  must  be  what  Samuel  Longfellow  saw  when 
he  wrote : 

One  Church  of  God  appears 

Through  every  age  and  race, 
Unwasted  by  the  lapse  of  years, 
Unchanged  by  changing  place. 

From  oldest  time,  on  farthest  shores, 

Beneath  the  pine  or  palm, 
One  unseen  Presence  she  adores, 

With  silence  or  with  psalm. 

Her  priests  are  all  God's  faithful  sons, 

To  serve  the  world  raised  up ; 
The  pure  in  heart  her  baptized  ones; 

Love  her  communion  cup. 

The  truth  is  her  prophetic  gift, 

The  soul  her  sacred  page ; 
And  feet  on  mercy's  errand  swift, 

Do  make  her  pilgrimage. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       149 

When  we  compare  the  ignorance,  the  selfishness,  the  brutality,  the 
licentiousness  of  the  Eoman  Empire  in  its  best  days,  when  Gibbon 
says  one-half  the  people  were  slaves,  with  the  condition  of  society  in 
Christian  nations  to-day,  we  see  what  a  stupendous  revolution  the 
teachings  of  Christ  have  wrought  in  nineteen  hundred  years. 

And  in  passing  I  may  remark  that  this  conflict  of  the  altruistic  teach- 
ings of  Christ  with  the  habits  of  the  Eoman  people  brought  upon  the 
early  Christians  the  hatred  and  persecution  first  of  the  Bomau  people 
and  finally  of  the  Komau  Government. 

When  the  Master  declared  His  two  great  commandments  of  love  to 
God  and  man  He  destroyed  human  slavery  and  uttered  the  death  war- 
rant for  all  injustice. 

The  grand  altruistic  movement  of  the  Christian  Endeavor  Society 
and  the  Epworth  League,  whose  force  is  in  "going  about  doing  good," 
not  teaching  dogmas,  comes  of  Christ's  teachings. 

CREEDS   WILL  BE   OBSOLETE. 

We  shall  not  be  far  into  the  twentieth  century  before  the  long  creeds 
of  the  orthodox  churches,  apart  from  love  to  God  and  man,  will  have 
fallen  into  innocuous  desuetude,  and  the  thirty -nine  articles  and  the 
Westminster  catechism  will  be  resurrected  by  antiquarians  as  curious 
attempts  to  define  the  indefinable,  "to  pass  the  impassable  and  scrute 
the  inscrutable." 

The  mysteries  of  life  and  death — of  whence  we  come  and  whither  we 
go — will  remain  unsolved,  and  man  will  learn  that  the  best  guaranty  of 
living  right  to-morrow  is  to  live  right  to-day. 

Whatever  differing  opinions  men  may  entertain  as  to  the  miracles, 
resurrection,  and  atonement  of  Christ,  there  can  be  no  ground  to  doubt 
that  the  future  progress  of  the  race  must  be  on  the  lines  of  his  teachings. 
If  his  teachings  of  love  to  God  and  man,  of  the  fatherhood  of  God  and 
the  brotherhood  of  man,  and  of  immortality,  be  not  true,  then  we  are  on 
a  dark  and  boundless  sea,  without  compass  or  rudder. 

The  lines  of  demarcation  between  the  different  denominations  of  pro- 
fessed followers  of  Christ  must,  within  the  next  hundred  years,  be  in  a 
great  degree  broken  down,  and  a  more  tolerant  and  Christ-like  spirit 
prevail,  if  the  church  is  to  be  the  great  exponent  of  his  teachings  and 
the  leader  in  the  world's  progress.  Catholic  and  Protestant  must  fellow- 
ship with  each  other,  Episcopalians  must  fellowship  more  with  other 
Protestants,  and  even  the  Unitarian  must  be  adjudged  as  a  well-meaning, 
though,  perchance,  misguided  worker  on  the  line  of  Christ's  teaching  for 
the  betterment  of  man. 

CLERICAL   OSTRACISM. 

Mr.  Free,  a  Unitarian  clergyman  of  fine  culture  and  high  character, 
lived  and  preached  in  this  city  for  three  years  and  was  not  visited  or 
called  upon  by  any  other  minister  save  one. 

All  the  claims  of  human  brotherhood,  of  neighborship,  of  the  hospi- 
tality due  a  stranger,  went  for  naught,  in  view  of  a  theological  differ- 
ence. 

When  John  said  to  Christ,  "Master,  we  saw  one  casting  out  devils  in 
thy  name  and  we  forbade  him,  because  he  followed  not  with  us,"  Christ 
said  to  him,  "Forbid  him  not,  for  he  that  is  not  against  us  is  for  us." 

Now,  his  professed  followers  must  obey  his  instructions,  and  recognize 
as  on  his  side,  and  entitled  to  fellowship,  all  who  seek  to  cast  out  of  men 
and  women  the  devils  of  licentiousness,  drunkenness,  selfishness,  self- 


150      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

righteousness,  and  hypocrisy.  The  Master  went  to  all,  and  suffered  all 
to  coine  to  Him.  He  supped  with  the  publican  and  talked  kindly  with 
Mary  Magdalen.  He  denounced  the  Pharisees  in  the  most  appalling 
invective  known  to  literature  for  their  hypocrisy  and  self-righteousness, 
but  he  is  not  recorded  as  anathematizing  anyone  for  an  honest  error  of 
belief. 

BIBLE   CONTAINS  EEEOES. 

The  claim  that  the  Bible  is  the  inerrant  and  only  direct  revelation  of 
God  to  man  must  be  given  up  and  the  view  now  taken  by  the  wisest 
and  most  learned  Christians  must  be  taken  that  it  contains  errors  of 
fact  and  teaching;  that  it  contains  the  word  of  God,  but  is  not  the 
word  of  God ;  that  it  contains  history,  drama,  and  poetry,  and  that  all 
are  flavored  with  the  human  character  of  the  writers;  that  it  is  to  be 
read  and  studied  as  other  books  in  the  light  of  all  our  knowledge  and 
of  all  our  faculties,  and  that  each  individual  soul  is  responsible  to  God 
alone  for  his  interpretation  of  it,  and  not  to  any  church  or  earthly 
tribunal.  And  it  will  be  held  in  reverence  as  full  of  wisdom  and  truth 
and  of  the  spirit  of  God,  and  as  the  greatest  of  books,  and  the  best  single 
guide  to  faith  and  action. 

The  twentieth  century  conception  will  not  be  that  of  an  angry  and 
revengeful  God  who  makes  mistakes  and  repents  them,  or  stoops  to 
such  disgusting  trivialities  as  to  say  to  one  of  his  children,  "  Hence- 
forth thou  shalt  mix  thy  cake  with  dung."  The  New  Testament  God 
of  love  and  mercy  will  be  the  God  of  the  twentieth  century. 

END   OF   THE   CENTURY. 

Max  Nordau  is  alarmed  at  the  degeneration  which  he  notes  in  the 
world,  but  thinks  that  man  will  recover,  and  in  a  brilliant  passage 
forecasts  as  follows: 

The  end  of  the  twentieth  century  will  probably  see  a  generation  to  whom  it  will 
not  be  injurious  to  read  a  dozen  square  yards  of  newspaper  daily,  to  be  constantly 
called  to  the  telephone,  to  be  thinking  simultaneously  of  the  five  continents  of  the 
world,  to  live  half  the  time  in  a  railway  carriage  or  a  flying  machine,  and  to  satisfy 
the  demands  of  a  circle  of  ten  thousand  acquaintances,  associates,  and  friends.  It 
will  know  how  to  find  its  ease  in  a  city  inhabited  by  millions,  with  nerves  of  gigantic 
force  to  respond  without  haste  or  agitation  to  the  almost  innumerable  claims  of 
existence. 

Or,  if  future  generations  come  to  find  that  the  march,  of  progress  is  too  rapid  for 
them,  they  will  give  it  up.  They  will  saunter  along  at  their  own  pace  or  stop  as 
they  choose.  They  will  suppress  the  distribution  of  letters;  allow  railways  to  dis- 
appear; banish  telephones  from  dwelling  houses,  preserving  them  only  perhaps  for 
the  service  of  the  state;  will  prefer  weekly  papers  to  daily  journals;  will  quit  cities 
and  return  to  the  country;  will  slacken  the  change  of  fashions;  will  simplify  the 
occupations  of  the  day  and  year,  and  will  grant  to  the  nerves  sweet  rest  again. 
This  adaptation  will  be  expected  in  any  case,  either  in  the  increase  of  nervous 
power  or  by  the  renunciation  of  acquisitions  which  exact  too  much  from  the  nervous 
system. 

CONTINUAL   PROGRESS. 

We  shall  continue  to  make  progress,  though  Ecclesiastes  tells  us  that 
"The  thing  that  both  hath  been,  it  is  that  which  shall  be,"  and  that 
"There  is  nothing  new  under  the  sun,"  both  of  which  I  take  to  mean 
that  God  moves  in  a  uniform — though  to  us  a  mysterious— way  his 
wonders  to  perform.  He  invents  nothing,  discovers  nothing,  learns 
nothing,  makes  no  mistakes,  and  repents  not. 

Man  learns,  discovers,  invents,  makes  mistakes,  repents,  and  pro- 
gresses, and  is  the  only  animal  whose  wants  are  forever  increasing  and 
never  satisfied.  The  ox  of  to-day  aspires  to  no  more  than  when  man 
first  yoked  htm. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       151 

While  my  view  of  the  future  is  decidedly  optimistic,  and  I  must 
take  that  view  or  renounce  my  belief  in  a  good  God,  yet  I  confess  to  a 
feeling  of  sadness  when  I  see  the  crime,  the  frivolity,  and  the  selfish- 
ness of  men,  and  think  how  far  distant  still  is  the  day  when  the  king- 
dom of  God  shall  come  on  earth  as  it  is  in  heaven,  and  when  man  shall 
cease  to  have  cause  to  say,  "I  have  done  the  things  I  ought  not  to 
have  done  and  have  left  undone  the  things  I  ought  to  have  done." 

God  is  in  his  world  to-day  as  much  as  He  was  six  thousand  years  ago, 
or  in  the  days  of  Moses  and  the  prophets.  He  is  in  the  glory  of  the 
sun  and  the  beauty  of  night,  in  the  mountains  aud  in  the  storm,  and 
the  deep  sea,  in  the  beauty  of  the  flowers,  in  the  goodness  of  women 
and  the  nobleness  of  men,  and  above  all  in  the  still  small  voice  in  human 
hearts. 

The  day  of  revelation  has  not  passed,  but  in  all  days  God  is  being 
revealed,  and  Moses  and  Isaiah  and  Luther  and  Wesley  and  Beecher 
and  Brooks  and  Lincoln,  and  all  noble,  clear-sighted  men  and  women 
are  his  prophets.  He  does  not  come  and  go,  but  uiu  Him  we  live  and 
move  and  have  our  being." 

The  lesson  of  it  all  is,  that  we  shall  live  and  do  our  best  to-day, 
leaving  to-morrow  to  care  for  itself.  The  better  growth  we  make  in  this 
life  of  to-day,  the  better  character  we  build,  the  higher  and  purer  the 
soul's  aspirations,  the  better  start  we  shall  have  in  the  future  life,  and 
the  higher  the  associations  we  shall  be  fitted  to  enjoy.  Growth  is  God's 
law.  Surely  spirit  is  immortal,  and  we  may  safely  trust  that — 

There  is  a  land  that  is  fairer  than  day, 

And  by  faith  \ve  can  see  it  afar, 
For  the  Father  waits  over  the  way, 

To  prepare  us  a  dwelling  place  there. 
And  that — 

In  the  sweet  bye-and-bye 

We  shall  meet  on  that  beautiful  shore. 

Paul  was  right  when  he  said,  "I  have  fought  the  good  fight;  I  have 
finished  my  course;  I  have  kept  the  faith;  henceforth  there  is  laid  up 
for  me  a  crown  of  righteousness,"  for  righteousness  is  the  crown  of  a 
noble  life. 

To  do  God's  will  must  be  the  highest  aim  of  being;  and  where  all  do 
his  will,  wheresoe'er  that  may  be,  is  heaven. 
Now — 

To  our  bountiful  Father  above, 

We  will  offer  our  tribute  of  praise, 
For  the  glorious  gift  of  his  love, 
And  the  blessings  that  hallow  our  days. 

The  PRESIDENT.  The  next  address  was  to  have  been  made  by  Gen- 
eral Armstrong,  of  Washington,  but  we  have  received  a  dispatch  from 
him  this  evening,  stating  that  he  was  unable  to  be  here.  So  the  next 
address  will  be  by  Father  Thomas  E.  Sherman,  a  son  of  Gen.  William 
Tecumseh  Sherman. 

ADDRESS  OF  FATHER  SHERMAN. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  I  feel  that  I  have  a 
claim  to  the  sympathies  of  this  great  audience,  of  which  perhaps  few 
of  you  are  aware.  I  came  here  under  the  protection  of  the  Army  of 
the  Tennessee  of  the  North,  and  now  throw  myself  upon  the  protection 
of  the  Army  of  Tennessee  of  the  South,  because  from  the  tender  age 


152      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  7  I  have  had  the  recollection  of  having  been  condemned  and  sen- 
tenced as  a  spy  and  a  Confederate  sympathizer.  I  will  tell  how  it  came 
about.  It  was  on  the  Big  Black,  after  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  when 
the  two  armies  were  resting.  A  Confederate  flag  of  truce  came  into  our 
camp,  and  one  of  the  young  officers  took  me,  a  little  child,  on  his  knee, 
and  it  didn't  take  him  very  long  to  ingratiate  himself  into  my  favor. 
When  he  had  fairly  won  my  little  heart,  he  began  to  exasperate  me  by 
saying  that  we  could  never,  never  defeat  the  South,  that  my  father  was 
going  to  be  driven  back.  etc.  I  said  to  him,  "  Sir,  you  don't  know  how 
many  men  we  have  got,  and  how  many  cannons  we  have  got.  We  have 
got  40,000  men  here.  We  have  got  30,000  men  coming  down  the  river. 
We  have  got  20  gunboats  on  the  river,  so  many  stands  of  arms  at  the 
Rock  Island  Arsenal,  so  many  more  at  another  place,"  and  I  went  on 
and  gave  him  more  information  than  he  could  have  gotten  in  any  other 
way  in  a  whole  month.  That  evening  that  flag  of  truce  with  its  escort 
moved  out  of  our  camp,  and  after  they  retired  I  told  the  officers  at  the 
mess  table  what  I  had  said  to  this  Confederate  gentleman;  that  I  had 
told  him  how  many  men  and  guns  and  cannon  we  had,  and  that  they 
would  never  whip  us  in  the  world.  My  father  turned  to  me,  and  said, 
"You  told  him  all  this !"  "  Yes  sir."  "  Well,"  he  said,  u  then  you  have 
given  information  to  the  enemy,  and  I  will  have  you  taken  out  and  shot, 
sir." 

So  you  see,  at  that  early  age  I  was  entitled  to  the  sympathies  of 
those  that  fought  on  the  Southern  side,  and  even  if  I  had  not  that  title 
I  would  throw  myself  into  their  arms  anywhere,  under  any  circum- 
stances, because  I  have  known  them  from  that  day  to  this,  and  known 
them  to  be  as  brave,  as  gallant,  as  loyal  American  men  and  gentlemen 
as  I  know  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  of  the  North  to  be. 

I  was  educated  at  Georgetown  College,  among  Southern  gentlemen. 
I  have  lived  in  St.  Louis,  among  Southern  gentlemen  and  Southern 
ladies,  and  if  I  am  Northern  by  conviction,  Northern  in  principle  as 
regards  the  issues  of  the  civil  war,  I  trust  that  I  say  enough  with 
regard  to  my  sympathies  for  the  South,  my  love  for  the  South,  my  devo- 
tion to  the  men,  and  I  may  say  without  shame  to  the  women  of  the 
South,  when  I  say  that  I  am  an  American. 

I  stood  to-day  on  Lookout  Mountain  for  the  first  time.  I  had  read  a 
hundred  descriptions  of  this  magnificent  scene.  I  had  looked  upon 
Chattanooga  as  the  heart  of  the  new  world,  for  I  knew  that  at  Chatta- 
nooga were  fought  some  of  the  grandest  and  most  decisive  battles  of 
the  grandest  and  most  decisive  war  of  the  world.  But  when  I  stood 
there  gazing  at  the  splendid  panorama  spread  below,  then  I  thrilled 
with  admiration,  then  I  became  enthusiastic,  for  there  I  was  upon  that 
very  mountain  whose  head  had  been  crowned  by  Southern  chivalry, 
that  chivalry  itself  dashed  back  and  down  by  Northern  valor;  and  I 
saw  before  me  that  long,  black,  lofty  ridge  which  seemed  impregnable, 
and  yet  was  wrenched  from  its  defenders  by  Northern  valor,  and  I  saw 
that  little  city  which  was  once  leaguered,  and  so  leaguered  that  men 
thought  it  must  be  captured  and  our  army  must  be  driven  back  into 
the  river,  yet  where  victory  was  wrenched  from  defeat,  and  where  the 
siege  was  changed  into  a  route;  and  I  saw  still  more  than  all  this.  I 
saw  that  Chattanooga  was  to-day  the  scene  of  a  victory  a  thousand 
times  grander  than  any  victory  ever  won  by  any  general,  the  splendid 
victory  of  peace,  which  now  unites  sixty-five  millions  of  people  and 
four  and  forty  mighty  sister  States,  each  sovereign  in  a  sense,  each 
independent  in  a  sense,  if  not  perhaps  in  that  full  sense  for  which  our 
Southern  friends  fought,  at  least  in  a  true  sense,  and  in  a  sense  which 
might  easily  draw  to  their  meaning-  one  brought  up  with  their  ideas 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       153 

and  with  their  convictions — States  which  enjoy  to-day,  after  their 
struggle,  that  same  sovereignty  and  that  same  independence  that  they 
enjoyed  before;  for  Alabama  is  as  perfect  to-day  in  her  independence 
as  she  was  in  1861;  Georgia  is  as  perfect  in  herself  as  she  was  in  1861. 
They  have  still  the  same  fullness  of  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial 
power  as  has  Ohio,  which  is  represented  here  by  her  great  magistrate, 
whose  name  thrills  on  your  lips,  and  who  sits  upon  this  platform. 

You  speak  of  your  cause  as  lost.  It  is  not  lost.  Your  poet-priest 
has  written,  "Under  the  willow  the  gray,  under  the  laurel  the  blue." 
Permit  me  to  add  to-night  a  gloss  to  the  text,  and  say,  "Under  two 
laurels  the  blue  and  the  gray;"  for  both  have  won,  since  both  enjoy 
the  magnificent  fruits  of  victory.  What  are  those  fruits'?  The  fruit 
of  victory  is  peace,  is  concord,  is  union,  is  harmony,  is  the  advancement 
of  the  common  interests,  and  the  common  interests  are  the  interests  of 
the  American  home,  the  American  village,  the  American  town,  the 
American  county,  the  American  State,  and  over  all  the  interest  of  the 
grand  old  Union,  which  Washington  gave  us  and  Jefferson  gave  us, 
and  all  those  other  grand  old  heroes  who  are  all  ours,  but  who  would 
not  have  been  ours  in  the  same  spirit  if,  like  discordant  brethren,  we 
had  striven  to  live  apart.  We  are  all  one  here  under  this  vast  roof,  this 
vast  gathering  whicli  shelters  but  one  sentiment  and  but  one  feeling. 
We  are  drawn  together  by  a  hundred  iron  rails  that  bind  the  nation  in 
one  in  its  commercial  interests.  That  roof  is  supported  by  a  hundred 
columns,  each  one  of  them  perfect  and  distinct  in  itself,  and  all  con- 
tributing to  hold  np  the  one  vast  covering  of  us  all.  So,  too,  are 
Alabama  and  Florida,  and  Mississippi,  and  Maine,  and  Ohio,  and  Wis- 
consin, and  California,  all  one  in  that  magnificent  unity,  too  vast  to  be 
conceived  or  understood  by  any  man  here,  for  no  man  can  rise  to  the 
conception  of  the  great  interests  of  a  people  which  in  a  century  to 
come  will  number  five  hundred  millions;  and  yet  all  these  interests 
hung  upon  that  tremendous  struggle  in  which  you  took  part,  all  hon- 
estly, all  manfully,  and  with  such  valor,  with  such  energy,  such  great 
determination,  that  the  sons  of  the  North  and  the  sons  of  the  South 
are  equally  proud  to-day  to  meet  on  the  spot  where  their  fathers 
fought. 

What  I  felt  as  I  stood  on  Lookout  Mountain  this  morning  was  this  : 
That  I  must  say  nothing  to-night  about  the  past.  That  I  must  think 
only  of  the  future — for  I  must  not  dare  to  pretend  to  teach  the  men  of 
the  past  generation — but  that  I  must  appeal  to  those  of  my  own  gener- 
ation, the  men  of  my  age  and  those  who  are  to  come  after — and  that, 
standing  on  that  mountain  top  and  looking  at  this  city,  and  looking  at 
those  vast  surroundings,  I  must  preach  to  them  this  lesson,  "Look 
here  and  see  these  giant  walls;  look  and  see  the  spot  where  your  fathers 
fought  and  think  what  men  were  they  that  battled  on  ground  like 
this — men  that  could  scale  mountains  and  cross  torrents  and  fight  over 
ravines  and  gulches,  where  European  armies  would  have  been  as  pow- 
erless as  babes ;  think,  then,  men — men  of  my  age,  men  who  are  to  come, 
men  of  the  twentieth  century — think  men,  whether  you  be  of  the  North 
or  whether  you  be  of  the  South,  whether  your  sire  wore  the  blue  or 
whether  he  wore  the  gray,  whether  the  name  of  Lee  or  the  name  of 
Grant  rouses  your  enthusiasm,  I  care  not  and  ask  not,  but  I  only  ask 
this,  that  ye  think  that  you  are  their  sons,  and  that  much  is  expected 
of  you;  it  is  expected  that  you  will  keep  your  States  grand,  independ- 
ent, sovereign  in  their  spheres;  it  is  expected  also  that  you  will  make 
this  American  Eepublic  what  God  intended  it  should  be,  Liberty's  last 
refuge,  the  pride  of  our  race,  the  home  of  the  nations,  and  at  the  same 
time  mighty  and  vast,  because  she  is  one  and  because  she  is  free." 


THE  MILITARY  PARADE  AND  REVIEW. 


OFFICIAL  ORDERS. 

The  following  were  the  official  orders  fixing  the  line  of  march : 

GENEKAL  ORDERS,  )  OFFICE  OF  THE  GRAND  MARSHAL, 

No.  1.    .          )  Chattanooga,  September  18,  1895. 

I.  For  the  convenience  of  the  guests  of  the  city  in  their  participation  in  the  pro- 
posed "  parade  and  review,"  it  is  requested  that  there  shall  be  no  vehicles  nor 
crowds  of  persons  permitted  on  the  streets  approaching  and  around  the  Government 
Building  after  9  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  September  20. 

II.  The  streets  referred  to  are  Georgia  avenue,  between  Ninth  and  Market  streets ; 
A  street,  between  Ninth  and  Eleventh  streets ;  Tenth  street,  between  Market  and  A 
streets;  Eleventh  street,  betwen  Market  and  Nuby  streets;  also  the  street  imme- 
diately west  of  the  Government  Building. 

III.  As  soon  after  9  a.  m.  as  possible,  September  20,  and  in  no  case  later  than  9.30 
a.  m.,  all  officials  and  invited  guests  are  requested  to  arrive  (via  Georgia  avenne) 
at  the  corner  of  Tenth  street  and  Georgia  avenue  and  halt  at  that  point  until  a  staff 
officer  shall  meet  them  and  assign  them  to  their  respective  positions. 

IV.  The  order  of  the  reviewing  party  and  guests  will  be  as  follows: 

1.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  and  the  Lieutenant-General  of  the 
Army  (the  reviewing  officers). 

2.  The  Cabinet  officers  of  the  United  States. 

3.  Senators  and  Representatives  of  the  United  States. 

4.  Governors  of  the  States,  staffs,  and  commissions  in  the  following  order :  Ala- 
bama, Governor  Oates ;  Colorado,  Governor  Mclntire ;  Georgia,  Governor  Atkinson ; 
Illinois,  Governor  Atgeld ;  Indiana,  Governor  Matthews ;  Kansas,  Governor  Morrill ; 
Massachusetts,  Governor  Greenhalge;  Michigan,  Governor  Rich;   Nebraska,  Gov- 
ernor Holcomb;  New  Jersey,  Governor  Wert ;  New  York,  Governor  Morton;  Ohio, 
Governor  McKiuley  will  precede  Ohio  National  Guards ;  Tennessee,  Governor  Turney ; 
Vermont,  Governor  Woodbury;  Wisconsin,  Governor  Upham;  Chickamauga-Chat- 
tanooga  National  Military  Park  Commissioners;  senators  and  representatives  of  the 
State  of  Tennessee;  mayor  of  the  city  of  Chattanooga  and  chairman  of  the  execu- 
tive committee;  judge  of  the  county  court;  invited  guests. 

V.  The  reviewing  party,  accompanied  by  grand  marshal  and  staff  will  start  from 
the  intersection  of  Eleventh  and  Market  streets  at  precisely  10  o'clock  a.  m.    (Car- 
riages not  in  line  at  that  hour  can  not  be  placed  in  position.)     The  review  will  be 
conducted  as  prescribed  in  General  Orders,  No.  4,  paragraph  3.     The  grand  marshal 
and  staff  will,  after  the  review  in  line  is  ended,  resume  their  places  in  line  opposite 
Eleventh  street. 

By  order  of  Brig.  Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton,  grand  marshal: 

J.  R.  SHALER,  Chief  of  Staff. 


GENERAL  ORDERS,  >  OFFICE  GRAND  MARSHAL, 

No.  4.  \  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  September  18,  1895. 

I.  There  will  be  a  parade  and  review  of  all  the  troops  in  and  around  Chattanooga 
on  Friday,  September  20,  1895.     The  line  will  be  formed  on  Market  street,  facing 
•»ast,  the  right  resting  at  a  point  opposite  Tenth  street.     The  platoon  of  police  will 
form  opposite  Eleventh  street,  facing  east,  and  will  precede  the  grand  marshal  and 
staff  in  the  column.     The  grand  marshal  and  staff  will  form  on  the  right  of  the  troops. 

II.  The  troops  will  form  in  line  at  9.30  a.  m.  promptly,  in  the  following  order: 

1.  United  States  troops,  Col.  J.  S.  Poland  commanding. 

2.  Ohio  National  Guard,  Col.  A.  B.  Coit  commanding. 

3.  National  Guard  of  Tennessee,  Col.  I.  F.  Peters  commanding. 

4.  Capital  City  Guards,  Georgia,  Capt.  W.  S.  Hewitt  commanding. 

154 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       155 

The  school  battalion, 'Capt.  F.  H.  Phillips,  jr.,  commanding,  will  form  on  Sixth 
street,  facing  south,  the  right  resting  on  Market  street,  at  8.15  a.  m. 

III.  At  10  o'clock  precisely  the  reviewing  officers,  the  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States  and  the  Lieutenant-General  of  the  Army,  accompanied  by  the  Secretaries  of  War, 
Navy,  Interior,  the  Attorney-General,  and  Postmaster-General,  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  States,  governors  of  States,  mayor  of  the  city  of  Chatta- 
nooga, county  judges,  chairman  executive  committee,  and  all  other  invited  guests 
(who  will  have  previously  assembled  at  the  Government  Building  in  accordance 
with  General  Orders,  No.  3)  will  proceed  to  inspect  the  line,  accompanied  by  the 
grand  marshal  and  staff,  riding  down  Market  street  to  Water  street,  returning  via 
rhestnut,  Seventh,  Broad,  and  Ninth  streets,  thence  proceeding  direct  to  the  review- 
ing stand  on  McCallie  avenue. 

IV.  As  soon  as  the  reviewing  party  has  crossed  Market  street  en  route  to  the 
reviewing  stand,  Col.  J.  S.  Poland,  commanding  officer  of  the  United  States  troops, 
will  assume  command  of  the  colmmn  and  put  the  column  in  motion,  marching  out 
Georgia  avenue  to  McCallie  avenue,  thence  to  the  reviewing  stand. 

V.  All  commands  will,  until  they  pass  the  reviewing  stand,  be  governed  by  the 
movements  of  the  command  preceding,  unless  specially  directed  otherwise. 

Light  Battery  F,  Fourth  United  States  Artillery,  Capt.  S.  W.  Taylor  commanding, 
will  proceed  direct  from  the  reviewing  stand  to  Orchard  Knob,  and  fire  the  salute 
to  the  Union  at  12  meridian. 

VI.  When  the  head  of  column  reaches  Baldwin  street  it  will  turn  to  the  left  and 
march  to  Vine  street ;  thence  on  Vine  street  west  to  Georgia  avenue,  at  which  point 
the  troops  will  be  dismissed. 

By  order  of  Brig.  Gen.  J.  S.  Fullertou,  grand  marshal: 

J.  R.  SHA.LER,  Chief  of  Staff. 

THE    TROOPS   IN   LINE. 

The  following  commands  participated  in  the  parade  in  the  order 
named : 

A  platoon  of  police,  with  Lieutenant  J.  J.  Donovan  in  command,  led  by  Chief  F.  W. 
Hill. 

UNITED    STATES    TROOPS. 

At  the  head  of  the  column  was  Colonel  John  S.  Poland's  command  of  regulars 
from  Camp  Lament.  The  formation  was  by  brigade.  Colonel  Poland,  in  command. 

Staff. — First  Lieut.  Arthur  Johnson,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  A.  A.  A.  G. ;  First  Lieut. 
R.  W.  Dowdy,  R.  Q.  M.,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  A.  A.  Q.  M.,  A.  C.  S.,  and  A.  O.  O. ;  First 
Lieut.  D.  J.  Rumbough,  Third  Artillery,  A.  S.  C.  and  recruiting  officer;  Maj.  J.  Van  R. 
Hoff,  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  brigade  surgeon ;  Capt.  R.  J.  Gibson,  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A., 
medical  officer  infantry  battalions;  Capt.  R.  R.  Ball,  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A., 
medical  officer  of  artillery ;  Second  Lieut.  G.  H.  McManus,  Third  Artillery,  exchange 
officer. 

First  Battalion. — This  command  was  composed  of  the  four  batteries  of  the  Third 
Artillery  on  foot,  Maj.  J.  G.  Ramsey  commanding. 

Staff:  First  Lieut.  C.  T.  Menoher,  adjutant;  Second  Lieut.  G.  Le  R.  Irwin,  quarter- 
master, commissary,  and  signal  officer. 

Battery  A:  Capt.  James  Chester,  First  Lieut.  B.  II.  Randolph,  First  Lieut.  D.  J. 
Rumbongh.  . 

Battery  D:  Capt.  C.  Humphreys,  Second  Lieut.  G.  Le  R.  Irwin. 

Battery  G:  First  Lieut.  E.  S.  Benton,  Second  Lieut.  G.  H.  McManus. 

Battery  L :  Capt.  F.  W.  Hess,  Second  Lieut.  J.  P.  Hains. 

Second  Battalion. — Four  companies  of  the  Sixth  Infantry  composed  this  command, 
Maj.  C.  W.  Minor  commanding. 

Staff:  First  Lieut.  C.  L.  Beckurts,  adjutant;  Second  Lieut.  W.  H.  Simons,  quar- 
termaster and  commissary ;  Second  Lieut.  W.  E.  Gleason,  signal  officer. 

Company  B:  Capt.  Stephen  Baker,  Second  Lieut.  W.  E.  Gleason. 

Company  E :  First  Lieut.  B.  A.  Poore,  Second  Lieut.  W.  H.  Simons. 

Company  F:  First  Lieut.  E.  F.  Taggart,  Second  Lieut.  G.  C.  Saffarans. 

Company  H:  Capt.  B.  A.  Byrne,  Second  Lieut.  S.  J.  B.  Schindel. 

Third  Battalion. — Four  companies  of  the  Seventeenth  Infantry  composed  the  bat- 
talion, Capt.  W.  M.  Van  Home,  commanding. 

Staff:  Second  Lieut.  D.  M.  Michie,  adjutant,  quartermaster  and  commissary; 
Second  Lieut.  H.  R.  Perry,  signal  officer. 

Company  A :  First  Lieut.  L.  L.  Durfree. 

Company  C :  Capt.  C.  S.  Roberts,  Second  Lieut.  H.  R.  Perry. 

Company  D :  Capt.  L.  M.  O'Brien,  Second  Lieut.  D.  F.  Cordray. 


156       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Company  G :  Capt.  W.  P.  Rogers,  Second  Lieut.  W.  D.  Davis. 

Battery  F,  Fourth  Artillery. — The  officers  of  Light  Battery  F  were  Capt.  Sidney  W. 
Taylor,  commanding;  First  Lieut.  L.  H.  Walker,  First  Lieut.  G.  F.  Landers,  Second 
Lieut.  C.  C.  Hearu. 

OHIO. 
Fourteenth  Infantry,  Ohio  National  Guard. 

Following  the  United  States  troops  came  Governor  McKinley  and  staff,  all  mounted. 
Immediately  in  their  rear  was  the  signal  corps,  followed  by  the  regimental  band. 
Then  came  Col.  A.  B.  Coit,  commanding  Fourteenth  Infantry,  Ohio  National  Guard, 
with  the  following  : 

Stall':  First  Lieut.  M.'L.  Wilson,  regimental  adjutant;  Maj.  L.  T.  Guerin,  surgeon ; 
Capt.  E.  M.  Simons,  assistant  surgeon;  Capt.  F.  Gunsalus,  assistant  surgeon ;  Capt. 
Thompson  B.  Wright,  assistant  surgeon ;  Capt.  George  B.Donovan,  regimental  quar- 
termaster; Lieut.  W.  B.  McCloud,  regimental  commissary;  Capt.  E.  A.  Everett, 
inspector  rifle  practice;  Capt.  William  E.  Moore,  chaplain. 

Field  officers:  Lieut.  Col.  W.  N.  P.  Darrow,  Maj.  John  C.  Speaks,  Maj.  W.  W. 
Holmea,  Maj.  C.  B.  Adams. 

First  Battalion. — Maj.  J.  C.  Speaks,  commanding;  Lieut.  T.  S.  Keyes,  adjutant. 

Company  C,  Columbus:  Capt.  C.  V.  Baker,  First.  Lieut.  T.  R.  Biddle,  Second 
Lieut.  A.  W.  Reynolds. 

Company  F,  Kilbourne  Cadets,  Columbus:  Capt.  E.  M.  Helwagen,  First  Lieut.  R. 
L.  Elliott,  Second  Lieut.  W.  D.  Hoyer. 

Company  A,  First  Columbus  Cadets,  Columbus:  Capt.  J.  J.  Walsh,  First  Lieut. 
H.  Graham,  Second  Lieut.  L.  B.  Andrews. 

Company  B,  Columbus:  Capt.  P.  G.  N.  Goldney,  First  Lieut.  F.  L.  Oyler,  Second 
Lieut.  W.  S.  White. 

Second  Battalion. — Maj.  W.  W.  Homes,  commanding;  Lieut.  Perry  Williams, 
adjutant. 

Company  M,  Circleville  Guards,  Circleville:  Capt.  J.  W.  Lowe;  Charles  G.  Duffy, 
first  lieutenant ;  F.  C.  Ratcliffe,  second  lieutenant. 

Company  I,  Lancaster:  L.  H.  Palmer,  captain;  F.  S.  Whiley,  first  lieutenant;  W. 
W.  House,  second  lieutenant. 

Color  Guard :  Sergeant  Flaret,  commanding. 

Company  H,  Portsmouth  Guards,  Portsmouth :  O.  W.  Newman,  captain ;  H.  W.  Mil- 
ler, first  lieutenant;  H.  J.  Doty,  second  lieutenant. 

Company  E,  Mulligan  Guards,  Washington  Court-House:  W.  L.  Vincent,  captain ; 
W.  S.  Sheets,  first  lieutenant;  Charles  Updyke,  second  lieutenant. 

Third  Battalion. — Maj.  C.  B.Adams,  commanding;  Lieut.  C.  W.  Wiles,  adjutant. 

Company  D,  Curry  Cadets,  Marysvillo:  J.  L.  Sellers,  captain;  F.  B.  Courter,  first 
ieutenant;  Fred  Otte,  second  lieutenant. 

Company  K,  Delaware :  H.N.Clark,  captain;  E.  T.  Miller,  first  lieutenant;  B.  H. 
Griner,  second  lieutenant. 

Company  L,  Mount  Sterling:  E.  B.  Hodges,  captain;  J.  R.  Tanner,  first  lieutenant; 
T.  E.  Snider,  second  lieutenant. 

Company  G,  Huber  Guards,  Marion :  H.  N.  Love,  captain ;  A.  P.  McMurray,  first 
lieutenant ;  F.  W.  Peters,  second  lieutenant. 

Hospital  Corps,  Columbus:  Sergeant  Freedinan. 

The  Toledo  Cadets. — Captain  McMaken  was  in  command,  with  Lieutenants  Waters 
and  Howells. 

Battery  H,  First  Light  Artillery,  Columbus :  Captain  F.  T.  Stewart,  commanding, 
marched  immediately  behind  the  Toledo  Cadets.  They,  as  well  as  the  other  Ohio 
guardsmen,  were  in  full-dress  uniforms. 

Troop  A,  Ohio  National  Guard,  Cleveland,  brought  up  the  roar  of  the  Ohio  contin- 
gent, Capt.  R.  E.  Burdick,  commanding,  First  Lieut.  H.  B.  Kingsley,  Second  Lieut. 
H.  W.  Corning,  Asst.  Surg.  F.  E.  Bunts,  and  Chaplain  C.  D.  Williams. 

TENNESSEE. 

First  Brigade,  National  Guard  State  of  Tennessee. 

This  command  was  formed  by  a  portion  of  the  Second  Regiment  from  west  Tennes- 
see and  three  unattached  companies  and  a  battery  from  middle  Tennessee  and  the 
Second  Battalion  and  three  unattached  companies  from  east  Tennessee. 

Col.  I.  F.  Peters,  of  the  Second  Regiment,  in  command  of  the  brigade,  rode  at  the 
head  of  the  column  with  his  adjutant,  Lieut.  R.  R.  Parham,  Surgeon  T.  H.  Craig  and 
Lieut,  and  Quartermaster  A.  Asher  in  hia  rear.  Then  came  the  Knoxville  Legion 
band. 

Second  Regiment. — Lieut.  Col.  Kellar  Anderson,  commanding;  First  Lieut.  Clark 
Stain,  adjutant. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       157 

Company  E,  Governor's  Guards,  Memphis:  T.  E.  Patterson,  captain;  F.  J.Jones, 
first  lieutenant ;  J.  S.  Hampton,  second  lieutenant. 

Company  C,  Dyersburg:  Capt.  C.  A.  Hall,  Lieuts.  Peattie  and  Green. 

Company  G,  Arlington:  Capt.  Herbert  Godwin,  First  Lieut.  C.  C.  Blood;  Second 
Lieut.  R.  D.  Call. 

Company  H,  Ripley:  Capt.  R.  P.  Madison,  First  Lieut.  E.  Woodlawn;  Second 
Lieut.  T.  Oldham. 

Company  I,  Covingtoii:  Captain,  Walker;  First  Lieut.  McFadden,  Second  Lieut. 
R.  P.  Baptist. 

Company  A,  Confederate  Veterans,  Memphis:  Capt.  W.  W.  Games,  First  Lieut. 
E.  Bourne,  Second  Lieut.  D.  Landstreet. 

This  company  was  clad  in  Confederate  gray  and  every  man  in  line  was  over  50 
years  old.  They  were  armed  with  the  old-stylo  muzzle-loading  muskets  and  large 
cartridge  boxes.  They  carried  a  new  United  States  flag.  They  were  the  survivors 
of  Carnes's  Battery 

Second  Battalion. — Maj.  J.  P.  Fyffe,  commanding;  C.  F.  Brown,  first  lieutenant  and 
adjutant. 

Then  came  the  Second  Battalion  band  under  leadership  of  Professor  Loveland. 

Company  G,  Spring  City :  Capt.  W.  P.  McDonald,  Lieutenant  Leity. 

Company  E,  Chattanooga:  First  Lieut.  J.  V.  Price,  Second  Lieut.  Ben.  M.  Raw- 
lings. 

Company  F,  Dayton :  Lieutenant  Gothard. 

Company  H,  St.  Elmo:  Capt.  J.  S.  Betts,  First  Lieut.  S.  J.  Lowe,  Second  Lieut. 
George  Ramsey. 

Color  Guard:  Sergt.  E.  A.  Turner. 

Company  B,  Chattanooga:  Capt.  W.  S.  Weitzell,  First  Lieut.  J.  S.  Selvidge, 
Second  Lieut.  II.  J.  Hogan. 

Third  Battalion. — Maj.  Wright  Smith,  commanding;  J.  W.  Stovall,  first  lieutenant 
and  adjutant. 

Company  A,  Knoxville:  Maj.  E.  C.Ramage,  Lieutenants  Logan  and  Richmond. 

Company  F,  Gallatin :  Capt.  B.  B.  Gillespie,  Lieutenants  Staller  and  Colton. 

Company  D,  Lawrenceburg :  Capt.  W.  J.  Gilbreth,  Lieutenants  E.  E.  McNeely 
and  E.  W.  Coke. 

Company  D,  Elizabethton :  Lieut.  R.  S.  Hilton. 

Company  A,  Nashville:  Capt.  A.  C.  Gillem,  First  Lieut.  J.  K.  Polk,  Second  Lieut. 
E.  B.  Johns. 

Company  C,  Coal  Creek  Veterans,  Knoxville:  Capt.  W.  H.  Brown,  Lieut.  S.  P. 
Miller. 

Battery  A,  Nashville  (on  foot) :  Capt.  Granville  Sevier,  First  Lieut.  R.  J.  Caldwell. 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia  was  represented  by  only  one  organization,  the  Capital  City  Guards,  Com- 
pany B,  Fifth  Regiment  Georgia  Infantry.  The  organization  marched  from  Atlanta 
to  the  Chickamauga  Park,  a  distance  of  150  miles.  Eugene  W.  Hewitt,  captain; 
William  J.  Parks,  first  lieutenant;  William  W.  Barker,  second  lieutenant. 

The  cadets  from  the  university  at  Harriman,  Teun.,  came  next,  with  Col.  Wilbur 
Colvin  in  command.  Lieutenant  Hawks,  adjutant ;  Capt.  L.  F.  Bechtel,  Lieuts.  G.  G. 
Hannah,  Miller,  Leroy  Farnham,  and  Shaw. 

THE   SCHOOL  BOYS. 

Last  in  line  were  the  school  brigade,  composed  of  four  battalions  of  white  and  two 
of  colored  boys.  The  former  wore  white  and  blue,  the  latter  white  and  red  caps. 
They  were  armed  with  wooden  guns.  Capt.  F.  H.  Phillips  was  in  command. 

THE   REVIEWING  STAND. 

At  11  o'clock  the  first  carriage  drove  up  to  the  western  gate  of  the 
university  iuclosure  and  the  Vice-President,  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  and 
Speaker  Crisp,  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives,  alighted  and  walked 
to  their  positions  on  the  platform.  The  guests  were  escorted  to  their 
allotted  positions  by  the  aids. 

The  aids  were:  Capt.  H.  C.  Ward,  U.  S.  A.,  adjutant-general;  Maj.  Cator  Woolford, 
assistant  adjutant-general;  Capt.  F.  J.  Waddell,  assistant  adjutant-general;  Capt. 
W.  B.  Royster,  assistant  adjutant-general.  Aids-de-camp:  Capt.  Chatupe  Andrews, 
Capt.  Gordon  Lee,  Capt.  Charles  Divine,  Capt.  Charles  R.  Evans,  Capt.  Garnett 


158      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Andrews,  jr.,  Capt.  R.  B.  Cooke,  Capt.  Frank  L.  Case,  Capt.  John  Key,  Capt.  Robert 
S.  Sharp,  Capt.  Charles  M.  Mitchell,  Capt.  Robert  H.  Williams,  Capt.  George  D.  Lan- 
caster, and  Capt.  R.  C.  Kingsley. 

But  a  very  few  moments  were  occupied  in  alighting  and  taking  up 
positions,  and  as  each  carriage  was  relieved  of  its  load  it  was  driven 
ahead  and  turned  oft'  on  to  a  side  street  out  of  the  way  of  the  troops. 

The  carriages  arrived  in  the  following  order : l 

1.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  and  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  Hon.  Charles  F.  Crisp. 

2.  Lieu  tenant-General  Schofield,  United  States  Array. 

3.  Gen.  D.  S.  Stanley,  Hon.  H.  Clay  Evans,  Gen.  Willard  Warner,  and  Col.  J.  W. 
Steele. 

4.  Gens.  J.  J.  Reynolds,  A.  Baird,  and  Capt.  Charles  F.  Muller. 

5.  Gen.  James  Lougstreet,  C.  C.  Sanders,  Miss  Sanders,  J.  W.  Leigh,  and  Tomlin- 
son  Fort. 

6.  Bishop  Gailor,  of  Tennessee;  Rev.  Francis  A.  Shoup,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Pettis. 

7.  Representatives  Benton  McMillin,   of  Tennessee,   and  John  W.   Maddox,   of 
Georgia. 

8.  Gen.  David  B.  Henderson  and  Maj.  S.  A.  Atherton,  of  Iowa. 

9.  Senator  Peffer,  of  Kansas,  and  Representatives  Charles  H.  Morgan  and  Charles 
G.  Burton,  of  Missouri. 

10.  Capts.  Arthur  Barnes,  G.  W.  Harer,  and  J.  W.  Jones. 

11.  Governor  William  C.  Oates,  of  Alabama ;  Col.  Harvey  E.  Jones,  adjutant- general 
of  Alabama,  and  Lieut.  Cols.  S.  L.  Crook,  A.  H.  Stevens,  Thomas  R.  Ward,  and  R.  C. 
Smith,  of  the  governor's  staff. 

12.  Governor  A.  W.  Mclntire,  Adjt.  Gen.  Cassius  M.  Moses,  and  Surg.  Gen.  Clayton 
Parkhill,  of  Colorado. 

13.  Asst.  Adjt.  Gen.  Benjamin  F.  Klee,  Cols.  Harper  M.  Orahood,  Delos  L.  Holden, 
and  George  B.  Newman,  aids-de-camp,  of  Colorado. 

14.  Brig.  Gen.  Henry  S.  Peck,  and  Col.  W.  AV.  Packer  and  Capt.  S.  E.  Chaffee,  State 
commissioners  of  Connecticut. 

15.  Governor  Claude  Matthews,  Col.  Ivan  N.  Walker,  commander  in  chief  G.  A.  R. ; 
Adjt.  Gen.  Irvin  Robbins;  Q.  M.  Gen.  Samuel  L.  Compton;  Col.  R.  French  Stone, 
surgeon-general;    Col.  Lewis  B.  Martin,  paymaster-general;   Col.  Simon  J.  Straus, 
assistant  paymaster-general;   Col.  Daniel  Fasig,  assistant  quartermaster-general; 
Majs.  A.  B.  Mewh,inney  and  J.  M.  Healy,  aids-de-camp. 

16.  Gens.  Morton  C.  Hunter,  James  R.  Carnahan,  Cols.  R.  M.  Johnson,  W.  M.  Coch- 
rum,  Majs.  W.  P.  Herron,  M.  M.  Justus,  Capts.  W.  P.  Herron,  jr.,  G.  H.  Puntenuey,  D.  B. 
McConnell,  Milton  Garrigns,  and  M.  M.  Thompson,  of  the  Indiana  commission ;  Hon. 
S.  P.  Sheerin  and  John  C.  Nelson. 

17.  Governor  E.  N.  Morrill,  of  Kansas;  and  Adjt.  Gen.  S.  M.  Fox,  Capt.  H.  G. 
Cavenaugh,  Thirteenth  United  States  Infantry,  inspector-general;  Maj.  William  S. 
McCasky,  Twentieth  United  States  Infantry. 

18.  Col.  C.  S.  Elliott,  paymaster-general ;  Col.  J.  K.  Rankiu,  private  secretary,  and 
Maj.  W.  S.  Metcalf,  of  Governor  Merrill's  staff. 

19.  His  Excellency  Frederick  T.  Greenhalge,  Adjt.  Gen.  Samuel  Daltou,  Com.  Gen. 
Albert  O.  Davidson. 

20.  Cols.  F.  W.  Wellington,  George  F.  Hall,  A.  H.  Goetting. 

21.  Cols.  Benjamin  S.  Lovell  and  Charles  Kenny. 

22.  Representatives  D.  W.  Allen  and  Charles  P.  Bond. 

23.  Senators  George  A.  Reed  and  J.  B.  Maccabe,  State  Treasurer  E.  P.  Shaw,  State 
Auditor  J.W.Kimball. 

24.  Senators  Robert  S.  Gray  and  George  L.  Gage,  and  Representative  F.  O.  Barnes. 

25.  Senators  Joseph  J.  Corbett,  Michael  B.  Gilbride,  William  H.  McMorrow ;  and 
Edward  A.  McLaughlin,  clerk  of  the  house  of  representatives. 

26.  Representatives  Theodore  K.  Parker,  George  E.  Fowle,  Charles  F.  Sargent  and 
Joseph  B.  Knox. 

27.  Representatives  F.  M.  Kingman,  S.  C.  Warriner.  F.  L.Wadden,  and  A.  L.  Spring. 

28.  Representatives  George  L.  Wentworth,  David  F.  Slade,  Richard  W.  Irwin ;  and 
Albert  C.  Stacy,  delegate  from  the  Thirty- third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

29.  Representatives  Alfred  S.  Roe  and  John  T.  Shea. 

30.  Representative  James  F.  Creed,  and  Col.  A.  G.  Shepherd  and  S.  C.  Smiley,  dele- 
gates from  the  Thirty-third  Massachusetts  Regiment. 

1  The  Massachusetts  delegation  occupied  from  the  nineteenth  to  the  thirty-third 
carriage,  inclusive. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      159 

31.  Representatives  Louis  P.  Howe,  S.  H.  Mitchell,  and  J.  J.  O'Connor. 

32.  Representatives  Henry  D.  Sisson,  C.  P.  Bond,  and  George  T.  Sleeper. 

33.  William  H.  Hall  and  George  W.  Morse,  delegates  from  the  Second  Massachu- 
setts Regiment. 

Other  members  of  the  Massachusetts  delegation  were  Hon.  William  M.  Olin,  sec- 
retary of  the  Commonwealth,  and  Hon.  J.  G.  B.  Adams. 

34.  Governor  John  T.  Rich,  Adjt.  Gen.  William  S.  Green,  Joseph  Wood,  quarter- 
master-general;   Gen.  James  Kidd;  Capt.  Charles  A.  Vernon,  Nineteenth  United 
States  Infantry;  Cols.  Frank  H.  Latta  and  Lou  Burt,  aides;  Asst.  Adjt.  Gen.  W.  W. 
Took;  Col.  S.  H.  A  very,  assistant  quartermaster-general ;  Col.  Frank  M.  Williams, 
assistant  inspector-general;  and  Maj.  J.  T.  Vincent,  judge-advocate,  of  Michigan. 

35.  Governor  Silas  A.  Holcomb,  of  Nebraska;  Gen.  P.  H.  Barry,  adjutant-general; 
Col.  C.  J.  Bills,  Second  Regiment;  Col.  J.  P.  Bratt,  First  Regiment;  Col.  E.  H. 
Tracy,  Company  L,  Second  Regiment;  Capt.  George  Lyon,  jr.,   Company  H,  First 
Regiment;  Cols.  Fred.  A.  Miller,  and  W.  G.  Swan,  aide-de-camp,  and  F.  L.  Mory,  of 
the  governor's  staff. 

36.  Governor  Peter  Turney,  Cols.  William  McCall,  E.   S.  Mallory,  and  John  R. 
Shields,  of  Tennessee. 

37.  Col.  W.  D.  Spears,  aid-de-camp;  Col.  T.  C.  Lattimore,  Col.  W.  M.  Nixon,  and 
R.  M.  Barton,  jr.,  of  Tennessee. 

38.  Brig.  Gen.  Charles  Sykes,  adjutant-general  Natiojial  Guard  of  Tennessee,  and 
Capt..  Henry  C.  Ward,  U.  S.  A.,  with  governor  of  Tennessee. 

39.  Hon.  R.  H.  Gordon,  Capt.  H.  C.  Ward,  quartermaster;  Gens.  J.  W.  Sparks,  jr., 
and  Charles  Tyler. 

40.  Capt.  H.  S.  Chamberlain  and  Hon.  George  W.  Ochs,  of  Tennessee. 


PARTICIPATION  OF  THE  ARMY  OF  THE  POTOMAC  AND 
THE  ARMY  OF  NORTHERN  VIRGINIA. 

[Gen.  E.  0.  Walthall,  presiding.] 


GENERAL  FULLERTON.  The  gentleman  who  -will  preside  at  this 
meeting  to-night  needs  no  introduction ;  you  all  know  him,  and  you  all 
love  him:  he  is  known  alike  to  the  soldiers  of  both  armies.  I  have 
merely  to  mention  his  name— General  E.  C.  Walthall,  of  Mississippi. 

ADDRESS  OF  GENERAL  WALTHALL. 

LADIES  AND  FELLOW- SOLDIERS  :  To  be  chosen  to  preside  over  an 
assembly  like  this  is  a  proud  distinction,  for  which  I  am  profoundly 
grateful  to  those  by  whom  it  was  bestowed.  My  selection  for  such  a 
duty  involves  the  flattering  implication  that  I  am  deemed  worthy  to 
represent  the  soldier  of  the  South  and  all  he  stands  for  in  history,  and 
it  is  for  this  I  prize  the  honor  most.  If  indeed  I  be  his  fit  and  proper 
type,  then,  for  the  moment,  the  privilege  is  mine  to  symbolize  courage, 
constancy,  and  devotion  in  war,  self-respecting  dignity  in  defeat,  and 
in  peace  the  same  fidelity  to  this  Government  the  Southern  soldier  bore 
to  that  for  whose  permanent  establishment  he  fought  four  years  in  vain. 

The  story  of  the  fiery  struggle  tells  what  he  did  and  how  he  suifered 
for  his  duty,  as  he  saw  it,  while  the  strife  was  raging ;  and  the  sequel 
shows  that  when  the  conflict  ceased  the  name  and  fame  he  won  in 
battle  were  never  tarnished  by  any  breach  of  a  paroled  soldier's  pledge 
of  peace. 

For  the  teachings  of  the  sages  of  his  section,  which  had  the  sanction 
of  his  own  approval,  he  faced  his  Northern  brother  on  a  hundred  fields 
of  blood.  He  raised  his  hand  against  him  because  he  had  been  taught 
it  was  his  duty  to  battle  for  the  rights  and  institutions  of  his  State.  A 
sentiment  he  had  inherited,  ingrained  in  his  nature,  sustained  him 
through  the  fierce,  long  struggle  in  which  he  was  destined  to  be  beaten. 

After  the  lapse  of  thirty  years  since  his  banners  went  down,  for  him 
and  in  his  name,  it  is  my  pride  and  pleasure  to  greet  his  former  foemen, 
whom  he  joins  in  doing  honor  to  our  reunited  country's  flag.  At  this 
the  first  formal  meeting  between  you  and  him  had  under  the  auspices  of 
your  Government  and  his,  he  salutes  you  as  the  victors,  and  best  bears 
witness  to  your  prowess  by  pointing  to  the  record  of  his  own.  There 
could  be  no  occasion  so  appropriate  for  him,  without  humility  or  assump- 
tion, hypocrisy  or  pretension,  but  in  a  spirit  of  fraternity  and  equality, 
in  token  of  his  sincerity,  to  reach  out  his  open  hand  to  you. 

In  him  there  is  no  trace  remaining  of  the  bitterness  and  failure  of 
defeat — and  if  there  were,  the  proofs,  in  which  this  national  park  Abounds, 

160 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAEK.       161 

that  his  name  and  deeds  have  been  fairly  dealt  with  would  be  enough 
to  dispel  it  all  forever.  He  will  vie  with  you  in  supporting  and  defend- 
ing the  Government  which,  in  perpetuating  the  achievements  of  Ameri- 
can arms,  has  done  justice  with  an  even  hand  to  the  armies  of  the  North 
and  South  alike. 

After  the  dawn  of  peace  he  wrestled  with  a  harder  fate  than  yours. 
Desolation,  destruction,  and  waste  of  war,  the  rule  of  the  bayonet, 
radical  changes  in  the  laws  of  citizenship,  chiefly  aifecting  the  South- 
ern States,  and  the  great  problem  of  the  races,  on  whose  solution  so 
much  for  him  depended,  were  some  of  the  stern  realities  which  confronted 
him  at  home  to  try  his  pride  and  manhood  and  to  test  his  spirit  of 
independence  and  his  powers  of  self-restraint.  To  such  burdens  as 
were  his  to  bear  you  happily  were  strangers,  and  in  congratulating  you 
on  this  exemption  he  would  have  you  know  he  bore  them  as  became  a 
foeman  who  had  stood  four  years  before  your  guns. 

Upon  the  bounty  of  the  Government  he  had  forfeited  his  claims,  and 
against  the  consequences  of  his  own  action  he  uttered  no  complaint. 
There  were  no  pensions  for  his  disabled  comrades  or  the  dependent 
families  of  those  who  freely  gave  their  lives  for  the  cause  they  had 
espoused.  The  Government  could  provide  no  soldiers'  home  for  such 
as  he — no  beautiful  national  cemetery,  tastefully  arranged  and  scrupu- 
lously cared  for,  Avhere  a  grateful  nation  guards  the  graves  of  those  who 
fell  in  its  defense.  He  begrudges  you  no  benefit  which  the  Government 
has  bestowed  on  you  and  yours.  You,  as  its  defenders,  earned  its  grati- 
tude and  favor,  while  he  who  fought  against  you  incurred  the  penalties 
of  failure,  which  he  becomingly  accepted. 

Promptly,  he  betook  himself,  without  repining,  to  the  earnest  work 
of  rehabilitation  and  restoration.  He  has  built  up  the  waste  places  in 
his  section,  has  been  the  friend  of  order,  and  has  upheld  the  law.  In 
matters  religious,  social,  political,  and  material  he  has  been  a  busy 
factor  and  a  power  for  good.  He  has  been  the  champion  of  progress 
and  improvement  and  has  worn  worthily  all  the  highest  honors  his 
people  had  the  power  to  confer.  He  feels  that  his  record  as  a  citizen 
in  peace  is  a  fit  complement  to  that  he  made  as  a  soldier  in  war,  and 
he  is  content. 

True  as  yourselves  to  the  Union  now,  he  yet-dearly  loves  the  sunny 
land  he  lives  in,  tenderly  cherishes  the  memories  and  traditions  of  the 
South,  and  is  proud  of  her  history  and  the  achievements  of  her  noble 
men  and  women.  His  tattered  banner  and  his  sword  have  been  laid 
away  forever,  but  his  army  record  will  always  be  his  pride  and  Lee  his 
ideal  of  a  soldier  and  a  man.  Such  he  is,  and  such  he  must  ever  be, 
and  as  such  he  would  meet  you  and  cordially  would  greet  you  as  his 
friends  and  fellow-country  men,  with  whom  he  has  a  common  interest  in 
the  greatness  and  glory  of  our  common  country. 

Bearing  his  friendly  messages,  I  may  be  pardoned  a  brief  reference 
to  the  part  a  Southern  soldier  bore  in  the  great  work  of  reconciliation 
which  made  possible  a  scene  like  this  in  the  lifetime  of  the  present 
generation.  He  was  an  ardent  Southerner  and  had  been  a  secessionist, 
who,  after  the  great  controversy  had  been,  as  he  said,  "  closed  at  the 
ballot  box,  closed  by  the  arbitrament  of  war,  and,  above  all,  closed  by 
the  Constitution,"  was  the  first  from  his  section  to  lift  his  voice  in 
pacific  speech,  when  the  fierce  passions  kindled  by  the  war  had  not  yet 
subsided. 

On  a  notable  occasion,  with  a  whole  nation  for  his  audience,  he 
thrilled  the  country  when,  in  the  Halls  of  Congress,  he  exclaimed  from 
his  heart,  •'  My  countrymen,  know  oire  another,  and  you  will  love  one 
S.  Hep.  037 11 


162       CHICKAMAUGA.  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

another."  These  were  the  words  of  that  genius  of  harmony — the  elo- 
quent, sagacious,  and  courageous  Lamar,  of  Mississippi.  It  is  the  pride 
and  boast  of  the  State  which  furnished  the  central  figure  in  the  move- 
ment for  separate  Southern  independence  that,  at  a  critical  period  in 
the  era  of  reconstruction,  it  was  her's  to  give  the  country  a  great  con- 
servative statesman  who  won  his  way  to  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen, 
North  and  South,  as  the  earnest  champion  of  reunion,  of  peace,  justice, 
and  equality,  and  the  able  defender  of  the  honor  and  the  institutions  of 
the  American  Republic. 

A  patriotic  son  of  Massachusetts  had  favored  amnesty  to  his  van- 
quished brethren  of  the  South  and  graciously  proposed  that  the  name 
of  the  fields  where  the  Union  forces  triumphed  should  be  stricken  from 
their  flags.  Commenting  upon  this  generous  proposal  and  upon  the 
magnanimity  of  Mr.  Sumner,  its  illustrious  author,  the  soldier  states- 
man from  the  South  expressed  the  gratitude  of  the  Southern  people  for 
"  such  an  act  of  self-renunciation,"  and  voiced  the  sentiment  of  those 
people  when  he  said : 

They  do  not  ask,  they  do  not  wish  the  North  to  strike  the  mementoes  of  her  hero- 
ism and  victory  from  either  records,  or  monuments,  or  battle  flags.  They  would  rather 
that  both  sections  should  gather  up  the  glories  won  by  each  section,  not  envious,  but 
proud  of  each  other,  and  regard  them  as  a  common  heritage  of  American  valor. 

The  spirit  of  this  Southern  soldier's  words  pervades  this  vast  assem- 
bly to-night.  It  is  embodied  in  every  sign  and  symbol  of  the  tasteful 
and  enduring  memorial  work  we  are  dedicating  now,  and  is  illustrated 
by  every  token  and  tablet  and  monument  erected  by  the  Government 
on  these  memorable  fields.  There  is  no  envy  here,  but  there  is  the  pride 
this  Southern  soldier  spoke  of,  and  the  glories  he  described  have  been 
gathered  up  and  are  treasured  as  the  common  heritage  of  American 
valor;  and  that  our  Government  is  great  enough  to  do  this  here,  with 
absolute  impartiality,  is  the  crowning  glory  of  the  whole. 

LOOKOUT  MOUNTAIN. 

As  this  evening's  proceedings  have  direct  relation  to  the  military 
operations  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Chattanooga,  the  occasion  seems 
to  make  appropriate  some  allusion  to  those  of  which  Lookout  Mountain 
was  the  scene. 

Perhaps  no  conflict  of  the  civil  war,  so  important  in  its  results,  is  so 
imperfectly  understood  by  the  general  public  as  that  at  Lookout  Moun- 
tain on  the  24th  of  November,  1863.  An  outline  of  the  operations  at 
that  point,  in  which  it  fell  to  my  lot  to  participate  on  that  day,  may  be 
a  contribution  of  some  interest,  and  possibly  of  some  value  to  the  liter- 
ature of  the  so-called  "  Battle  above  the  clouds." 

The  explanation  of  this  poetic  name,  I  may  as  well  say  here,  is  found 
in  the  fact  that  during  most  of  the  day  in  question  a  dense  fog  envel- 
oped the  sides  of  the  mountain  and  hung  above  the  valley,  so  obscuring 
the  view  from  below  that  nothing  could  be  seen  of  the  occurrences 
above  except  the  flashes  from  the  guns,  whi-ih  gleamed  through  the 
darkened  space  around  the  scene  of  the  conflict. 

The  outline  I  offer,  in  order  not  to  exceed  its  proper  limits,  must  be 
general,  but  it  is  intended  to  be  harmonious  with  the  substance  of  the 
official  reports  on  either  side  when  considered  together. 

My  statement  will  be  better  understood  if  prefaced  by  a  brief  refer- 
ence to  some  topographic  features  which  will 'figure  in  it,  and  to  some 
antecedent  movements  of  both  armies. 

Lookout  Mountain  abuts  on  the  Tennessee  Eiver  opposite  Moccasin 
Point.  The  declivity  is  so  abrupt  at  the  water's  edge  that  it  was  a 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       163 

great  triumph  of  engineering  skill  to  make  room  for  the  track  of  the 
Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Bailway  between  the  mountain  and  the 
river.  Considerably  above  the  railroad  a  wagon  road  runs  westward 
from  Chattanooga  across  the  northern  slope  of  the  mountain. 

Above  this  road,  about  midway  between  the  river  and  the  mountain 
top,  is  a  comparatively  level  space,  inclining  toward  the  river  from  the 
perpendicular  c]iff  where  it  begins.  On  this  "bench  of  the  mountain" 
as  it  has  been  called,  and  at  the  eastern  end  of  it,  stands  the  "  White 
house"  in  plain  view  from  Chattanooga,  just  where  the  historic  "  Crav- 
en's house"  stood  thirty  years  ago.  This  "bench"  extends,  with  the 
cliff  on  one  side  and  the  steep  and  rugged  descent  to  Lookout  Valley 
on  the  other,  from  the  north  end  of  the  cliff  around  the  mountain  on  the 
western  side,  with  enough  open  space  upon  it  for  a  garden  and  a  small 
field,  west  of  Craven's  house.  A  road,  but  a  very  rough  one,  from 
Craven's  house  around  the  east  side  of  the  mountain,  intersects  the 
road,  then  known  as  the  "  Summertown  road,"  leading  from  Chattanooga 
to  the  summit. 

Lookout  Mountain  extends  south  west  wardly  from  the  river  across 
the  northwest  corner  of  Georgia  and  into  Alabama,  and  Eaccoon 
Mountain  lies  west  of  it  and  parallel  to  it  in  its  general  direction. 

Between  the  two  is  Lookout  Valley.  On  the  eastern  side  of  this  val- 
ley is  a  succession  of  hills,  and  between  these  hills  and  the  mountain 
runs  Lookout  Creek,  which  empties  into  the  Tennessee  at  the  north  end 
of  the  mountain  opposite  Moccasin  Point.  Moccasin  Point,  so  called 
because  of  its  resemblance  to  an  Indian's  shoe,  is  a  peninsula  formed 
by  a  loop  which  the  Tennessee  makes  in  reversing  its  southward  course 
when  obstructed  by  Lookout  Mountain  about  2  miles  from  Chattanooga, 
;is  the  city  was  in  1863.  The  "  ankle"  of  the  Indian  shoe  represents  the 
neck  of  the  peninsula  at  its  narrowest  point,  the  distance  being  about  a 
mile  across  from  Brown's  Ferry,  which  is  on  the  farther  side  of  the 
peninsula  from  the  city. 

Chattanooga  is  situated  in  a  "bend"  of  the  Tennessee  River  and  on 
its  left  bank.  In  1863  a  line  drawn  eastward  from  Brown's  Ferry  would 
have  touched  the  southern  outskirts  of  the  city.  Brown's  Ferry  was  the 
key  to  the  outlets  from  Chattanooga,  both  by  wagon  roads  and  river. 

After  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  the  Union  Army  was  retired  to 
Chattanooga  and  formed  in  front  of  the  city.  The  right  of  the  line,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  river,  rested  northeast  of  Lookout  Mountain,  but 
on  the  opposite  side  the  Union  forces  occupied  Moccasin  Point  and 
planted  batteries  there,  and  picketed  the  stream  down  to  Brown's  Ferry 
and  beyond.  The  defenses  at  Chattanooga,  already  strong,  were  im- 
proved, and  when  the  Union  line  had  been  covered  by  rifle  pits  the 
position  seemed  so  secure  against  assault  that  when  Bragg  came  up  he 
decided  not  to  attack  General  Eosecrans,  but  to  besiege  him.  For  this 
the  topographic  conditions  seemed  favorable,  and,  with  the  dispositions 
which  Bragg  made  of  his  force,  the  investment  for  the  time  seemed 
complete  and  effective.  His  right  rested  on  the  river,  above  Chatta- 
nooga; his  left,  under  Longstreet,  was  at  a  point  on  the  river  west  of 
Lookout  Mountain,  and  below  Brown's  Ferry.  General  Eosecrans  could 
not  supply  his  army  by  either  the  railroad,  the  river,  or  the  wagon 
roads  along  its  banks  on  either  side. 

General  Grant  says : 

The  artillery  horses  and  mules  had  become  so  reduced  by  starvation  that  they 
could  not  have  been  relied  on  for  moving  anything.  *  *  *  Already  more  than 
10,000  animals  had  perished  in  supplying  half  rations  to  the  troops  by  the  long  and 
tedious  route  from  Stevenson  and  Bridgeport  to  Chattanooga  over  Walden's  Ridge. 
They  could  not  have  been  supplied  another  week. 


164      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

This  was  the  condition  on  the  27th  of  October  when,  by  a  skillful 
movement,  perfect  in  conception  and  execution,  the  Union  forces  seized 
the  hills  covering  the  outlets  by  Brown's  Ferry,  and  held  them,  and 
bridged  the  river  at  that  point  as  well  as  at  a  point  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  peninsula  next  to  Chattanooga.  Thereafter  the  army  in  Chatta- 
nooga had  uninterrupted  communication  with  Stevenson  and  Bridge- 
port, and  a  much  shorter  route  by  which  reenforeemeiits  could  be  sent 
to  Lookout  Valley  than  the  Confederates  had,  and  the  siege  was 
ended ;  but  for  some  reason  the  partial  investment  was  kept  up  though 
wide  open  at  its  most  important  point. 

Early  in  November  General  Longstreet  was  withdrawn  and  sent  with 
his  command  to  Knoxville,  and  Bragg's  force  was  further  weakened 
by  sending  other  troops  to  join  him.  The  Confederate  line  was  so 
drawn  in  that  no  troops  were  left  in  Lookout  Valley  west  of  Lookout 
Creek,  which  was  picketed  by  an  outpost  brigade.  This  command,  on 
the  15th  of  November,  I  was  ordered  to  relieve  with  a  brigade  less  than 
1,500  strong.  With  this  force  it  devolved  upon  me  to  occupy  a  picket 
line  extending  about  a  mile  up  Lookout  Creek,  from  a  point  near  its 
mouth,  and  then  up  the  mountain  side  to  the  cliff. 

From  the  creek  up  to  the  bench  of  the  mountain  the  surface  was  so 
broken  that  the  rapid  or  orderly  movement  of  troops  was  impossible. 
The  batteries  on  Moccasin  Point  commanded,  at  easy  range,  the  only 
route  by  which  troops  could  come  to  my  support  or  my  own  could  retire 
upon  the  main  army.  These  batteries  were  trained  to  sweep  the  slope 
of  the  mountain  from  the  wagon  road  to  the  palisades.  Communica- 
tion with  my  superiors  on  the  mountain  top  was  difficult  and  slow,  the 
route  being  circuitous  all  well  as  rugged  by  which  messengers  must 
travel. 

Such  was  the  isolated  and  exposed  position  of  this  outpost  brigade 
on  the  23d  of  November,  with  orders  "if  attacked  by  the  enemy  in 
heavy  force  to  fall  back,  fighting  over  the  rocks."  In  view  of  the  move- 
ments of  the  Union  army  on  that  day  this  command  was  ordered  under 
arras  at  daylight  on  the  next,  and  through  the  night  of  the  23d  a  work 
ing  force  was  employed  in  deepening  a  rifle  pit  across  the  most  exposed 
point  near  Craven's  house,  to  serve  as  a  covered  way,  affording  some 
shelter  against  the  fire  of  the  20-pounder  Parrott  guns  on  Moccasin 
Point. 

On  the  morning  of  the  24th  an  infantry  force  crossed  Lookout  Creek, 
a  mile  or  more  above  the  point  where  my  picket  lines  turned  up  the 
mountain  from  the  creek,  and  formed  across  the  western  slope,  with  its 
right  resting  on  the  palisades,  and  was  ready  by  9  o'clock  to  move  upon 
my  left  flank  and  rear,  the  main  body  of  my  command  being  posted 
behind  some  rude  breastworks  of  logs  and  stones,  which  the  command 
that  occupied  the  ground  before  me  had  constructed  on  the  mountain 
side  parallel  to  the  creek. 

Batteries  on  the  hills  beyond  Lookout  Creek  and  several  pieces  in 
the  valley  opened  fire  on  my  position.  An  infantry  column  forced  a 
passage  across  the  creek,  and  soon  my  command  was  under  a  heavy 
tire  in  front  and  pressed  on  the  left  flank  by  a  force  of  more  than  three 
times  its  own  numbers.  In  the  dispositions  made  for  resistance  two 
regiments  were  employed  against  the  flanking  force,  but  the  slender 
lines  along  their  whole  length  were  overborne  by  the  heavy  masses 
which  assailed  them  from  two  directions. 

General  Thomas,  in  his  report,  says  "the  resistance  was  obstinate;" 
General  Bragg,  in  his,  that  it  was  "desperate;*'  and  there  is  abundant 
support  for  the  statements  in  the  reports  of  subordinate  commanders. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       165 

That  the  entire  command,  instead  of  the  larger  part  of  it,  was  not 
captured  may  be  ascribed  to  the  rugged  field  and  the  scattered  con- 
dition of  the  troops,  stretched  out  over  a  long,  attenuated  line;  and 
tbat  the  remnant  was  able  to  retard  the  progress  of  such  a  force  was 
chiefly  due  to  the  shelter  the  crags  afibrded  the  retreating  troops  while 
they  kept  up  their  fire  upon  the  advancing  columns. 

When  these  troops  reached  the  ridge  running  down  the  northern 
slope  of  the  mountain,  the  guns  on  Moccasin  Point  soon  rendered  any 
further  resistance  impossible,  and  they  made  their  way  past  Craven's 
house  under  a  sweeping  artillery  fire  in  confusion,  some  taking  advan- 
tage of  the  covered  way  already  described.  After  passing  Craven's 
house  about  400  yards  they  were  reformed  in  a  strong  position  at  a 
narrow  point  on  the  east  side  of  the  mountain,  without  the  range  of 
the  guns  on  Moccasin  Point,  and  there,  at  about  1  o'clock,  checked  the 
advancing  force.  General  Pettus  came  to  my  support  with  three  regi- 
ments of  his  brigade  in  time  to  save  the  position,  which  my  depleted 
command,  whose  ammunition  was  almost  exhausted,  would  very  soon 
have  been  forced  to  yield. 

At  nightfall  the  Confederates  were  still  on  this  line,  which  covered 
the  Summertown  road,  the  only  avenue  of  communication  between  the 
troops  on  the  top  of  the  mountain  and  the  main  army,  and  were  never 
driven  from  it.  About  8  o'clock  my  brigade  and  two  regiments  of  Pet- 
tus's,  having  been  relieved  by  Holtzclaw's  brigade,  were  withdrawn  to 
the  Summertown  road.  During  the  night  Bragg  withdrew  all  his 
troops  from  the  mountain,  and  in  the  morning  the  United  States  flag 
was  floating  at  Lookout  Point — the  result  of  General  Hooker's  "  demon- 
stration." 

General  Hooker  says  in  his  report  that  his  orders  were  "to  take  the 
point  of  Lookout  Mountain  if  my  [his]  demonstration  should  develop  its 
practicability."  His  aggregate  force  for  this  purpose  was  9,681,  in 
which  were  included  a  small  detachment  of  cavalry  and  two  batteries 
of  artillery,  with  the  guns  on  Moccasin  Point  to  cooperate  in  the  move- 
ment. Whatever  troops  may  have  been  "  available  to  oppose  him,"  but 
one  brigade,  numbering  1,489  men,  was  interposed  between  him  and  his 
objective  point.  Whatever  dispositions  ought  or  ought  not  to  have  been 
made;  whatever  blunders,  if  any,  were  committed  on  the  Southern  side, 
on  that  day  or  before,  it  takes  nothingfrom  the  credit  of  the  gallanttroops 
who  attacked  the  forbidden  position,  that  during  the  two  and  a  half  or 
three  hours  which  elapsed  between  the  commencement  of  the  firing  and 
their  occupancy  of  the  point  at  Craven's  house,  they  were  confronted 
by  no  stronger  force.  About  200  men,  picketing  at  the  north  end  of 
the  mountain,  without  fault  of  their  own  or  their  commander,  but 
because  my  troops  could  not  hold  the  ground  on  their  left  and  in  their 
rear,  were  taken  in  reverse  and  captured  before  their  position  was 
approached  in  front.  These  men  belonged  to  the  brigade  commanded 
by  Brigadier-General  Moore,  which  gallantly  held  its  ground  on  the 
right  of  the  position  where  Pettus  found  me  in  the  afternoon.  General 
Bragg  is  supported  by  the  reports  of  his  subordinates  when  he  says 
the  heavy  assaulting  force  "was  met  by  one  brigade  only  (Walthall's), 
which  made  a  desperate  resistance,  but  was  finally  compelled  to  yield 
ground,"  and  the  accurate  and  impartial  park  historian,  General  Boyn- 
ton,  in  his  Historical  Guide,  from  the  official  reports  on  either  side, 
deduces  this: 

Walthall's  brigade,  which  fought  stubbornly  and  unassisted  except  by  sharp- 
shooters and  some  artillery  liringfrom  the  summit,  which  on  account  of  the  fog  was 
of  little  consequence,  was  forced  about  400  yards  east  of  Craven's  house. 


166       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

This  brigade,  if  I  may  bo  pardoned  a  digression,  was  the  same  which 
on  the  morning  of  the  first  day  at  Chickamauga,  after  a  fierce  conflict 
with  King's  brigade  of  Regulars,  took  its  battery  (II,  Fifth  United 
States  Artillery)  and  held  the  six  guns  until  the  division  it  belonged 
to,  consisting  of  but  two  brigades,  was  overwhelmed  by  two  brigades 
of  Brannan's  division  in  Iront  and  one  on  its  left  Hank;  and  all  that 
remained  of  it  after  the  Lookout  Mountain  fight  (about  000  men)  was, 
in  the  afternoon  of  the  next  day,  formed  while  under  fire  across  Mis 
sionary  Kidge  at  a  narrow  point  to  protect  Hardee's  left  flank,  and 
there  held  its  position  until  after  8  o'clock  at  night,  when  under  orders 
it  was  withdrawn  in  good  order. 

Returning  to  my  theme,  I  respectfully  submit  that  the  so-called 
" battle  above  the  clouds "  was  not  a  "battle"  in  the  common  accep- 
tation of  that  word;  and  borrowing  an  expression  from  a  writer  in  the 
New  York  Tribune,  I  may  add  "  there  were  no  clouds  to  fight  above — 
only  a  heavy  mist  which  settled  down  and  enveloped  the  base  of  the 
mountain."  In  the  forenoon  the  combat  was  between  General  Hooker's 
force  and  a  single  Confederate  brigade;  and  in  the  afternoon  between 
that  force  and  the  remnant  of  the  same  brigade,  three  regiments  under 
Pettus  and  the  brigade  commanded  by  General  Moore. 

My  statement  will  surprise  no  military  student  or  other  person  who 
has  investigated  the  subject  with  care,  and  those  whose  impressions 
have  been  derived  from  the  versions  furnished  by  the  Northern  press 
at  the  time  are  invited,  if  they  would  test  its  general  correctness,  to 
consult  the  official  reports  and  maps  which  have  been  published  since 
by  the  Government.  But  for  these  I  might  hesitate  to  oppose  my 
statement  to  the  popular  opinion  which  prevailed  at  the  North  before 
the  Government  made  these  publications,  although  General  Grant  once 
said,  as  we  learn  from  high  authority,  that — 

The  battle  of  Lookout  Mountain  is  one  of  the  romances  of  the  war.  There  was 
no  such  battle  and  no  action  even  worthy  to  be  called  a  battle  on  Lookout  Mountain 
It  is  all  poetry. 

These  are  his  words,  according  to  Hon.  John  Russell  Young  in  his 
book,  Around  the  World  with  General  Grant;  but  the  fact  that,  the 
great  Union  general  considered  the  affair  on  Lookout  Mountain  a  mere 
combat  as  distinguished  from  a  general  engagement  does  not  imply 
that  he  undervalued  the  fighting  done  there  or  the  importance  of  the 
results  which  followed  Hooker's  success. 

According  to  the  order  of  this  evening's  exercises  distinguished 
speakers  from  the  North  and  South  will  address  you,  and  I  will  not 
longer  postpone  the  rich  entertainment  which  awaits  you. 

ADDRESS  OF  COL.  LEWIS  R.  STEGMAN. 

COMRADES  OF  THE  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  :  To  me  has  been  assigned 
the  theme  "  Hooker's  army  at  Chattanooga,"  an  army  composed  of  three 
elements,  the  men  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee,  and  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  the  latter  the  troops  that  he 
had  brought  from  the  fields  of  Virginia,  the  first  composing  detach- 
ments that  were  joined  to  his  forces  by  a  series  of  circumstances.  It 
was  a  splendid  combination,  those  hardy  men  of  the  Western  armies 
and  the  men  of  the  East,  and  in  the  union  effected  they  performed  deeds 
that  will  live  while  these  valleys  and  massive,  high,  broad  hills  shall 
stand  on  the  face  of  nature. 

Chick-- mauga  had  been  fought  in  bloody  rounds  of  deadly  encounter 
on  the  bright  autumn  days  of  September,  with  Meade  facing  Lee  on 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       167 

the  banks  of  the  Kapidan  and  Grant  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi. 
Then  came  sad  stories  of  the  beleaguerment  of  the  gallant  army  of  the 
Cumberland,  within  the  fortified  lines  of  Chattanooga,  by  the  army  of 
Bragg,  with  disaster  in  prospect,  and  sore  distress  pervading  the  heroic 
ranks  of  the  battlers  of  Chickamauga's  field. 

It  seems  unnecessary  to  revert  to  all  the  details  of  the  flashing  orders 
by  telegram,  the  hurrying  to  and  fro  of  men  in  high  places.  Suffice  it 
to  say  that  it  brought  two  of  the  small  corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac to  the  banks  of  the  Tennessee,  and  Sherman,  with  one  of  Grant's 
armies,  from  the  Mississippi. 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac  detachment  preceded  the  Sherman  detail 
by  several  weeks.  There  were  not  many  of  them,  the  men  of  the  Elev- 
enth and  Twelfth  Corps,  under  the  cautious  Howard  and  intrepid 
Slocum,  both  under  the  general  command  of  Maj.  Gen.  Joseph  Hooker — 
"Fighting  Joe,"  as  he  was  familiarly  called,  a  name  he  utterly  despised, 
but  better  known  to  his  men  as  "Uncle  Joe,"  in  the  kindly  love  they 
bore  him.  They  knew  him.  Brave  as  a  lion,  yet  sympathetic  as  a 
woman;  always  anxious  for  the  welfare  of  his  men. 

Unfortunately,  the  wagon  trains  of  the  two  corps  had  been  left  in 
the  East,  and  when  they  reached  the  West  they  were  obliged  to  replenish 
from  the  scant  stores  on  hand.  It  detained  the  troops  in  their  onward 
progress  and  valuable  time  was  lost.  But  finally  parts  of  the  corps 
were  put  in  motion,  one  division  of  the  Twelfth  Corps,  Williams's,  being 
left  upon  the  railroad  as  a  guard,  while  the  small  bodies  of  Howard 
and  Geary,  of  Slocum's  corps,  were  moved  forward. 

OUT   OF  RATIONS. 

In  the  meantime  Eosecrans  had  been  relieved  and  Gen.  George  H. 
Thomas,  beloved  old  "  Pap  Thomas,"  had  been  placed  in  command  of 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  suffering  for  want  of  rations,  with  its  lines 
of  communication  in  constant  danger,  thousands  of  horses  and  mules 
dead,  and  with  not  enough  left  to  move  the  artillery  for  serviceable 
purposes.  Matters  looked  very  gloomy  in  the  camps  of  Chattanooga 
in  the  days  of  October,  1863.  History  and  the  official  records  tell  of 
prospective,  imminent  disaster  there;  of  much  that  portended  evil. 

But  there  was  succor  coming.  Eosecrans  had  paved  the  way  and 
Thomas  followed  his  plans.  Hazen  was  thrown  down  the  river,  Brown's 
Ferry  was  captured,  and  there  was  an  eager  awaiting  of  the  boys  who 
were  marching  to  the  relief  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  And  it 
must  have  been  a  gladdening  sight  to  the  outposts  of  that  army  when 
Hooker's  men  swept  up  the  valley  of  the  Wauhatchie  and  joined  hands 
with  them  on  the  afternoon  of  October  28.  Howard's  corps  had  pro- 
ceeded between  Eaccoon  and  Lookout  mountains,  little  disturbed  by  the 
Confederates  on  the  latter  eminence.  Longstreet  had  possession  there, 
and  as  he  surveyed  the  moving  columns  he  estimated  them  in  rather  a 
derisive  way.  He  did  not  think  there  was  much  snap  or  fight  in  the 
relieving  force.  He  probably  changed  his  mind  inside  of  the  next 
twenty-four  hours. 

While  Howard  was  forming  the  junction  at  Brown's  Ferry,  and  cov- 
ering one  of  the  Kelley's  Ferry  roads,  Gen.  John  W.  Geary,  with  a  small 
part  of  his  division,  was  following  Howard's  corps,  and  was  ordered  to 
hold  the  Kelley's  Ferry  road  where  it  joins  the  Whitesides  and  Brown's 
Ferry  road,  3  miles  to  the  rear  of  Howard  and  in  the  valley  of  the 
Wauhatchie.  Hooker  had  so  few  men  that  he  could  not  keep  up  a  con- 
tinuous line — in  fact,  no  connection  at  all — and  Geary,  with  his  hand- 
ful of  men,  was  left  to  his  own  resources. 


168      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NAT.ONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

NIGHT  FIGHT. 

In  official  records  and  in  history  the  term  "  Geary's  division"  is  invari- 
ably used  111  connection  with  the  desperate  night  fight  at  Wauhatchie — 
that  fight  which  decided  so  much  for  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  and 
fought  at  midnight  on  October  28-29.  In  reality  Geary  had  but  six 
weak  regiments — three  of  Pennsylvania  under  Cobham  and  three  of 
New  Yoi  k  under  Greene.  Two  of  the  New  York  regiments  of  Greene's 
brigade  were  on  detached  service,  and  the  four  Ohio  and  two  Pennsyl- 
vania regiments  which  composed  Candy's  brigade  were  entirely  absent. 
Thus  Geary  had  less  than  one-half  of  his  force.  In  all  there  were  about 
1,400  men. 

Longstreet,  from  his  mountain  fastness,  saw  all  the  movements,  all 
the  dispositions,  and  he  made  all  his  arrangements  accordingly.  Geary 
would  be  an  easy  prey,  and  with  Geary  disposed  of  he  could  readily 
defeat  or  overwhelm  the  rest.  To  conceive  with  Longstreet  was  to 
execute,  and  his  proposition  in  this  case,  under  ordinary  circumstances, 
might  have  proven  very  effectual.  He  made  two  sad  mistakes.  He 
underrated  the  stamina  and  the  fighting  character  of  the  men  whom 
he  intended  to  destroy,  and  lie  made  a  night  attack.  The  last  is  usually 
hazardous  for  any  commander  to  undertake.  In  this  case  it  was  a 
serious  blunder,  but  General  Lougstreet  did  not  know  it. 

Geary  was  a  cautious  commander,  and  the  signaling  of  Longstreet  on 
top  of  the  mountain  made  him  take  extra  precautions.  His  pickets 
were  on  the  alert  for  any  movements,  and  his  little  force  slept  on  their 
arms.  He  did  not  know  from  which  side  attack  was  likely  to  come, 
rather  anticipating  it  from  the  southward.  It  came  from  the  north 
side,  between  Howard  and  himself.  But  when  it  came  he  was  all  pre 
pared,  and  for  three  hours,  from  midnight  until  3  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, he  resisted  every  assault  made  against  his  lines,  forming  part  of  a 
square  from  the  Kelley's  Ferry  road  around  to  the  railroad  on  the  east. 
The  battle  raged  with  unremitting  fury  for  all  the  hours  it  occupied, 
and  the  ammunition  of  Geary's  men  was  almost  gone  when  the  enemy 
retired,  leaving  the  field  in  possession  of  the  Union  troops.  The  fight 
to  destroy  the  relieving  forces  had  proven  one  of  disaster  to  the  attack- 
ing troops,  and  the  way  was  open  for  the  "cracker  line,"  for  subsistence 
to  the  beleaguered  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

LONGSTREET'S  ERROR. 

One  of  the  essential  mistakes  referred  to  on  Longstreet's  part,  namely, 
his  night  attack,  needs  more  than  passing  reference  here.  His  belief 
was  that  in  the  darkness  such  a  splendid  force  of  fighting  men  as  Jen- 
kins's South  Carolinians,  then  commanded  by  Bratton,  could  in  one  rush 
overcome  and  demoralize  any  resisting  force.  Commonly  this  might 
have  been  the  case.  To  green  troops,  to  weak  troops,  such  an  attack 
might  have  proven  fatal.  But  the  men  whom  Bratton  met  were  the 
veterans  of  some  of  the  severest  battles  of  the  East;  men  whose  regi 
ments  had  been  decimated  under  the  deadliest  fire  of  modern  warfare, 
and  they  were  the  same  men  who,  for  eight  hours  of  the  hardest  fight 
ing  at  Gettysburg,  had  hurled  back  charge  after  charge  of  Stonewall 
Jackson's  magnificent  Southrons  in  their  deadly  and  furious  onsets  at 
Gulps  Hill  on  the  night  of  the  2d  of  July,  18>i3,  only  a  few  months 
before;  and  the  vivid  lightning  flashes  of  musketry  m  the  dusk  and 
dim  moonlight  had  no  terror  for  them.  That  past  experience  of  Geary's 
men  in  night  battle,  and  the  want  of  it  in  Longstreet's  troops,  saved  the 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAKK.       169 

field  for  the  Union  and  led  to  results  far  beyond  the  ken  of  any  soldier 
who  carried  sword  or  musket  there. 

The  deep  boom  of  Geary's  intense  fire  awakened  the  men  of  Howard's 
corps.  Hooker  appreciated  at  once  the  intention  of  destruction,  and 
from  his  camps,  3  miles  away,  started  his  columns  in  motion  to  save 
Geary  if  be  needed  saving.  Longstreet  seemed  to  have  foreseen  this, 
and  had  arranged  his  plans  accordingly.  He  took  possession  of  and 
fortified  two  hills  just  under  the  nose  of  Lookout  Mountain,  one  near 
the  present  railroad  crossing.  Throwing  three  brigades  over  the  creek, 
he  was  prepared,  if  Brattou  was  successful  and  Geary  destroyed,  to 
push  Howard's  and  Hazen's  troops,  or,  in  the  event  of  a  movement 
to  assist  Geary,  to  attack  Howard's  column  on  the  flanks  while  on  the 
march.  The  scheme  was  well  thought  out.  His  brigades  had  posses- 
sion of  the  hills,  and  as  Howard's  Eleventh  Corps  divisions  were 
moved  in  the  direction  of  the  rapid,  continuous  firing  of  Geary,  Long- 
street's  men  poured  a  fire  into  the  flanks  of  Howard. 

It  resulted  differently  than  was  expected.  Instead  of  flight  or  per- 
turbation or  confusion  in  the  ranks,  the  men  of  Howard  unexpectedly 
changed  their  flank  march  into  line-of-battle  front,  and,  despite  the 
darkness  of  the  night  and  the  difficult  nature  of  the  ground  in  the 
ascent,  closed  in  with  the  enemy  and  drove  him  from  his  positions. 
The  small  brigade  of  Tyndale  took  the  hill  nearest  the  bridge;  while 
farther  north  Col.  Orland  Smith,  with  a  skeleton  brigade,  fighting  with 
the  bayonet  alone  in  the  face  of  a  heavy  fire,  captured  all  the  works  of 
the  enemy,  his  arms,  and  a  large  body  of  prisoners.  In  this  action  Gen. 
Daniel  Butterfield,  Hooker's  chief  of  staff,  rendered  gallant  and  con- 
spicuous service.  General  Hooker  particularly  characterized  this  feat 
of  Colonel  Smith's  as  one  of  the  most  valiant  rendered  during  the  war, 
and  the  service  of  his  troops  as  of  the  most  brilliant  character: 

IMPORTANT  AFFAIR. 

With  these  captures,  on  the  dawn  of  the  morning  of  October  29,  ended 
the  battle  of  Wauhatchie,  minor  in  the  number  of  troops  engaged,  all 
important  in  its  results,  for  it  established  a  source  of  supplies  to  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland;  and,  in  the  means  of  nourishment  furnished, 
framed  the  physical  powers  that  made  Missionary  Ridge  possible  and  a 
success. 

After  the  battle  of  Wauhatchie  there  was  a  cessation  of  hostilities 
for  several  weeks.  It  was  only  a  preparation,  however,  for  the  greater 
drama  which  was  to  follow.  The  weeks  were  devoted  to  drill  and 
camp  duties,  and  the  latter  were  particularly  arduous  to  Hooker's  men, 
with  thin  lines,  much  territory  to  cover  in  picketing,  and  the  building 
and  repairing  of  supply  roads  from  Kelley's  Ferry,  to  which  steamers 
were  now  running  with  subsistence  stores. 

While  .all  this  was  going  on  in  peaceful  quietude,  the  soldiers  of 
Hooker's  army  were  occasionally  reminded  of  the  presence  of  an  alert 
foe  by  the  whirring  of  shot  and  shell  from  the  point  of  Lookout  Moun- 
tain. As  the  shot  or  shell  hurled  toward  Chattanooga  or  toward-their 
own  camps,  the  men  were  very  forcibly  reminded  that  the  bold  moun- 
tain, its  gray  rocks  and  trees,  stood  there  as  a  fortification,  a  bristling 
bulwark,  filled  with  armed  men,  who  proposed  to  contest  with  the 
Union  forces  the  right  to  stay  in  the  valleys,  and  to  bar  their  further 
progress. 

SHERMAN'S  MEN. 

Then  came  a  movement  of  Sherman's  troops  through  the  valley  of  the 
Wauhatchie.  It  was  an  evidence  of  reeuforcements,  a  strengthening 


170      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  the  army.  Grant  was  in  command,  and  it  was  pretty  well  assured 
that  serious  work  was  in  prospect.  Few  knew  that  any  contest  for 
Lookout  Mountain  was  coining,  and  it  was  just  as  well,  perhaps,  that 
they  did  not.  Their  peaceful  slumbers  and  quiet  rest  gave  them 
strength  for  the  trial  when  the  day  of  combat  arrived. 

Sherman's  troops  moved  over  Brown's  Ferry,  and  was  followed  by 
the  Eleventh  Corps,  with  Howard,  all  to  participate  in  a  grand  maneu- 
ver on  Bragg's  right  at  Missionary  Ridge.  It  was  intended  to  leave 
Geary  in  the  Wauhatchie  alone,  to  cover  all  the  ground  formerly  occu- 
pied by  Howard  and  himself.  Hooker  had  received  permission  to 
accompany  the  Eleventh  Corps,  as  it  was  to  be  in  the  conflicts  at  Mis- 
sionary Ridge.  Grant  intended  to  drive  Bragg  along  Missionary  Ridge, 
starting  from  its  north  point,  Sherman  to  be  the  sledge  hammer.  The 
whipping  of  Bragg  would  mean  the  evacuation  of  Lookout  Mountain. 

With  this  military  plan  carried  out,  Hooker  would  have  been  an 
insignificant  factor  in  the  result,  for  Howard  was  the  commander  of  the 
Eleventh  Corps,  and  Hooker  might  have  been  relegated  to  the  rear  as 
an  onlooker. 

But  in  the  campaign  around  Chattanooga  the  unexpected  was  con- 
stantly happening.  It  occurred  in  the  breaking  of  the  bridge  at  Brown's 
Ferry,  preventing  the  crossing  of  Osterhaus's  division  and  Cruft's  divi- 
sion into  Chattanooga  to  rejoin  their  corps.  It  gave  Hooker  about  as 
many  men  as  he  had  been  deprived  of  when  the  Eleventh  Corps  was 
ordered  away;  and  it  left  him,  comparatively  speaking,  master  of  his 
own  actions  and  facing  Lookout  Mountain. 

The  other  unexpected  was  the  terrific  rush  at  Missionary  Ridge  by  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland,  the  seizure  of  the  top  where  only  the  bottom 
was  to  be  taken,  and  the  total  inability  to  find  the  officer  who  gave  the 
order. 

The  breaking  of  the  bridge  at  Brown's  Ferry  made  possible  the  attack 
on  Lookout  Mountain,  but  it  was  not  until  the  night  of  the  23d  of 
November  that  it  was  decided  that  Hooker  should  make  the  attempt. 

ORCHARD  KNOB. 

While  this  was  taking  place  as  a  series  of  events  in  the  unmasking  of 
war's  problems,  Howard's  two  divisions,  of  Schurz  and  Von  Steinwehr, 
on  the  afternoon  of  the  23d  had  participated  in  the  movement  of  General 
Thomas's  troops  on  Orchard  Knob  from  the  iutrenchmeuts  around  Fort 
Wood.  Howard's  divisions  performed  their  portion  of  the  services 
required  in  gallant  style,  advancing  the  lines  to  beyond  the  Atlanta 
and  Chattanooga  Railroad  and  Citico  Creek,  and  placing  the  Potomac 
troops  in  such  position  that  they  formed  a  uniting  line  with  Sherman  in 
his  crossing  at  Chickamauga  Creek,  on  the  24th  of  November. 

It  was  late  at  night  on  the  23d  of  November  when  General  Hooker 
received  directions  from  General  Thomas  to  make  a  demonstration  on 
Lookout  Mountain  the  next  day.  The  orders  said  to  make  a  demon- 
stration to  attract  the  attention  of  the  enemy  from  Sherman  on  the  left. 
All  points  of  interest  lay  in  advancing  and  benefiting  the  left.  If 
Hooker,  however,  discovered  a  chance  to  carry  the  point  of  the  moun- 
tain he  was  to  do  so;  and  this  "point  of  the  mountain"  was  supposed 
to  be  the  bench  from  the  end  of  the  nose  down  onto  and  across  the 
plateau.  To  get  to  or  beyond  the  Craven  house  was  not  one  of  the 
original  expectations. 

LOOKOUT  MOUNTAIN. 

Hooker  had  been  lying  for  nearly  a  month  under  the  shadow  of  the* 
mountain.    He  had  studied  it  from  afar  and  formed  schemes  for  its 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       171 

capture  even  before  the  privilege  was  granted  to  him,  so  that,  when  on 
the  night  of  the  23d  he  received  tbe  orders  for  attack,  his  plans,  as 
already  conceived,  were  promptly  put  into  execution.  Before  daylight 
the  men  were  up  and  doing.  One  day's  rations  and  100  rounds  of 
ammunition  per  man  were  distributed;  light  marching  order,  no  over- 
coats, although  the  weather  was  that  of  November  days.  Very  few 
knew  of  the  task  ahead.  The  one  day's  rations  and  no  overcoats  gave 
impress  to  the  idea  that  it  was  to  be  for  some  performance  that  was  to 
be  short,  sharp,  and  decisive.  And  so,  when  the  troops  in  the  valley 
were  mustered  in  their  several  camps  and  bivouacs  and  then  marched 
out  into  open  grounds,  there  was  a  very  indeterminate  quantity  in 
regard  to  the  whereabouts  of  any  prospective  battle-fields.  Lookout 
Mountain  stood  there  grim  and  silent,  and  on  this  particular  morning 
was. enveloped  m  mist  and  fog  and  cloud.  It  was  a  day  wanting  in 
sunshine. 

Then  came  the  march  toward  Lookout  Creek,  orders  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  bridges,  and  the  quick  buzz  through  the  ranks,  which  went  like 
a  telegraphic  dispatch,  in  fleetness,  that  the  mountain  stronghold  was 
the  objective  point.  Tbe  general  officers  of  divisions  gathered  their 
several  brigade  and  regimental  officers  together,  and  in  brief,  terse  sen- 
tences explained  the  intentions  and  evolutions  of  the  movement  and 
what  was  expected  of  officers  and  men. 

Hooker's  plan  of  battle  was  unique,  original,  and  daring.  Osterhaus 
was  to  develop  in  front  of  the  enemy's  position  with  Woods's  and  Wil- 
liamson's brigades,  extending  from  the  mouth  of  Lookout  Greek  to  the 
railroad  bridge,  attracting  the  enemy's  attention  with  a  display  of 
infantry  force,  while  artillery  was  placed  upon  every  prominent  hill  that 
commanded  the  front  of  Lookout  Mountain,  and  would  also  prove  serv- 
iceable in  supporting  Osterhaus's  infantry  if  he  should  be  ordered  to 
cross  the  creek  with  his  infantry  in  attack  or  make  a  feint  on  the 
enemy's  works,  as  circumstances  and  occasion  afforded  and  required. 
While  Osterhaus  was  arranging  his  details  and  preparing  bridges, 
Cruft's  division  was  divided,  Whitaker's  brigade  being  sent  to  support 
Geary,  while  Grose's  brigade  was  sent  farther  south  than  Osterhaus's, 
there  to  make  a  crossing  of  the  creek  immediately  upon  the  appearance 
of  Geary's  left  flank  opposite  his  position. 

This  was  the  appearance  of  matters  on  the  left  and  center  of  Hooker's 
line.  On  the  right  had  been  placed  Geary  with  Whftaker.  There  was 
an  interval  of  nearly  3  miles  between  the  left  flank  and  the  right. 

Geary  had  marched  his  division  down  from  his  camp  on  Raccoon 
Mountain  to  the  hills  beyond  Wauhatchie  railroad  station,  bordering 
Lookout  Creek,  and  here  Whitaker  joined  him.  Geary  found  a  good 
foundation  for  a  bridge  at  Light's  dam,  and  after  his  skirmishers  had 
captured  the  outposts  of  the  enemy  he  prepared  to  cross  the  fragile 
bridge,  .hastily  built. 

Hooker's  force  consisted  of  about  9,000  men,  divided  as  follows: 
Osterhaus,  3,375;  Geary's  three  brigades,  2,218;  Whitaker  1,355;  Grose, 
1,6(J3.  In  addition  there  was  artillery  and  a  small  body  of  cavalry. 
Geary's  first  brigade  was  composed  mainly  of  Ohio  regiments,  under 
Candy;  the  Second  Brigade  of  Pennsylvanians,  under  Cobham;  the 
Third  Brigade  of  New  York  regiments,  which  had  been  Greene's  until 
/  the  latter  was  wounded  at  Wauhatchie,  was  now  known  as  Ireland's. 
The  division  was  a  skeleton.  Laughingly  Whitaker  had  remarked  that 
his  brigade  alone  contained  as  many  men  as  Geary's  whole  division. 
One  regiment  of  each  brigade  was  left  in  camp  as  a  guard  and  as  a 
reserve  force. 


172       CH1CKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY.  PARK. 

Wheii  the  bridge  beyond  Light's  house  was  completed,  Geary  ordered 
his  troops  forward.  The  head  of  column  was  to  ascend  to  the  bristling 
palisades,  then  front  to  the  northward  in  line  of  battle,  Cobham's  bri- 
gade leading  the  line,  followed  by  Ireland;  Whitaker's brigade  follow- 
ing, but  taking  supporting  distance,  while  Candy's  brigade  came  in  and 
closed  on  Ireland.  So  the  advance  line  stood,  Cobham's  Pennsylvanians 
on  the  extreme  right,  hundreds  of  feet  up  the  mountain  under  the  pali- 
sades, Ireland's  JSew  Yorkers  in  the  center,  and  Candy's  Ohioans  and 
Pennsylvanians  on  the  left,  and  resting  on  Lookout  Creek,  while 
Whitaker  formed  his  brigade  in  two  lines  in  support. 

Skirmishers  were  advanced  from  eacli  of  the  brigades,  and  at  0  o'clock 
the  advance  commenced.  It  may  be  deemed  singular  that  the  enemy 
did  not  discover  all  these  movements,  and  take  precautions  to  prevent 
or  obstruct  them.  But  the  mist  and  fog  must  have  prevented  thorough 
observations,  and  besides,  Geary's  advance  was  far  from  any  point 
from  which  an  attacking  force  would  naturally  be  supposed  to  come. 
It  was  fully  2£,  nearly  3,  miles  from  the  Craven  house,  the  main  objective 
point  which  was  reached. 

All  the  details  of  a  battle  can  not  be  given  in  the  brief  space  of  such 
an  address  as  this.  All  the  bright  and  vivid  coloring  which  lends 
enchantment  to  the  glory  of  a  battle  picture  must  give  way  to  facts  in 
brevities.  Lookout  Mountain  towers  2,400  feet  above  the  sea  level;  its 
altitude  is  1,700  feet  above  the  Tennessee  River,  and  the  plateau  on 
which  the  Craven  house  rests  is  1,400  feet  above  the  river.  From  Look- 
out Creek  the  ascent  is  steep,  ragged  with  rocks  up  to  the  palisades. 
Then,  from  the  palisades  along  the  line  of  march  to  be  pursued  were 
gullies  and  depths,  pits  and  cavernous-appearing  ravines.  They  vary 
in  size,  in  depth,  some  almost  perpendicular.  And  over  these  obstruc- 
tions, a  severe  and  taxing  labor  to  overcome  for  the  hardiest  of  men 
even  at  propitious  periods,  were  to  advance  lines  of  skirmishers,  lines 
of  battle. 

DIFFICULTIES  OVERCOME. 

Old  soldiers  of  other  battlefields,  officers  of  acumen  and  discernment, 
when  brought  face  to  face  with  the  difficulties  that  were  overcome  on 
that  misty  morning  of  November  24  can  scarcely  realize  how  it  was 
accomplished.  But  it  was,  and  it  is  due  to  the  genius  of  Hooker,  who 
believed  that  men  could  do  it;  that  the  American  soldiers  he  com- 
manded could  accomplish  it,  and  his  faith  was  not  in  vain.  In  front  of 
Osterhaus  was  a  series  of  difficult  gorges,  and  Grose  and  his  men  met 
part  of  the  severities  to  which  Geary  and  Whitaker  were  exposed  in  the 
climbing  and  footing,  in  the  ascent  and  descents,  in  the  grasping  at 
twig  and  shrub  and  tree  to  assist  in  the  hand-over-hand  pulling  forward 
to  advance. 

The  firing  at  Geary's  skirmishers  commenced  soon  after  the  first  com- 
mands to  forward  were  given,  and  desultory  musketry  occurred  at  dif- 
ferent points  along  the  line  of  advance.  It  did  not  cause  a  halt  nor 
impede  the  lines.  They  kept  up  the  steady  tramp  of  determination. 
The  first  mile  of  adventure  had  taught  them  that  they  were  equal  to  the 
task  of  climbing,  and  dangers  of  imagination  were  dissipated  in  meet- 
ing and  overcoming  rugged  nature.  It  was  an  interesting  sight,  that 
swaying  body  of  men,  preserving  line  of  battle  front  despite  the  clamber- 
ing and  clutching,  with  regimental  colors  on  alignment. 

A  few  prisoners  were  taken  in  the  first  movements,  and  it  was  learned 
that  Walth all's  brigade  of  Mississippiaus  were  the  troops  who  held  the 
front.  They  were  known  to  be  brave,  and  their  commander  one  of  the 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       1  73 

most  daring  of  officers.     So  the  men  of  the  assaulting  column  felt  that 
there  was  danger  ahead. 

When  Geary's  line  reached  Grose's  column  that  splendid  officer  imme- 
diately set  his  brigade  in  motion,  and  the  main  body  was  strengthened. 
All  the  brigades  moved  forward  then  under  accelerated  pace. 

A  RIDDLING  FIRE. 

As  soon  as  this  line  came  into  view  of  Hooker  in  the  valley,  intently 
watching  the  progress  of  the  drama  on  the  mountain  side,  the  artillery 
on  the  eminences  back,of  and  west  of  Lookout  Creek  spurted  forth  their 
flame  on  the  Confederate  entrenchments,  behind  which  Walthall  had 
placed  the  major  portion  of  his  brigade.  It  was  a  riddling  fire,  and  kept 
the  attention  of  Walthall's  men  at  that  front  while  Geary's  combined 
force  was  coming  up  on  his  left  flank.  Too  late  to  be  of  service  to  him, 
Walthall  learned  of  Geary's  movement.  As  he  turned  that  way  to 
resist,  he  was  met  by  fire  upon  every  Hank,  Osterhaus  pressing  his  front, 
having  crossed  the  creek,  while  the  flags  of  Geary,  Whitaker,  and 
Grose  were  charging  through  the  camps,  over  his  intrenchments,  and 
engulfing  his  battalions  as  prisoners. 

To  save  what  he  could,  Walthall  withdrew  his  decimated  regiments 
across  the  plateau,  fighting  at  every  step,  and  on  the  plateau  was  met 
by  a  merciless  fire  from  Naylor's  guns  at  Moccasin  .Point,  in  addition 
to  the  charging  yell  and  rifle  shots  from  the  front.  Geary,  with  his 
skirmishers  and  lines  of  battle  as  perfect  as  when  he  started :  Whitaker, 
intact  and  crowding  to  the  front  in  his  enthusiasm;  Grose,  joining  in 
the  hurrah,  while  Osterhaus  swept  the  whole  left  of  the  line,  mastering 
the  plateau,  the  line  extending  from  under  the  topmost  clift'  to  Chatta- 
nooga Creek,  on  beyond  the  Craven  House,  Hooker's  men  in  full  posses- 
sion. The  soldiers  were  exhausted.  They  had  performed  an  herculean 
task.  They  had  gone  far  beyond  the  line  marked  out  by  Hooker  in  his 
orders  and  governed  by  the  instructions  he  received.  They  held  a  posi- 
tion by  12  o'clock  noon  that  made  connection  with  Chattanooga  possible, 
and  later  in  the  day  that  was  effected  by  the  arrival  of  Carlin's  brigade 
with  quantities  of  ammunition,  fresh  soldiers,  and  relief  for  the  front 
lines. 

CRAVEN  HOUSE. 

The  capture  of  the  Craven  house  determined  the  battle.  Lookout 
was  won.  Walthall  established  himself  a  few  hundred  yards  to  the 
east  of  the  house  and  preserved  his  lines.  Moore,  who  was  to  have 
been  an  important  factor  in  assisting  Walthall  in  the  defense,  hurried 
forward,  but  arrived  too  late,  and  was  driven  back  from  the  Craven 
house  fortifications.  Later  on  Pettus's  brigade  assisted  Walthall,  and 
then  Clayton's  brigade,  under  Holtzclaw. 

There  were  six  Confederate  brigades,  and,  with  Holtzclaw,  seven,  on 
Lookout  Mountain.  Why  Walthall  was  not  reenforced  is  one  of  those 
matters  in  military  history  that  is  an  enigma.  Situated  as  he  was, 
Walthall  and  his  Mississippiaus  made  one  of  the  bravest  defenses  that 
occurred  anywhere  at  any  time  during  the  war.  It  was  sublimely 
heroic  under  fearfully  exasperating  circumstances.  That  magnificent 
defense,  with  a  totally  inadequate  force,  redounds  to  his  credit,  and  yet 
tempers  not  one  whit  the  grand  honors  which  crown  the  brow  of  Joseph 
Hooker  as  the  conqueror  of  Lookout  Mountain. 

It  has  been  frequently  said  that  the  force  of  Hooker  was  overwhelm- 
ing. That  is  true,  for  the  force  he  met  in  Walthall;  but  not  true  if  all 


174      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  Confederate  brigades  had  been  used  or  they  had  been  in  position 
for  effective  service.  As  known,  there  were  six  brigades,  according  to 
Confederate  official  reports,  and  with  Clayton's  as  a  succoring  force, 
seven.  Hooker  had  seven — three  with  Geary,  two  with  Crufts,  two  with 
Osterhaus.  The  fighting  point  was  at  the  Craven  house,  aud  it  was 
not  until  late  in  the  afternoon  that  three  of  the  six  and  one  succoring 
brigade  formed  lines  to  resist  Hooker.  It  was  a  happy  thing  for  the 
Union  forces,  disastrous  to  the  Confederates. 

On  the  morning  of  November  25  the  Stars  and  Stripes  waved  from 
the  extreme  point  of  Lookout  Mountain,  giving  assurance  to  the  soldiers 
on  the  plains  below  that  the  mountain  fortress  was  in  possession  of  the 
Union  troops.  Huzzahs  greeted  it,  and  the  mountain  and  valley  joined 
hi  the  glad  acclaim. 

AT   THE   RIDGE. 

It  was  an  inspiration  and  an  incentive  to  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland 
for  their  task  of  the  next  day  at  Missionary  Eidge. 

On  the  25th  of  November  Hooker's  troops  moved  across  the  valley  of 
Chattanooga  Creek  and  assisted  in  the  grand  and  magnificent  assault 
on  Missionary  Eidge.  Osterhaus's  division  led  the  column  that  day, 
going  through  Eossville  Gap,  and  into  a  defile  that  broke  into  the  rear 
of  Bragg's  army.  Overcoming  every  obstacle  of  nature  and  defense, 
he  penetrated  to  the  very  rear  of  Bragg's  headquarters,  capturing  large 
bodies  of  the  enemy.  Meanwhile  Whitaker's  and  Grose's  gallant  boys 
were  climbing  the  main  ridge,  grasping  the  left  of  Bragg's  line,  and 
doubling  it  up  with  an  impetuosity  that  carried  victory  at  every  step. 
The  onset  was  so  swift,  so  determined,  that  resistance  was  in  vain.  To 
aid  in  the  splendid  climax,  Geary's  division  mounted  on  the  western 
slope,  supporting  Landgraeber's  battery,  which  hurled  shot  and  shell 
into  the  demoralized  ranks.  By  nightfall,  close  to  the  right  flank  of 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  the  superb  heroes  of  that  unexcelled 
charge  up  the  rugged  sides  of  Missionary  Eidge,  the  soldiers  of  Hooker 
slept,  having  well  performed  their  part  in  the  grand  pageant,  under  the 
personal  directions  and  eyes  of  their  illustrious  commander. 

Gen.  Braxton  Bragg,  the  Confederate  commander,  speaks  with  earnest 
feeling  of  the  entire  rout  and  flight  of  his  left  wing,  in  causing  which 
Osterhaus,  Cruft,  and  Geary  played  so  distinguished  a  part,  and  which 
added  to  the  disaster  along  his  center,  where  Thorn  as  charged,  Bragg's 
right  remaining  intact  and  unharmed,  and  yet  General  Grant  in  his 
report  makes  but  a  cursory  mention  of  Hooker  on  the  field. 

And  even  at  that  very  time,  November  25,  Howard's  troops  were 
moving  all  over  the  Union  left,  a  movable  corps,  his  brigades  dispatched 
to  Sherman's  assistance  on  different  parts  of  the  line,  and  Buschbeck's 
brigade  making  some  of  the  most  desperate  charges,  at  the  Glass  house 
near  the  tunnel,  that  were  made  on  that  bloody  field. 

Why  the  ostracism  of  Hooker  and  his  men  on  that  field?  Their 
deeds  can  never  be  effaced,  and  ftiture  history  must  do  them  justice. 

AT  RINGGOLD. 

With  a  dash  on  the  night  of  November  26  at  Pea  Vine  Creek,  which 
resulted  in  the  capture  of  artillery,  trains,  and  prisoners,  the  days  of 
fighting  around  Chattanooga  were  drawing  to  a  close.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  27th  Hooker's  troops,  led  by  Osterhaus,  entered  the  village  of 
Einggold.  On  the  adjoining  ridge,  bounded  on  the  right  by  Catossa 
Creek,  and  having  a  gap  used  by  the  wagon  road  and  railroad,  Cleburue's 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       175 

Confederate  division  bad  intrenched.  Osterhaus  immediately  charged 
the  ridge  and  met  with  a  stubborn  resistance.  Geary  was  sent  to  his 
support,  dividing  his  brigades,  and  after  a  severe  battle,  lasting  nearly 
three  hours,  the  enemy  was  compelled  to  retire.  The  whole  fight  was 
Hooker's,  planned  by  him,  fought  by  him,  won  by  him,  and  was  the  last 
of  the  important  engagements  which  gave  peace  to  Chattanooga,  ren- 
dered it  safe  to  the  Union  Army  and  rendered  it  so  potential  for  good 
in  the  campaigns  that  followed  and  which  led  to  Union  success. 

After  the  MiSvsionary  Kidge  campaign,  Howard's  corps  kept  abreast 
of  Sherman  on  the  march  to  the  relief  of  Burnside  at  Knoxville.  It 
performed  the  full  measure  of  its  duty  as  required.  When  it  returned 
it  went  into  its  old  camps  at  Wauhatchie.  Geary's  division  was  already 
there,  and  once  more,  after  a  brilliant  campaign,  the  detachment  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  was  together  under  General  Hooker.  Osterhaus 
returned  to-  Sherman  and  Cruft's  to  the  Fourth  Corps. 

Never,  while  the  titanic  cliffs  of  Lookout  Mountain  shall  rise  in 
fretted  front,  overlooking  the  valley  of  Wauhatchie,  over  the  distant 
Missionary  Kidge  and  the  far  off  horizon  of  King-gold,  never  can  nor  will 
the  memory  of  Hooker's  men  and  their  magnificent  services  on  these 
November  days  of  1863  be  forgotten.  They  are  indelibly  inscribed  on 
the  imperishable  rocks  of  the  mountains,  in  the  furrows  of  the  valleys. 

ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  W.  C.  GATES. 

SOLDIERS  OF   THE  LOST  CAUSE  AND  SUCCESSFUL  DEFENDERS  OF 

THE  UNION:  This  is  a  great  occasion,  and  an  extraordinary  compli- 
ment  is  extended  to  me  by  the  invitation  to  address  you.  I  apprehend 
t  hat  my  lack  of  ability  will  poorly  vindicate  the  wisdom  of  the  selection. 

Thirty-two  years  after  one  of  the  bloodiest  conflicts  in  the  history  of 
battles,  between  the  gallant  soldiers  who  fought  for  the  Union  and  the 
Confederates  who  fought  for  separate  national  existence,  on  the  field 
of  Chickamauga,  the  ]9th  and  20th  days  of  September,  1803 — Satur- 
day and  Sunday — :is  receiving  its  second  baptism  into  the  everlasting 
history  of  the  great  events  of  the  world. 

This  fraternal  meeting  and  participation  in  the  dedication  of  the 
great  national  park  which  will  point  out  the  scenes  of  the  conflict  to 
succeeding  generations  for  hundreds  of  years,  marks  a  new  era  in  the 
history  of  civilization. 

In  no  book  was  it  ever  recorded  that  the  battle-scarred  soldiers  of 
two  opposing  armies  ever  before  met  as  brethren  on  such  a  field  of 
strife  to  mark  with  enduring  monuments  where  they  shed  each  other's 
blood. 

The  good  example  was  first  set  by  Members  of  Congress,  who  served 
in  the  opposing  armies,  voting  for  an  appropriation  of  money  from  the 
National  Treasury  to  purchase,  mark,  and  beautify  this  great  park, 
which  properly  embraces  not  only  the  field  of  Chickamauga,  on  which 
the  Confederates  were  successful,  but  also  that  of  Missionary  Kidge, 
where  at  a  later  day  the  Union  forces  were  equally  victorious. 

But  a  few  months  ago  we  saw  unveiled  in  the  city  of  Chicago  a  mon- 
ument to  the  Confederate  dead.  That  caused  not  only  many  old  Con- 
federates to  pause  and  think  how  the  mellowing  influence  of  time 
smooths  down  the  wrinkled  front  of  war,  but  impressed  the  younger 
generation  with  the  fact  that  the  memories  of  the  great  struggle  now 
belong  alone  to  history. 

This  great  gathering  and  the  fraternal  feeling  manifested  will  give 
to  the  historian,  for  record,  something  new  under  the  sun.  This  great 


1  76      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

occasion  is  a  greater  honor  to  the  Union  veteran  than  to  the  Confed- 
erate, because  he  was  a  conqueror,  and  yet  he  indulges  no  vain  or 
offensive  boast  over  his  fallen  rival.  It  is  a  high  compliment  to  the 
Confederate  that  his  prowess  and  patriotism  are  thus  acknowledged. 
It  is  patriotic  and  sensible  on  the  part  of  the  Union  veteran  because  it 
commends  the  side  he  fought  for  to  the  more  generous  consideration  of 
the  younger  generation  of  Southerners. 

The  Union  veteran,  by  this  fraternity,  extolls  his  own  gallantry  and 
high  soldierly  qualities,  by  which  alone  he  was  ever  able  to  triumph 
over  such  stubborn  and  determined  foes. 

It  is  complimentary  to  the  Confederate  veteran  in  this  way  to  acknowl- 
edge defeat  though  accomplished  by  overpowering  numbers,  and  to 
strike  hands  with  his  late  adversaries  as  honorable  men;  and  it  is  not 
only  commendable  in  the  Confederate,  but  highly  honorable  and  patri- 
otic, for  him  and  his  late  foemen  to  meet  here  on  this  occasion,  which 
proclaims  to  the  world  that  we  are  a  completely  reunited  nation ;  that 
we  really  have  peace. 

This  meeting  is  a  most  impressive  presentation  to  the  civilized  peo- 
ple of  the  entire  world  of  the  highest  observance  of  the  great  national, 
code  of  honor. 

ARMY   OF   NORTHERN  VIRGINIA. 

I  have  been  designated  to  represent,  on  this  occasion,  troops  from  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  who  came  down  to  reinforce  the  Army  of 
Tennessee.  This  task  should  have  been  committed  to  abler  hands. 

I  was  one  of  those  who  in  an  humble  way  performed  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  battle.  1  commanded  the  Fifteenth  Alabama  Infantry 
Regiment,  and  a  part  of  the  time,  on  the  afternoon  of  the  19th,  I  com- 
manded four  regiments  of  Law's  brigade.  Two  entire  divisions  and  a 
battalion  of  artillery  were  transferred  out  here,  but  the  only  brigades 
which  arrived  in  time  to  participate  in  the  battle  were  Benning's  Geor- 
gia, Robertson's  Texas,  and  Law's  Alabama  brigades  of  Hood's  division ; 
and  Kershaw's  South  Carolina  and  Humphrey's  Mississippi  brigades 
of  McLaw's  division. 

These  troops  were  all  old  veterans  who  had  seen  much  service  and 
had  been  commanded  through  many  engagements  by  excellent  officers 
and  never  had  known  defeat. 

It  is  not  expected  of  me  that  I  should  give  a  detailed  account  of  the 
conduct  of  these  brigades,  or  the  regiments  composing  the  same.  It  is 
enough  for  me  to  say  that  their  gallant  conduct  was  fully  up  to  the 
highest  standard  they  had  erected  for  themselves  at  Mauassas,  or  Bull 
Run,  at  Seven  Pines,  Meadow  Bridge,  Gaines's  Mill,  Frazier's  Farm, 
Malvern  Hill,  Cedar  Run,  Sharpsburg,  Fredericksburg,  Chaucellors- 
ville,  and  Gettysburg,  and  some  of  the  regiments  were  with  Jackson  in 
his  celebrated  valley  campaign  in  1862. 

The  roar  of  the  deadly  musketry  and  the  deafening  thunders  of  the 
artillery  were  noises  with  which  they  were  familiar;  and  at  Chicka 
mauga  on  Sunday  there  stood  before  them  a  living  wall  of  brave  and 
determined  men,  yet  when  Longstreet  said  "Forward,  niy  men,"  they 
moved  like  a  thunder  storm,  which  no  line,  however  strong,  and  even 
though  double,  could  long  resist  or  withstand,  and  they  had  not  drank 
a  drop  of  powdered  whisky,  as  one  of  the  speakers  upon  the  Union  side 
has  alleged.  They  needed  no  such  stimulant,  but  without  fear  of  con- 
sequences did  their  duty  nobly. 

The  Union  lines  were  broken  on  that  part  of  the  field,  and  at  the  last 
point  of  the  heroic  resistance  there  fell  before  the  fire  of  my  regiment 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       177 

that  accomplished  and  lamented  soldier  and  poet,  General  Lytle,  the 
author  of  "Dying,  Egypt,  Dying." 

Jn  this  struggle — just  at  the  turn  of  the  tide — my  regiment  captured 
a  two  gun  battery,  turned  and  discharged  one  of  the  pieces  which  was 
loaded,  and  the  shell  exploded  within  3  feet  of  General  Eosecrans's 
head,  from  which  he  miraculously  escaped  without  injury,  as  he  told 
me  since  the  war.  I  replied,  "Well,  General,  I  would  have  been  de- 
lighted to  have  killed  you  then,  but  now  I  am  glad  that  you  escaped 
unhurt." 

BRAGG'S  MISTAKE. 

At  the  close  of  the  battle,  with  victory  on  his  side,  General  Bragg 
made  the  mistake,  too  often  made  during  our  war,  of  failing  vigorously 
to  pursue  the  retreating  foe.  One  or  two  days  thereafter  he  deliber- 
ately moved  up  his  army  and  besieged  Chattanooga.  Lougstreet,  now 
reenforced  by  the  brigades  of  Jenkins's  South  Carolina  and  Anderson's 
Georgia  of  Hood's  division,  Bryan's  and  Wafford's  Georgia  brigades  of 
McLaws's  division,  was  still  on  the  left,  his  command  extending  to  the 
west  side  of  Lookout  Mountain. 

There  seems  to  be  considerable  difference  in  opinion  as  to  the  num- 
bers of  the  respective  armies  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 
I  listened  with  great  pleasure  to  the  speech  of  the  distinguished  and 
able  gentleman  from  Illinois,  General  Palmer,  who  was  an  officer  of 
high  rank  and  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  battle.  I  know  his  integ- 
rity forbids  any  erroneous  statement;  he  gave  the  number  from  the 
data  he  found  accessible.  In  this  way  he  concluded  that  the  Confed- 
erate force  was  about  60,600  men  and  the  Federal  force  engaged  about 
57,400  or  57,500  men,  thus  making  a  difference  of  about  3,000  in  favor 
of  the  Confederates.  I  am  satisfied  that  the  gentleman's  data  included 
Longstreet's  entire  command,  all  the  troops  transferred  with  him  from 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  I  have  already  stated  the  names  of 
four  brigades  of  these  troops  which  did  not  arrive  until  the  21st,  the 
day  after  the  conclusion  of  the  battle.  Jenkins's  brigade  was  a  very 
large  one,  but  the  average  of  the  four  was  about  1,500  men  each,  and 
that  makes  a  difference  of  6,000,  which,  deducted  from  Bragg's  sup- 
posed force,  would  leave  him  3,000  men  weaker  than  his  adversary. 

But  whatever  may  be  said  on  this  point,  it  is  a  fact  that  the  two 
armies  were  pretty  equally  matched  in  numbers.  General  Palmer  very 
candidly  admitted  the  defeat  of  Eosecrans,  and  undertook  to  account 
for  it  by  saying  that  Eosecrans  made  a  mistake  in  ordering  Wood's 
division  from  his  right  to  the  support  of  Eeynolds  on  the  left,  or  left 
center. 

Bragg's  plan  of  attack  for  Sunday  morning  was  that  Polk,  who  com- 
manded the  right  wing,  should  at  sunrise  make  a  heavy  assault  upon 
thellnion  left  wing,  drive  it  back  upon  the  center,  and  obtain  posses- 
sion of  the  passes  through  the  ridge  to  Chattanooga.  Then  Long- 
street,  who  commanded  the  left  wing,  was  to  make  a  furious  assault 
upon  the  Union  lines  confronting  him,  and  that  army,  thus  dislocated 
arid  confused  by  Polk's  success  of  the  forenoon,  was  to  be  crushed  and 
utterly  routed.  Polk  did  not  begin  the  assault  until  about  8  o'clock, 
and  not  then  with  such  force  and  vigor  as  to  accomplish  the  object 
according  to  the  plan;  his  part  of  the  battle  was  wavering  and  fluctu- 
ating, first  one  side  driving  and  then  the  other,  with  no  decisive 
advantages  to  either.  From  these  persistent  attacks  by  Bragg's  right 
wing  Eosecraus  was  impressed  with  the  idea  that  this  part  of  the  field 
was  where  the  main  conflict  would  be  waged.  His  order,  therefore, 
S.  Eep.  637 12 


178       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

transferring  Wood's  division  to  Iris  left,  was  to  strengthen  Lis  lines 
there  against  the  repeated  assaults. 

About  11  o'clock,  when  Longstreet  perceived  this  movement  thus 
weakening  the  second  line  of  Rosecrans,  he  ordered  his  wing  forward 
to  a  vigorous  assault  and  broke  to  pieces  the  right  wing  of  Rosecfans ; 
thus  weakened,  he  drove  it  from  the  field,  and  re-formed  his  lines  at 
right  angles  with  Folk's  wing  and  assaulted  Snodgrass  Hill  and  the 
adjacent  hills  and  ridges  held  by  Thomas,  who  never  was  driven  in  dis- 
order from  the  hill,  but  retired  about  8  o'clock  p.  in. 

Why  Folk's  wing,  during  this  last  assault,  lay  still  and  failed  to 
advance  1  do  not  understand.  Had  Polk  thrown  his  wing  forward  and 
broken  Thomas's  single  line  of  battle  north  of  the  Snodgrass  range  of 
hills,  nothing  could  have  saved  Thomas  from  utter  rout  and  ther  cap- 
ture of  a  large  part  of  his  command. 

I  was  sent  over  into  Lookout  Valley  where  the  Fourth  Alabama, 
under  Colonel  Bowles,  was  picketing  the  river  as  sharpshooters  near  the 
end  of  Raccoon  Mountain  and  shooting  the  drivers  and  teams  when 
they  attempted  to  use  the  dirt  wagon  road  on  the  other  side  of  the  river. 
The  picket  line  was  extended  by  companies  troin  my  regiment  clear  up 
to  Browns  Ferry.  I  had  in  reserve  six  companies  of  infantry,  number- 
ing about  200  men,  and  a  section  of  the  Louisiana  Battery.  For  three 
weeks  we  held  this  position.  Rosecrans  was  restricted  to  one  wagon 
road  to  supply  his  army,  which  reached  a  condition  producing  grave 
apprehension  that  it  would  have  to  retreat,  which  it  was  not  prepared 
to  do,  or  surrender,  which  it  much  less  desired  to  do.  The  valley  was 
the  key  to  Bragg's  advantageous  position.  Its  continued  possession 
rendered  Chattanooga  untenable  by  the  Union  army. 

A  plan  was  devised  to  remove  my  command  and  thus  raise  the  block- 
ade, and  when  General  Grant  assumed  command  it  was  carried  out  on 
the  night  of  the  26th  of  October,  when  he  succeeded  in  landing,  under 
General  Hazen,  2,200  men  on  my  side  at  the  ferry.  I  made  the  best  re- 
sistance I  could  with  my  handful  of  men,  but  just  as  day  was  breaking 
on  the  27th  I  was  severely  wounded  and  carried  from  the  field. 

I  had  for  two  days  reported  indications  and  asked  for  reenforcements 
to  resist  the  attack,  but  they  came  not  until  that  morning,  when  it  was 
too  late.  Thus,  we  lost  Lookout  Valley;  and  Hooker's  two  corps, 
which  came  by  way  of  Bridgeport,  were  thus  enabled  to  capture  Look- 
out Mountain,  after  Longstreet's  troops  were  withdrawn  therefrom. 

When  I  got  back  to  Lookout  Creek,  after  having  been  wounded  as 
stated,  I  met  General  Law  with  seven  regiments,  coming  to  reenforce  me. 
I  told  him  that  he  was  too  late  and  that  if  he  would  ride  up  on  a  spur 
of  the  mountain  next  to  the  river  he  could,  with  his  field  glass,  see  all 
over  the  valley.  He  did  so,  and  on  his  return  remarked  that  I  was 
right,  that  there  was  a  pontoon  bridge  across  the  river  at  the  ferry,  and 
that  an  entire  corps  of  the  Union  army  was  then  in  the  valley.  He  said 
he  had  come  according  to  his  orders.  The  sun  was  then  about  one  hour 
high.  Too  slow!  Too  slow!  He  was  ordered  to  come  too  late.  Some- 
body had  woefully  blundered.  A  newspaper  correspondent,  who  signed 
his  communications  "  P.  W.  A.,"  undertook  to  blame  me  for  the  loss  of 
Lookout  Valley.  I  had  succeeded  in  holding  it  for  three  weeks  with  only 
two  regiments  and  two  pieces  of  artillery,  assigned  to  this  duty  in  the  face 
of  an  immense  army  in  Chattanooga,  and  two  corps  just  below,  on  the 
opposite  side,  at  Bridgeport.  I  made  two  reports  to  General  Jenkins 
as  division  commander,  and  late  the  evening  before  I  was  driven  out  I 
made  one  to  Longstreet  through  his  adjutant-general,  and  appealed, 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       179 

after  stating-  the  facts,  for  immediate  reeuforcements,  but  they  were  not 
sent  until  next  morning,  wheu  too  late. 

With  that  valley  in  our  possession  we  had  all  the  railroads  and  the 
river,  and  one  wagon  road  on  the  other  side  was  a'il  that  Eosecrans  had 
by  which  to  supply  his  army.  The  men  and  animals  were  very  near  the 
starvation  point  when  the  blockade  was  raised  by  driving  us  out,  as  I 
have  described. 

General  Jenkins  brought  his  immediate  command  across  the  moun- 
tain Lite  that  evening  and  the  battle  of  Wauhatchie  occurred  that  or  the 
next  night,  and  our  people  got  the  worst  of  it. 

A  little  red-headed  boy  named  " Billy "Bethune,  from  Columbus,  Ga., 
came  to  me  just  before  the  battle  of  Ohickamauga  and  desired  to  be 
mustered  in  as  a  soldier.  I  declined  because  he  was  but  14  years  old 
and  not  well  grown  at  that.  After  the  battle  he  told  me  that  if  I  still 
refused  to  take  him  as  a  soldier  he  would  go  off  and  join  some  other 
command.  I  told  him  that  he  might  remain  with  the  regiment  without 
being  mustered  in  and  at  tbe  next  battle  I  would  give  him  a  gun  and 
allow  him  to  try  his  hand  and  see  how  he  liked  it.  On  the  morning  of 
the  27th  of  October,  before  day,  when  I  was  preparing  my  small  com- 
mand for  the  attack  at  Brown's  Ferry,  I  felt  someone  pull  my  sleeve. 
It  was  little  "  Billy."  He  said,  "Colonel,  do  you  remember  your  prom- 
ise?" I  ordered  that  a  gun  and  cartridge  box  be  given  him,  which  was 
done,  and  he  went  through  the  engagement  unhurt.  The  next  night  at 
Wauhatchie  he  was  not  so  fortunate.  The  major  who  was  in  command 
of  the  regiment  was  down  near  the  bridge  after  our  line  was  broken  and 
the  men  were  straggling  back  and  taking  out  wounded  comrades.  An 
Irishman  who  belonged  to  the  regiment  came  along  with  someone  on 
his  back.  The  major  called  out,  "Who  is  that?"  He  answered,  "Jimmy 
Ifutledge,  sir."  "Who  is  that  you  are  carrying  out1?"  said  tbe  major. 
"Billy  Bethune,  sir."  "Is  he  wounded?"  "He  is,  sir."  "How  is  he 
wounded?"  "He  is  shot  in  the  back,  sir."  At  that  moment  Billy's 
childish  voice  rang  out  on  the  night  air,  "Major,  he  is  a  damned  liar;  I 
am  shot  across  the  back."  [Loud  laughter.] 

Bragg  was  forced  to  retire  to  Missionary  Ridge.  Longstreet's  troops 
did  not  participate  in  the  battle  which  occurred  there  on  the  25th  day 
of  November,  as  he  had  gone  with  them  and  Bushrod  Johnson's  division 
to  Knoxville  to  resist  Burnside's  advance.  He  also  had  Wheeler's  cav- 
alry, and  was  afterwards  joined  by  Jones's  cavalry  brigade  from  West 
Virginia,  making  his  army  over  20,000  strong. 

The  Confederate  strategy  attempted  was  for  Longstreet  to  crush 
Burnside,  or  put  him  hors  de  combat,  and  return  in  time  to  reenforce 
Bragg  before  Grant  would  be  ready  to  assault  him.  But  Burnside, 
with  a  superior  force,  was  too  strongly  intrenched,  and  Longstreet  could 
not  dislodge  nor  drive  him,  and  while  attempting  it  Sherman  reenforced 
Grant,  they  attacked  and  beat  Bragg  and  drove  him  to  Dalton,  Ga., 
and  in  consequence  Longstreet  raised  the  siege  of  Knoxville  and 
•••('treated  mto  east*  Tennessee,  and  thus  ended  the  campaign  of  1863. 

CAUSES    OF   THE   WAR. 

Fellow- soldiers,  pardon  a  few  reflections  upon  the  primary  causes  of 
the  unprecedented  and  unequal  struggle,  and  the  consequences  of  the 
war.  "Speak  of  me  as  I  am,  nothing  extenuate  nor  set  down  aught  in 
malice;  then  will  you  speak  of  one  who  loved  not  wisely,  but  too  well." 

We  poor  rebels  lost  all  save  honor,  and  now  will  you  listen  patiently 
for  a  brief  period  to  one  of  them  while  giving  his_side  as  impartially  as 
he  can? 


180      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  old  CoDfederate  veteran  can  look  backward  without  shame;  he 
can  stand  erect  with  a  proud  conscientiousness  that  he  fought  for  a  just 
cause,  which  though  lost  was  partially  won,  and  say  to  all  the  world, 
let  the  history  of  the  great  conflict  be  penned  by  an  impartial  hand, 
fully  and  fairly  to  both  sides,  and  there  will  not  be  a  sentence,  a  line, 
or  a  word  in  it  to  bring  a  blush  of  shame  to  the  cheek  of  him  who  did 
his  duty  in  following  the  red  starry  cross  of  the  late  Confederacy. 

Let  the  blasphemous  mouths  of  the  bloody-shirt  shriekers  be  closed 
and  the  truth  be  told,  and  our  cause  and  the  heroism  which  sustained 
it  for  four  immortal  years  will  illuminate  the  brightest  chapters  of  the 
true  history  of  that  great  conflict. 

There  never  was  a  war  wherein  the  object  of  the  invader  was  any- 
thing short  of  extermination  in  which  there  was  more  involved  or  the 
result  of  which  was  fraught  with  greater  consequences,  nor  was  there 
ever  a  war  the  real  causes  of  which  were  so  imperfectly  understood  by 
other  nations  and  many  even  of  the  American  people. 

One  of  the  underlying  causes  of  the  conflict  of  arms  was  that  in  our 
citizenship  there  were  two  distinct  types  of  civilization — the  Cavalier 
and  the  Puritan.  Between  these  there  were  frequent  conflicts  in  the 
mother  country  centuries  ago.  They  were  transplanted  to  this  country 
by  many  of  the  Cavaliers  settling  in  the  Southern  States  and  the  Puri- 
tans in  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States  of  the  Union.  Both  were  high 
types  of  civilization,  but  utterly  unlike.  The  first  well-defined  distinc- 
tion between  them  was  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  the  first  of 
the  Stuarts,  along  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

The  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England  who  advocated  a  purer 
doctrine  and  a  higher  life  assumed  to  possess  all  the  Godliness  and  vir- 
tue, and,  not  satisfied  with  these,  assumed  to  think  for  others,  to  prescribe 
rules  to  govern  the  consciences  of  others,  and  who  in  a  Pharisaical  spirit 
thanked  God  that  they  were  not  as  other  men.  These  were  called 
Puritans. 

In  this  country  they  retained  much  of  their  original  faith  and  prac- 
tices until  the  lessons  of  the  war  vastly  improved  their  manners. 
Cromwell,  whose  greatness  was  equaled  only  by  his  meanness  and 
cruelty,  was  of  this  type. 

Those  who  adhered  to  the  church  and  the  Parliament  and  supported 
Charles  I  were  called  Cavaliers.  They  were  noted  for  their  conserva- 
tism, favoring  well-established  institutions,  protecting  the  rights  of  prop- 
erty, and  favoring  the  regular  orderly  methods  of  business.  They  were 
never  rigidly  righteous,  but  liberal,  generous,  brave,  and  disposed  to 
mind  their  own  business  and  let  that  of  other  people  alone.  The  two 
fought  each  other  repeatedly  in  England. 

The  interference  of  the  one  with  the  business  and  institutions  of  the 
other  in  this  country  was  one  of  the  underlying  or  basic  causes  of  the 
great  conflict. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  asserting  that  all  the  people  of  this 
country  belong  exclusively  to  the  one  or  the  other  of  these  types,  for 
they  are  the  extremes.  They  are  greatly  in  the  minority.  A  large 
majority  of  our  people  may  be  classed  as  intermediary,  and  not  belong- 
ing distinctively  to  either  one  of  these  classes.  This  middle  class  will 
in  the  course  of  time  absorb  the  extremes  and  possibly  produce  men 
and  women  of  greater  excellence  than  either.  Upon  this  great  con- 
servative mass  the  future  peace  and  happiness  of  this  country  depend. 

The  intermeddling  of  the  Puritans  and  the  hot-headed  repulsiveness 
of  the  Cavalier  leaders,  notwithstanding  they  were  largely  in  the  minor- 
ity, stirred  up  the  strife,  set  fire  to  the  forest,  and  caused  die  great  con- 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAEK.       181 

flagration  and  suffering  which  ensued.  The  lesson  it  taught  is  of  such 
weighty  magnitude  and  solemnity  that  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  neither 
side  will  ever  forget  it,  or  allow  its  follies  and  cruelties  to  be  repeated. 
An  aggressive  fanaticism  meeting  a  brave  and  reckless  defiance  ignored 
the  demands  of  reason,  caused  an  ocean  of  tears  to  be  shed,  drenched 
the  land  in  blood,  and  sacrificed  the  lives  of  a  million  of  men  and  untold 
millions  of  treasure. 

It  is  sometimes  asserted  that  the  war  was  a  necessity  merely  to  settle 
the  construction  of  the  Constitution.  I  think  that  is  a  mistake.  It 
indicates  a  want  of  recollection  as  to  the  true  causes  of  the  war,  or 
those  who  assert  it  have  convenient  memories  or  a  genius  for  inventing 
theories  of  conciliation  for  our  defeat. 

Contentious  as  to  strict  or  latitudinous  construction  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, as  to  partial  legislation,  unjust  taxation,  and  unequal  commercial 
advantages,  while  producing  temporary  irritation  and  excitement,  would 
never  of  themselves  have  influenced  any  of  the  States  of  the  South  to 
have  attempted  secession  from  the  Union. 

SLAVERY. 

Every  well-informed  person  knows  that  the  agitation  of  the  slavery 
question  was  the  immediate  and  provoking  cause  of  secession.  The 
presence  in  our  midst  of  the  African  race,  for  which  they  are  in  no  wise 
responsible,  has  ever  been  the  Pandora's  box  of  our  American  politics. 

Slavery,  it  must  be  conceded,  is  contrary  to  natural  right,  but  it  was 
a  lawful  State  institution,  and  so  recognized  by  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States.  Being  a  State  institution,  it  was  the  right  of  the  State 
in  which  it  existed  to  continue  or  abolish  it.  The  responsibility,  moral 
and  otherwise,  for  its  continuance  belonged  alone  to  the  people  of  the 
State  wherein  it  existed. 

The  institution  had  come  down  to  the  Southern  people  through  sev- 
eral generations.  They  had  invested  their  money  in  slaves.  Its  nature 
and  character  were  not  generally  understood  by  the  people  of  the  North, 
in  whose  States  it  once  existed,  but  had  been  abolished  for  many  years. 

They  professed  to  believe  that  men  owned  the  flesh,  blood,  and  souls 
of  their  slaves,  treated  and  disposed  of  them  with  no  more  regard  for 
their  well-being  than  if  they  were  lifeless  chattels.  The  owner  of  the 
slave  only  had  a  right  to  control  and  dispose  of  his  labor  and  inflict 
upon  him  such  corporal  punishment  as  was  allowable  at  the  common 
law.  Of  course,  it  was  contrary  to  the  black  man's  natural  right  to 
freedom,  but  it  was  the  road  by  which  he  reached  civilization. 

In  every  slave  State  the  law  made  it  a  penal  offense  for  the  master 
not  to  provide  a  sufficiency  of  healthful  food  and  clothing,  or  to  unrea- 
sonably punish  his  slave,  or  to  make  him  work  on  the  Sabbath,  and  to 
to  kill  him  was  murder. 

I  knew  a  man  to  be  tried  the  year  before  the  war  began  for  killing 
his  slave,  and  he  was  convicted  and  sent  to  the  penitentiary.  [A  voice 
from  the  audience:  "He  should  have  been  hung,  damn  him!"]  Well, 
tliere  are  a  good  many  people  who  deserve  hanging  and  never  get  their 
deserts.  The  jury  in  that  case  were  better  judges  than  you  or  myself. 
Cruelties  were  in  a  good  many  instances  practiced  upon  the  slave  and 
never  detected  and  punished,  because  it  was  difficult  to  obtain  the 
proof.  The  negroes  simply  passed  through  the  fiery  furnace  of  slavery 
to  reach  civilization,  which  was  the  only  road  by  which  they  could  have 
obtained  it. 

Interest  and  humanity  united  in  making  the  master  careful  of  the 
health  and  life  of  his  slave. 


182       CHICKAMAUGA.  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

It  was  abuse,  threats,  and  impending  assaults  upon  the  rights  of  the 
State  to  regulate  its  own  local  and  domestic  affairs  voiced  by  leading 
men  of  the  Puritanical  type  who  abused  and  traduced  justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court  for  deciding  that  slavery  was  lawful,  and  who  de- 
nounced the  institution  and  polygamy  as  twin  relics  of  barbarism,  as 
the  sum  total  of  all  villainy,  as  a  league  with  death  and  a  covenant 
with  hell,  until  their  doctrines  incited  a  band  of  fanatics  to  believe  that 
they  were  inspired  by  heaven  to  light  the  torch  of  revolution  in  South 
ern  homes  and  to  invade  a  Southern  State  for  the  purpose  of  inciting 
the  slaves  to  insurrection,  arson,  and  indiscriminate  murder  of  the 
white  people;  and  when  the  chief  of  these  malefactors  was  executed 
church  bells  were  tolled  in  some  of  the  Northern  cities  to  canonize 
him  as  a  martyr. 

These  were  the  irritating  causes  which  aroused  feelings  of  indigna- 
tion and  prepared  the  minds  of  the  Southern  people  for  secession  from 
the  Union. 

Then,  when  a  great  and  growing  political  party,  conftn-ed  alone  to  the 
Northern  States,  whose  slogan  was  hostility  to  the  institution  of 
slavery,  and  whose  orators  were  full  of  intemperate  denunciation  of  the 
Southern  people,  succeeded  in  electing  its  President,  who  had  pro- 
claimed the  irrepressible  conflict — that  this  country  must  all  be  slave 
or  free  labor — the  apprehensions  of  the  Southern  people  were  awakened 
to  a  common  danger ;  not  about  slavery  alone,  but  that  their  ancient 
and  well-defined  right  to  govern  their  own  internal  affairs  in  their  own 
way  would  be  denied  and  destroyed,  not  directly,  but  by  attrition, 
under  the  guise  of  law  and  constitutional  administration.  [Sensation 
and  dissent  in  the  audience.]  I  know  that  some. of  you  Union  men  do 
not  relish  what  I  am  saying,  but  hear  me  through;  I  will  tell  you  the 
truth  and  give  you  nothing  but  facts. 

SECESSION. 

Conventions  were  called  and  assembled  in  the  different  States  of  the 
South,  each  to  decide  for  itself  what  should  be  done. 

Eleven  of  these  conventions,  holding  that  the  Union  was  a  voluntary 
one,  and  that  it  was  no  longer  a  safeguard  and  protection",  but  a 
menace  to  their  rights,  resolved  to  withdraw  from  it  and  form  another 
Union  in  which  it  was  believed  there  would  be  peace,  harmony,  and 
security  of  rights  resulting  from  homogeneity  of  interests. 

They  did  not  stop  to  consider  collateral  questions,  nor  what  might 
logically  follow  their  action  in  case  of  success.  They  reasoned  syllogis- 
ticallythus:  If  the  Union  was  a  voluntary  one,  entered  into  by  the 
States  for  their  mutual  benefit  and  protection,  then  when,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  a  State,  such  security  was  no  longer  guaranteed,  but. jeopardized, 
or  denied,  it  had  the  right  to  withdraw  from  such  a  Union;  and  if  a 
State  had  the  right  to  withdraw,  or  secede,  it  followed  as  a  logical 
sequence  that  the  Union  had  no  right  to  coerce  such  State  to  remain 
within  it  or  to  return  after  having  withdrawn  from  it. 

But  the  Union  denied  that  it  was  a  voluntary  one,  and  asserted  a 
paramount  and  perpetual  nationality,  and  under  the  Constitution  it 
claimed  the  right  to  coerce  the  States  to  remain  within  it.  However 
illogical,  this  was  the  doctrine  of  the  Unionists. 

Thus  was  presented  a  great  issue  which  unfortunately  our  Constitu- 
tion provided  for  no  umpire  to  peaceably  adjudicate,  and  hence  the 
question  was  necessarily  submitted  to  the  arbitrament  of  arms — the 
court  of  last  resort  among  nations. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       183 

It  was  not  jealousy  and  hatred  we  bore  toward  our  Northern  breth- 
ren. It  was  not  their  successful  rivalry  of  us  in  trade  and  commerce. 
It  was  not  an  ambitious  lust  for  power,  nor  a  spirit  of  unrighteous  dic- 
tation which  led  the  serried  ranks  of  the  South  to  battle. 

It  has  been  asserted  by  some  of  the  distinguished  speakers  here  who 
served  in  the  Union  Army  that  the  abolition  of  slavery  was  one  of  the 
grand  objects  for  which  the  war  was  waged.  I  deny  this  proposition. 
The  resolution  adopted  by  Congress  declaring  war  against  the  seceded 
States  set  forth  the  purposes  to  be  "the  restoration  to  the  Union  of 
the  revolted  States  with  all  their  rights,  dignities,  and  institutions 
unimpaired ;"  and  slavery  was  the  chief  institution.  During  the  first 
two  years  of  the  war  whenever  slaves  escaped  from  their  owners  and 
entered  tlie  lines  of  the  Union  Army  they  were  returned;  and  you 
could  not  more  deeply  offend  a  Union  soldier  than  to  tell  him  he  was 
fighting  for  the  freedom  of  the  negroes.  He  would  indignantly  deny 
it  and  say  he  was  fighting  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Union.  When 
President  Lincoln  called  for  75,000  troops  at  the  beginning  he  supposed 
that  ninety  days'  service  was  as  long  as  they  would  be  needed.  It  was 
supposed  that  the  slaves  would  rise  in  insurrection,  assert  their  free 
dom,  lay  waste  the  country,  slaughter  the  whites,  and  all  would  be 
ended  within  that  period.  To  the  surprise  of  the  people  of  the  North 
not  a  single  lawless  outrage  was  committed  by  any  slave  throughout 
the  seceding  States  on  any  white  person  during  the  entire  war.  They 
remained  at  home,  labored,  and  made  supplies  for  the  support  of  the 
women  and  children  and  our  armies  in  the  field.  While  this  state  of 
affairs  continued  the  Confederates  were  triumphant  in  all  the  principal 
engagements. 

Mr.  Lincoln  was  an  abolitionist,  but  it  is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose 
that  this  reason  and  his  sympathy  for  the  slave  induced  him  to  put 
forth  his  emancipation  proclamation.  Prior  thereto  he  suspended  Gen- 
eral Schenck  from  command  in  Maryland  because  he  undertook  the 
emancipation  of  the  slaves,  which  Mr.  Lincoln  said  was  in  violation  of 
the  Constitution.  His  proclamation  was  issued,  after  due  consultation 
with  his  Cabinet,  as  a  war  measure.  He  regarded  the  slaves  as  con- 
traband of  war,  because  an  aid  to  the  enemies  of  the  Union.  The  terms 
of  the  proclamation  were  for  the  Southern  States  to  lay  down  their  arms 
and  return  to  their  former  positions  in  the  Union,  and  if  they  failed  to 
do  this  by  the  1st  of  January,  1863,  he  declared  their  slaves  thereafter 
to  be  free.  He  admitted  that  he  had  no  other  power  to  abolish  slavery. 
If  the  South  had  been  fighting  for  slavery,  we  had  then  but  to  lay  down 
our  arms  and  return  to  the  Union  with  that  institution  which  would 
have  been  in  accord  with  the  purpose  of  Congress  in  declaring  the  war. 
But  we  were  fighting  for  separate  national  existence,  and  paid  no  atten- 
tion to  the  proclamation,  and  slavery  was  abolished  as  a  result  of  the 
war. 

It  was  not  for  slavery  as  such,  for  the  majority  of  our  men  never 
owned  a  slave.  A  large  majority  of  our  soldiers  were  poor  laboring 
men.  They  were  horrified  at  the  idea  of  4,000,000  emancipated  slaves 
being  turned  loose  in  their  midst,  raised  to  the  equality  of  citizenship, 
invested  with  the  elective  franchise,  and  brought  in  to  competition  with 
them  as  free  laborers,  which  aroused  the  pride  of  race  superiority,  and 
the  invasion  of  their  right  of  local  or  State  government  offended  alike 
the  dignity  of  these  men  and  the  slave  owner;  they  stood  united  and 
fought  like  devils,  as  every  Union  veteran  will  testify. 

For  two  and  a  half  years  of  the  immortal  conflict  our  flag  floated 
triumphantly  on  nearly  a  hundred  fields  of  battle.  We  fought  with  the 


184       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

same  spirit  of  our  Eevolutionary  sires,  who  bought  with  their  precious 
blood  the  privileges  we  now  enjoy.  We  fought  for  the  right  of  our 
States  to  regulate  and  govern  their  own  affairs,  free  from  the  dictation 
of  others,  and  to  form  such  compacts  and  associations  with  each  other 
as  would  serve  best  to  preserve  their  mutual  rights  of  local  government. 
We  fought  for  the  right  as  God  gave  us  to  see  the  right. 

State  allegiance  and  State  pride,  which  sprang  from  the  love  of  home 
and  its  sacred  precincts,  sent  our  gallant  men  forth  with  the  prayers 
and  blessings  of  wives,  mothers,  sisters,  daughters,  and  sweethearts, 
armed  with  stout  hearts  and  willing  hands  to  meet  threefold  their 
number  in  the  death  grapple  of  red  handed  war. 

The  love  of  home  is  a  sentiment  which  pervades  every  land  that  is 
watered  by  the  king  of  floods  and  all  his  tributaries.  It  is  founded  in 
nature,  differing  only  in  degree  in  different  races  of  men,  and  is  every- 
where the  taproot  of  the  loftiest  and  truest  patriotism.  It  is  illus- 
trated, said  Erskine,  in  the  person  of  an  indignant  Indian  prince  whose 
country  was  being  invaded  and  occupied  by  white  men.  Addressing 
the  governor  of  the  colony,  while  surrounded  by  his  followers  and  hold- 
ing in  his  hand  a  bundle  of  sticks  as  the  notes  of  his  unlettered  elo- 
quence, he  said: 

Who  is  it  that  causes  this  river  to  rise  in  the  high  mountains  and  empty  itself  into 
the  ocean?  Who  is  it  that  causes  to  blow  the  loud  winds  of  winter  and  that  calms 
them  again  in  summer?  Who  is  it  that  raises  up  these  lofty  forests  and  blasts  them 
with  the  quick  lightning  at  his  pleasure?  Tho  same  Being  that  gave  to  you  a  coun- 
try on  the  other  side  of  the  great  water  and  gave  this  to  us,  and  by  this  title  we  will 
defend  it.  (Throwing  his  tomahawk  on  the  ground  and  raising  the  war  cry  of  his 
nation.) 

A  true  American  illustration  of  this  sentiment  is  found  in  the  heroic 
conduct  of  Colonel  Travis  and  his  188  Texans  at  the  Alamo.  They 
resolved  to  resist  Santa  Ana's  advance  with  4,000  men.  Travis's 
appeal  to  his  men  was  brief;  he  said : 

We  are  Texans.  Here  are  our  homes  and  our  loved  ones;  let  us  resolve  to  die 
where  we  are,  in  their  defense.  If  any  man  fear  the  responsibility,  let  him  step 
forward  and  he  shall  be  discharged  and  allowed  to  retire. 

One  man  alone  embraced  the  opportunity  and  retired  in  disgrace 
while  escape  was  practicable.  All  the  others,  including  Travis,  Davie 
Crockett,  and  Bowie,  fell  at  their  posts,  and  to  day  you  can  read  the 
everlasting  message  to  their  countrymen,  engraved  upon  the  little 
monument  to  their  memory  in  the  old  capitol  of  Texas:  "Thermopylae 
had  her  messenger  of  defeat;  the  Alamo  had  none." 

Nowhere  on  earth  is  the  love  of  home  and  pride  of  local  government 
more  deeply  implanted  or  more  potential  than  among  the  people  of  the 
Southern  States. 

INEQUALITY   OF   FORCE. 

Conceding  equal  patriotism  and  bravery  to  those  who  bore  aloft  the 
standards  of  the  Union,  the  imperishable  glory  of  the  Confederates 
conspicuously  appears  in  the  inequality  of  numbers,  resources,  and 
appliances  of  war. 

Just  think  of  that  inequality.  Eight  millions  on  our  side  against 
twenty-five  millions  of  people  on  the  other  and  the  whole  world  to  re- 
cruit from.  You  with  a  government  of  unlimited  credit,  exhaustless 
resources,  an  ample  supply  of  the  best  arms  and  munitions  of  war,  and 
a  commerce  but  little  disturbed. 

The  Confederacy  deficient  in  all  these  and  her  ports  closed  and  block- 
aded; without  even  the  nucleus  of  an  army  or  navy;  without  arms  or 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       185 

ammunition;  without  a  commissariat;  without  money;  without  credit; 
without  factories,  and  accustomed  only  to  the  peaceful  pursuits  of  hus- 
bandry, were  armed  with  nothing  at  the  beginning  save  our  own  stout 
hearts  and  the  manly  resolve  to  vindicate  our  rights  at  every  hazard. 

A  STORY  OP  CAPTAIN  LAIRD  AND  THE  POLES. 

Nothing  more  forcibly  illustrates  the  destitution  and  determination 
of  our  people  than  an  occurrence  at  Island  No.  10,  in  the  Mississippi 
River.  General  Tilghman  was  in  command  of  four  regiments,  and  one 
or  two  of  them  were  armed  with  old  George  Law  muskets  and  the 
others  with  poles  cut  somewhat  in  imitation  of  wooden  guns.  The 
General  told  the  field  officers  that  he  would  have  the  long  roll  beaten 
after  midnight  to  see  how  the  company  officers  and  men  would  take  it. 
When  it  occurred,  Colonel  Baker  said  lie  went  to  a  position  from  which 
he  could  observe  his  regiment  unseen  by  the  men.  Captain  Laird's 
company  was  from  Coffee  County,  in  South  Alabama.  He  had  a  long 
flowing  red  beard  and  green  eyes,  and  would  fight  anything  in  the 
shape  of  an  enemy.  He  had  an  old,  long  cavalry  saber  drawn  and  was 
walking  up  and  down  in  rear  of  his  company,  looking  like  Goliah  with' 
his  weaver's  beam.  His  first  sergeant,  a  pale-faced,  uneducated  man, 
who  talked  with  a  long  drawling  voice,  but  had  an  abundance  of  good 
hard  sense,  said,  "Captain  Laird, 'spose  the  Yankees  do  come;  what  are 
we  gwine  to  do  with  these  here  poles?"  That  was  a  poser.  The  Cap- 
tain halted  for  a  moment,  and  then  replied  most  vigorously,  "Sergeant, 
throw  your  poles  to  hell,  draw  your  pocketknives,  and  cut  them  to  the 
hollow,  G d  d in  them."  [Laughter  and  applause.] 

The  records  show  the  total  enlistments  in  all  the  Confederate  armies 
during  the  war  to  have  been  but  little  more  than  600,000,  while  in  all 
the  armies  of  the  Union  there  were  over  2,800,000.  It  is  fair,  however, 
to  state  that  a  larger  percentage  of  the  latter  were  reenlistments  than 
of  the  former,  and  a  larger  invading  force  is  often  equaled  by  a  smaller 
one  acting  on  the  defensive. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  disparity  in  numbers  and  our  destitution 
of  the  sinews  of  war,  for  four  immortal  years  our  flag  floated  in  the 
breezes  of  heaven  as  the  symbol  of  the  storm-cradled  nation.  But  as 
time  rolled  on  the  Confederate  lines  became  more  and  more  attenuated. 
When  the  rolls  were  called  there  was  no  response  to  three  fourths  of 
the  names  upon  them ;  those  who  did  not  answer  were  disabled  or  dead. 

Superiority  of  numbers,  improved  by  discipline  and  experience, 
enabled  the  Union  forces  to  beat  us  back,  until  they  formed  a  cordon 
around  the  struggling  Confederacy.  We  were  beaten  back  step  by 
step,  but  gave  blow  for  blow  as  our  comrades  fell  around  us.  No  more 
heroic  or  impressive  scenes  ever  occurred  in  the  history  of  warfare. 

But  there  must  be  an  end  to  human  endurance,  and  at  last,  when  all 
our  strongholds  were  captured,  our  rivers  full  of  hostile  gunboats,  our 
railroads  worn  out  and  broken,  our  soldiers  starving  or  living  on  half 
rations,  frequently  sharing  the  corn  with  the  horses;  when  300,000 
hillocks  marked  the  last  resting  places  of  those  who  had  sacrificed 
their  lives  upon  the  altar  of  their  own  and  their  country's  honor — God 
Almighty  forever  bless  their  souls — when  widows  and  orphans  became 
numberless,  and  grief  and  mourning  were  visitors  to  nearly  every 
household,  the  hearts  of  our  people  sank  in  despair.  Their  sublime 
courage  failed  them,  and  many  wrote  to  their  loved  ones  who  still 
survived  to  give  up  the  hopeless  struggle  and  come  home. 

To  all  such  this  was  the  supreme  trial,  the  test  of  superiority — to 


186       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK, 

decide  between  duty  and  affection  to  the  family,  with  subjugation  and 
defeat  on  the  one  side,  and  on  the  other  an  honorable  death  for  the 
cause  to  which  they  had  shown  such  devotion. 

Many  abandoned  the  cause — I  can  scarcely  call  it  desertion,  although 
technically  it  was — but  many  of  the  heroes  of  a  hundred  battles,  vet- 
erans of  Lee  and  Jackson  and  of  Johnston,  whose  scarred  bodies,  tat- 
tered flags,  and  attenuated  ranks  told  so  eloquently  the  tale  of  their 
doings,  preferred  an  honorable  death,  and  remained  in  line  still  ready 
to  fi glit  and  to  die  for  Dixie. 

They  thus  presented  to  the  world  an  example  of  heroism  similar  to 
that  of  Cambronne,  the  commander  of  the  last  square  of  the  Old  Guard 
at  Waterloo. 

When  the  pile  of  corpses  around  the  square  was  larger  than  the  bulk 
of  the  living,  their  comrades  groaning  in  death  agonies,  the  French 
army  broken  and  fleeing,  the  Allies  with  eighty  cannon  shotted  and 
ready  to  fire  upon  this  devoted  group,  Generals  Colville  and  Maitland, 
struck  with  admiration  for  such  heroism,  rode  forward  and  cried  aloud, 
"Brave  Frenchmen,  surrender."  The  response  came  back  in  language 
as  defiant  and  more  contemptuous  than  that  of,  "  The  Guard  dies,  but 
never  surrenders."  The  cannons  belched  forth  their  thunder,  and  when 
the  smoke  lifted  a  quivering  heap  of  corpses  alone  remained. 

When  Lee's  great  brain  could  plan  no  more,  when  Johnston's  cun- 
ning had  given  o'er,  and  nothing  but  omnipotence  could  have  averted 
the  surrender,  these  ragged  veterans  were  still  ready  to  march  into  the 
jaws  of  death,  where  the  hellish  din  of  battle  drowned  the  shrieks  of 
the  wounded  and  the  groans  of  the  dying. 

Ah!  But  who  has  language  to  portray  the  heroism  of  such  brave 
souls?  They  stood  by  their  colors  unflinchingly  when  carnage,  ruin, 
and  death  reigned  supreme.  They  went  with  Gordon  in  the  last  wild 
charge  he  made,  "  While  there  was  not  a  man  dismayed,  and  all  the 
world  wondered." 

THE  END. 

The  great  drama  drew  rapidly  to  a  close  and  the  star  of  hope,  which 
had  shown  with  such  brilliant  luster  in  the  constellation  of  nations, 
went  down  beneath  the  southern  horizon  on  the  field  of  Appomattox 
to  rise  no  more  forever. 

The  high  court  of  force  had  sealed  its  decree  and  thereby  blotted  the 
Confederacy  out  of  the  firmament  of  nations.  To  us  it  was  an  event  of 
sorrow  and  sadness.  To  the  other  side  it  was  a  great  triumph  and  day 
of  rejoicing;  but,  my  friends,  the  decision  was  the  most  expensive  ever 
rendered  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

No  other  nation  would  have  made  such  herculean  efforts  and  expended 
such  incalculable  sums  of  money  to  have  achieved  success  as  did  the 
Union.  With  all  our  disadvantages  and  one-third  of  the  population  of 
the  seceding  States  open  enemies  to  us  or  in  sympathy  with  the  Union, 
and  nearly  000,000  soldiers  in  the  Union  armies  which  you  obtained 
from  Europe  for  the  bounty — notwithstanding  all  these  disadvantages 
of  the  Confederates,  the  fighting  we  did  would  have  whipped  any  other 
nation  than  the  United  States.  [Applause  from  both  sides.] 

The  total  taxable  value  of  our  property  at  the  beginning  of  the  war 
was  five  and  a  quarter  billions  of  dollars.  The  cost  to  the  Union  of  our 
subjugation,  including  pensions  up  to  Jast  year,  has  been  eight  and  a 
quarter  billions,  or  three  billions  of  dollars  more  than  all  the  property, 
including  slaves,  in  the  eleven  seceding  States  was  worth  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  struggle. 


CIIIOKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAEK.       187 

Though  hard  to  do,  we  accepted  the  decision  with  the  same  good  faith 
and  manliness  with  which  we  had  fought  for  our  convictions. 

While  one  might  as  well  undertake  to  disprove  the  divinity  of  Christ 
to  the  ecumenical  council  as  to  argue  to  an  old  Confederate  veteran 
against  the  right  of  secession,  yet  the  exercise  of  that  right,  at  the 
i  ime  and  in  the  manner  it  was  done,  will  always  be  regarded  by  thought- 
ful men  as  a  rash  and  inconsiderate  act. 

THE  RESULTS. 

If  success  had  not  been  impracticable  on  account  of  the  disadvan- 
tages I  have  already  enumerated,  there  were  other  almost  insuperable 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  success  of  our  cause. 

Had  there  been  any  great  obstacle  for  a  dividing  line,  a  range  of  high 
mountains  or  a  body  of  water  similar  to  the  English  Channel,  or  had 
the  Mississippi  River  flowed  from  east  to  west  instead  of  bisecting  the 
Confederacy,  complete  separation  would  have  been  both  wise  and  prac- 
ticable. Had  we  succeeded  with  a  mere  imaginary  line  of  separation 
the  tendency  to  conflict  would  have  been  as  certain  and  more  frequent 
than  that  between  England  and  Scotland  before  they  united  in  one 
Government.  Permanent  peace  would  have  been  impossible. 

While  the  right  of  secession,  to  my  mind,  was  beyond  controversy, 
yet  when  put  into  practice  might  have  proven  a  boomerang,  for  it  is 
equally  clear  that  it  would  have  established  the  right  of  disintegration. 

The  congenital  germ  of  dissolution  would  have  produced  constant 
apprehension,  and  confronted  by  our  own  precedent  we  could  not  have 
questioned  the  right  of  any  State  to  secede  from  the  compact;  and 
hence,  had  we  succeeded,  we  might  ere  this  have  had  two  or  more 
confederacies. 

Another  consolation  for  our  defeat  is  that  we  have  escaped  the  dan- 
ger of  the  multiplication  of  governments  on  this  continent,  which,  if 
brought  about,  would  result,  as  it  has  in  Europe,  in  large  standing 
armies,  burdensome  taxation  to  maintain  them,  and  involvmeut  in 
bloody  wars,  threatening  the  destruction  of  liberty  itself. 

Slavery  was  destroyed  as  a  result  of  the  war,  but  it  was  an  institu- 
tion which  had  served  its  purpose  in  the  civilization  of  the  African  race 
in  our  midst  so  far  as  it  could  be  done  through  such  an  institution;  and 
under  the  laws  of  an  all-wise  Providence  when  an  institution  ceases  to 
be  of  utility  its  destruction  will  follow.  And  now  that  it  is  numbered 
with  the  things  of  the  past,  no  one  would  have  it  reestablished. 

The  earnestness  and  gallantry  of  our  soldiers  on  both  sides  will  for- 
ever command  the  admiration  of  the  world;  and  while  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  valuable  lives  were  lost  and  the  land  draped  in  mourning, 
on  the  other  hand  there  was  a  vast  impetus  given  to  education,  a  great 
advancement  in  science,  the  development  of  genius  which  has  given  to 
the  nations  of  the  world  their  ironclad  navies  and  other  destructive 
engineery  which  are  contributors  to  peace  and  will  in  the  future  save 
the  lives  of  millions  of  men. 

Alabama,  with  a  population  of  526,271,  equipped  and  sent  to  the  field 
100,000  brave  Confederate  soldiers,  and  (5.000  who  fought  on  the  Union 
side,  while  we  left  at  home  430,000  slaves.  My  State  furnished  a  greater 
number  of  soldiers  to  the  war  than  she  had  voters.  My  friend  Gen. 
John  B.  Gordon,  one  of  the  bravest  of  the  brave,  whom  we  have  with 
us  to-day,  went  to  the  front  from  Alabama. 

The  effect  of  the  war  upon  the  character  of  the  Federal  Government 
was  tersely  expressed  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  in  a 


188      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

single  sentence:  "An  indestructible  Union  composed  of  indestructible 
States!" 

THE   BLUE   AND   THE    GRAY. 

Something  over  two  years  ago,  at  the  great  naval  review,  when  the 
Dolphin,  with  the  Secretary's  flag  flying,  passed  out  of  Hampton  Roads 
and  by  the  long  line  of  splendid  ships  of  our  new  Navy — fifteen  in 
number — each  fired  a  salute  of  seventeen  guns,  and  when  the  longer 
line  of  foreign  ships  was  passed,  old  admirals  with  uncovered  heads 
dipped  their  colors,  and  each  ship  fired  seventeen  guns;  and  the  forts 
in  New  York  Harbor  gave  forth  like  salutations  to  a  man  who  stood 
upon  the  forward  deck  of  the  Dolphin  in  plain  citizen's  attire.  With 
his  left  hand  he  could  not  uncover  his  head  in  acknowledgment  of  these 
salutations,  for  that  arm  hung  limp  by  his  side  in  consequence  of  a 
wound  he  received  at  the  Wilderness  in  1864,  when  he  was  trying  to 
dissolve  the  Union. 

Under  the  old  moribund  statutes  he  was  ineligible  to  even  a  lieu- 
tenancy in  the  Army  or  Navy;  yet  he  is  the  commander  of  all  the  pow- 
erful ships  and  skillful  officers  of  the  United  States  Navy.  Who  is  this 
man,  and  how  did  he  obtain  that  position?  Hillary  A.  Herbert,  of 
Alabama,  an  old  Confederate  colonel.  He  obtained  the  position  from 
the  same  hand  that  made  a  distinguished  Union  general  Secretary  of 
State. 

Gresham  and  Herbert— Union  and  Confederate — the  blue  and  the 
gray !  All  distinction  on  account  of  the  side  a  man  espoused  in  our 
war  stricken  down,  and  all  alike  again  citizens  of  this  great  Republic. 
Thank  God  and  Grover  Cleveland ! 

We  recognize  that  "the  Union  and  the  Constitution  are  one  and 
inseparable  now  and  forever."  While  we  moisten  with  our  tears  the 
ashes  of  our  fallen  comrades,  we  can  say  with  the  late  Father  Ryan 
that — 

The  graves  of  the  dead  with  the  grass  overgrown, 
Shall  still  be  the  footstool  of  liberty's  throne. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  J.  A.  WILLIAMSON. 

COMRADES  OF  THE  UNION  AND  CONFEDERATE  ARMIES:  At  the 
command  of  my  former  regimental  brigade  and  department  commander, 
and  my  present  commander  in  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennes- 
see, I  speak  as  a  representative  of  that  glorious  army  on  this  great 
occasion  of  the  victory  of  peace  and  a  united  country  in  which  the 
soldier  of  the  Union  and  of  the  Confederacy  equally  and  fraternally 
take  part. 

In  speaking  for  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  I  propose  only  to  speak 
of  the  part  it  took  in  the  battles  of  Lookout  Mountain,  Missionary 
Ridge,  and  Ringgold,  and  to  speak  only  of  the  part  which  I  observed 
from  the  standpoint  of  my  command  in  those  actions. 

Sometime  in  the  afternoon  preceding  the  battle  of  Lookout  Mountain 
my  command,  being  a  brigade  of  the  First  Division  of  the  Fifteenth 
Army  Corps,  ended  its  long  march  from  Black  River,  in  the  rear  of 
Vicksburg,  and  bivouacked  near  the  foot  of  Lookout  Mountain.  It 
should  be  stated  here  that  the  First  Division  of  the  Fifteenth  Army 
Corps,  which  had  been  the  rear  guard  on  the  day  of  arrival  at  Chatta- 
nooga, was  prevented  from  crossing  the  river  with  the  rest  of  the 
corps,  by  reason  of  the  breaking  of  the  pontoon  bridge,  and  in  conse- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       189 

quence  of  this  accident  the  commanding  officer  of  the  division  was 
ordered  to  report  to  General  Hooker  with  his  command. 
The  afternoon  was  dark,  and  I  did  not  get  a  clear  idea  of  the  position 
of  the  division  with  reference  to  the  main  part  of  our  army,  or  of  any- 
thing other  than  the  gloomy  front  of  the  mountain,  which  rose  frown- 
in  gly  above  us,  and  at  no  great  distance.  Early  iii  the  morning  I 
received  orders  to  form  my  command  in  line  of  battle  and  move  as 
directed,  which  orders  were  of  course  promptly  obeyed. 

Heavy  cannonading  was  begun  at  several  points  along  our  line,  while 
clouds  of  white  mist  or  smoke,  or  all  combined,  hung  heavily  along 
the  side  or  point  of  the  mountain.  The  ground  in  front  of  my  line,  as 
I  remember  it,  was  undulating  and  favorable  for  a  forward  movement. 
I  soon  received  orders  to  move  forward,  and  did  so  without  diffi- 
culty till  reaching  the  great  masses  of  stone  and  the  underbrush  at  the 
base  and  on  the  side  of  the  mountain.  By  this  time  the  mist  and  clouds 
were  clinging  low  down  the  side  of  the  mountain,  obscuring  from  view 
the  position  of  the  enemy,  except  as  it  was  disclosed  by  the  flashes  of 
musketry  almost  in  our  faces  as  we  struggled  up  its  rough  side  and  dis- 
lodged the  enemy  from  line  to  line,  which  he  yielded  stubbornly  and 
only  after  making  a  gallant  defense. 

ABOVE   THE   CLOUDS. 

In  this'manner  my  command  finally  reached  the  top,  or  well-nigh  the 
top,  of  that  part  of  the  mountain  in  its  front.  At  that  point  what  has 
been  said  in  history  and  in  song  about  fighting  above  the  clouds  became 
a  literal  and  real  fact.  Finally  the  enemy  gave  way,  and  I  formed  my 
line  again  as  well  as  it  was  possible  on  such  ground  and  under  such 
circumstances,  and  moved  forward  to  a  designated  line  without  further 
opppsition.  Darkness  settled  down  on  the  contending  armies.  It  had 
been  a  weary  day  of  fighting  and  climbing.  My  command  and  myself 
had  had  but  scant  food  all  that  day  and  for  several  days  before,  having 
been  marching  rapidly  through  a  country  where  supplies  were  not  very 
abundant. 

This  will  always  stand  out  from  the  background  as  a  memorable  day 
and  night  for  me  and  my  command.  All  were  exhausted  almost  beyond 
endurance.  I  was  weak  and  sick,  and  hungry  and  cold,  having  neither 
overcoat  nor  blanket.  Within  a  few  months  past  a  fellow-comrade  has 
reminded  me  that  he  found  me  in  this  sore  plight  and  forced  me  to 
drink  from  his  canteen.  He  also  remarked,  with  some  regret  in  his 
voice,  that  I  returned  it  to  him  empty.  This  may  have  been  true.  I 
am  grateful  to  him  and  shall  always  be. 

AT   THE  RIDGE. 

Sometime  in  the  forenoon  of  tbe  day  following  this  memorable  night 
I  received  orders  to  march  across  the  valley  toward  Bossville,  situated 
at  or  near  a  pass  through  Missionary  Eidge.  After  building  some  tem- 
porary bridges  across  some  small  streams,  my  command  reached  the 
designated  point,  and  under  orders  from  the  division  commander  I 
formed  my  brigades  in  line  of  battle.  At  this  point,  and  just  before 
giving  the  order  to  move  forward,  a  young  Confederate  officer,  splen- 
didly mounted,  galloped  toward  my  front  till  he  reached  a  point-only  a 
few  yards  distant,  where  I  halted  him  and  received  his  surrender.  This 
officer  proved  to  be  the  son  of  Gen.  John  0.  Breckiuridge.  He  was 
looking  for  his  father's  command  and  mistook  mine  for  it.  The  direction 
from  which  he  came  indicated  with  some  certainty  the  position  of  the 


190       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

enemy  and  his  proximity,  and  I  directed  my  movements  accordingly.  I 
did  not  proceed  far  before  developing  the  enemy  and  receiving  his  fire. 
No  stubborn  resistance  was  made  at  this  point,  for  the  reason  that  he 
was  being  attacked  in  his  right  flank  by  a  strong  force  of  Union  troops. 
My  command  pressed  forward  and  in  a  very  short  time  shouts  and 
cheers  of  victory  of  the  Union  troops  rent  the  air.  The  Union  force 
which  was  moving  on  the  right  flank  of  the  enemy  at  the  time  my  com- 
mand developed  his  front  had  closed  in  upon  him,  taking  many  prisoners 
and  freeing  all  that  part  of  the  field  from  opposing  force.  We  biv- 
ouacked on  the  field.  The  night  was  cold  and  rations  hard  to  get,  and 
my  command  suft'ered  much  during  the  night.  Sometime  in  the  morn- 
ing the  army  moved  on  in  pursuit  of  the  Confederate  forces. 

RINGGOLD  FIGHT. 

"We  came  up  with  the  rear  of  Bragg's  army  at  Binggold  in  the  fore- 
noon of  November  27.  Here  I  received  orders  to  form  a  line  of  battle 
and  move  forward. on  the  left  side  of  the  road  where  it  passes  through 
Taylors  Ridge.  I  moved  my  command  as  directed  and  soon  came  to 
the  base  of  the  ridge  or  hill,  my  right  resting  not  far  from  the  road. 
The  enemy  was  strongly  posted  along  the  crest  of  the  hill ;  its  side 
being  comparatively  smooth,  afforded  but  little  shelter  for  an  attack- 
ing force.  I  pushed  my  command  forward  as  fast  as  it  was  possible  to 
do  in  the  face  of  the  deadly  fire  to  which  we  were  subjected.  My  tried, 
brave  veteran  officers  and  soldiers  fell  about  me  like  leaves  in  the 
autumn,  and  yet  all  this  for  some  cause  is  lost  to  history.  Many  valua- 
ble lives  were  lost,  and  for  what!  Can  any  one  reply?  It  would  be 
untrue  for  me  to  state  that  we  carried  the  crest  of  the  ridge.  It  is 
true  we  passed  over  the  crest,  but  not  till  after  the  enemy  had  inflicted 
heavy  losses  on  us  and  withdrawn  comparatively  at  his  leisure.  My 
command  pursued  the  retreating  enemy  for  a  short  distance  and  drove 
off  a  force  which  was  endeavoring  to  burn  the  bridge  beyond  the  gap, 
alter  which  I  received  orders  to  give  up  the  pursuit  and  return.  I  was 
never  in  a  harder  or  more  fatal  engagement  than  this,  considering  the 
numbers  engaged,  and  yet  I  think  it  was  reported  as  a  slight  skirmish, 
or  something  of  the  sort. 

I  have  not  attempted  to  state  in  precise  and  accurate  detail  the  part 
performed  by  my  command.  I  have  stated  it  as  I  remember  it  with- 
out reference  to  books  or  reports,  which  are  not  accessible  to  me  at 
the  moment. 

When  a  soldier  who  served  with  either  of  the  armies  during  the  late 
war  of  the  rebellion  speaks  of  the  services  of  the  army  of  which  he  was 
a  part,  it  is  permissible  and  proper  that  he  may  speak  in  the  highest 
terms  of  praise  and  glorify  it  all  he  can,  refraining  only  from  drawing 
invidious  comparisons,  or  detracting  from  the  merits  of  others.  The 
pride  animating  the  heart  of  a  soldier  of  either  of  the  armies,  when 
called  upon  to  speak  in  its  behalf  and  of  its  services  to  an  assembly  of 
this  kind,  is  a  just  pride  and  pardonable.  The  magnanimity  of  the 
soldiers  of  those  armies  is  such  as  to  cause  them  to  join  in  plaudits  of 
praise  of  gallant  or  great  deeds  performed  by  others.  The  same  spirit 
of  magnanimity  pervades  alike.in  the  hearts  of  the  true  soldier,  whether 
he  wore  the  blue  or  the  gray. 

ARMY   OF   THE   TENNESSEE. 

The  history  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  has  formed  such  a  part  of 
the  history  of  the  country  since  its  organization  as  to  make  it  uuneces- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       191 

sary,  and  even  improper,  on  an  occasion  of  this  kind  to  attempt  to 
detail  its  achievements.  Its  history  has  been  given  in  the  cold  and 
formal  language  of  official  reports;  its  deeds  have  been  recounted  in 
the  memoirs  of  its  greatest  commanders — Grant  and  Sherman — and  in 
many  ably  written  papers  by  distinguished  soldiers  who  served  in  it. 
Its  history  has  been  partially  told  by  writers  whose  business  it  is  to 
write  in  a  manner  to  please  even  at  the  sacrifice  of  some  accuracy.  Its 
history  has  been  told  in  story  and  in  song,  and  will  continue  to  be  so 
told  as  long  as  the  great  Eepublic  shall  survive  among  the  nations  of 
the  world.  Established  facts  are  known,  quantities  affording  no  field 
for  enlargement,  while  the  effect  or  influence  of  established  facts  on  the 
history  of  a  country,  or  the  world,  are  matters  affording  ground  for 
discussion  for  all  time  as  results  are  traced  and  known. 

RESULTS   OF   THE  WAR. 

The  outcome  or  final  victories  of  the  armies  of  the  Union  in  putting 
down  the  rebellion  and  maintaining  the  union  of  the  States  may  not 
now  be  fully  understood,  and  it  may  take  centuries  for  the  realization 
of  the  full  effect  on  the  world,  or  even  on  the  United  States.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  armies  and  consequent  maintenance  of  the  Union  inaugu- 
rated and  accentuated  such  a  policy  with  regard  to  the  rights  of  those 
who  had  been  held  in  slavery  by  granting  them  freedom  and  equality 
before  the  law  and  giving  effect  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence  of 
the  United  States.  What  the  effect  of  this  change  may  be  upon  this 
nation  is  a  matter  for  the  future  to  establish.  It  may  take  generations 
to  solve  this  problem,  as  so  much  depends  upon  what  that  class  of  our 
citizens  may  ultimately  do  for  themselves,  aided  by  the  helping  hands 
that  are  being  held  out  to  them  by  the  best  and  most  humane  people 
of  the  whole  Union,  notwithstanding  the  much  injustice  they  have  to 
bear  from  the  vicious  and  ignorant. 

It  is  but  mere  speculation  to  day  to  say  that  the  perpetual  union  of 
the  States  under  one  flag  and  one  Government  may  yet  be  the  means 
of  giving  and  preserving  to  the  world  the  highest  and  best  forms  of 
liberty  of  thought,  conscience,  and  action.  In  view  of  the  development 
of  progress  in  the  art  and  science  of  war  and  in  the  creation  of  war 
material  among  the  Asiatics,  this  continent  may  yet  become  the  battle- 
field for  the  preservation  of  liberty  in  the  highest  and  most  beneficial 
sense,  as  known  or  as  may  be  developed  by  Christian  nations.  Alleged 
self  protection  has  caused  the  Government  of  the  United  States  to 
adopt  such  a  policy  toward  Asiatic  races  as  to  inflict  and  leave  wounds 
that  may  not  heal  for  ages,  nor  until  they  are  avenged.  These  races 
are  rapidly  advancing  in  the  knowledge  and  efficient  methods  of  war, 
and  it  may  be  that  some  time  in  the  future  all  the  strength  of  this 
united  nation  will  be  required  to  withstand  a  war  with  Asiatics  waged 
for  conquest  or  revenge.  While  Christian  Europe  and  this  country  are 
considering  arbitration  and  more  humane  methods  than  war  for  set- 
tling differences,  Asiatics  are  learning  its  arts  and  methods,  but  noth- 
ing of  the  peaceful  way  of  solution. 

GREAT    COMMANDERS. 

While  refraining  from  entering  upon  or  detailing  at  any  length  the 
services  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  it  is  proper  to  discuss  the  char- 
acter of  its  great  commanders,  Grant,  Sherman,  McPherson,  Howard, 
and  Logan,  and  also  of  its  subordinate  commanders.  Lives  of  great 


192      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

soldiers,  statesmen,  poets,  artists,  scientists,  and  the  founders  and 
teachers  of  religion  have  exercised  a  controlling  influence  on  and  in  the 
world  in  all  its  past  history,  either  for  good  or  evil .  It  may  not,  perhaps, 
l>e  claimed  that  all  great  soldiers  or  founders  and  teachers  of  religion 
have  conferred  benefits  on  mankind,  but  the  influence  of  their  lives 
have  been  forces  for  good  or  for  evil,  and  still  are  influencing  the  world 
in  one  direction  or  the  other. 

Of  the  great  men  who  founded  and  those  who  have  maintained  this 
Government  it  may  be  fairly  claimed  that  their  lives  have  influenced 
tlie  world  for  good  unmixed  with  evil.  The  lives  of  Washington,  Lin- 
coln, and  Grant  are  lights  on  the  road  to  higher  and  better  national 
life  in  all  the  world,  and  the  influence  of  their  lives  will  live  on  as 
beacon  lights  for  nations  struggling  upward  to  greater  freedom  and 
equal  rights  for  all. 

The  Homer  who  may  write  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  and  of  its 
commanders  may  be  born  centuries  hence  and  tell  the  story  of  their 
lives  better  than  it  can  be  told  to-day.  In  time  all  preference,  preju- 
dice, and  partiality  will  fade  away — be  merged  and  blended  with  the 
clear  light  of  truth.  Then,  and  then  only,  will  their  characters  and 
influence  appear  in  the  light,  unobscured  by  the  clouds  of  prejudice,  of 
passion,  which  hang  so  long  and  black  over  the  fields  whereon  great 
changes  have  been  wrought  out  in  the  carnage  of  battle. 

Some  of  us  who  knew,  or  thought  we  knew,  them  may  be  permitted 
to  say  how  their  lives  impressed  us  and  to  place  our  estimate  on  them. 
It  is  not  necessary  biographically  to  state  who  Grant  or  Sherman  or 
any  of  the  commanders  of  the  army  were,  or  to  state  chronologically 
what  they  did.  When  the  war  began  it  found  all  these  men  in  the 
prime  of  life,  following  their  several  vocations.  All  save  one  had  had 
the  advantage  of  military  training.  Two  only  were  in  the  military 
service  at  that  time,  and  none  of  them,  perhaps,  knew  or  suspected 
their  own  greatness  as  military  men  or  the  power  and  influence  to  which 
they  should  attain,  both  in  military  and  civil  life. 

GENERAL   GRANT. 

Of  Grant  it  was  then  and  has  since  been  said  by  critics  that  he  had 
not  been  a  close  or  laborious  student  of  the  art  of  war  as  taught  in  the 
books  of  military  science.  If  there  was  any  truth  in  the  criticism  as  to 
his  lack  of  study  of  the  books  and  precedents  of  previous  great  wars, 
it  was  fortunate  for  his  country  and  for  himself  that  he  had  not  studied 
them  until  his  mind  was  in  a  groove  and  not  left  free  to  act  or  originate. 
He  knew  more  and  better  than  all  the  books  and  all  the  writers  of  them 
how  to  plan  and  execute  campaigns  in  the  war  in  which  his  country  was 
engaged.  He  only  had  to  invoke  his  own  great  military  genius  to  see 
clearly  the  best  way,  though  that  way  may  never  have  been  known  to 
or  heard  or  thought  of  by  the  writers  of  books  on  the  art  of  war.  He 
understood  that  he  was  planning  campaigns  in  a  war  to  be  fought  out 
under  different  conditions  and  environments  from  any  known  in  previous 
history. 

To  begin  with,  his  foes  were  equal  in  every  way,  except  numerically, 
to  the  troops  which  he  commanded.  The  battles  were  mainly  to  be 
fought  in  the  fastnesses  of  their  own  mountain  districts  or  amidst  the 
malarial  swamps  bordering  on  the  sea  and  Gulf  coasts  or  along  the  val- 
leys of  their  rivers,  of  all  of  which  they  possessed  accurate  knowledge. 
The  arms  and  war  materials  were  different.  The  lines  of  transporta- 
tion, the  basis  of  supply,  the  length  of  the  border  or  frontier  to  be 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      193 

defended,  the  area  of  the  country  over  which  fighting  might  have  to  be 
done,  and  was  done,  made  hitherto  unheard-of  conditions,  which  had  to 
be  met  by  equally  original  "war  science"  and  strategy.  Grant  pos- 
sessed the  genius  of  ready  solution  of  all  the  problems  involved  in  his 
campaigns.  His  genius  may  be  said  to  have  literally  flashed  upon  and 
illuminated  the  minds  of  others,  enabling  them  to  see  in  the  way  he  saw 
it  himself  after  he  had  made  known  his  plan  of  campaign. 

It  now  remains  for  the  writers  of  books  on  the  art  of  war  to  glean 
their  material  from  Grant's  campaigns  and  begin  anew.  It  is  perhaps 
a  truth  susceptible  of  proof  by  observation  that  some  men  are  born 
great  in  one  way,  some  in  another,  and  some  in  manifold  ways.  Grant 
was  one  of  the  latter.  He  was  more  than  a  great  soldier.  He  was  an 
altogether  great  man — great  when  he  appeared  most  simple  and  unaf- 
fected. He  was  personally  a  man  void  of  offense  in  his  own  nature.  If 
he  had  faults,  they  were  the  faults  of  a  nature  so  generous,  so  true,  and 
so  unsuspicious  of  falseness  in  others  as  could  be  found  in  the  life  of  a 
purely  honest  man.  Such  is  the  estimate  placed  by  his  fellow- soldiers, 
who  knew  him  best,  on  this  greatest  general,  truest  friend,  and  least 
vain  man  in  estimating  his  own  worth,  that  time  has  brought  forth  into 
the  light  and  scrutiny  of  the  ages. 

GENERAL    SHERMAN. 

Of  the  glorious  Sherman,  "king  of  men,"  what  shall  be  said?  What 
can  be  said  that  has  not  been  ?  Perhaps  the  highest  tribute  that  could 
be  paid  him  by  soldiers  is  one  that  would  swell  up  from  the  heart  of 
everyone  who  served  with  him:  "I  loved  him  and  trusted  him."  This 
man  of  meteoric  brilliancy,  and  of  the  steadfastness  of  the  sun  in  his 
place,  was  so  many-sided  in  his  greatness  as  to  defy  other  analysis  than 
to  say  he  was  pure  gold.  He  was  a  great  soldier,  a  scholar,  an  orator, 
a  statesman  apparently  without  knowing  it ;  a  patriot  and  lover  of  his 
country,  his  neighbor,  his  family,  and  his  friends.  What  can  any  man 
of  the  present  day  say  to  add  to  his  stature,  or  to  his  place  in  the 
hearts  of  the  American  people?  Nothing.  His  love  of  justice  and  fair 
play  would  alone  have  made  him  great,  if  he  had  not  possessed  another 
unusual  quality.  He  possessed  no  usual,  mediocre  qualities.  There 
was  something  mingled  all  through  his  character  that  made  him  sui 
generis.  Men  could  get  closer  to  him  than  to  Grant,  and  for  this  reason, 
without  doubt,  the  rank  and  file  loved  him  better.  He  was  gentle, 
kind,  and  severe  as  occasion  required,  and  was  always  just. 

GENERAL    MCPHERSON. 

The  words  and  phrases  descriptive  of  the  sum  of  all  great  soldierly 
qualities,  of  all  chivalry  and  bravery,  of  all  manliness  and  kindness,  of 
all  gentleness  and  worth,  for  all  blending  of  the  best  mental  and  moral 
qualities,  are  but  synonyms  for  the  name  of  McPherson,  who  rose  by 
merit  alone  to  the  command  of  the  great  Army  of  the  Tennessee  in  his 
young  manhood,  and  gave  his  life  to  his  country — a  life  the  example 
of  which  will  be  the  guiding  star  for  many  another  American  youth 
seeking  to  rise  by  merit  to  any  station.  He  did  not  only  excel  as  a 
soldier  and  commander,  but  in  all  qualities  that  lift  men  up  to  the  stars 
and  to  the  bright,  pure  spirit  whose  earthly  life  illumines  the  pages  of 
history  and  encourages  hope  and  endeavor  in  the  minds  of  mortals. 

GENERAL   LOGAN. 

Of  Logan,  the  great  citizen  soldier,  what  good  words  can  be  said,  or 
what  praises  sung,  that  would  not  find  an  echo  in  the  heart  of  every 
S.  Eep.  637 13 


194       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

American  citizen?  His  life  was  brilliant  and  great  as  a  soldier  and 
statesman,  on  the  battlefield  and  in  the  Capitol  of  his  country.  He  was 
of,  and  a  representative  of,  the  people  in  the  best  and  truest  sense.  1 1  e 
was  the  idol  of  the  citizen  soldier.  His  life  and  character  informed  the 
world  what  may  be  achieved  by  the  deserving  who  press  onward  and 
upward.  The  memory  of  this  greatest  citizen  soldier  is  embalmed  in 
the  hearts  of  all  survivors  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  and  in  the 
hearts  of  his  countrymen. 

GENERAL   HOWARD. 

Of  Howard,  who  alone  of  all  commanders  of  the  Army  of  the  Ten 
nessee  is  left  to  its  survivors  to  be  cherished  and  loved  by  them,  all 
men  say  that  he  was  a  thorough  soldier,  and  that  he  had  the  love  and 
confidence  of  his  army.  He  was  as  a  commander  brave,  skillful,  and 
humane;  was  always  serene  and  kindly  in  his  manner,  inspiring  con- 
fidence in  his  subordinates  and  affection  for  himself  in  the  whole  army. 
It  appears  to  be  an  indisputable  fact  that  a  manifestly  since!  o  Christian 
example  given  to  an  army  by  its  commander  is  the  source  of  much  good 
in  the  army  and  at  the  homes  of  the  soldiers.  There  was  not  a  mother 
of  a  young  son  in  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  who  did  not  feel  that  the 
example  of  the  army  commander  would  be  of  value  to  her  son,  and  the 
thought  assuaged  some  of  her  grief  and  anxiety.  May  the  Havelock 
of  the  Army  live  long  to  meet  with  its  survivors  who  love  him. 

With  the  memory  of  Grant,  Sherman,  McPherson,  Logan,  and  How- 
ard as  commanders  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  clustering  about  its 
banners  the  survivors  may  glory  in  its  achievements  and  sing  its  praises 
with  pride  and  without  fear  of  not  being  understood  by  soldiers  of  the 
other  armies. 

To  one  entertaining  the  view  that  wars  among  Christian  people  and 
nations  are  wrong  and  only  to  be  justified  on  the  highest  ground  of 
patriotism  and  the  promotion  of  the  cause  of  good  to  man,  there  is  one 
consolation  to  be  drawn  from  the  thought  that  he  was  led  and  com- 
manded by  such  truly  great  commanders,  so  unambitious  for  self  and 
so  magnanimous  to  the  conquered. 

MAGNANIMITY. 

Will  the  time  ever  come  when  the  magnanimity  of  Grant  toward  Lee 
at  the  time  of  the  surrender,  and  his  simple  words  to  the  effect  that  the 
men  should  "keep  their  horses;  they  would  need  them  to  make  their 
crops,"  ever  fail  to  touch  the  hearts  of  men  by  their  simple  recital! 
His  action  gave  effect  to  the  grand,  heartfelt  words  of  immortal 
Lincoln:  "With  malice  toward  none  and  with  charity  for  all."  That 
one  act  will  in  time  do  much  to  establish  the  brotherhood  of  men. 

The  feelings  of  Lincoln  and  Grant  were  shared  to  the  fullest  measure 
by  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee.  This  army  bore  no  personal  animosity 
against  the  brave  soldiers  of  the  Confederacy.  Its  motto  was:  "Ene- 
mies in  war,  in  peace  friends." 

SUBORDINATE   COMMANDERS. 

Of  the  gallant  and  accomplished  officers  who  commanded  the  corps, 
divisions,  and  brigades  of  this  army  it  would  be  both  a  pleasure  and 
a  pain  to  speak  if  time  permitted.  Most  of  them  have  gone  from  life 
to  death  and  the  beyond.  We  love  to  keep  green  their  memories  in 
our  hearts  by  recalling  their  nobleness  of  manhood  and  their  soldierly 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       195 

qualities.  What  surviving  soldiers  of  any  army  have  a  greater  treasure 
in  the  storehouse  of  memory  than  we  have  when  we  recall  the  names 
of  Kawlins,  Blair,  Corse,  Kansom,  Crocker,  Hazen,  Woods,  Wallace, 
Tuttle,  Gresham,  Belknap,  Vandever,  C.  F.  Smith,  and  hosts  of  others 
whom  we  knew  and  whose  characters  as  soldiers  and  gentlemen  we 
admired. 

Of  those  who  commanded  corps  in  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  I 
know  not  if  there  be  more  than  one  now  living — the  ever  ready,  intrepid, 
gallant,  and  brave  Dodge.  Long  may  he  be  spared  to  his  comrades 
and  brothers  in  arms.  He  has  a  place  in  the  heart  of  each  of  the  sur- 
vivors of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

PRIVATE   SOLDIERS. 

No  words  which  I  am  able  to  speak  can  do  justice  to  the  private 
soldiers  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee.  Its  ranks  were  filled  by  the 
bravest  and  best  of  American  citizens.  There  were  no  hireling  soldiers 
in  its  ranks.  Every  volunteer  was  there  from  a  sense  of  duty  and 
patriotism,  prompted  by  a  love  of  country.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
the  survivors  resumed  their  places  in  society  and  business.  Private 
soldiers  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  have  won  distinction  in  every 
walk  of  life  known  to  the  American.  Some  have  worthily  filled  places 
in  all  branches  or  departments  of  the  Federal  and  State  governments. 
Some  have  succeeded  in  the  arts  and  sciences;  many  more  in  the 
learned  professions,  and  many  in  the  accumulation  of  wealth  by  honor- 
able business,  while  all  have  earned  the  name  of  good  American 
citizens. 

Much  more  could  be  said  in  praise  of  the  volunteer  soldier  of  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee,  but  no  more  need  be  said  by  me  on  this 
occasion. 


PARTICIPATION  OF  CONGRESS. 


INVITATION  TO  CONGRESS. 

Letters  similar  to  the  following  were  addressed  by  Secretary  Lamont 
to  the  President  of  the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives : 

WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  January  29,  1895. 

SIR:  Agreeably  to  the  terms  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  December  15,  1894, 
I  have  the  honor  to  request  the  participation  of  Congress  in  the  ceremonies  con- 
nected with  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military 
Park,  on  the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  September  19  and  20, 
1895. 

Very  respectfully, 

DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War. 

To  the  above  the  Congress  responded : 

FIFTY-THIRD  CONGRESS,  THIRD  SESSION. 

IN  THE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES,  February  1,  1895. 

Resolved  by  the  House  of  Representatives  (the  Senate  concurring),  That  the  invitation 
of  the  honorable  Secretary  of  War  be  accepted,  and  that  a  joint  special  committee  of 
fifteen  members  is  hereby  created,  nine  of  whom  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  and  six  by  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 
prepare  and  report  to  their  respective  Houses  for  consideration  a  plan  for  the  proper 
participation  of  Congress  in  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park  on  September  nineteenth  and  twentieth  next. 

Attest:  JAMES  KERR,  Cleric. 

IN  THE  SENATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  February  9, 1895. 

Resolred,  That  the  Senate  agree  to  the  foregoing  resolution  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. 
Attest:  WM.  R.  Cox,  Secretary. 


SKRGEANT-AT-ARMS,  UNITED  STATES  SENATE, 

Washington,  December  10,  1895. 

The  following-named  individuals  attended,  at  the  request  of  Congress,  the  dedica- 
tory exercises  of  the  Chickamauga  National  Park : 

Hon.  ADLAI  E.  STEVENSON,  Vice- President  of  the  United  States. 
Hon.  CHARLES  F.  CRISP,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Senators. 

WILLIAM  B.  BATK.  ISHAM  G.  HARRIS.  J.  M.  PALMER. 

J.  C.  S.  BLACKBURN.  J.  R.  HAWLEY.  S.  PASCO. 

J.  B.  GORDON.  C.  F.  MANDERSON.  W.  A.  PEFFER. 

196 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAKK.       197 


S.  B.  ALEXANDER. 
J.  W.  MARSHALL. 
J.  C.  TARSNE?. 
N.  N.  Cox. 
H.  C.  VAN  VOORHIS. 
W.  B.  ENGLISH. 
J.  W.  MADDOX. 
GEORGE  P.  HARRISON. 

Very  respectfully, 


Representatives. 

S.  E.  MALLORY. 
A.  E.  KIEFER. 
W.  W.  BOWERS. 
C.  H.  MORGAN. 
L.  M.  STRONG. 

C.  E.  HOOKER. 
OSCAR  LAPHAM. 

D.  E.  SICKLES. 


D.  B.  HENDERSON. 
JOHN  AVERT. 
W.  H.  HATCH. 
C.  H.  GROSVENOR. 
GEORGE  D.  WISE. 
JOSEPH  WHEELER. 
T.  J.  HENDERSON. 
W.  P,  HEPBURN. 


E.  J.  BRIGHT, 

Sergeant-at-Arms,  United  States  Senate. 


PARTICIPATION  OF  THE  ARMY. 


The  detail  from  the  Army  provided  by  Secretary  Lamont  camped  in 
the  Dyer  fields  at  Chickamauga,  Col.  John  S.  Poland,  Seventeenth 
Infantry,  being  in  command.  This  force  rendered  a  great  variety  of 
important  services.  The  camp  was  a  model  and  the  exercises,  both  of 
infantry  and  artillery  in  the  modern  drill,  daily  attracted  enormous 
crowds. 

The  following  orders  and  correspondence  will  show  the  care  taken 
by  Secretary  Lamont  and  Lieutenant-General  Schofield  to  make  this 
part  of  the  dedication  a  success : 

HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE  ARMY, 

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Washington,  August  26,  1895. 
The  COMMANDING  GENERAL,  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  EAST, 

Governors  Island,  New  York. 

SIR:  In  accordance  with  instructions  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  Lieutenant- 
General  directs  that  three  battalions  of  United  States  troops  be  encamped  on  the 
Chickamauga  battlefield  as  soon  after  the  1st  of  September  proximo  as  practicable, 
and  there  remain  until  after  the  dedication  of  the  National  Military  Park  on  the 
19th  and  20th  of  next  month — the  entire  camp  to  be  under  the  command  of  Lieut. 
Col.  E.  B.  Williston,  Third  Artillery — and  that  you  give  the  necessary  instructions 
for  the  attendance  of  the  troops  herein  designated,  viz : 

The  baud  and  four  companies  of  the  Sixth  Infantry  from  Fort  Thomas,  Ky.,  under 
the  command  of  a  major. 

The  baud  of  the  Third  Artillery  from  St.  Francis  Barracks,  under  the  command  of 
a  lieutenant. 

The  two  batteries  of  the  Third  Artillery  now  in  camp  at  Fort  McPherson,  Ga., 
and  the  two  batteries  of  the  Third  Artillery  now  at  Jackson  Barracks,  La.,  under 
the  command  of  a  major. 

The  band  and  four  companies  of  the  Seventeenth  Infantry  from  Columbus  Bar- 
racks, Ohio,  under  the  command  of  a  senior  captain. 

The  Lieuteuant-General  further  directs  that  a  hospital  corps  detachment,  with  the 
necessaiy  medical  officers,  and  an  ambulance,  be  ordered ;  that  two  6-mule  teams, 
complete,  and  two  escort  wagons  be  sent,  and  that  a  sufficient  number  of  tents  for. 
a  complete  camp  be  provided. 

Very  respectfully,  H.  C.  CORBIN, 

Acting  Adjutant-General. 


HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE  ARMY, 
ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Washington,  August  26,  1895. 
The  COMMANDING  GENERAL,  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  EAST, 

Governors  Island,  New  York. 

SIR  :  With  reference  to  the  letter  to  you  of  this  date  from  this  office  directing  that 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Williston,  Third  Artillery,  take  charge  of  the  camp  of  the  United 

States  troops  at  Chattanooga,  the  Lieutenant-General  directs  that  this  officer  be 

instructed  to  make  as  nearly  as  possible  in  every  particular  a  model  camp,  and  sug- 

198 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       199 

gests  that  it  would  be  well  to  order  him  to  proceed  to  Chattanooga  immediately  for 
the  purpose  of  selecting  a  proper  site. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Williston  will  confer  with  Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton,  the  president 
of  the  Park  Commission,  at  Chattanooga. 

Very  respectfully,  H.  C.  CORBIN, 

Acting  Adjutant-General. 


HEADQUARTERS  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  EAST, 

Governors  Island,  Neic  York  City,  August  29,  1895. 
GEN.  J.  S.  FULLTRTON, 

President  Chickamauga  Park  Commission,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.: 

Under  instructions  from  the  War  Department,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Williston,  Third 
Artillery,  has  been  ordered  to  proceed  to  Chattanooga  and  confer  with  you  regarding 
site  for  camp  of  United  States  troops  to  be  assembled  there  early  in  September. 
Willistou  is  now  absent  on  leave  and  it  may  be  several  days  before  lie  joins  you. 
Twelve  companies  foot  troops,  three  regimental  bands,  and  hospital  detachment  are 
now  held  in  readiness  for  the  movement  later — in  all,  about  800  officers  and  men.  At 
what  point,  according  to  official  map  of  battle  of  Chickamauga,  could  the  camp  be 
best  located,  according  to  your  opinion? 
In  temporary  absence  of  General  Miles : 

VOLKMAR, 

Assistant  Adjutant-General. 
Official  copy  respectfully  furnished  by  mail. 

WM.  J.  VOLKMAR. 


HEADQUARTERS  DEPARTMENT  OP  THE  EAST, 

Governors  Island,  New  York  City,  August  29,  1895. 
Gen.  J.  S.  FULLERTON, 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.: 

Your  telegram  received.  War  Department  relieves  Williston  from  command  and 
assigns  Col.  J.  S.  Poland,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  Columbus  Barracks,  Ohio,  in  his 
stead.  He  is  directed  by  telegraph  this  afternoon  to  proceed  at  once  with  his  quarter- 
master and  select  camp  site,  after  conferring  with  you  at  Chattanooga.  Please  com- 
municate with  him  direct  in  case  of  need  of  haste.  Minor  details,  transportation, 
and  subsistence  of  troops  already  arranged  here. 

VOLKMAR, 
Assistant  Adjutant-General. 

HEADQUARTERS  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  EAST, 

Governors  Island,  N.  Y.,  August  SO,  1895. 
Official  copy  respectfully  transmitted  by  mail. 

WM.  J.  VOLKMAR, 
.  Assistant  Adjutant-General. 


[Extract.] 

SPECIAL  ORDERS,  )  HEADQUARTERS  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  EAST, 

No.  210.  $  Governors  Island,  New  York  City,  August  81,  1895. 

1.  In  accordance  with  instructions  of  the  Lieu  tenant-General  Commanding  the 
Army,  given  by  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  three  battalions  of  United  States 
troops  will  be  eucamped  on  the  Chickamauga  battlefield  as  soon  after  September  1, 
1895,  as  practicable,  and  will  remain  there  until  after  the  dedication  of  the  national 
military  park  on  September  19  and  20,  1895.  The  troops  will  move  to  their  destina- 
tion under  telegraphic  orders  to  be  given  hereafter,  when  matters  of  transportation 
shall  have  been  arranged. 

The  entire  camp  will  be  under  the  command  of  Col.  J.  S.  Poland,  Seventeenth 
Infantry,  who  will  at  once  proceed  with  his  regimental  adjutant  and  quartermaster 
to  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  to  select  a  site  for  the  camp,  conferring  on  arrival  with  Gen. 
J.  S.  Fullerton,  President  of  the  Park  Commission.  The  travel  enjoined  is  necessary 
for  the  public  service. 

The  troops  designated  for  this  service  are  as  follows : 

The  regimental  adjutant,  band,  and  four  companies  of  the  Sixth  Infantry,  from 
Fort  Thomas,  Ky.,  under  command  of  the  major  of  the  regiment.  Capt.  R.  J.  Gibson, 
assistant  surgeon,  one  acting  hospital  steward,  and  four  hospital-corps  privates  will 
be  sent  with  these  troops. 


200      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK*. 

The  hand  and  four  companies  of  the  Seventeenth  Infantry,  from  Columbus  Bar- 
racks, Ohio,  under  command  of  a  senior  captain.  One  acting  hospital  steward  and 
three  hospital-corps  privates  will  be  sent  from  Columbus  Barracks  with  these  troops. 

The  regimental  adjutant  and  band  of  the  Third  Artillery  from  St.  Francis  Bar- 
racks, Fla. 

The  two  batteries  of  the  Third  Artillery  now  in  camp  at  Fort  McPherson,  Ga. 
One  acting  hospital  steward  and  three  hospital-corps  privates  will  be  sent  from  Fort 
McPherson  with  these  troops ;  also  one  hospital-corps  private  from  Fort  Barrancas, 
now  at  Fort  McPherson. 

The  two  batteries  of  the  Third  Artillery  at  Jackson  Barracks,  La.,  under  command 
of  Maj.  J.  G.  Ramsay,  Third  Artillery.  Two  hospital-corps  privates  will  be  sent 
with  these  troops  from  Jackson  Barracks. 

The  commanding  officer,  Fort  Columbus,  will  send  one  hospital  steward  and  one 
hospital-corps  private  to  Chickamauga  to  report  to  the  commanding  officer  for  duty 
with  the  hospital  detachment.  The  Subsistence  Department  will  commute  their 
rations,  going  and  returning,  in  advance,  for  two  days,  it  being  impracticable  for 
them  to  carry  rations  in  kind. 

All  the  above- designated  men  of  the  hospital  corps  will  be  selected  by  the  respec- 
tive post  surgeons. 

The  troops  from  each  post  will  take  with  them  the  necessary  tentage,  camp  equi- 
page, full  and  undress  uniforms,  forty  rounds  per  man  blank  ammunition  for  rifles,  a 
small  supply  of  ball  cartridges,  and  sufficient  rations  to  include  three  days  beyond 
the  expected  close  of  the  camp.  Ample  signal  equipments  and  stores  will  be  taken 
by  the  troops  from  each  post. 

The  chief  quartermaster  of  the  department  will  arrange  for  the  necessary  trans- 
portation, tentage,  and  camp  equipage  for  the  command.  That  which  is  taken  with 
the  troops  will  be  selected  with  care  from  the  best  on  Land  at  the  several  posts. 

Maj.  J.  V.  R.  Hoff,  surgeon,  will  proceed  from  Governors  Island,  N.  Y.,  and  Capt. 
R.  R.  Ball,  assistant  surgeon,  from  Fort  Adams,  R.  I.,  to  Chickamauga,  Tenn.,  and 
report  to  the  commanding  officer  of  the  camp  for  duty.  Upon  completion  thereof, 
they  will  return  to  their  respective  stations.  The  travel  enjoined  is  necessary  for 
the  public  service. 

At  the  close  of  the  encampment  the  commanding  officer  will  order  the  troops  to 
return  to  their  respective  stations,  excepting  Companies  C  and  D,  Seventeenth 
Infantry,  which  will  be  sent  to  the  Fort  Thomas,  Ky.,  rifle  range  on  the  Licking 
River,  to  complete  their  target  practice  for  the  current  season. 

**#»*»* 

By  command  of  Major-General  Miles: 

WILLIAM  J.  VOLKMAR, 

Assistant  Adjutant-General. 

The  following  is  the  roster  of  the  regular  troops  which  assembled  at 
Chickamauga: 

BRIGADE,  UNITED   STATES  TROOPS. 
[Camp  Daniel  S.  Lament,  Chickamanga,  Ga.,  September,  1895.] 

Col.  John  S.  Poland,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  commanding. 

First  Lieut.  Arthur  Johnson,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  acting  assistant  adjutant- 
general. 

First  Lieut.  R.  W.  Dowdy,  R.  Q.  M.,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  A.  A.  Q.  M.,  A.  C.  S.,  and 
A.  O.  O. 

First  Lieut.  D.  J.  Rnmbough,  Third  Artillery,  A.  D.  C.  and  recruiting  officer. 

Maj.  J.  Van  R.  Hoff,  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  brigade  surgeon. 

Capt.  R.  J.  Gibson,  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  medical  officer  of  infantry  battalions. 

Capt.  R.  R.  Ball,  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  medical  officer  of  artillery. 

Second  Lieut.  G.  H.  McManus,  Third  Artillery,  exchange  officer. 

First  Battalion  (Third  Artillery). — Maj.  J.  G.  Ramsay,  Third  Artillery,  commanding; 
First  Lieut.  C.  T.  Menoher,  adjutant,  Third  Artillery,  adjutant;  Second  Lieut.  G.  LeR. 
Irwin,  Third  Artillery,  quartermaster,  commissary,  and  signal  officer. 

Battery  A,  Third  Artillery :  Capt.  James  Chester,  First  Lieut.  B.  H.  Randolph,  First 
Lieut.  D.  J.  Rumbough. 

Battery  D,  Third  Artillery:  Capt.  C.  Humphreys,  Second  Lieut.  G.  Le  R.  Irwin. 

Battery  G,  Third  Artillery :  First  Lieut.  E.  S.  Benton,  Second  Lieut.  G.  H.  Mc- 
Manus. 

Battery  L,  Third  Artillery :  Capt.  F.  W.  Hess,  Second  Lieut.  J.  P.  Hains. 

Second  Battalion  (Sixth  Infantry). — Maj.  C.  W.  Miner,  Sixth  Infantry,  commanding; 
First  Lieut.  C.  L.  Beckurts,  adjutant,  Sixth  Infantry,  adjutant;  Second  Lieut.  W.  H. 
Simons,  Sixth  Infantry,  quartermaster  and  commissary ;  Second  Lieut,  W,  E.  Gleason, 
Sixth  Infantry,  signal  officer. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       201 

Company  B,  Sixth  Infantry :  Capt.  Stephen  Baker,  Second  Lieut.  W.  E.  Gleason. 

Company  E,  Sixth  Infantry :  First  Lieut.  B.  A.  Poore,  Second  Lieut.  W.  H.  Simons. 

Company  F,  Sixth  Infantry :  First  Lieut.  E.  F.  Taggart,  Second  Lieut.  G.  C.  Saf- 
farrans. 

Company  II,  Sixth  Infantry :  Capt.  B.  A.  Byrne,  Second  Lieut.  S-  J.  B.  Schindel. 

Third  Battalion  (Seventeenth  Infantry). — Capt.  W.  M.  Van  Home,  Seventeenth 
Infantry,  commanding;  Second  Lieut.  D.  M.  Michie,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  adjutant, 
quartermaster,  and  commissary;  Second  Lieut.  H.  R.  Perry,  Seventeenth  Infantry, 
signal  officer. 

Company  A,  Seventeenth  Infantry  :  First  Lieut.  L.  L.  Durfee. 

Company  C,  Seventeenth  Infantry :  Capt.  C.  S.  Roberts,  Second  Lieut.  H.  R.  Perry. 

Company  D,  Seventeenth  Infantry :  Capt.  L.  M.  O'Brien,  Second  Lieut.  D.  P.  Cor- 
dray. 

Company  G,  Seventeenth  Infantry :  Capt.  W.  P.  Rogers,  Second  Lieut.  W.  D.  Davis. 

Light  Battery  F,  Fourth  Artillery. — Capt.  S.  W.  Taylor,  commanding;  First  Lieut. 
L.  H.  Walker,  First  Lieut.  G.  F.  Landers,  Second  Lieut.  C,  C.  Hearn. 


PARTICIPATION  OF  THE  STATES. 


Letters  similar  to  the  following  were  addressed  by  Secretary  Lamont 

to  the  governors  of  all  the  States: 

WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  January  29,  1896. 
To  the  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA, 

Montgomery,  Ala. 

SIR:  Under  an  act  of  Congress  approved  December  15,  1894,  it  is  provided  that 
the  dedication  of  the  Chicksimauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  shall 
take  place  at  Chickainauga,  Ga.,  and  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  the  19th  and  20th  of  Sep- 
tember next,  and  that  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  invite  the  governors  of  States  and 
their  staffs  and  the  survivors  of  the  several  armies  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Chicka- 
mauga  and  Chattanooga  to  participate  in  the  inauguration  ceremonies. 

I  have,  therefore,  the  honor  to  request  your  presence  and  that  of  your  staff,  together 
with  such  further  representation  from  your  State  as  the  legislature  thereof  may  see 
fit  to  authorize  at  such  dedication. 

A  copy  of  the  act  of  Congress  relating  to  the  dedication  is  herewith  inclosed  ;  also 
a  circular  setting  forth  the  progress  made  in  establishing  the  park.  A  programme 
of  the  ceremonies  will  be  sent  you  at  a  later  day.  No  appropriation  has  been  made 
by  Congress  for  paying  the  expenses  of  State  representatives.  It  is  hoped,  however, 
that  the  State  of  Alabama  will  make  early  provision  for  a  large  attendance  of  its 
citizens  at  this  national  dedication. 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War. 

RESPONSES  TO  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

STATK  OF  CALIFORNIA,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Sacramento,  February  27,  1895. 

SIR  :  The  governor  directs  me  to  respectfully  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  invi- 
tation to  be  present,  together  with  "such  further  representation  as  the  legislature 
may  see  fit  to  authorize,"  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
Military  Park,  September  19  and  20,  next.  He  hopes  to  be  able  to  attend  these  cere- 
monies accompanied  by  his  staff  and  other  prominent  citizen  representatives. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

C.  C.  ALLEN,  Adjutant- General. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  COLORADO,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Denver,  February  15,  1895. 

SIR:  Eeplying  to  yours  of  January  29,  I  have  the  honor  to  say  that  I  have  delayed 
answering  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  I  could  be  present  on  the  19th 
and  20th  of  September  next  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park.  I  take  pleasure  in  accepting  the  invitation,  although  your 
letter  came  too  late  to  admit  of  any  legislative  provision  to  meet  the  expenses 
incident. 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

ALBERT  W.  MC!NTIRE,  Governor. 
'  The  SECRETARY  OF  WAR, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

202" 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       203 

STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Hartford,  January  31,  1895. 

SIR  :  Your  favor  of  the  29th  instant  regarding  the  dedication  exercises  at  Chicka- 
mauga,  Ga.,  and  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September,  received. 
Governor  Coffin  directs  me  to  say  that  the  subject  will  be  brought  to  the  attention 
of  our  General  Assembly,  now  in  session,  at  an  early  day. 
I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

FRANK  D.  HAINKS,  Executive  Secretary. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  FLORIDA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Tallahassee,  February  2,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  The  governor  directs  that  I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  favor  of 
the  29th  ultimo,  requesting  the  presence  of  himself  and  staff'  at  the  dedication  of 
the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  the  19th  and  20th 
oi  September  next  at  Chickamauga,  Ga.,  and  Chattanooga,  Tenu.,  and  to  say  thatit 
will  give  him  much  pleasure  to  participate  in  the  ceremonies  of  the  occasion  if  it  be 
possible  for  him  to  attend  at  thut  time,  but  if  it  should  not  be  practicable  for  him  to 
do  so  he  will  endeavor  to  have  the  survivors  of  that  battle  properly  represent  this 
State  upon  the  occasion. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  D.  LANG, 

Private  Secretary. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


PENSACOLA,  FLA.,  August  ?,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  The  legislature  of  Florida,  at  its  last  session,  following  the  example  of 
Georgia,  appointed  a  commission  to  represent  the  State  of  Florida  at  the  dedication 
ceremonies  at  Chickamauga.  The  Florida  delegation  consists  of  two  senators  and 
three  members  of  the  lower  house,  and  General  Finley,  as  officer  in  command  of  the 
Confederate  troops  of  the  State  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 

Will  the  commission  from  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  probably  other  States,  be  given 
a  place  by  the  committee  of  arrangements? 
Yours,  truly, 

W.  D.  CHIPLEY. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT,  Washington,  D.  C. 


SENATE  CHAMBER, 
Pensacola,  Fla.,  August  17,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  In  my  respects  of  the  7th  instant  I  neglected  to  state  that  the  object 
of  the  commission  appointed  by  Florida  was  to  report  to  the  next  legislature  as  to 
the  advisability  of  erecting  a  monument  by  the  State  in  the  national  park  at  Chick- 
amauga.    The  Georgia  commission,  I  am  informed,  are  to  go  with  similar  instructions. 
Will  yon  permit  me  to  suggest  that  an  invitation  requesting  the  governors  of  all 
the  States  whose  troops  participated  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  to  send  a  com- 
mission, charged  with  the  duty  of  reporting  as  to  the  advisability  of  erecting  monu- 
ments, would,  no  doubt,  bring  about  early  attention  to  this  matter  from  those  that 
have  not  already  acted. 
Yours,  truly, 

W.  D.  CHIPLEY. 
Hon.  D.  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  GEORGIA,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Atlanta,  March  8,  1S95. 

MY  DEAR  SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  yours  informing 
me  of  the  ceremonies  to  be  had  at  Chickamauga  Park  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  Septem- 
ber next,  and  inviting  me  and  my  staff  to  take  part  in  the  ceremonies. 


204      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

As  our  General  Assembly  \vill  not  be  in  session  prior  to  that  time,  1  can  not  have 
their  cooperation  in  aiding  to  properly  observe  the  occasion. 
Yours,  obediently, 

W.  Y.  ATKINSON,  Governor. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  IDAHO,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Boise  City,  February  13,  1895. 

SIR  :  I  have  your  favor  of  the  29th  ultimo,  calling  my  attention  to  the  act  of  Con- 
gress relating  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park, 
and  will  refer  it  to  onr  legislature,  which  is  now  in  session,  for  their  action. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

WILLIAM  J.  McCoNNELL,  Governor. 
1  Ion,  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  IOWA,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Des  Moines,  February  4,  1895. 

MY  DEAR  SIR:  Your  communication  of  January  29,  inviting  myself  and  staff  to  be 
present  at  the  dedication  of  the  National  Military  Park  on  the  ISth  and  20th  of  Sep- 
tember next,  has  been  received.  Please  accept  my  thanks  for  the  same.  I  shall 
take  the  matter  under  consideration,  and  sincerely  trust  that  I  maybe  able  to  notify 
you  at  some  future  time  of  my  ability  to  accept. 
Yours,  very  respectfully, 

FRANK  L.  JACKSON. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


COMMONWEALTH  OF  KENTUCKY,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Frankfort,  March  9,  1895. 

SIR:  Yours  of  recent  date,  inviting  me  to  be  present  at  the  dedication  of  the 
Chattanooga  National  Park  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next,  received.  I 
can  not  at  this  time  tell  whether  it  will  be  possible  for  me  to  be  present  on  the 
occasion. 

In  obedience  to  a  resolution  of  the  Kentucky  legislature,  passed  in  1893,  I 
appointed  the  following  gentlemen  as  a  commission  for  this  State  to  assist  in  laying 
out  the  national  park  at  Chickamauga:  W.  H.May,  Lexington;  A.  T.  Pullen,  May- 
field;  J.  H.  Weller,  Louisville;  W.  W.  Herr,  Owensboro;  R.  M.  Kelly,  Louisville; 
John  W.  Robbins,  Augusta;  John  W.  Tuttle,  Montic-ello;  Sam  K.  Cox,  Hartford; 
John  S.  Clark,  Lexington;  John  W.  Caldwell,  Russellville.  These  gentlemen,  I 
understand,  will  continue  to  act  in  the  further  duties  relating  to  the  dedication  of 
the  park.  No  appropriation  has,  however,  been  made  by  the  Kentucky  legislature 
for  the  purpose  of  paying  any  expenses,  and  there  will  be  no  other  meeting  until 
next  year  of  that  body. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  yours,  very  respectfully, 

JOHN  YOUNG  BROWN. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT,   ' 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  MAINE,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Augusta,  February  11,  1895. 

SIR  :  I  beg  to  acknowledge  your  esteemed  favor  under  date  of  January  29,  together 
with  inclosure,  extending  to  myself  and  staff"  an  invitation  to  be  present  at  the  dedi- 
cation of  the  Chickamauga  (Ga.)  and  Chattanooga  (Tenn.)  National  Military  Park, 
and  to  thank  you  sincerely  for  the  invitation. 
Yours,  very  truly, 

HENRY  B.  CLEAVES. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      205 

EXECUTIVE  OFFICE,  MICHIGAN, 

Lansing,  February  2,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  am  in  receipt  of  your  official  letter  of  January  29,  inviting  the  execu- 
tive staff  and  legislature  of  this  State  to  attend  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga 
and  Chatt;mooga  National  Park  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September. 

The  matter  will  belaid  hefore  the  legislature,  and  I  assure  you  that  Michigan  will 
not  be  behind  her  sister  States  in  honoring  the  brave  men  who  fell  in  the  defense  of 
the  country  in  those  memorable  and  historical  battles. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

JOHN  T.  KICH. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


CONCURRENT  RESOLUTION  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE  OF  MICHIGAN  RELATIVE  TO  THE 
DEDICATION  OF  THE  SOLDIERS'  MONUMENTS  ERECTED  ON  THE  BATTLEFIELDS  OF 
CHICKAMAUGA,  MISSIONARY  RIDGE,  ETC. 

Resolved  by  the  house  of  representatives  (the  senate  concurring),  That  the  sum  of  five 
thousand  dollars  or  as  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby, 
appropriated,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  general  fund  from  any  moneys  not  otherwise 
appropriated,  the  same  to  be  paid  out  by  the  State  treasurer  upon  the  warrant  of 
the  auditor-general,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  governor  of  this 
State,  for  the  purpose  of  properly  and  suitably  dedicating  the  monuments  erected 
by  the  State  of  Michigan  to  the  memory  of  her  valiant  men  who  fell  on  the  battle- 
fields of  Chickamauga,  Mission  Kidge,  Chattanooga,  etc. 

Approved  June  4,  1895. 


STATE  OF  MINNESOTA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

St.  Paul,  February  7,  1895. 

SIR  :  By  direction  of  the  governor  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of 
your  esteemed  favor  of  the  29th  ultimo,  relative  to  the  dedicatory  exercises  to  be 
held  at  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  the  19th  and 
20th  of  September  next.  Your  suggestions  relative  to  the  desirability  of  having  the 
governor  and  his  staff  attend  these  exercises  will  have  proper  consideration. 
I  have  the  honor  to  remain,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

TEMS  BIXBY, 

Governor's  Private  Secretary. 
Hon.  DANIEL  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Albany,  February  6,  1895. 

DEAR  COLONEL:  The  governor  directs  me  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  invita- 
tion to  himself  and  his  staff  to  attend  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chat- 
tanooga National  Military  Park  in  September  next. 

I  am  instructed  to  inform  you  that  the  governor  recognizes  fully  the  historic  and 
patriotic  importance  of  the  occasion,  and  hopes  that  nothing  unforeseen  may  prevent 
himself  and  other  State  officials  from  participating.  The  matter  will  also  be 
brought  to  the  attention  of  the  present  legislature,  in  order  that  that  body  may  take 
such  steps  as  are  deemed  appropriate  to  secure  a  fitting  representation  of  the  dignity 
and  power  of  the  State  at  the  dedication.  You  will  be  fully  and  promptly  advised 
of  such  measures  as  may  be  adopted. 

Very  truly,  yours,  ASHLEY  W.  COLE, 

Private  Secretary. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  NORTH  DAKOTA,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Bismarck,  February  2,  1895. 

SIR  :  Permit  me  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  yours  of  the  29th  ultimo,  in  re  the 
dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park,  together 
with  your  kind  invitation  to  be  present. 


206      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

T  shall  take  the  matter  under  advisement,  and  assure  you  that  nothing  would 
afford  me  more  pleasure  than  to  be  permitted  to  attend  the  dedicatory  services.  I 
am  unable  at  present  to  state  whether  it  will  be  possible  for  me  to  attend,  but  shall 
advise  you  later  on. 

I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant,  .  ROGER  ALLIN, 

Governor  of  North  Dakota. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  OHIO,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Columbus,  February  2,  1895. 

SIR  :  I  am  in  receipt  of  yours  of  the  29th  ultimo,  tendering  an  invitation  to  myself 
and  staff,  with  such  other  representation  from  Ohio  as  the  legislature  may  authorize, 
to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park,  at  Chicka- 
mauga,  Ga.,  and  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next.  I 
thank  you  for  the  invitation  and  will,  if  possible,  arrange  for  myself  and  staff  to  be 
present. 

Noting  what  you  say  about  the  legislature  making  provision  for  other  representa- 
tion, I  beg  to  inform  you  that  the  legislature  of  Ohio  will  not  be  in  session  this 
winter. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully,  etc., 

WM.  McKiNLEY,  Governor  of  Ohio. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  I).  C. 

P.  S. — I  will  transmit  a  copy  of  your  letter  to  the  president  of  the  Senate  and  the 
speaker  of  the  house  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Ohio. 

WM.  McK. 


STATE  OF  OREGON,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Salem,  February  4,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  am  directed  by  Governor  Lord  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  letter 
of  the  29th  ultimo,  in  reference  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 
nooga Military  Park  in  September  next;  also  receipt  of  copies  of  the  act  of  Con- 
gress relating  to  the  dedication,  and  the  circular  setting  forth  the  progress  made  in 
establishing  the  park. 

Very  respectfully,  W.  S.  DUNIWAY, 

Private  Secretary. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


COMMONWEALTH  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Harrisburg,  February  12,  1895.    - 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  favor  of  the  29th 
ultimo,  and  express  my  regret  that  owing  to  pressure  of  official  business  its  ac- 
knowledgment has  been  delayed  until  now,  and  to  inform  you  that  same  has  been 
this  day  referred  to  the  adjutant-general  of  Pennsylvania  for  his  consideration  and 
report,  upon  receipt  of  which  I  will  be  pleased  to  communicate  with  you  further 
upon  the  subject  of  the  State  representation  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park,  at  Chickamauga,  Ga.,  and  Chattanooga, 
Tenn.,  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

DANIEL  H.  HASTINGS. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

February  8,  1895. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  your  invitation  to  the  governor  of  this  State 
to  attend  with  his  staff  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Military  Park  in  September  next.  It  will  be  necessary  for  our  General  Assembly  to 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       207 

make  special  appropriations  for  such  a  representation,  and  I  will  take  pleasure  in 
placing  the  matter  before  that  hody  at  an  early  date. 
Respectfully,  yours, 

D.  RUSSELL  BROWN,  Governor. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 


EXECUTIVE  OFFICE,  STATE  OF  TEXAS, 

Austin,  February  8,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  January 
29,  inviting  me  as  governor  of  this  State  to  participate  in  the  inauguration  cere- 
monies at  (Jhickarnauga  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next,  which  is  accepted, 
and  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  courtesy.  The  subject  of  making  provision 
for  a  proper  representation  by  this  State  is  being  considered  by  the  legislature  now 
in  session. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  your  obedient  servant, 

C.  A.  CULBERSON,  Governor  of  Texas. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  VERMONT,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Burlington,  February  5,  1895. 

MY  DEAR  SIR  :  Your  esteemed  favor  of  the  29th  ultimo,  inviting  mo  with  my  staft 
to  be  present  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Park  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next,  is  received.  The  legislature  of  this  State 
will  not  be  in  session  until  the  fall  of  1896,  so  that  no  provision  can  be  made  for  any 
representation  from  this  State.  I  hope,  however,  to  be  present  myself  with  some 
members  of  my  staff. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

URBAN  A.  WOODBURY. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  I).  C. 


STATE  OF  VERMONT,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Burlington,  July  19,  1895. 

MY  DEAR  SIR:  Referring  to  yonr  courteous  invitation  of  January  29,  to  be  present 
with  my  staff  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Mili- 
tary Park  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next,  I  take  pleasure  in  saying  that  I 
accept  the  invitation.     My  party  will  consist  of  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  persons. 
1  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

URBAN  A.  WOODBURY, 

Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT,  Governor. 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


STATE  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Charleston,  February  1,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  Your  courteous  note  of  January  29,  with  inclosure,  inviting  the  gov- 
ernor of  this   State  and  his  staff,  and  the  survivors  of  the  armies  engaged  in  the 
battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  to  participate  in  the  inauguration  cere- 
monies is  at  hand,  and  the  same  has  been  indicated  to  the  legislature  of  this  State. 
Please  accept  my  thanks  for  this  favor. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  W.  A.  MACCORKLE, 

Governor. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


208      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

STATE  OF  WASHINGTON,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Olympia,  February  8,  1895. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  yonr  communication  of  the 
29th  ultimo,  with  inclosures.  extending  an  invitation  to'  be  present,  with  my  staff, 
at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on 
the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next. 

I  sincerely  hope  that  I  may  be  able  to  attend  these  dedicatory  ceremonies,  and  beg 
leave  to  tender  my  acknowledgments  for  your  courtesy. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

JOHN  H.  McGRAW,  Governor 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 


EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 
Madison,  Wis.,  March  29,  1895. 

SIR:  The  governor  directs  mo  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  favor  of  January  29, 
requesting  the  presence  of  himself  and  his  staff  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  September  19  and  20  next,  and 
to  say  that,  while  it  will  be  impossible  for  him  to  attend  with  his  staff,  he  will  go 
himself,  accompanied  by  General  King,  the  adjutant-general  of  the  State. 
Sincerely  yours, 

WM.  J.  ANDERSON,  Private  Secretary. 
Hon.  DANIEL  S.  LAMONT, 

Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Under  date  of  July  26,  letters  identical  with  the  following  were 
addressed,  by  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  the  governors  of  all 
the  States : 

WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  July  26,  1896. 
The  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 

.  SIR:  Acting  under  an  act  of  Congress  approved  December  15,  1894,  the  Secretary 
of  War  invited  you  and  your  staff,  survivors  of  the  armies  engaged  in  the  battles  of 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  living  in  Alabama,  and  "further  representation  from 
your  State,"  to  be  present  and  take  part  in  the  ceremonies  of  the  dedication  of  the 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  the  19th  and  20th  of  Septem- 
ber next. 

In  order  that  this  commission  may  be  prepared  to  afford  you  any  assistance  in  its 
power  and  furnish  such  information  as  may  be  desired  in  connection  with  the  dedi- 
cation, it  respectfully  asks  to  be  informed,  at  your  earliest  convenience,  of  the  prob- 
able official  representation  of  the  State  of  Alabama  at  these  ceremonies.  Such 
information  will  be  needed  in  preparing  the  programme  of  ceremonies,  in  making 
provision  for  seats  ou  the  platforms  where  the  various  services  are  to  be  held,  and 
to  enable  thia  commission  to  determine  how  it  may  best  assist  the  executive  party 
from  your  State. 

If  possible  to  give  such  information  now,  we  would  also  be  under  great  obliga- 
tions to  you  if  you  inform  us  as  to  the  probable  number  of  citizens  who  may  attend 
the  dedication. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  hotel  and  carriage  facilities  at  Chattanooga  will  be  lim- 
ited, when  the  large  attendance  already  assured  is  considered,  it  is  respectfully  sug- 
gested that  it  would  be  well  for  some  member  of  your  staff,  or  other  authorized 
person,  to  proceed  to  Chattanooga  at  an  early  day  for  the  purpose  of  making  such 
necessary  arrangements  in  advance  as  will  secure  your  comfort  and  convenience. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

J.  S.  FULLEKTON,  Chairman  of  Commission. 

To  the  above  communication  the  following  replies  were  received  by 
Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton,  Chairman  National  Military  Park  Commission: 

STATE  OF  ALABAMA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

OFFICE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR, 

Montgomery,  July  ,10,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  expect  to  be  at  Chickamauga,  with  my  full  staff  and  with  a  good  num- 
ber of  representatives  of  my  State,  at  the  dedication  of  the  park.  I  will  endeavor 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       209 

to  have  present  a  representative  of  each  command  which  participated  in  the  battle, 
but  am  not  prepared  to  furnish  you  the  number.    I  will  endeavor  to  do  so  next  week. 
Very  truly,  yours, 

WM.  C.  OATES. 

P.  S. — Please  send  me  the  programme,  speakers,  etc.,  so  far  as  made  up,  and  what 
will  be  expected  of  me. 


STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Sacramento,  August  7,  1895. 

SIR:  In  replying  to  yours  of  Jiily  26,  I  am  requested  by  the  governor  to  say  that 
he  exceedingly  regrets  to  inform  you  of  his  inability  to  be  present  at  the  opening  of 
the  National  Military  Park  at  Chickamauga  on  September  19  and  20,  for  the  reason 
that  the  lieutenant-governor  of  the  State  is  sick  and  absent  in  the  State  of  Michigan, 
and  that  the  governor  does  not  feel  that  he  will  be  able  to  leave  the  State  for  that 
length  of  time  without  someone  in  the  chief  executive  office.  He  had  expected  to 
be  present  on  that  occasion  with  at  least  twenty  of  his  staff  to  participate  in  one  of 
the  grandest  occasions  that  has  been  oifered  by  this  Government. 

It  is  hard  at  this  time  to  inform  you  if  there  will  be  any  official  representation  of 
the  State  of  California,  or  many  of  its  citizens  present  at  that  time.     Should  I  be 
informed  that  there  are  such  to  be  present,  I  will  at  once  notify  you  of  that  fact. 
I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

A.  W.  BARRETT,  Adjutant-General. 


STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Hartford,  August  8,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  Yours  of  the  26th  ultimo  has  been  received,  and  Governor  Coffin 
instructs  me  to  say  in  reply  that  no  special  provision  has  been  made  for  the  official 
representation  of  this  State  on  the  occasion  of  the  dedication  of  the  park. 

The  date  comes  so  that  it  will  be  impossible  for  the  governor  to  attend  the  exer- 
cises, greatly  as  he  would  be  pleased  to  do  so.  He  hopes  to  so  arrange  as  to  have 
some  representation  of  the  State  present  on  that  occasion,  and  you  will  be  advised 
later  on  as  matters  may  develop  in  that  direction. 

Yours  truly,  FRANK  D.  HAINES, 

Executive  Secretary. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Pierre,  Auguat  3,  1895. 

SIR:  I  fear  it  will  be  impossible  for  myself  and  staff  to  accept  the  very  courteous 
invitation  of  the  Secretary  of  War  to  be  present  and  take  part  in  the  ceremonies  of 
the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  Park  on  the  19th  and  20th  of 
September  next. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

C.  H.  SHELDON,  Governor. 


STATE  OF  DELAWARE,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Wilmington,  Del.,  Auguat  7,  1895. 

SIR  :  I  am  directed  by  his  excellency  the  governor  of  Delaware  to  say,  in  reply  to 
your  favor  of  July  26,  that  it  will  be  impossible  for  him  to  be  present  and  take  part 
in  the  ceremonies  incident  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  GARRETT  J.  HART, 

Adjutant-General. 


STATE  OF  FLORIDA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Tallahassee,  July  29,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  In  reply  to  yours  of  the  26th  instant,  to  the  governor,  asking  to  be 
informed  as  to  the  probable  official  representation  of  Florida  at  the  dedicatory  exer- 
cises of  the  park,  September  19  and  20,  I  am  directed  to  say  that  our  legislature, 
'which  has  recently  adjourned,  passed  a  concurrent  resolution  providing  for  the 
appointment  by  the  presiding  officers  of  each  branch  of  a  committee  of  the  legisla- 

S.  Eep.  637 14 


210      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

ture,  consisting  of  two  from  the  senate  and  three  from  the  house,  to  attend  said 
exercises,  and  inviting  Gen.  J.  J.  Finley,  commander  of  the  Florida  troops  engaged 
in  the  battle,  to  accompany  the  committee  as  the  guest  of  the  State,  but,  unfor- 
tunately, appropriated  no  money  for  such  purpose  and  failed  to  appoint  the  com- 
mittee. Hence  it  is  impossible  to  have  Florida  officially  represented.  The  governor 
and  his  staif,  as  such,  can  not  go.  It  is  possible  some  members  of  the  start'— those 
engaged  in  the  battle — will  go,  but  it  can  not  be  certainly  said  that  they  will. 
Yours,  respectfully, 

D.  LANG,  Private  Secretary. 


EXECUTIVE  OFFICE,  STATE  OF  IDAHO, 

Boise"  City,  August  2, 1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  have  your  favor  of  July  26.  I  regret  to  say  that  owing  to  the  stringency 
in  money  matters  in  our  State  it  is  doubtful  if  we  will  be  represented  at  Chatta- 
nooga. 

Respectfully,  yours,  W.  J.  MCCONNKLL, 

Governor. 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  August  2,  1895. 

MY  DEAB  SIR:  I  have  necessarily  delayed  replying  to  yours  of  26th  ultimo  until 
I  could  do  so  more  definitely.  In  discussing  the  matter  with  Indiana  Chickamauga 
Commission,  appointed  to  act  with  the  National  Commission  in  locating  monuments 
to  Indiana  regiments,  we  thought  it  best  to  arrange  a  camp  upon  the  grounds,  know- 
ing the  difficulties  there  would  be  in  obtaining  accommodations.  The  representative 
of  your  commission  has  written  to  General  Caruahau,  of  our  State  commissiou,  that 
camp  ground  had  been  set  aside  for  us  near  Cave  Spring.  Besides  myself  and  staff 
the  full  Indiana  commission  (ten  members)  will  attend,  together  with  some  of  the 
State  officials  and  distinguished  citizens.  There  will  also  be  in  attendance  a  large 
number  of  the  survivors  of  the  soldiers  engaged  in  the  battles  of  C'hickamauga  and 
Chattanooga.  It  is  difficult  at  this  time  to  estimate  the  number  that  will  go  from 
our  State.  I  would  be  glad  to  have  you  make  such  arrangements  and  provision  for 
us  in  the  programme  as  may  seem  best  to  yourself  and  the  commission.  Of  my  staff 
there  will  probably  be  twenty — ten  of  the  Indiana  commission,  four  or  five  State 
officials,  and  quite  a  number  of  the  surviving  officers  of  the  war.  We  have  especially 
invited  ex- President  Harrison  and  Gen.  Lew  Wallace  to  accompany  us ;  the  latter 
has  accepted;  from  General  Harrison  we  have  not  yet  heard.  For  myself  I  do  not 
desire  a  prominent  part,  only  such  as  may  be  representative  of  that  position  which 
you  may  believe  Indiana  merits.  I  will  have  men  sent  several  days  in  advance  to 
make  necessary  preparation.  We  have  also  arranged  for  carriage  facilities. 

I  thank  you  for  the  suggestions  offered,  and  will  appreciate  any  further  suggestions 
or  advice  which  you  may  be  pleased  to  give. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours,  CLAUDE  MATTHEWS, 

Governor. 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Springfield,  August  7, 1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  Replying  to  your  inquiry  of  the  26th  ultimo,  the  governor  directs  me 
to  advise  you  that  he  and  his  staff,  consisting  of  about  thirty  members,  expect  to 
participate  in  the  ceremonies  of  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park. 

He  is  Tinable  to  give  the  number  of  other  persons  who  may  desire  to  be  present, 
but  he  has  referred  your  letter  to  the  secretary  of  the  State  commission,  with  the 
request  that  he  give  you  such  further  information  as  you  require. 
Yours,  truly, 

WM.  F.  DOSE,  Private  Secretary. 


COMMONWEALTH  OF  KENTUCKY,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Frankfort,  July  80,1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  reply  to  your  letter  of  26th  instant  that  I  have 
referred  same  to  Hon.  John  H.  Weller,  secretary  of  the  Kentucky  commission,  with 
request  that  he  write  you  fully  on  the  matters  embraced  in  your  communication. 
It  will  be  impossible  for  me  to  attend,  a  fact  which  I  regret  very  much. 
Very  truly, 

JOHN  YOUNG  BROWN. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      211 

STATE  OF  MAINE,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

September  2,  1895. 

MY  DEAR  SIR:  Permit  me  to  say  that  Hon.  Wainwright  Gushing,  a  member  of 
the  executive  department  of  our  State  government,  will  be  present  as  a  representa- 
tive of  our  State  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  Military 
Park  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next.  Any  courtesy  extended  to  Colonel 
Gushing  will  be  appreciated. 

Yours,  very  truly,  HENRY  B.  CLEAVES, 

Governor. 
Maj.  FRANK  J.  SMITH, 

Secretary  and  Commissioner  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park. 


ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICM, 

Boston,  Mass.,  July  29,  1895. 

GENERAL  :  I  am  directed  by  his  excellency  the  governor  to  reply  to  your  com- 
munication of  the  26th  instant  to  him  as  follows : 

The  Commonwealth  will  be  represented  by  the  following-mentioned  officials,  as  pro- 
vided for  by  a  resolve  of  the  legislature :  His  excellency  the  governor,  his  honor  the  lieu- 
tenant governor,  ten  members  of  his  excellency's  staff,  four  members  of  the  executive 
council,  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  treasurer  of  the  Commonwealth,  auditor  of 
the  Commonwealth,  attorney-general  of  the  Commonwealth,  president  of  the  senate, 
speaker  of  the  house,  military  committee  of  the  legislature  (11),  special  committee 
of  senate  (9),  special  committee  of  house  (22),  clerk  of  senate,  clerk  of  house,  ser- 
geant-at-arms  of  legislature,  three  members  of  Second  Massachusetts  Volunteers, 
three  members  of  Thirty-third  Massachusetts  Volunteers,  color  bearer  to  delegation. 

The  delegation,  will  leave  Boston  on  the  afternoon  of  September  16,  arriving  at 
Chattanooga  on  the  morning  of  the  18th;  returning,  leave  Chattanooga  on  the  even- 
ing of  September  20. 

It  is  proposed  to  dedicate  the  monument  of  the  Second  and  Thirty-third  regiments 
on  the  afternoon  of  September  18. 

The  party  will  quarter  at  the  Read  House,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  Carriages  have 
been  engaged  and  all  arrangements  made  by  a  staff  officer  who  visited  Chattanooga 
in  June  last. 

Will  you  kindly  forward  to  me  your  full  programme?    I  am  directed  by  his  excel- 
lency the  governor  to  request  that  all  correspondence  may  be  addressed  to  my  office, 
as  he  will  be  absent  from  the  State  for  some  time. 
Very  respectfully, 

SAMUEL  DALTON,  Adjutant-General. 


ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Boston,  Mass.,  August  2, 1895. 

GENTLEMEN  :  Will  you  kindly  inform  me  as  soon  as  possible  regarding  the  follow- 
ing, as  I  am  having  some  printing  done  for  the  delegation,  and  desire  that  every- 
thing should  be  perfectly  arranged: 

The  delegation  will  arrive  at  Chattanooga  on  September  18.  At  3  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon  it  is  proposed  to  dedicate  the  State  monuments.  I  have  your  letter  rela- 
tive to  other  dedications,  but  without  names.  Will  you  kindly  inform  me  if  there 
are  to  be  and  parades  other  than  during  the  daytime?  If  I  have  your  reply  at  once 
it  will  greatly  facilitate  my  work. 

Very  respectfully,  SAMUEL  DALTON, 

Adjutant-  General. 
CHATTANOOGA  COMMISSION, 

War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Annapolis,  Md.,  August  6,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  In  reply  to  yours  of  July  26,  I  regret  that  my  official  engagements  are 
such  as  to  deprive  me  of  the  pleasure  of  accepting  for  myself  and  staff  the  very  kind 
invitation  to  be  present  at  the  ceremonies  attending  the  dedication  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga  Military  Park,  September  19  and  20.  I  think  I  made  some 
announcement  of  this  before,  but  have  not  yet  been  informed  as  to  whether  any 
organizations  of  the  State  of  Maryland  will  be  represented.  As  soon  as  any  infor- 


212      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

mation  of  this  character  reaches  me  I  shall  take  pleasure  iu  transmitting  the  same. 
I  doubt,  however,  if  there  will  be  a  very  large  representation  from  Maryland  present 
on  the  occasion  mentioned. 

Yours,  very  truly,  FRANK  BROWN. 


STATE  OF  MONTANA,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Helena,  August  5,  1895. 

SIR:  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  the  26th  ultimo,  I  will  say  that  I  have  taken  steps 
to  ascertain  the  number  of  survivors  of  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
living  in  this  State,  as  per  your  request,  and  will  notify  you  as  to  the  parties  desig- 
nated to  represent  this  State  from  among  that  number  at  the  meeting  at  the  National 
Military  Park  next  month. 

Respectfully,  J.  E.  RICHARDS, 

Governor. 


EXECUTIVE  OFFICE,  MICHIGAN, 

Lansing,  July  29,  1S95. 

MY  DEAR  SIR  :  Your  esteemed  favor  of  26th  instant  duly  received.  In  reply,  would 
say  that  I  now  expect  to  be  present  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  monuments, 
arriving  at  Chattanooga  on  the  evening  of  the  16th.  Will  be  accompanied  by  staff, 
numbering  13,  ex  governors,  State  officers,  prominent  citizens  of  the  State,  to  the 
number  of  30  or  40,  or  more.  There  will  also  be  a  great  many  veterans  to  go  from 
Louisville  to  the  dedication,  and  I  presume  a  large  number  of  citizens  from  different 
portions  of  Michigan,  but  as  to  that  I  have  no  means  of  information.  I  should  say 
49  or  50  representatives  of  the  Michigan  organizations  engaged  in  that  battle  or  the 
series  of  battles.  Arrangements  have  been  made  for  the  accommodation  of  60  people 
at  the  Read  House,  which  was  supposed  to  be  enough  to  cover  the  party  going  by 
special  train  from  Michigan. 

Respectfully,  yours,  JOHN  T.  RICH. 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Jefferson  City,  Augu»t  1,  1895. 

SIR:  I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  esteemed  favor  of  the  26th  ultimo.  It  is 
my  intention  to  be  present  at  the  ceremonies  incident  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September. 
I  am  not  prepared  at  this  writing  to  state  definitely  who  will  accompany  me;  will 
advise  you  later  and  at  the  earliest  period  as  to  that.  I  would  be  glad  if  you  would 
inform  me  as  to  the  nature  and  the  order  of  the  ceremonies.  I  have  been  requested 
by  the  commissioners  from  this  State,  appointed  under  the  recent  act  of  our  general 
assembly,  to  make  an  address  suitable  to  the  occasion  in  connection  with  the  loca- 
tion or  dedication  of  the  Missouri  monuments.  I  would  be  glad  to  be  informed  at 
your  earliest  convenience  with  regard  to  this  matter,  as  I  understand  the  ceremonies 
will  be  under  your  general  charge.  I  desire  to  know  in  advance  what  will  be 
expected.  I  will  be  glad  to  have  my  military  staff  and  other  State  officers  accom- 
pany me  if  satisfactory  arrangements  can  be  made  for  transportation,  etc. 
Respectfully, 

WM.  J.  STONE. 


GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE, 
Lincoln,  Nebr.,  August  9,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  Permit  me  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  highly  esteemed  favor  of 
the  24th  ultimo  in  regard  to  the  representation  of  Nebraska  at  the  dedication  of 
the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  September  19  and  20. 
I  expect  to  be  present  on  this  occasion  with  my  staff,  making  a  party  of  about  fifteen 
in  number.  I  have  also  communicated  with  the  commander  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  in  Nebraska,  requesting  the  attendance  of  a  number  of  the  veterans, 
especially  those  who  are  survivors  of  these  two  battles.  I  am  unable,  however,  to 
give  you  any  indication  of  the  number  of  old  soldiers  who  will  attend,  but  there 
will  doubtless  be  quite  a  number  from  this  State. 

We  will  highly  appreciate  any  arrangements  made  for  the  convenience  of  our 
party. 

Very  truly,  yours,  SILAS  A.  HOLCOMB. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      213 

STATE  OF  NEVADA,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Carson  City,  August  6,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  yonr  communication  of 
July  26  concerning  the  invitation  extended  to  myself  and  staff,  survivors  of  the  war, 
and  further  representation  from  the  State  to  be  present  at  the  ceremonies  of  dedica- 
tion, the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next. 

I  presented  this  matter  to  the  attention  of  our  State  legislature  then  in  session,  and 
the  same  was  considered  and  conclusion  reached  that  in  view  of  the  depression  of  all 
kinds  of  business,  more  especially  the  silver  product,  the  legislature  did  not  feel 
warranted  to  make  any  appropriation  for  the  purpose,  and  therefore  I  must,  though 
unwillingly,  forego  the  pleasure  of  being  present  on  the  occasion.  Your  communi- 
cation of  the  26th  ultimo  was  published  in  our  daily-  papers  with  a  special  view  of 
eliciting  a  favorable  response  from  some  of  our  citizens  who  would  be  willing  and 
able  to  go,  but  up  to  this  date  no  replies  or  advices  have  been  received,  and  I  can  but 
conclude  that  Nevada  will  be  unrepresented. 

Should  anything  favorable,  however,  transpire  prior  to  the  date  set  for  the  dedica- 
cation  ceremonies,  it  will  give  me  very  great  pleasure  to  advise  you  promptly. 
Respectfully, 

JOHN  E.  JONES.  Governor. 


STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY,  ASSEMBLY  CHAMBER, 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  August  22,  1895. 

Replying  to  your  favor  of  July  26  to  his  excellency  Governor  Werts,  would  say 
that  delay  has  been  occasioned  in  order  to  perfect  arrangements  so  that  we  might 
intelligently  inform  you  concerning  the  representation  from  this  State. 

Governor  Werts  and  full  staff,  the  president  and  two  members,  of  the  State  senate, 
the  speaker  and*four  members  of  the  house  of  assembly,  Commissioners  Toffey  and 
Childs,  and  about  half  a  dozen  State  officers  will  reach  Chattanooga  on  the  evening 
of  September  17.  We  have  engaged  quarters  at  Lookout  Inn,  Lookout  Mountain, 
until  the  21st. 

Trusting  thisi  nformation  will  prove  sufficient  for  all  purposes,  I  have  great  honor 
in  remaining  yours,  very  obediently, 

G.FRANK  SUTHERLAND,  Secretary. 


STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Baleigh,  August  7,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  Replying  to  your  favor  of  the  26th  instant,  I  have  the  honor  to  state 
that  I  have  appointed  to  represent  the  State  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park,  on  the  19th  of  September,  the  following 
gentlemen,  viz:  Col.  W.  L.  De  Rosset,  Wilmington;  Col.  J.  G.  Hall,  Hickory;  Lieut. 
D.  F.  Baird,  Capt.  B.  F.  Baird,  Valle  Crucis;  Capt.  Isaac  B.  Bailey,  Bakersville;  John 
P.  Cilley,  esq.,  Morgariton. 

I  regret  very  much  I  will  be  unable  to  attend  these  ceremonies,  and  trust  some  of 
the  gentlemen  appointed  will  be  present  to  represent  the  State. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  yours,  very  truly, 

ELIA>  CARR,  Governor. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT,  OFFICE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR, 

Columbus,  Ohio,  August  1,  1895. 

SIR  :  Replying  to  your  communication  of  the  26th  ultimo,  I  am  directed  by  Gov- 
ernor McKinley  to  inform  you  that,  so  far  as  he  is  at  present  advised,  the  military 
organizations  that  will  go  from  the  State  of  Ohio  to  attend  the  ceremonies  of  the 
dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  in  Septem- 
ber next,  will  be  the  Fourteenth  Regiment  Infantry,  Ohio  National  Guard,  Battery 
H,  First  Regiment  Light  Artillery,  Ohio  National  Guard,  and  probably  the  Cleveland 
Troop,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  The  governor  will  also  be  accompanied  by  his  military 
staff  and  by  a  private  party  of  friends,  the  military  staff  and  friends  probably  num- 
bering twenty-five  or  thirty  persons.  Your  communication  will  be  referred  to  the 
adjutant-general  of  Ohio,  in  order  that  he  can  further  communicate  with  you  if 
necessary. 

Very  respectfully,  JAS.  BOYLE, 

Private  Secretary. 


214      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

STATE  OF  OREGON,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Salem,  August  20,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  Governor  Lord  directs  me  to  thank  yon  for  yonr  forethought  and  con- 
sideration in  seeking  to  make  provision  for  a  delegation  from  Oregon  at  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  National  Military  Park,  September  19  and  20,  but  to  state  that  public 
business  will  prevent  his  attendance,  and  he  knows  of  no  officials  of  the  State  who 
can  be  present. 

However,  please  do  not  infer  that  the  people  of  Oregon  are  wanting  in  interest,  or 
underestimate  the  importance  of  the  opening  and  dedication  of  the  park. 
Sincerely,  yours. 

W.  S.  DUNIWAY,  Private  Secretary. 


STATE  OK  RHODE  ISLAND,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Providence,  R.  /.,  August  17,  1895. 

SIR:  Your  letter  of  July  26,  1895,  to  the  governor  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island 
came  duly  to  hand.  The  matter  of  the  representation  of  this  State  at  the  proposed 
celebration  at  Chattanooga  has  not  been  seriously  considered  until  within  the  past 
few  days.  Within  two  or  three  days  more,  certainly  by  the  21st  or  22d,  we  shall  have 
our  plans  for  the  expedition  in  such  condition  as  will  enable  us  to  communicate  with 
you  definitely  in  regard  to  the  affair.  It  is  my  expectation  to  send  one  of  my  staff, 
or  to  personally  call  upon  you  in  Washington  before  the  24th  of  this  month  in  rela- 
tion to  this  matter.  In  case  the  governor  and  staff  from  Rhode  Island  are  present 
at  the  celebration  they  expect  to  appear  mounted,  in  case  a  procession  forms  a  part 
of  the  proceedings.  It  is  also  possible  that  one  of  the  military  organizations  of  the 
State  may  be  present,  for  which  a  number  of  horses  would  be  required.  The  plans 
for  this  feature  of  the  delegation  from  Rhode  Island  will  not,  however,  be  determined 
for  several  days  yet.  It  would  aid  materially  in  determining  what  the  delegation 
from  Rhode  Island  would  be,  if  any  is  sent  at  all,  if  you  could  forward  to  me  by 
return  mail  a  programme  of  the  proceedings,  and  the  character  of  the  celebration  on 
the  19th  and  20th  of  September.  Partial  arrangements  have  been  made  for  hotel 
accommodations  for  a  portion  of  the  delegation. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

CHARLES  WARREN  LIPPITT,  Governor. 


STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Prondence,  R.  I.,  August  19,  1895. 

GENERAL:  As  telegraphed  you  by  Adjutant-General  Dyer,  Col.  Reginald  Norman, 
of  my  personal  staff,  will  call  upon  you  probably  on  Wednesday,  August  21,  in  rela- 
tion to  the  possible  representation  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island  at  the  dedication  of 
the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park. 

Colonel  Norman  is  quite  fully  informed  as  to  my  views  upon  the  possible  delega- 
tion from  Rhode  Island.     I  trust  you  will  fully  inform  him  upon  such  matters  as  may 
be  of  interest  connected  with  the  dedication,  and  particularly  upon  those  points 
concerning  which  he  may  ask  for  information. 
This  letter  will  be  presented  to  you  by  Colonel  Norman  in  person. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

CHARLES  WARREN  LIPPITT,  Cforernor. 


EXECUTIVE  OFFICE,  STATE  OF  TEXAS, 

Austin,  July  29,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  Your  letter  of  the  26th  instant,  in  reference  to  the  representation  of 
Texas  at  the  dedication  ceremonies  at  Chickamauga,  is  received  In  reply  I  beg  to 
say  that,  acting  under  a  resolution  of  the  State  senate,  I  have  appointed  ten  citizens 
of  Texas  who  participated  in  one  or  other  of  the  battles,  who,  with  myself,  will 
represent  Texas  on  the  occasion.  It  is  probable  that  all  these  will  attend,  they  hav- 
ing so  notified  me,  and  with  my  staff  will  constitute,  so  far  as  I  know,  the  Texas 
party,  altogether  not  exceeding  twenty.  There  may,  of  course,  be  individuals  who 
will  attend  from  this  State,  but  of  these  I  am  not  advised. 

Trusting  that  this  fully  answers  your  inquiry,  and  that  you  will  communicate  to 
me  at  your  earliest  convenience  any  arrangements  that  may  be  made,  I  have  the 
honor  to  bo,  your  obedient  servant, 

C.  A.  CULBERSON,  Governor. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITAEY  PARK.      215 

STATE  OF  VERMONT,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Burlington,  July  SO,  1895. 

MY  DEAR  GENERAL  :  Your  esteemed  favor  of  the  26th  instant  is  received  and  con- 
tents noted.  The  official  representation  of  the  State  of  Vermont  at  the  ceremonies 
of  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  Military  Park  in  September 
next  will  be  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  persons.  I  can  not  inform  you  how  many 
other  citizens  of  Vermont  will  attend  the  dedication,  but  their  numbers  will  be 
small.  I  have  already  arranged  for  carriages,  etc.,  for  the  dedication. 
Thanking  you  for  your  interest  in  my  behalf,  I  remain,  yours,  sincerely, 

URBAN  A.  WOODBURY, 

Governor. 


COMMONWEALTH  OP  VIRGINIA,  GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE, 

Alleghany  Spring,  Montgomery  County,  I'a.,  July  29, 1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  Responding  to  yours  of  the  26th  instant,  I  will  say  that  it  is  my  desire 
to  be  present  with  my  staff  at  the  ceremonies  of  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next,  but  I 
can  not  state  just  now  whether  my  duties  will  permit.  I  will,  however,  bear  the 
matter  in  mind  and  communicate  with  you  a  little  later. 
With  great  respect,  yours,  very  frraly, 

CHAS.  T.  O'FERRALL,  Governor. 


STATE  OF  WASHINGTON,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Olympia,  August  1,  1895. 

SIR  :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of  the 
26th  ultimo  concerning  the  ceremonies  of  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next.  The 
governor  is  now  temporarily  absent  from  the  capital,  but  upon  his  return  your  com- 
munication will  receive  immediate  attention  and  you  will  be  promptly  notified  of 
the  result. 

Very  respectfully,  E.  C.  MACDONALD, 

Private  Secretary. 


STATE  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Charleston,  August  3,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  Your  favor  of  the  26th  instant  was  received  on  my  return  after  an 
absence  of  some  ten  days.  I  regret  exceedingly  that  it  will  be  impossible  for  me  to 
attend  the  dedication  of  the  National  Military  Park  with  my  staff.  I  will,  however, 
take  pleasure  in  appointing  such  representatives  of  the  State  of  West  Virginia  as 
are  required,  and  will  endeavor  to  appoint  such  men  as  will  be  able  to  attend.  I 
regret  that  we  have  no  appropriation  available  out  of  which  we  can  pay  the  expenses 
of  the  commission  on  this  trip,  but,  as  I  say,  I  will  endeavor  to  appoint  such  dele- 
gates as  are  pecuniarily  able  to  defray  their  own  expenses,  and  who  would  enjoy 
taking  the  trip.  Will  you  kindly  let  me  know  just  how  many  representatives  from 
each  side  should  be  appointed  and  what  official  designation  should  be  given  such 
commission? 

Very  respectfully,  WM.  A.  MACCORKLE, 

Governor. 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Camp  Buggies,  Wis.,  August  5,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  Governor  Upham  directs  me  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  letter  of 
July  26  and  to  say  that,  except  his  adjutant-general,  none  of  his  military  staff  will 
accompany  him  to  Chattanooga;  that  a  party  of  about  twelve  in  all,  including 
ladies,  will  be  his  guests  and  will  be  glad  to  have  seats  where  the  various  services 
are  to  be  held,  and  that,  having  their  own  car,  they  will  need  no  hotel  facilities. 
Carriages  they  will  certainly  need,  and  any  aid  you  may  extend  in  that  direction 
will  be  much  appreciated. 

Very  respectfully,  CHARLES  KING, 

A  djutant-  General. 


216      CHICKAMAUQA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Cheyenne,  Wyo.,  August  30,  1895. 

SIR  :  I  regret  exceedingly  the  necessity  which  compels  me  to  inform  you  that  there 
will  be  no  official  representation  from  the  State  of  Wyoming  at  the  dedication  of  the 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park. 

Our  people  are  in  full  sympathy  with  the  principles  and  sentiments  that  will  be 
represented  so  magnificently  npon  this  occasion,  but  no  provision  was  made  for 
representation  by  the  legislature,  and  individually  we  can  not  do  it. 
Very  truly,  yours, 

WM.  A.  RICHARDS,  Governor. 

Iii  preparing  for  the  final  exercises,  letters  identical  with  the  follow- 
ing were,  under  the  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  addressed  to 
the  governors  of  the  several  States : 

NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK  COMMISSION, 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  September  12,  1895. 
The  GOVERNOR  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MONTANA. 

SIR:  A  short  parade  in  Chattanooga,  weather  permitting,  will  be  part  of  the  cere- 
monies of  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military 
Park.  The  thousands  of  veteran  soldiers  from  North  and  South  will  be  anxious  to 
see  their  governors  in  line.  It  is  proposed  that  the  governors  whose  State  militia 
will  be  in  line  ride  at  the  head  of  their  respective  troops,  while  others  ride  at  the 
head  of  the  column  with  the  Congressional  committee.  The  parade  will  be  reviewed 
by  the  V ice-President  of  the  United  States  and  the  Lientenant-Generalof  the  Army. 

Please  inform  me  at  your  earliest  convenience  whether  you  desire  to  take  part  in 
the  parade,  and  if  so  whether  you  and  your  staff  will  be  mounted,  or  whether  you 
prefer  to  ride  in  carriages.    Also  give  the   number  composing  your  staff,  and,  if 
accompanied  by  a  military  escort,  the  number  of  troops  in  the  same. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

J.    S.   FULLERTON, 

Chairman  of  Commission. 

To  the  above  communication  the  following  replies  were  received  by 
General  Fullerton : 

STATE  OF  ALABAMA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Montgomery,  September  13,  1895. 

DEAR  GENERAL:  In  response  to  your  favor  of  the  10th  instant  I  must  say  that 
owing  to  the  low  state  of  my  treasury  I  will  not  have  any  militia  present  at  Chatta- 
nooga. About  five  of  my  staff  will  be  with  me ;  my  full  staff  is  eleven,  but  only  five 
will  attend.  As  I  will  have  no  troops  present,  if  I  participate  in  the  procession  I 
would  prefer  for  my  staff  and  self  two  carriages. 

In  pursuance  to  my  promise  to  General  Boyuton,  I  expect  to  be  in  Chattanooga  on 
the  morning  of  the  18th  for  the  purpose  of  riding  over  the  field  of  Chickamauga  with 
him.  I  will  have  no  troops  and  no  military  escort. 

Very  truly,  yours,  WM.  C.  OATES. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  September  13,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  am  just  in  receipt  of  yours  of  10th  instant.  There  will  be  no  troops 
from  this  State,  and  consequently  to  take  part  in  the  parade  in  Chattanooga  would 
be  without  military  escort.  I  will  be  glad  to  fill  my  part  in  the  programme,  and 
do  what  I  can  for  the  success  of  the  exercises.  If  joining  in  the  parade,  will  have 
to  go  in  carriages;  can  you  have  them  provided  for  me?  I  will  have  with  me  six- 
teen members  of  my  staff.  We  leave  Monday  afternoon,  arriving  at  Chattanooga 
the  morning  of  the  17th  for  breakfast,  and  will  endeavor  to  see  you. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

CLAUDE  MATTHEWS,  Governor. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  JUSTICE, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  September  5,  1895. 

SIR  :  I  beg  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  copies  of  the  programme  of  the  dedication 
ceremonies  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park,  the  19th 
and  20th  of  September,  1895. 

Respectfully,  yours,  JUDSON  HARMON, 

Attorney-General. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       217 

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Boston,  Mass.,  September  14,  1895. 

SIR :  I  am  directed  by  his  excellency  the  governor  to  say  that  our  party  will  have 
eighteen  carriages  and  he  will  conform  to  any  arrangements  which  your  commission 
may  make. 

As  we  have  no  troops,  except  the  six  delegates  of  the  two  regiments  who  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  the  governor  and  staff  will  not  mount. 

I  assume  you  understand  that  the  afternoon  of  the  18th  instant  will  be  given  up 
by  our  party  in  dedicating  the  monument.  The  parade  is  to  be  on  some  other  date, 
I  suppose. 

Very  respectfully,  SAMUEL  DALTON, 

Adjutant-  General. 


ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Boston?  Mass.,  September  13,  1895. 
Chattanooga  Commission,  Washington,  D.  C. 

GENTLEMEN:   I  have  this  day  forwarded  to  you  by  mail  copy  of  itinerary  and 
medal  of  the  Massachusetts  delegation  to  Chattanooga  for  your  archives. 
Very  respectfully, 

SAMUEL  DALTON,  Adjutant-General. 


EXECUTIVE  OFFICE. 
Lansing,  Mich.,  September  IS,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  Your  esteemed  favor  of  the  10th  duly  received.  In  answer  to  your 
question,  would  state  that  I  will  be  accompanied  by  a  staff  of  twelve  or  thirteen, 
but  by  none  of  the  National  Guard.  I  have  made  no  arrangements  for  mounts  there, 
on  account  of  the  expense  and  inconvenience  of  managing  them  on  the  field.  Will 
be  pleased  to  take  part  in  the  parade  in  carriages,  if  deemed  best  at  the  time. 
Yours,  very  truly, 

JOHN  T.  RICH. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT,  GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE, 

Jackson,  Miss.,  September  12,  1895. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  esteemed  letter  of  the 
llth  instant,  informing  me  fully  in  respect  to  the  ceremonies  of  the  dedication  of 
the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  and  asking  whether  I  desire  to 
take  part  in  the  parade  on  that  occasion. 

In  reply  I  regret  to  have  to  inform  you  that  it  will  be  out  of  my  power  to  be 
present  on  that  interesting  occasion,  as  an  engagement  in  the  Northwest  will  keep 
me  away  until  after  the  time  for  the  dedication.  There  will  be  no  troops  there 
from  this  State,  and,  as  I  have  no  organized  staff,  the  State  will  probably  not  be 
represented  in  the  manner  indicated. 

With  thanks  for  your  courtesy,  I  am,  General,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient 
servant, 

J.  M.  STONE,  Governor. 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Jefferson  City,  September  14,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  find  that  it  will  be  altogether  impracticable  for  me  to  attend  the  dedi- 
cation ceremonies  as  I  had  intended.  I  hope  the  occasion  may  prove  in  all  respects 
what  its  promoters  anticipate. 

Respectfully,  WM.  J.  STONE. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT,  GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE, 

Lincoln,  Nebr.,  September  14,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  am  in  receipt  of  yours  of  the  1st  instant,  in  regard  to  the  parade  in 
Chattanooga,  and  in  reply  would  state  that  it  is  immaterial  to  me  whether  arrange- 
ments are  made  for  the  appearance  of  myself  and  staff  in  carriages  or  mounted. 
We  will  leave  that  matter  entirely  with  the  committee  arranging  the  parade. 

Owing  to  counter  attractions  within  the  State,  including  the  State  fair,  I  expect 
to  be  accompanied  by  only  five,  or  possibly  seven,  members  of  my  staff.  We  will 
arrive  in  Chattanooga  early  Thursday  morning. 

Very  truly,  yours,  SILAS  A.  HOLCOMB. 


2-18      CHIOKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK,  EXKCUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Albany,  September  13,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  am  to-day  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  September  10,  addressed  to  the 
governor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  beg  leave  to  inform  you,  in  reply  thereto, 
that  since  my  last  commnuication  with  you  the  governor  has  reconsidered  his  deter- 
mination, and  will  doubtless  attend  the  dedication  ceremonies  at  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  in  person  with  the  members  of  his  staff  and  the  joint  legislative  com- 
mittee. There  will  probably  be  thirty-five  persons  in  all.  The  governor's  conclusion 
to  be  present  was  reached  only  last  evening,  otherwise  you  would  have  been  earlier 
apprised  of  the  facts.  The  party  will  leave  Albany  on  a  special  train  of  six  cars  at 
9  p.  m.,  September  17,  arriving  at  Chattanooga,  as  per  schedule,  on  the  morning  of  the 
19th.  The  governor  and  staff  will  not  be  mounted,  but  will  ride  in  carriages  which, 
I  believe,  have  been  arranged  for  by  Secretary  Zabriskie,  of  the  New  York  Battle- 
fields Commission.  The  governor  will  not  be  accompanied  by  any  military  escort. 

In  your  last  communication  you  conveyed  the  kind  offer  of  Captain  Chamberlain  to 
place  his  residence  at  the  disposal  of  the  governor.  That  offer  the  governor  regret- 
fully but  thankfully  declined.  It  is  quite  likely,  though  not  yet  actually  decided, 
that  Mrs.  Morton  and  possibly  one  or  two  other  ladies  will  accompany  him,  andif  it  is 
not  too  late  and  would  still  be  agreeable  to  Captain  Chamberlain,  it  would  doubtless 
be  very  acceptable  if  a  couple  of  rooms  in  the  residence  could  be  reserved.  I  make 
this  suggestion  of  my  own  volition,  as  in  the  hasty  interview  which  took  place  on 
this  subject  last  night  at  Ellerslie,  the  governor's  summer  home,  it  was  casually 
referred  to,  and  was  then  not  finally  dealt  with.  But  I  am  sure  it  would  please  him  if 
it  could  be  arranged.  After  leaving  Chickamauga,  the  entire  party  will  go  to  Atlanta 
and  spend  a  couple  of  days  there.  The  route  from  New  York  State  will  be  the  New 
York  Central,  Lake  Shore,  Big  Four,  and  Queen  and  Crescent  lines  to  Chattanooga, 
thence  via  the  Southern  Railway  and  the  Pennsylvania  Railway  to  New  York. 
Very  respectfully, 

ASHLEY  W.  COLE,  Private  Secretary. 


STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Raleigh,  September  13,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  Your  kind  favor  of  the  llth  instant  to  the  governor  of  North  Carolina 
has  been  received  at  his  office.  In  his  absence  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  where 
he  is  traveling  with  a  sick  son,  I  have  the  honor  to  state  that  it  will  be  impossible 
for  the  governor  to  be  present  at  the  ceremonies  of  the  dedication  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga  Military  Park.  He  has  appointed  the  following  persons  to 
represent  the  State  on  that  occasion,  viz,  Col.  W.  L.  De  Rosset,  Wilmington ;  Col. 
J.  G.  Hall,  Hickory;  Capt.  B.  F.  Baird,  Lieut.  D.  F.  Baird,  Valley  Crucis;  John  P. 
Cilley,  Morganton;  Capt.  Isaac  B.  Baily,  Bakersville;  but  I  am  not  informed 
whether  or  not  they  will  attend  the  ceremonies. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

S.  F.  TELFAIR,  Private  Secretary. 


ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Harrisburg,  September  6,  1895. 

SIR  :  I  am  directed  by  the  governor  to  advise  you  that  there  will  be  no  official 
representation  by  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  at  the  ceremonies  incident  to  the  dedi- 
cation of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park,  September  19 
and  20  next,  except  possibly  the  executive  committee  of  the  Pennsylvania  commission 
may  hold  a  meeting  at  Lookout  Inn  on  the  18th,  and  probably  miiy  inspect  the  work 
thus  far  done  on  Pennsylvania  monuments.  It  is  the  intention  of  Pennsylvania  to 
have  a  Pennsylvania  day  at  Chickamauga,  for  the  unveiling  and  dedication  of  the 
monuments  of  this  State,  at  which  time  the  governor  and  staff,  military  escort, 
distinguished  citizens  of  Pennsylvania,  and  survivors  of  the  commands  that  par- 
ticipated in  the  conflict  will  be  present. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  THOS.  J.  STEWART, 

A  dju  tant-  General. 


STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

September  17,  1895. 

SIR  :  Yours  of  September  10  was  duly  received,  in  regard  to  the  parade  at  Chatta- 
nooga. Governor  Charles  Warren  Lippitt  directs  the  writer  to  inform  you  that  the 
State  of  Rhode  Island  will  not  be  represented  at  the  Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga 
National  Park  parade. 

Very  respectfully,  T.  J.  GRIFFIN, 

Executive  Secretary. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       219 

STATE  OF  TENNESSEE,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Nashville,  September  14,  1895. 

SIR  :  Replying  to  your  letter  of  the  10th,  addressed  to  his  excellency  the  governor 
of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  the  governor  and  his  staff  of  eleven  will  be  in  the  parade, 
occupying  carriages,  and  will  be  at  the  head  of  the  National  Guard,  State  of  Ten- 
nessee. We  will  carry  to  Chattanooga,  and  will  have  in  the  parade,  say,  1,000  of  the 
National  Guard. 

Very  respectfully,  CHAS.  SYKES, 

Adjutant-General. 


EXECUTIVE  OFFICE,  STATE  OF  TEXAS, 

Austin,  September  14,  1895. 

DEAR  SIR:  Replying  to  your  letter  of -the  10th  instant,  I  beg  to  say  that  at  the 
last  moment  I  find  that  my  surroundings  here  will  not  permit  me  to  attend  the  cere- 
monies at  Chickamauga.  Under  a  resolution  of  the  State  senate  I  have  appointed  a 
delegation  of  ten  citizens  of  Texas  who  participated  iu  the  battles,  of  which  Senator 
Koger  Q.  Mills  is  chairman,  who,  it  is  understood,  will  be  present  and  represent  our 
State. 

Very  respectfully,  C.  A.  CULBERSON, 

Governor. 


STATE  OF  VERMONT,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  September  18,  1895. 

MY  DEAR  GENERAL:  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  Governor  Urban  A.  Wood- 
Imry  and  staff,  and  representatives  from  Vermont  to  the  total  number  of  25,  have 
arrived  and  are  prepared  to  take  such  part  iu  the  dedication  ceremonies  as  may  be 
assigned  them.     The  headquarters  of  the  party  is  upon  the  Pullman  car  "  Khiva." 
Your  obedient  servant, 

H.  If.  GILMORE,  Brevet  Major-General. 


STATE  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Charleston,  September  17,  1895. 

MY  DEAR  SIR  :  The  governor  and  I  have  both  been  absent  for  the  past  week,  and 
upon  my  arrival  I  found  your  favor  of  the  16th  instant,  addressed  to  the  governor. 
You  inquired  whether  the  governor  would  take  part  in  the  parade  of  the  dedication 
of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park,  and,  if  so,  whether 
his  staff  would  be  mounted  or  preferred  to  ride  in  carriages.  We  regret  exceedingly 
that  your  courteous  communication  should  have  gone  so  long  unanswered.  It  would 
certainly  not  have  done  so  had  we  been  at  home.  The  governor  also  desires  to 
express  his  regret  at  not  being  able  to  attend  the  dedicatory  exercises,  but  owing  to 
some  very  important  business  engagements,  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  leave  home. 
Respectfully, 

J.  B.  WHITE,  Private  Secretary. 

By  direction  of  Senator  John  M.  Palmer,  chairman  of  the  joint  Con- 
gressional committee,  letters  were  addressed  to  the  governors  of  all  the 
States  by  General  H.  V.  Boynton,  acting  as  clerk  of  the  committee,  ask- 
ing for  information  as  to  the  action  of  the  governor  or  the  legislature, 
or  both,  in  regard  to  the  dedication,  the  part  taken  in  it  by  represent- 
atives of  the  States,  and  a  list  of  the  latter. 

The  following  replies  were  received: 

STATE  OF  ALABAMA,  OFFICE  OF  ADJUTANT-GENERAL, 

Montgomery,  April  17, 1896. 

SIR:  Your  letter  of  April  1,  1896,  addressed  to  the  governor  of  Alabama,  having 
been  referred  to  the  adjutant-general  for  information  and  reply,  I  am  directed  by 
the  adjutant-general  to  state  that  he  hopes  the  information  given  below  is  what  is 
desired,  and  that  he  regrets  the  unavoidable  delay  in  supplying  the  information 
requested. 
No  action  was  taken  by  the  legislature  of  the  State. 


220      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  governor,  Hon.  William  C.  Oates,  attended  the  dedication  exercises,  accom- 
panied by  the  following  members  of  his  staff:  Col.  Harvey  E.  Jones,  adjutant-general 
and  chief  of  staff;  Lieut.  Col.  Samuel  L.  Crook,  Lieut.  Col.  Thomas  R.  Ward,  and 
Lieut.  Col.  Alex.  H.  Stevens,  aids-de-camp. 

I  have  the  honor  to  forward,  under  separate  cover,  copies  in  duplicate  of  speech 
of  Governor  Oates  delivered  during  the  dedication  exercises,  September  20,  1895. 
Very  respectfully, 

SAM'L  G.  JONES, 
Acting  Atwistant  Adjutant- General. 


STATE  OF  ARKANSAS,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Little  Kock,  April  17,  1S9G. 

DEAR  SIR  :  In  the  absence  of  Governor  Clarke,  I  can  only  say  that  the  record  here 
fails  to  show  that  anything  official  was  done  either  by  the  legislature  or  by  the  gov- 
ernor relative  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park 
during  the  present  administration,  though  1  was  under  the  impression  that  some 
delegates  or  visitors  were  appointed  by  Governor  Fishback,  whom  Governor  Clarke 
succeeded. 

Respectfully,  M.  L.  DAVIS, 

Private  Secretary. 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Sacramento,  Cal.,  April  11,  1896. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  your  communication  of  April  4  to  Governor 
Budd,  relative  to  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park,  and  the  same 
has  been  referred  to  Adjt.  Gen.  A.  W.  Barrett. 

Yours,  respectfully,  J.  M.  TODMAN, 

Executive  Secretary. 

STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Sacramento,  April  13,  189G. 

Respectfully  returned  with  the  information  that  no  action  was  taken  by  the  leg- 
islature, and  California  had  no  authorized  representative  at  Chattanooga  last 
September. 

Very  respectfully,  R.  L.  PALEN, 

Assistant  Adjutant-General. 


STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Hartford,  April  8,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  am  directed  by  the  governor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  favor 
of  the  4th  instant  in  regard  to  the  part  taken  by  the  State  in  the  dedication  of  the 
Chickamauga  Park. 

He  has  referred  your  letter  to  Mr.  Sanford  E.  Chaffee,  of  Derby,  one  of  the 
commissioners,  and  requested  him  to  give  you  the  information  desired. 
Very  respectfully, 

FRANK  D.  ROOD,  Executive  Clerk. 


DERBY,  CONN.,  April  16,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  am  directed  by  Governor  Coffin  to  reply  to  your  letter  of  the  4th 
instant  relative  to  any  action  by  the  State  in  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  Park. 

By  direction  of  the  governor  the  following  gentlemen  were  present :  Brig.  Gen. 
Henry  S.  Peck,  Col.  Warren  W.  Packer,  and  Capt.  Sanford  E.  Chaffee.  The  gov- 
ernor was  ill  at  the  time  and  could  not  attend.  This  answers  all  the  questions  asked 
in  your  letter.  But  if  you  desire  a  statement  of  what  action  the  State  has  taken  in 
relation  to  erecting  a  monument  on  the  ground  I  will  gladly  furnish  it. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

SANFORD  E.  CHAFFEE. 


DERBY,  CONN.,  April  21,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR  :  In  reply  to  yours  I  would  say  that  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Con- 
necticut at  its  last  session  passed  an  act  appropriating  a  sum  not  to  exceed  $2,000  for 
a  monument  to  be  erected  at  Chattanooga,  and  empowered  the  governor  to  appoint 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      221 

two  commissioners  to  procure  and  erect  the  same.  The  governor  has  appointed  on 
that  commission  Col.  Warren  W.  Packer  and  Capt.  Sanford  E.  Chaftee.  These  com- 
missioners visited  Chattanooga  at  the  time  of  the  dedication  of  the  battlefield  and 
selected  a  site  for  the  monument  on  Orchard  Knob  and  will  erect  the  monument 
some  time  this  coming  fall. 

Yours,  very  truly,  SANFORD  E.  CIIAFFEE. 


STATE  OF  COLORADO,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Denver,  April  24,  1896. 

SIR:  Replying  to  your  communication  of  April  8,  I  have  the  honor  to  say  that  in 
response  to  an  invitation  from  yourself,  I,  with  the  following  gentlemen,  Adjt.  Gen. 
Cassius  M.  Moses,  Asst.  Adjt.  Gen.  Benjamin  F.  Klee,  Surg.  Gen.  Clayton  Park- 
hill,  Cols.  Delos  L.  Holden,  Harper  M.  Orahood,  and  George  S.  Newman,  aids-de- 
camp, attended  the  dedication  of  the  national  cemetery  at  Chickamauga  on  the 
20th,  I  believe,  of  September,  participated  in  the  review  of  the  parade  the  follow- 
ing day  at  Chattanooga,  and  also  in  the  reception  to  the  Vice-President  and  various 
governors  on  the  evening  of  the  same  day. 

Very  respectfully,  ALBERT  W.  MC!NTIRE, 

Governor. 


STATE  OF  DELAWARE,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Wilmington,  Del.,  May  8, 1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  Your  letter  of  the  4th  of  April  to  his  excellency  the  governor  has  been 
referred  to  me  for  answer.  I  have  the  honor  to  say  that  no  action  was  taken  by  our 
legislature  or  State  commissioners  relative  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Park  in  September  last,  and  the  only  action  by  this  depart- 
ment is  now  on  file  in  your  office. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  GARRETT  J.  HART, 

Adjutant-General. 


TALLAHASSEE,  March  31, 1896. 

SIR:  By  request  of  Gen.  J.  J.  Finley,  of  Lake  City,  Fla.,  I  herewith  send  you 
a  copy  of  the  resolutions  passed  by  the  legislature  in  regard  to  the  park  dedication 
at  Chickaraauga,  and  also  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  committee  appointed  by  the 
presiding  officers  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives. 

Below  you  will  see  the  names  and  post-office  addresses  of  the  said  committee,  just 
as  I  received  them  from  one  of  the  governor's  clerks. 

Very  respectfully,  JNO.  L.  CRAWFORD. 

Senate  appointees:  Hon.  W.  D.  Chipley,  Pensacola;  Hon.  William  H.  Reynolds, 
Lakeland. 

House  appointees:  Hon.  J.  H.  Harp,  Crescent  City;  Hon.  R.  C.  Moore,  Oak  Grove; 
Hon.  C.  L.  Wilder,  Plant  City. 

Gen.  J.  J.  Finley  to  be  the  guest  of  the  State. 

SENATE  CONCURRENT  RESOLUTION  relative  to  representation  at  the  opening  of  the  National 
Park  at  Chickamauga,  September  19,  20,  and  21,  1895. 

Whereas  the  National  Park  at  Chickamauga  will  be  dedicated  September  19,  20, 
and  21  next, 

Be  it  resolved  by  the  senate  of  the  State  of  Florida,  the  house  of  representatives  concur- 
ring, That  a  joint  commission  of  two  members  of  the  senate  and  three  from  the  house" 
be  appointed  by  the  presiding  officers  of  the  respective  houses  to  attend  said  dedi- 
cation ; 

Resolved  further,  That  said  commission  shall  make  such  recommendation  to  the 
next  legislature  of  Florida  as  they  may  deem  proper  as  to  the  advisability  of  erecting 
a  monument  by  the  State  in  the  National  Park  to  commemorate  the  valor  of  Florida's 
sous  who  fell  upon  the  memorable  battlefield  of  Chickamauga ; 

Resolved  further,  That  the  veteran  general,  J.  J.  Finley,  the  senior  officer  who  com- 
manded Florida's  troops  in  that  engagement,  is  hereby  invited  to  accompany  the 
commission  herein  appointed  as  the  guest  of  Florida,  but  the  other  members  of  the 
commission  shall  attend  without  expense  to  the  State ; 

Resolved  further,  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  commission  members  from 
the  senate  or  house  to  fill  vacancies  in  this  commission  should  any  occur  by  death  or 
resignation. 

Approved  May  17,  1895.  , 


222       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MITITARY  PARK. 

Resolution  passed  by  the  Georgia  legislature  in  relation  to  //'«   dnlicalion  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga  and  Chattanooga  National  1'ark. 

Whereas  the  Chickamatiga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park,  established  by  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  to  commemorate  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  is 
located  on  Georgia  soil,  and  iu  the  victory  won  by  Southern  arms  in  said  battle  the 
number  of  Georgia  troops  exceeded  that  of  any  other  Southern  State  except  Ten- 
nessee; and 

Whereas  the  dedication  of  said  park  will  occur  on  September  19,  20,  and  21, 1895, 
and  will  be  an  event  of  national  importance,  participated  in  by  the  President, 
Cabinet,  and  Congress,  and  delegations  from  all  States  in  the  Union  whose  troops 
were  engaged  in  said  battle,  and  it  is  but  proper  that  Georgia  should  officially  recog- 
nize this  occasion,  and  this  general  assembly  appoint  delegates  thereto :  There- 
fore be  it 

Resolved  by  the  house  of  representatives,  the  senate  concurring,  That  a  committee  of 
two  from  each  Congressional  district  (twenty-two  from  the  house)  be  appointed  by 
the  speaker,  and  a  committee  of  eleven,  one  from  each  Congressional  district,  from 
the  senate,  be  appointed  by  the  president,  of  which  committees  the  speaker  of  the 
house  and  president  of  the  senate  shall  be  chairman,  respectively,  to  visit  said  park 
and  attend  the  dedication  ceremonies  and  report  to  the  next  general  assembly,  with 
any  recommendations  they  may  see  proper  to  make  as  to  erecting  a  monument  or 
other  suitable  marks  or  memorials  to  commemorate  the  gallantry  of  Georgia  troops 
in  this,  one  of  the  most  glorious  victories  of  the  Southern  arms  during  the  late  war: 
Provided,  That  said  joint  committee,  on  making  said  visitation  and  report,  shall  not 
incur  any  expense  to  the  State  of  Georgia  for  the  said  visit. 

Approved  December  15, 1894. 


List  of  the  governor's  staff  at  the  Chickamauga  dedication. 

Governor  W.  Y.  Atkinson,  Maj.  F.  E.  Callaway,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  F.  Stone,  Lieut.  Col.  C. 
G.  Johnson,  Lieut.  Col.  Albert  R.  Burdett,  Lieut.  Col.  Thos.  J.  Eady,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  B. 
Smith,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  E.  Bivins, Lieut.  Col. Dan.  Joseph,  Lieut.  Col.  W.R.  Power,  Lieut. 
Col.  T.  B.  Felder,  jr.,  Lieut.  Col.  Sam  W.  Wilkes,  Lieut.  Col.  P.  T.  McCutchin,  Lieut. 
Col.  T.  C.  Thomas,  Lient.  Col.  T.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Lieut.  Col.  Geo.  W.  Harrison,  Lieut.  Col. 
E.  S.  Messic,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  D.  Boyd,  Lieut.  Col.  S.  T.  Blalock,  Lieut.  Col.  Edward  Calla- 
way, Lieut.  Col.  H.  M.  Comer,  jr..  Lieut.  Col.  H.  McC.  Stanley,  Lieut.  Col.  LeeM.  Happ, 
Lieut.  Col.  Phil  G.  Byrd,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  J.  Harris,  Lieut.  Col.  H.  C.  Fisher,  Col.  A.  J. 
West,  Lieut.  Col.  H.  T.  West,  Lieut.  O.  J.  Brown,  IT.  S.  A.,  inspector-general  and  assist- 
ant adjutant-general  State  of  Georgia ;  Col.  Jno.  Mclntosh  Kell,  adjutant-general. 


List  of  Georgia  legislature  attending  Park  dedication. 

C.  W.  Gray,  R.  N.  Holland,  J.  T.  Boifeulett,  E.  P.  Howell,  S.  L.  Moore,  jr.,  J.  L. 
Latham,  T.  D.  Rockwell,  Clarence  Wilson,  H.  A.  Hall,  H.  L.  Peoples,  C.  G.  Gray,  M.  T. 
Perkins,  L.  L.  Middlebrooks,  W.  A.  Dodsou,  W  L.  Smith,  W.  H.  Pitman,  M.  F.  Hurst, 
J.  W.  Armstrong,  H.  A.  Florence,  H.  H.  Jenkins,  I.  A.  Bush,  Gordon  Lee. 


EXECUTIVE  OFFICE,  STATE  OF  IDAHO, 

Boise  City,  April  13, 1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  In  reply  to  your  favor  of  April  4,  I  beg  leave  to  state  that  we  were 
not  represented  by  any  duly  accredited  delegates  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chicka- 
manga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  in  September  last. 
Sincerely,  yours, 

W.    J.    MCC'ONNELL. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Indianapolis,  Ind.,  April  7,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR  :  Replying  to  yonrs  of  1st  instant,  herein  I  hand  you  a  list  of  the  members 
of  my  staff  who  accompanied  me  to  Chickamauga  Park  and  also  a  list  of  the  commis- 
sioners whom  I  appointed  to  serve  on  the  part  of  the  State,  and  all  of  whom  also 
were  present  during  the  dedicatory  exercises.  I  also  inclose  extract  from  my  bien- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       223 

nial  message  to  general  assembly  relative  to  the  subject.  In  accordance  with  this 
recommendation,  the  general  assembly  passed  an  act  empowering  the  governor  to 
appoint  a-  commission  of  ten  citizens  of  Indiana,  who  served  as  soldiers  and  were 
present  and  engaged  in  the  battles  around  Chattanooga.  The  act  also  appropriated 
the  sum  of  $40,000,  to  be  expended  in  the  errectiou  of  monuments  to  the  forty  military 
organizations  from  Indiana  engaged  in  those  battles.  I  appointed  the  commission, 
a  list  of  whose  names  I  inclose.  The  commission  organized  by  electing  Gen.  Morton 
C.  Hunter,  chairman,  and  Gen.  James  R.  Carnahan,  secretary.  At  the  State  exer- 
cises on  the  18th  of  September,  at  the  battle  ground,  Gen.  James  R.  Carnahan  and 
Judge  D.  B.  McCounell  also  delivered  addresses.  If  you  jiave  not  copies  of  these 
addresses  and  desire  to  incorporate  them  in  your  records,  I  will  see  that  they  are 
provided.  In  behalf  of  Indiana,  I  thank  you  for  tho  interest  you  manifested  in  hav- 
ing our  State  properly  recorded  in  the  proceedings  of  that  memorable  occasion. 
Should  anything  further  be  required,  I  will  take  pleasure  in  supplying  you  with  it. 
With  kindest  regards,  I  am,  very  truly,  yours, 

CLAUDE  MATTHEWS,  Governor. 

Commissioners. — Gen.  Morton  C.  Hunter,  Bloomington;  Col.  William  M.  Cockrum, 
Oakland  City;  Capt.  William  P.  Herron,  Crawfordsville ;  Gen.  James  R.  Carnahan, 
Indianapolis;  Capt.  George  H.  Puuteniiey,  Rushville;  Capt.  Milton  Garrigus, 
Kokomo;  Capt.  D.  B.  McConuell,  Logansport;  Capt.  Milton  M.  Thompson,  Fort 
Wayne;  Maj.  Marcellus  M.  Justus,  Bluffton;  Col.  R.  M.  Johnson,  Elkhart. 

Governors  staff.—  Brig.  Gen.  Irvin  Robbins,  adjutant-general;  Brig.  Gen.  Samuel 
L.  Compton,  quartermaster- general ;  Col.  Lewis  B.  Martin,  paymaster-general;  Col. 
R.  French  Stone,  surgeon-general ;  Lieut.  Col.  Daniel  Fasig,  assistant  quartermaster- 
general;  Lieut.  Col.  Simon  J.  Straus,  assistant  paymaster-general;  Maj.  J.  M. 
Healy,  Maj.  A.  B.  Mewhinney,  aids-de-camp ;  First  Lieut.  Thomas  M.  De  Frees,  Fifth 
United  States  Infantry,  on  duty  with  the  Indiana  National  Guard;  First  Lieut. 
Samuel  Miller,  Fifth  United  States  Infantry,  on  duty  at  Purdue  University,  Indiana; 
Col.  Ivan  N.  Walker,  commander  in  chief  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 


STATE  OF  KANSAS,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Topeka,  April  20,  1896. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  the  action -taken  by  the 
State  of  Kansas  for  participation  in  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  Park. 
On  February  18,  1895,  I  approved  the  following  act: 

"AN  ACT  to  create  a  commission  and  provide  for  the  erection  of  monuments  and  tablets  to  mark  the 
position  of  Kansas  troops  on  the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga. 

"Whereas  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  has  provided,  by  an  act  approved 
August  19,  1890,  for  the  purchase  and  improving  of  7,600  acres  of  land  in  Tennessee 
and  Georgia  to  be  known  as  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military 
Park,  providing  for  and  improving  and  beautifying  of  it,  for  the  purpose  of  preserv- 
ing and  suitably  marking  for  historical  and  professional  military  study  of  the  fields 
of  some  of  the  most  remarkable  maneuvers  and  most  brilliant  fighting  in  the  war  of 
the  rebellion  in  which  Kansas  troops  won  distinguished  honors;  and 

"Whereas  the  same  act  provides  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  authorities  of  any 
State  having  troops  engaged  either  at  Chattanooga  or  Chickamauga  to  enter  upon 
said  lauds  and  approaches  of  said  park  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  and  marking 
the  lines  of  battle  of  troops  engaged  therein,  by  monuments,  tablets,  or  otherwise ;  and 

"Whereas  it  is  but  ajust  recognition  of  Kausas's  brave  soldiers  that  suitable  tablets 
should  mark  their  position,  and  monuments  be  erected  to  commemorate  their  deeds 
of  heroism  on  the  battlefield :  Therefore, 

"Be  it  enacted  by  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Kansas:  SEC.  1.  That  the  governor  of 
the  State  of  Kansas  be  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  a  commission  consist- 
ing of  five  soldiers  of  the  State  of  Kansas  who  served  with  honor  in  the  battles  of 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  not  less  than  three  of  whom  served  in  a  Kansas  regi- 
ment in  that  battle,  to  locate  and  erect  suitable  memorials  and  monuments  commem- 
orative of  the  deeds  of  the  soldiers  of  Kansas  who  fought  on  these  battlefields. 

"SEC.  2.  The  said  commission  is  hereby  authorized  to  erect  suitable  memorial 
structures,  monuments,  and  tablets,  to  properly  commemorate  the  heroic  deeds  of  the 
soldiers  of  Kansas  who  took  part  in  the  said  engagements,  and  to  audit  the  accounts 
therefor  and  pay  for  the  same  out  of  the  moneys  hereinafter  appropriated,  and  said 
commission  is  also  authorized  to  audit  and  pay  actual  expenses  of  said  commission 
out  of  said  appropriation.  Said  commission  shall  keep  an  accurate  account  of  all 
disbursements,  and  shall  make  a  full  report  thereof  and  of  the  execution  of  their 
trust  to  the  governor  on  or  before  the  15th  day  of  November,  1895. 


224      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

"SEC.  3.  That  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  appro- 
priated out  of  any  funds  in  the  treasury  of  the  State  not  otherwise  appropriated, 
to  be  drawn  and  used  by  said  commission  for  the  purposes  heretofore  mentioned,  and 
the  auditor  of  State  is  hereby  authorized  to  draw  his  warrants  on  the  treasurer  of 
the  State  for  the  purposes  and  amounts  specified  herein. 

"  SKC.  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  publication 
jn  the  official  State  paper." 

The  following  Kansas  soldiers  who  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  were  appointed  as  such  commission:  Lieut.  Col.  J.  L.  Abernathy,  Maj. 
S.  R.  Washer,  G.  W.  Johnson,  J.  F.  Starnes,  and  L.  Akers.  They  entered  upon  their 
labors  Avith  praiseworthy  diligence  and  faithfully  performed  all  the  duties  assigned 
to  them,  as  is  shown  by  their  report  hereafter  appended. 

I  accepted  the  invitation  extended  to  the  State  of  Kansas  by  the  National  Park 
Commission,  and  was  present  at  the  dedication  of  the  park,  September  19  and  20, 
accompanied  by  the  following  members  of  my  personal  staff:  S.  M.  Fox.  adjutant- 
general;  C.  S.  Elliott,  paymaster-general;  H.  G.  Cavenaugh,  (captain  Thirteenth 
United  States  Infantry)  inspector-general;  W.  S.  Metcalf,  aid-de-camp. 

I  was  also  accompanied  by  Maj.  William  S.  McCasky,  Twentieth  United  States 
Infantry,  and  Maj.  John  K.  Rankin,  both  of  whom  were  present  and  served  in  the 
battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga. 

On  the  morning  of  September  20,  the  commission  turned  over  to  the  State  of  Kansas 
the  monuments  and  tablets  erected  to  mark  the  lines  and  to  commemorate  the  heroic 
services  of  the  Kansas  troops  on  the  several  battlefields.  They  were  received  with 
appropriate  honors. 

I  have  the  honor  to  append  herewith  the  report  of  the  Kansas  commission: 

"  NOVEMBER  6,  1895. 
"His  Excellency  Governor  E.  N.  MORRILL, 

Governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  Topeka,  Kans. 

"DEAR  SIR:  The  commission  appointed  by  you,  under  the  authority  of  the  legisla- 
ture (see  House  bill  No.  201),  to  mark  the  positions  occupied  by  Kansas  troops  in  the 
battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  and  to  purchase  and  erect  monuments  to 
their  memory,  has  completed  the  work  assigned  to  them  and  have  the  honor  to  hand 
you  herewith  their  report. 

"Your  commission,  consisting  of  Maj.  S.  R.  Washer,  G.  W.  Johnson,  J.  F.  Starnes, 
L.  Akers,  and  J.  L.  Abernathy,  organized  March  4,  by  the  election  of  J.  L.  Abernathy, 
president,  and  S.  R.  Washer,  secretary. 

"In  April  the  commission  visited  the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
and  marked  the  positions  the  Kansas  troops  occupied  in  these  battles.  Your  com- 
mission advertised  for  designs  and  proposals  and  received  quite  a  number  of  sketches, 
but  learned  that  parties  doing  the  work  were  to  meet  and  submit  designs  to  the 
Wisconsin  commission.  Your  commission  decided  to  send  the  president  and  secre- 
tary to  Milwaukee  to  select  and  contract  for  monuments.  After  seeing  a  large  num- 
ber of  designs  your  commission  finally  selected  a  large  granite  sarcophagus  ami  two 
granite  markers  for  the  Chickamauga  field,  the  first  base  of  sarcophagus  to  be  9  feet 
by  5  feet  2  inches  by  1  foot  11  inches  high;  second  base,  7  feet  2  inches  by  3  feet 
4  inches  and  2  feet  high ;  the  die,  6  feet  1  inch  by  2  feet  3  inches  by  3  feet  10  inches 
high.  The  four  sides  of  this  stone  and  of  the  foregoing  are  rock-faced,  with  marginal 
lines,  and  the  peak  is  fine  hammered.  On  the  front  there  is  cut  in  large  letters  in 
the  granite,  'Eighth  Kansas  Infantry,  Third  Brigade,  First  Division,  Twentieth 
Army  Corps.'  On  the  reverse  side  is  the  following  inscription  in  bronze  plate: 

"'On  September  19,  1863,  the  Eighth  Kansas  Volunteer  Infantry,  Col.  John  A. 
Martin,  commander,  Heg's  brigade,  Davis's  division,  Mct'ook's  corps,  went  into 
action  east  of  this  point  and  was  in  the  hottest  part  of  the  battle  from  12.30  until 
6  p.  m.  During  the  battle  Colonel  Heg  was  killed.  Colonel  Martin  assumed  com- 
mand of  the  brigade  and  Lieut.  Col.  J.  L.  Abernathy  commanded  the  regiment.  The 
fighting  during  this  day  was  severe.  The  ground  where  this  monument  stands  was 
repeatedly  occupied  by  the  opposing  forces.  At  the  close  of  the  day  the  regiment 
bivouacked  west  of  the  Viniaard  house.  During  the  night  the  division  moved  to 
the  high  ground  west  of  Crawfish  Springs  road  and  north  of  WTidow  Glenn's  house. 

"'September  20,  at  12  o'clock,  the  brigade  went  into  action  on  the  Brothertou 
farm,  but  was  soon  forced  to  retire  to  McFarlands  Gap.  The  regiment  joined  Gen- 
eral Thomas  at  6  p.  m.  Total  number  engaged,  406.  Loss:  Two  commissioned 
officers  killed,  9  commissioned  officers  wounded,  28  enlisted  men  killed,  156  enlisted 
men  wounded,  25  enlisted  men  missing.  Total  loss,  220,  or  55  per  cent  of  strength 
of  regiment.' 

"On  the  end  of  this  monument  there  is  in  bronze  plate  the  seal  of  the  State  of 
Kansas.  About  500  yards  east  of  where  this  monumeut  stands  your  commission 
placed  one  granite  marker  with  the  following  inscription :  '  The  Eighth  Kansas  Vol- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      225 

uuteer  Infantry  occupied  this  position  at  1  p.  m.  September  19,  1863.'    About  half  a 
mile  north  of  the  monument  another  granite  marker  fixes  the  position  of  the  Kansas  . 
troops  in  the  second  day's  battle. 

"Your  commission  erected  a  large  granite  bowlder  on  Orchard  Knob,  Chattanooga, 
of  the  following  dimensions :  One  solid  piece  4  feet  6  inches  by  2  feet  6  inches  at  base 
and  6  feet  6  inches  high.  The  front  or  face  is  fine  hammered.  The  sides  and  rear 
and  top  are  rock-faced.  On  the  front  there  is  a  bronze  panel,  on  which  appears  the 
following  legend: 

'"On  November  23, 1863,  the  Eighth  Kansas  Volunteer  Infantry,  Col.  John  A.  Mar- 
tin commanding,  First  Brigade,  Third  Division,  Fourth  Army  Corps,  moved  on  this 
point  from  the  railroad  track  at  2  o'clock  p.  in.,  in  front  of  Fort  Wood,  as  skirmishers 
for  the  brigade,  and,  supported  by  the  brigade,  captured  this  knob  and  line  of  works 
without  much  resistance  and  before  the  main  line  arrived.  The  regiment  remained 
in  this  position  until  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  25th,  when  it  moved  with  the 
brigade  to  assault  the  enemy's  works  at  the  foot  of  Mission  Ridge.' 

"In  the  battle  of  Chattanooga  the  Kansas  troops  were  among  the  first  to  reach 
and  drive  the  enemy  from  Mission  Ridge.  Your  commission  has- erected  at  this 
point  a  fine  granite  shaft  of  the  following  size  and  description :  Material  used  for 
this  monument  is  Barre  granite  for  pedestal  and  bronze  for  the  statue.  The  first 
base  is  6  feet  9  inches  by  6  feet  9  inches,  and  1  foot  6  inches  high.  The  four  sides 
are  rock-faced,  with  marginal  lines.  The  wash  is  fine  hammered.  The  second  base 
is  4  feet  3  inches  by  4  feet  3  inches  by  1  foot  6  inches  high.  The  sides  of  this  also 
are  rock-faced,  with  marginal  lines;  the  wash  fine  hammered.  The  next  stone  is  3 
feet  3  inches  by  3  feet  3  inches  and  1  foot  high,  the  sides  rock-faced,  with  marginal 
lines.  The  die  is  3  feet  2  inches  by  3  feet  2  inches  by  3  feet  8  inches  high,  all  four 
sides  fine  hammered.  Above  this  a  plinth  2  feet  11  inches  by  2  feet  11  inches,  and 
9  inches  high;  sides  rock-faced,  with  marginal  lines.  On  this  there  is  a  cap  3  feet 
6  inches  by  3  feet  6  inches,  and  1  foot  7  inches  high ;  sides  fine  hammered  and  molded. 
Above  this  a  plinth  2  feet  7  inches  by  2  feet  7  inches,  and  1  foot  high;  sides  rock- 
faced,  with  marginal  lines,  wash  hammered.  The  whole  of  this  base  is  surmounted 
by  a  bronze  statue  of  the  color  bearer,  bearing  aloft  the  Stars  and  Stripep.  The 
bronze  statue  is  6  feet  high  to  top  of  head.  The  entire  height  of  the  monument  is 
17  feet  11  inches,  containing  175  cubic  feet  of  granite  and  weighing  31,500  pounds. 
On  the  front  is  a  bronze  panel  bearing  the  following  inscription:  'Eighth  Kansas 
Volunteer  Infantry.'  The  following  legend  also  is  in  bronze  plate  upon  the  face  of 
this  monument: 

" '  November  25,  1863,  the  Eighth  Kansas  Volunteer  Infantry,  Col.  John  A.  Martin 
commanding,  Willich's  brigade,  Wood's  division,  Granger's  corps,  advanced  from 
Orchard  Knob  at  3  p.  in.,  and  with  the  brigade  carried  the  works  at  the  foot  of  the 
Ridge,  and  continuing  the  assault  up  its  face  the  regiment  broke  through  the  oppos- 
ing lines  on  the  crest  of  the  ridge  at  this  point,  and  a  portion  of  it  pursued  the 
enemy  200  yards  beyond  and  there  engaged  in  a  lively  but  short  fight,  while  the  rest 
assisted  in  driving  the  enemy  from  the  left.  The  regiment  bivouacked  on  the  ridge 
near  this  point.  Total  number  engaged,  219.  Loss,  1  commissioned  officer  wounded, 
2  enlisted  men  killed,  23  enlisted  men  wounded;  total,  26.' 

' '  Upon  one  of  the  sides  of  this  monument  there  is  also  the  seal  of  the  State  of  Kan- 
sas in  bronze.  This  monument  is  in  a  conspicuous  place  overlooking  Chattanooga, 
and  your  commission  was  very  fortunate  in  securing  this  position  for  the  monument. 

"These  monuments  were  all  completed  and  received  by  your  commissioners  on  the 
20th  of  September  and,  by  your  request,  by  them  were  turned  over  to  you,  as  governor 
of  Kansas,  for  such  disposition  as  you  might  think  best,  and  under  the  rules  and 
regulations  for  the  government  of  the  Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga  National  Mili- 
tary Park. 

"Your  commission  deems  it  unnecessary  to  speak  of  the  valor  and  bravery  dis- 
played by  the  Kansas  troops  engaged  in  these  battles.  The  record  of  the  dead  and 
wounded  tells  the  story  in  more  eloquent  words  than  we  could  use.  Your  commis- 
sion believe  that  they  have  executed  their  trust  in  a  manner  which  will  meet  your 
approval,  and  that  citizens  of  Kansas  visiting  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park  will  be  pleased  with  the  work  of  your  commission  and  with 
the  record  of  the  troops  from  Kansas  in  both  of  these  battles. 

"In  the  discharge  of  their  trust  your  commission  has  expended  the  following 
sums : 

April  15,  expense  of  five  commissioners  to  Chattanooga  to  locate  positions 

of  Kansas  troops  in  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga $260. 90 

April  23,  expenses  of  president  and  secretary  to  Milwaukee  to  examine  and 

select  monuments 90. 15 

Expense  of  secretary's  office  to  date 76.53 

Bill  of  Smith's  Granite  Company  for  three  granite  monuments  and  two 
granite  markers,  set  up  complete 3, 600.  00 

S.  Eep.  G37 15 


226       CHICKAMAUGA  AXD  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Bill  of  American  Bronze  Company  for  die  and  two  copies  of  State  seal  in 

.    bronze $50.00 

September  20,  expense  of  five  commissioners  to  Chattanooga  to  inspect 
and  receive  monuments . . .  395. 05 


Total  expenditure 4, 472. 63 

Leaving  a  balance  of  appropriation  unexpended  of  $527.37. 

"I  have  the  honor  to  inclose  herewith  very  imperfect  blue  prints  of  designs  of  the 
monuments. 

"Trusting  that  the  foregoing  report  and  the  manner  in  which  the  work  of  your 
commission  has  been  performed  may  meet  with  your  approval,  I  have  the  honor  to  be, 
your  most  obedient  servant, 

"J.  L.  ABERNATHY, 

"  President  of  Commission. 
"S.  R.  WASHER,  Secretary." 
Very  respectfully, 

E.  N.  MORRILL,  Governor. 


OFFICE  OF  ADJUTANT-GENERAL, 

Baton  Rouge,  La.,  April  18,  1896. 

SIR:  Your  communication  of  April  4,  1896,  to  the  governor  of  the  State  of  Louisi- 
ana, has  been  referred  to  this  office,  and  in  reply  I  beg  to  say  that  I  do  not  think  any 
action  was  had  by  the  governor's  office  or  by  the  legislature  in  connection  with  the 
dedication  of  the  Chickamanga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  in  September  last. 
Something  may  have  been  done  by  the  commissioners  of  the  State,  but  I  have  not 
been  able  to  get  this  information.  Col.  J.  A.  Chalaron,  one  of  the  Chickamauga 
Park  commissioners  of  Louisiana,  was  an  official  attendant.  Gen.  E.  P.  Cabbraux 
and  Col.  F.  A.  Ober,  of  the  governor's  staff,  were  also  attendants,  but  unofficial. 
Very  respectfully, 

W.  L.  STEVENS, 
Acting  Adjutant-General. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Annapolis,  Md.,  April  %2,  1896. 

MY  DEAR  SIR  :  Replying  to  your  favor  of  April  4,  1896,  requesting  to  be  furnished 
with  certain  information  relative  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 
ndoga  National  Park  in  September  last,  I  would  say  that  it  would  appear  from  a 
letter  just  received  from  ex-Governor  Brown  that  there  was  no  representative  from 
this  State  on  that  occasion,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  legislature  was  not  in  session 
and  a  previous  official  engagement  prevented  the  governor,  very  much  to  his  regret, 
from  being  present  with  his  staff. 

Very  truly,  yours,  LLOYD  LOWNDES. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Boston,  Mass.,  April  3, 1896. 

DEAR  SIR  :  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  the  1st  instant  regarding  the  action  of  the 
Massachusetts  State  legislature  providing  for  participation  in  the  dedication  of  the 
Chickamanga  Park,  I  have  the  honor  to  send  you  with  this  an  official  itinerary  pre- 
pared for  the  trip  of  the  Massachusetts  delegation  to  Chattanooga,  which  contains 
a  full  report  of  the  action  taken  by  the  governor  and  legislature;  also  the  names  of 
the  members  of  the  governor's  staff  and  other  officials  who  were  in  the  party. 
Very  respectfully,  yours, 

ROGER  WOLCOTT. 

P.  S. — Inclosed  please  also  find  statements  from  the  adjutant-general. 


ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Boston,  Mass.,  April  3,  1896. 

Executive  Department,  State  House,  Boston,  Mass.  : 

I  have  the  honor  to  reply  to  your  inquiry  of  this  date  that  the  following  are  the 
names  of  the  members  of  the  delegation  which  represented  the  State  of  Massachu- 
setts at  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  September,  1895,  and  would  further  say  that 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      227 

I  forwarded,  immediately  after  retiirn  of  delegation,  a  corrected  itinerary  to  the 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  Commission  at  Washington : 

His  Excellency  Frederic  T.  Greenhalge,  governor  of  the  Commonwealth;  Brig. 
Gen.  Albert  C.  Davidson,  commissary-general;  Col.  F.  W.  Wellington,  assistant 
inspector- general;  Col.  A.  II.  Goetting,  assistant  adjutant-general;  Col.  George  F. 
Hall,  inspector-general  of  rifle  practice;  Col.  Cyrus  A.  Page,  assistant  adjutant- 
general;  Col.  James  A.  Lakin,  assistant  adjutant-general;  Col.  Benjamin  S.  Lovell, 
assistant  adjutant- general;  Col.  Charles  Kenny,  assistant  quartermaster-general. 

Committee  of  executive  council. — Hon.  Cyrus  Savage,  second  district;  Hon.  Francis 
H.  Raymond,  third  district;  Hon.  B.  Frank  Southwick,  fifth  district;  Hon.  Alvan 
Barrus,  eighth  district. 

Heads  of  State,  departments. — Hon.  William  M.  Olin,  secretary  of  state ;  Hon.  Edward 
P.  Shaw,  treasurer  and  receiver-general ;  Hon.  John  W.  Kimball,  auditor  of  accounts. 

Committee  on  military  affairs. — Of  the  senate :  Hon.  Joseph  B.  Maccabe,  Hon.  George 
A.  Reed,  Hon.  Michael  B.  Gilbride.  Of  the  house:  Representatives  Franklin  O. 
Barnes,  George  E.  Fowle,  Charles  F.  Sargent,  Francis  M.  Kingman,  Robert  A. 
Richardson,  Joseph  B.  Kuox,  Theodore  K.  Parker,  Frank  L.  Waddeii. 

Joint  special  committee. — Of  the  senate:  Hon.  Robert  S.  Gray,  Hon.  George  L.  Gage, 
Hon.  Joseph  C.  Neill,  Hon.  Marciene  H.  Whitcomb,  Hon.  Edw.  G.  Frothingham, 
Hon.  George  A.  Gallonpe,  Hon.  Percival  Blodgett,  Hon.  Jos.  J.  Corbett,  Hon.  Wil- 
liam H.  McMorrow.  Of  the  house:  Representatives  Stephen  C.  Warriner,  Alfred  S. 
Roe,  Clarentine  E.  Ferson,  Otis  Foss,  Robert  Duddy,  John  D.  H.  Gauss,  David  F. 
Slade,  John  J.  O'Connor,  Louis  P.  Howe,  George  T.  Sleeper,  Charles  P.  Bond,  Arthur 
L.  Spring,  Richard  W.  Irwin,  George  L.  Wentworth,  George  A.  Hibbard,  John  T. 
Shea,  James  F.  Creed,  Henry  F.  Rice,  Daniel  W.  Allen,  Samuel  H.  Mitchell,  George 
W.  Penniman,  Henry  D.  Sisson. 

Officers  of  the  legislature. — Henry  D.  Coolidge,  clerk  senate;  Edward  A.  McLaugh- 
lin,  clerk  house;  J.  G.  B.  Adams,  sergeant-at-arms. 

Delegates  representing  Second  and   Thirty-third    regiments  of  Massachusetts  Volunteer' 

Infantry. 

Second  Massachusetts  Volunteers :  William  H.  Hall,  George  W.  Morse,  John  R. 
Merritt.  Thirty-third  Massachusetts  Volunteers :  Allen  G.  Shepherd,  Albert  C.  Stacy, 
Sylvanus  C.  Smiley. 

In  charge  of  delegation,  Adjt.  Gen.  Samuel  Dalton;  surgeon  to  delegation,  Surg. 
Gen.  Edward  J.  Forster;  color  bearer  State  colors,  Color  Sergt.  W.  D.  Huddleson, 
First  Regiment  Infantry,  M.  V.  M. ;  messenger  in  charge  of  baggage,  Thomas  F. 
Marlowe. 

Very  respectfully,  SAMUEL  DALTON, 

Adjutant- General. 

The  following  action  was  had  by  the  governor  and  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  : 

COMMONWEALTH  OK  MASSACHUSETTS,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Boston,  February  4,  1895. 
To  the  Honorable  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives: 

I  transmit  herewith  for  your  information  and  action  a  communication  from  the 
Secretary  of  War  inviting  the  governor  and  staff,  together  with  such  further  repre- 
sentation from  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  as  the  legislature  thereof  may 
see  fit  to  authorize,  to  be  present  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 
nooga National  Military  Park,  which  will  take  place  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1895. 

FREDERIC  T.  GREENHALGE. 

RESOLVE  relative  to  the  dedication  of  the  National  Military  Park  on  the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga 

and  Chattanooga. 

Resolved,  That  there  be  allowed  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  Commonwealth 
a  sum  not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the 
governor  and  council,  to  enable  the  Commonwealth  to  be  properly  represented  at 
the  dedication  ceremonies  to  be  held  at  Chickamauga,  in  the  State  of  Georgia,  and 
Chattanooga,  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  in  the  month  of  September  in  the  year  eight- 
een hundred  and  ninety-five,  through  the  following  officials:  His  excellency  the  gov- 
ernor and  eight  members  of  his  staff,  the  lieutenant-governor  and  four  members  of 
the  executive  council,  the  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  the  treasurer  and 
receiver -general,  the  auditor  of  accounts,  the  attorney -general,  the  president  of  the 
senate,  the  speaker  of  the  house,  the  joint  committee  on  military  affairs,  a  special 
committee  of  nine  members  of  the  senate  and  twenty-two  members  of  the  house,  to 
be  appointed  by  the  presiding  officers  of  the  two  branches,  respectively;  the  clerk 


228      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  the  senate,  the  clerk  of  the  house,  the  sergeant-at-arms,  and  a  delegation  of  three 
mem  hers  each  from  the  Second  and  Thirty-third  regiments  of  Massachusetts  Vol- 
unteers who  were  present  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga.  Any 
vacancies  occurring  in  said  joint  committee  on  military  .affairs  or  joint  special  com- 
mittee may  be  filled  by  the  presiding  officer  of  the  branch  in  the  representation  of 
which  such  vacancies  occur. 
Approved  June  4,  1895. 


STATE  OF  MAINE,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Augusta,  September  2,  1895. 

MY  DEAR  SIR:  Permit  me  to  say  that  Hon.  Wainwright  Gushing,  a  member  of  the 
executive  department  of  our  State  government,  will  bo  present  as  a  representative 
of  our  State  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  Military  Park 
on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September  next.  Any  courtesy  extended  to  Colonel  Gushing 
will  be  appreciated. 

Yours,  very  truly,  HENRY  B.  CLEAVES, 

Governor. 
Maj.  FRANK  J.  SMITH, 

Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  Commission. 

RESOLVE  of  the  State  of  Maine  in  relation  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 

National  Military  Park. 

Resolved,  That  if  the  governor  shall  deem  it  advisable  for  the  State  to  be  repre- 
sented at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military 
Park,  he  shall  take  such  action  as  may  be  necessary  therefor,  and  to  defray  the 
expenses  thereof,  if  any,  he  is  authorized  to  draw  his  warrant  upon  any  money  in  the 
treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

Approved  March  26,  1895. 


STATE  OF  MAINE,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Augusta,  September  3,  1895. 
Hon.  WAINWRIGHT  GUSHING, 

Member  of  the  Executive  Council,  State  of  Maine: 

Under  a  resolve  passed  by  the  legislature  of  the  State,  approved  March  26,  1895, 
you  are  hereby  requested  to  represent  the  State  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  September  19  and  20. 

HENRY  B.  CLEAVES,  Governor. 


FOXCROFT,  ME.,  September  30,  1S95. 

YOUR  EXCELLENCY:  I  attended  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 
nooga National  Park  as  your  representative.  The  exercises  were  of  an  interesting 
character,  and  the  intermingling  of  the  veterans  of  the  late  war,  both  North  and 
South,  will  be  productive  of  good  in  bringing  about  a  better  feeling  between  the 
two  sections. 

I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  Mr.  M.  S.  Gibson,  manager  of  Lookout  Inn,  and 
Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton  for  courtesies  extended. 
Yours,  sincerely, 

WAINWRIGHT  GUSHING. 
Governor  H.  B.  CLEAVES,  Augusta,  Me. 


GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICH.,  May  22, 1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  inclose  you  the  official  roster  of  the  governor  and  staff  as  requested, 
also  State  officers  and  committees  of  Senate  and  House  that  participated  in  the 
Chickamauga  ceremonies.     If  there  is  anything  further  needed,  please  advise  me. 
I  am,  very  truly, 

C.  E.  BELKNAP,  Chairman. 

Governor  and  staff. — Governor,  John  T.  Rich;  adjutant-general,  William  S.  Green; 
quartermaster-general,  James  H.  Kidd;  inspector-general,  Jos.  Walsh;  Capt.  Charles 
A.  Vernou,  Nineteenth  United  States  Infantry.  Aides:  Col.  Frank  H.  Latta  and 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      229 

Col.  Lou  Bnrt;  assistant  adjutant-general,  W.  W.  Cook;  assistant  quartermaster- 
general,  Col.  S.  H.  Avery;  assistant  inspector-general,  Col.  Frank  M.Williams; 
judge-advocate,  Maj.  J.  T.  Vincent,  of  Michigan. 

Slate  officers. — Hon.  Washington  Gardner,  secretary  of  state;  Hon.  Stanley  W. 
Turner,  auditor-general;  Hon.  William  A.  French,  commissioner  of  the  land  office; 
Hon.  H.  R.  Pattengill,  superintendent  of  puhlic  instruction ;  Hon.  John  W.  McGrath, 
chief  justice;  Hon.  R.  M.  Montgomery,  justice. 

Committee  from  the  senate. — Hon.  Charles  L.  Brundage  and  Hon.  Oscar  A.  Janes. 

Committee  from  the  house  of  representatives. — Hon.  Joseph  D.  Morse,  Hon.  Seymour 
Foster,  Hon.  Philip  D.  Miller,  Hon.  Charles  Holden,  and  Hon.  W.  D.  Gordon, 
speaker  of  the  house. 

Guest  of  the  State. — Gen.  B.  M.  Cutcheon. 


STATE  OF  MINNESOTA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

St.  Paul,  April  24,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  Your  favor  of  the  4th  instant  duly  received.  In  reply  I  heg  leave  to 
inform  you  that  there  was  no  action  taken  either  by  this  office  or  hy  the  State 
legislature  with  reference  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga 
National  Park.  The  inclosed  newspaper  clipping  contains  an  account  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  commissioners  of  Minnesota  in  connection  with  the  said  dedication. 
Yours,  respectfully, 

D.  M.  CLOUGH,  Governor. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT,  GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE, 

Jackson,  Miss.,  April  14,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  His  excellency  the  governor  directs  me  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your 
letter  of  the  4th  instant,  requesting  a  statement  of  any  action  taken  by  the  officers, 
the  legislature,  or  the  commissioners  of  the  State  in  connection  with  the  dedication 
of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park,  and  to  say  that  no  action  was 
taken  by  our  last  legislature  and  that  no  report  was  made  to  this  office  of  any  action 
taken  by  the  commissioners. 

He  is  informed  that  Hon.  E.  C.  Walthall,  United  States  Senator,  and  Maj.  George 
M.  Govan,  of  State  commission,  attended  the  dedicatory  ceremonies.     If  you  will 
communicate  with  Senator  Walthall,  he  can  give  you  such  information  as  you  desire. 
Very  truly,  yours, 

SOL  DOBSON,  Private  Secretary. 


STATE  OF  MONTANA,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Helena,  April  10, 1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  In  response  to  your  favor  of  the  6th  instant,  I  beg  to  inform  you  that 
I  am  directed  by  His  Excellency  Governor  Rickards  to  say  that  the  State  of  Mon- 
tana was  not  represented  at  the  exercises  at  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  none  of 
the  delegates  appointed  being  in  attendance.  Representatives,  however,  from  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  of  Montana  were  present. 

With  great  respect,  yours,  very  truly,  A.  B.  KEITH, 

Private  Secretary  to  the  Governor. 


EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 
Lincoln,  Nebr.,  April  19,  1896. 

SIR:  Replying  to  your  favor  of  the  1st  instant,  I  have  the  honor  to  say  that  the 
legislature  of  the  State  of  Nebraska  took  no  action  providing  for  an  appropriation 
in  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamanga  Park.  I  was  present  at  the  dedication  accom- 
panied by  the  following  members  of  my  staff:  Gen.  P.  H.  Barry,  Col.  C.  J.  Bills,  Col. 
John  P.  Bratt,  Col.  W.  G.  Swan,  Col.  'Fred.  Miller,  Col.  George  Lyon,  jr.,  Col.  E. 
H.  Tracey. 

Very  truly,  yours,  SILAS  A.  HOLCOMB. 


STATE  OF  NEVADA,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Carson  Ci'y,  Nev.,  May  6,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  Replying  to  your  communication  of  April  6  in  connection  with  the 
dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  in  September  last, 


230       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  several  pamphlets  and  communications  bearing  on  the  subject  were  placed  before 
the  State  legislature  and  action  requested  thereon,  but  I  regret  to  say  that  the 
depressing  times  had  its  influence  with  the  members  and  no  action  was  taken,  nor 
were  present  any  official  attendants. 

Respectfully,  W.  T.  HANFORD, 

Private  Secretary. 


-  STATE  ov  NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Concord,  April  14,  1896. 

SIR:  Your  communication  dated  April  6  to  the  governor  has  been  referred  to  me, 
and  in  reply  I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  no  action  was  taken  by  the  State 
of  New  Hampshire  in  connection  with  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Park. 

Very  respectfully,  A.  D.  AYLING, 

Adjutant-General. 


STATK  OF  NEW  JERSEY,  OFFJCK  OF  ADJUTANT-GENERAL, 

Trenton,  April  7,  1S96. 

DEAR  SIR:  Your  favor  of  April  1,  addressed  to  the  governor  of  this  State,  has 
been  referred  to  me  for  reply.  I  inclose  you  a  copy  of  the  report  of  the  New 
Jersey  Chickamauga  National  Military  Park  commissioners.  This  will  give  you  the 
facts  you  need  with  reference  to  the  participation  of  New  Jersey  in  the  dedication 
of  the  park  last  autumn. 

You  will  understand  that  the  Hon.  George  T.  Werts  wa«  then  governor  of  the  State, 
and  I  accompanied  him  on  that  occasion  as  his  adjutant-general.  The  Hon.  John  \V. 
Griggs  has  since  then  been  inducted  into  office  as  governor.  If  you  desire  any  fur- 
ther information,  please  write  me. 

Yours  truly,  WILLIAM  8.  STHYKER, 

Adjutant-General. 


Extracts  from  the  report  of  the  New  Jersey  Commission. 

In  order  that  the  dignity  of  the  State  might  be  upheld,  and  properly  maintained, 
and  becoming  respect  paid  to  her  loyal  dead  who  fell  upon  these  illustrious  battle- 
fields, and  her  brave  defenders  who  valiantly  fought  in  defense  of  the  nation  and 
the  flag,  in  keeping  with  an  act  passed  by  the  National  Congress,  the  legislature  of 
1895,  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  governor,  enacted  as  follows : 

AN  ACT  providing  for  the  fitting  commemoration  of  the  part  plaved  by  the  New  Jersey  troops  in 
the  campaigns  of  Chattanooga  and  Chickamauea,  and  for  •uitabfe  representation  of  the  State  at 
the  national  dedication  of  the  Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga.  National  Military  Park  on  September 
19  and  20,  1895. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and  general  assembly  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  That  the 
commissioners  who  may  have  been  heretofore  or  who  may  be  hereafter  appointed 
under  and  by  virtue  of  the  provisions  of  chapter  121  of  the  Laws  of  1894,  shall  suit- 
ably mark  by  tablets  the  positions  occupied  by  each  regiment,  battery  and  inde- 
pendent organization  from  the  State  of  New  Jersey  in  the  battles  which  took  place 
during  the  campaigns  of  Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga. 

And  be  it  enacted,  That  in  order  that  the  State  of  New  Jersey  may  be  suitably  rep- 
resented at  the  national  dedication  of  the  Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga  Military 
Park  on  September  19  and  20,  1895,  the  commissioners  previously  referred  to  in  this 
act  are  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  furnish  suitable  transportation  and  hotel 
accommodations  for  the  governor  of  the  State  and  his  staff,  such  State  officers  as 
the  governor  may  designate,  the  president  of  the  senate,  and  two  members  of  the 
senate,  to  be  designated  by  the  president;  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly, 
and  four  members  of  the  house  of  assembly,  to  be  designated  by  the  speaker,  to  and 
from  the  said  Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga  Military  Park. 

And  be  it  enacted,  That  in  order  to  defray  the  expenses  incurred  by  the  commis- 
sioners in  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  bill,  the  sum  of  two  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  needed,  is  hereby  appropriated 
out  of  any  moneys  in  the  hands  of  the  treasurer  not  otherwise  appropriated,  which 
said  sum,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  bo  needed,  shall  be  paid  to  the  said  commis- 
sioners upon  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller. 

And  ba  it  cnactal,  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

Approved  March  21,  1895. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       231 

Under  this  act  the  Hon.  Edward  C.  Stokes,  president  of  the  senate  of  1895, 
appointed,  to  represent  that  body  the  Hon.  Samuel  D.  Ploffman,  of  Atlantic  County, 
and  the  Hon.  John  C.  Ward,  of  Salem  Cotvnty. 

The  Hon.  Joseph  Cross,  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly,  appointed  to  represent 
that  body  the  Hon.  Clayton  Stafford,  of  Camden  County;  Hon.  George  P.  Olcott,  of 
Essex  County;  Hon.  James  Usher,  of  Hudson  County,  and  the  Hon.  William  Lane 
Wilbur,  of  Mercer  County. 


ST.-TK  OF  NEW  YOKK,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Albany,  May  21,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  In  compliance  with  your  request  addressed  to  Governor  Morton  for 
information,  relative  to  the  part  taken  by  the  State  of  New  York  in  the  dedication 
of  the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  in  September,  1895,  in  com- 
pliance with  the  invitation  from  the  honorable  Secretary  of  War,  I  am  directed  to 
transmit  to  you  the  inclosed  reports,  trusting  that  you  will  kindly  excuse  the  delay 
which  has  necessarily  arisen  since  your  request  was  first  made  for  such  information. 
As  already  stated,  the  delay  has  been  entirely  due  to  the  great  amount  of  labor  im- 
posed upon  the  governor  by  the  closing  work  of  the  legislature. 

Please  find  herewith,  No.  1,  the  special  message  addressed  to  the  legislature  upon 
receipt  of  the  invitation  from  the  Secretary  of  War;  No.  2,  extract  from  chapter 
1009  of  the  Session  Laws  of  1895  of  the  State  of  New  York,  making  an  appropria- 
tion to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  New  York  State  delegation;  No.  3,  a  list  of  the 
official  personages  comprised  in  the  party  representing  the  State  of  Is'ew  York;  No. 
4,  a  copy  of  the  address  delivered  by  Governor  Morton  iu  the  city  of  Chattanooga 
on  September  20,  1895. 

I  have  concluded  that  this  was  substantially  all  that  you  desired  for  the  purposes 
of  the  official  publication,  for  I  believe  that  everything  beyond  this  would  be 
merely  narrative  and  discursive,  Should,  however,  anything  further  be  desired,  I 
beg  of  you  not  to  hesitate  to  inform  me,  and  as  I  am  myself  :m  old  newspaper  man 
of  upward  of  twenty-five  years'  experience,  it  will  not  trouble  me  greatly  to  furnish 
auy  additional  details  which  you  may  desire. 

Very  respectfully,  ASHLEY  W.  COLE, 

Private  Secretary. 


Message  to  the  legislature  relating  to  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 

Military  Park. 

STATE  OP  NEW  YORK,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Albany,  March  15, 1895. 
To  the  Legislature : 

I  have  the  honor  to  call  your  attention  to  the  correspondence  from  the  honorable 
Secretary  of  War,  a  copy  of  which  is  transmitted  herewith,  relating  to  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  the  19th  and 
20th  of  September  next,  on  the  scene  of  those  two  memorable  engagements.  Under 
an  act  of  Congress  approved  December  15,  1894,  the  Secretary  of  WTar  is  charged 
with  the  direction  of  the  ceremonies,  and  is  instructed  to  invite  the  President,  the 
Congress,  the  Supremo  Court  and  other  Federal  officers,  the  General  of  the  Army,  the 
Admiral  of  the  Navy,  the  governors  of  the  several  States  and  their  staffs,  with  such 
further  representation  from  the  States  as  the  legislatures  may  think  proper  to  author- 
ize, and  the  survivors  of  the  several  armies  engaged  in  the  battles.  For  the  defrayal 
of  the  attendant  expense  the  sum  of  $20,000  was  appropriated,  but  no  part  of  this  is 
applicable  to  the  payment  of  expenses  of  State  representatives. 

It  appears  to  be  fitting  and  proper  that  the  State  of  New  York  should  be  ade- 
quately represented  and  take  official  part  on  so  impressive  an  occasion.  In  the  bat- 
tles of  the  Chattanooga  campaign  there  were  engaged  fourteen  regiments  of  infantry 
and  two  batteries  of  artillery  from  this  State,  a  total  of  about  6,000  men,  and  the 
State  is  honorably  represented  by  its  heroic  dead  in  the  national  cemetery  at  Chat- 
tanooga. The  engagements  include  the  fights  at  Wauhatchie,  Lookout  Valley,  Look- 
out Mountain,  Missionary  Ridge,  Peavine  Creek,  and  Ringgold  Gap. 

I  respectfully  submit  the  subject  to  your  honorable  body  for  such  legislation  as 
you  may  deem  necessary  to  provide  a  proper  official  participation  iu  the  dedication 
ceremonies  and  the  appropriation  of  a  reasonable  sum  to  meet  the  necessary  expense 
of  such  representation. 

LEVI  P.  MOUTOX. 


232      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY 

For  the  comptroller,  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  special  com- 
mittee appointed  by  joint  resolution  of  the  senate  and  assembly,  passed  Aptil 
twenty-second,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-five,  to  represent  the  State  of  New 
York  at  the  opening  ceremonies  of  the  Cotton  States  and  International  Exposition, 
to  be  held  at  Atlanta,  Georgia,  September  eighteenth,  and  the  ceremonies  attending 
the  dedication  of  the  Chickamanga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  on  the 
nineteenth  and  twentieth  days  of  September  next,  and  also  for  defraying  the  ex- 
penses of  the  governor  and  his  staff  in  connection  with  each  of  said  ceremonies, 
the  sum  of  six  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  payable 
upon  the  audit  of  the  comptroller. 


Levi  P.  Morton,  governor;  Col.  Ashley  W.  Cole,  private  secretary  to  the  governor; 
Col.  Selden  E.  Marvin,  jr.,  military  secretary ;  Brig.  Gen.  Orlando  M.  Terry,  surgeon- 
general  N.  G.  N.  Y.,  and  acting  chief  of  staff;  Brig.  Gen.  Benjamin  Flagler,  chief  of 
ordnance ;  Brig.  Gen.  Henry  T.  Noyes,  commissary-general  of  subsistence ;  Col.  John 
Jacob  Astor,  A.  D.  C.;  Col.  George  B.  Agnew,  A.  D.  C. ;  Col.  C.F.James,  A.D.  C.; 
Col.  H.  L.  Satterlee,  A.  D.  C. ;  Capt.  J.  B.  Burbank,  Third  United  States  Artillery, 
military  attache*. 

Hon.  Hamilton  Fish,  speaker  of  the  State  assembly ;  Hon.  Edmund  O'Connor, 
president  pro  tern  of  the  State  senate. 

State  senators:  Jacob  A.  Cantor,  Frank  W.  Higgins,  FredD.  Kilburn,  Charles  W. 
Stapleton. 

Members  of  State  assembly:  Hon.  James  M.  E.  O'Grady,  Hon.  L.  F.  Goodsell, 
Hon.  Otis  H.  Cutler,  Hon.  Edward  H.  Thompson,  Hon.  George  W.  Hamilton. 

Hon.  James  A.  Roberts,  State  Comptroller;  Hon.  Frederick  C.  Schraub,  State  com- 
missioner of  agriculture;  Maj.  John  S.  Kenyon,  secretary  of  the  State  senate;  Col. 
Archibald  E.  Baxter,  clerk  of  the  State  assembly;  Hon.  Hugh  Hastings,  State  his- 
torian; Hon.  Charles  W.  Hackett,  chairman  "Republican  State  committee ;  Hon.  B.  B. 
Odell,  jr.,  M.  C.,  chairman  Republican  State  executive  committee;  Hon.  James  E. 
Graybill,  president  New  York  State  commission  to  the  Cotton  States  and  Interna- 
tional Exposition  at  Atlanta,  Ga. ;  Hon.  Frank  M.  Baker,  member  of  the  same  com- 
mission ;  Garrett  J.  Benson,  sergeant-at-arms  of  the  New  York  State  assembly. 


STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Raleigh,  April  14,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  Replying  to  your  favor  of  the  1st  instant,  I  have  the  honor  to  state 
that  North  Carolina's  legislature  took  no  action  in  regard  to  the  dedication  of  the 
Chickamauga  Park. 

I  was  unable  to  attend  owing  to  other  official  duties,  and  appointed  to  represent 
this  State  some  of  the  survivors  of  the  Chickarnauga  and  Missionary  Ridge  battles, 
as  follows:  Col.  W.  L.  De  Rossett,  Col.  W.  G.  Hall,  Capt.  B.  F.  Baird,  Lieut.  D.  F. 
Baird,  Col.  C.  A.  Cilley,  Capt.  Isaac  B.  Baily,  Hon.  S.  B.  Alexander. 

I  have  received  reports  from  some  of  those  present,  und  take  it  for  granted  that 
most  of  those  appointed  were  present.  I  thought  it  best  to  appoint  some  of  the 
survivors  rather  than  be  represented  by  other  persons  who  had  no  personal  interest 
in  the  ceremonies. 

Some  time  previous  to  this  I  sent  a  delegation  to  locate  the  position  of  North  Caro- 
lina troops  in  these  battles,  with  the  hope  that  the  position  of  the  North  Carolina 
troops  would  be  marked  by  substantial  monuments.  As  yet  no  steps  have  been  taken 
in  this  direction.  The  report  made  of  this  visit  by  Col.  C.  A.  Cilley,  of  Hickory,  N.  C., 
who  served  in  the  Union  Army,  is  very  interesting  and  does  full  credit  to  the  memory 
of  the  North  Carolina  troops  who  were  in  these  battles. 

If  it  is  possible,  I  would  like  to  have  this  report  incorporated  in  this  history  which 
is  being  written  if  you  think  it  would  be  the  proper  thing  to  do.     I  have  always 
regretted  the  fact  that  our  legislature  should  have  made  no  appropriation  for  cele- 
brating this  event,  but  such  was  the  case  and  I  had  to  accept  the  consequence. 
With  highest  respect,  I  am,  yours,  A-ery  sincerely, 

ELIAS  CARR,  Governor. 


STATE  OF  NORTH  DAKOTA,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Bismarck,  April  30,  1896. 

SIR  :  In  compliance  with  your  favor  of  the  6th  instant,  I  am  directed  to  inform  you 
that  North  Dakota  was  not  officially  represented  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chicka- 


CHICK  AM  AUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      233 

manga  and  Chattanooga  Natioual  Park  iu  September  last,  and  that  no  provision  was 
made  by  the  State  legislature — all  of  which  I  regret  is  necessary  to  state.  I  have 
the  honor  to  sign,  by  direction  of  the  governor, 

Yours,  respectfully,  WILLIAM  COCHRAN, 

Private  Kecretar" 


CANTON,  OHIO,  April  2, 1S96. 

MY  DEAR  GENERAL  BOYNTON  :  Yours  of  the  1st  instant,  asking  for  certain  infor- 
mation in  connection  with  the  Ohio  Chickamauga  commission,  has  been  received. 

I  take  it  for  granted  that  you  are  in  possession  of  the  pamphlet  issued  by  Captain 
McElroy,  a  member  of  the  Ohio  commission  and  now  postmaster  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  at  Washington;  but  iu  order  that  you  can  get  a  full  and  correct 
history  of  the  formation  of  the  commission,  the  amount  of  money  expended,  etc., 
with  the  other  items  desired  by  you,  I  will  refer  your  communication  to  Gen.  James 
C.  Howe,  of  Kenton,  Ohio,  who  was  my  adjutant-general,  and  who  is  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  entire  subject. 

Trusting  this  will  be  satisfactory,  I  am,  very  sincerely,  yours, 

WM.  McKiNLEY. 

Governor  McKinley  was  accompanied  by  the  following  members  of  his  staff: 
Maj.  Gen.  James  C.  Howe,  of  Kenton,  adjutant-general,  inspector-general,  and 
chief  of  staft';  Brig.  Gen.  James  L.  Botsford,  of  Youngstown.  quartermaster-general 
and  commissary  general  of  subsistence;  Brig.  Gen.  John  C.  Entrekin,  of  Chillicothe, 
judge-advocate-general;  Brig.  Gen.  Leonidas  S.  Ebright,  of  Akron,  surgeon- general; 
Col.  William  L.  Curry,  of  Marysville,  assistant  adjutant-general;  Col.  Samuel  L. 
Mooney,  of  Woodsfield,  chief  of  engineers;  Col.  Harry  C.  Sherrard,  of  Steubenville, 
aid-de-camp;  Col. .Julius  L.  Fleischrnann,  of  Cincinnati,  aid-de-camp;  Col.  J.  C. 
Bonner,  of  Toledo,  aid-de-camp ;  Col.  John  N.  Taylor,  of  East  Liverpool,  aid-de- 
camp; Col.  Charles  G.  Bickham,  of  Dayton,  aid-de-camp;  Capt.  H.  O.  S.  Heistand, 
Eleventh  Infantry,  United  States  Army,  Columbus,  aid-de-camp;  Col.  Dudley  Emer- 
son, Cincinnati,  aid-de-camp. 

Governor  McKinley  was  further  accompanied  by  the  Fourteenth  Regiment  of 
Infantry,  Ohio  National  Guard,  Col.  A.  B.  Coit;  the  Toledo  Cadets,  Captain  McMa- 
keu;  Battery  H,  First  Ohio  Artillery,  from  Columbus,  Captain  Stewart;  and  Troop 
A,  from  Cleveland,  Capt.  R.  E.  Burdick. 


PENNSYLVANIA  CHICKAMAUGA-CHATTANOOGA  BATTLEFIELDS  COMMISSION, 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  April  9,  1896. 

MY  DEAR  GENERAL  :  With  the  return  of  your  letter  of  the  8th  instant,  I  beg  to  say 
that  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  July  3,  1895,  Governor  Hastings  appointed 
the  following-named  persons  as  the  executive  committee  of  the  Chickamauga-Chatta- 
nooga  Battlefield  Commission,  viz:  Lieut.  Col.  Archibald  Blakeley,  Capt.  George 
W.  Skinner,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Robinson,  Lieut.  Sylvester  M.  McCloskey,  Pittsburg ; 
Capt.  Thomas  H.  Rickerts,  Pottsville;  Capt.  J.  H.  R.  Story,  and  Lieut.  Edward  M. 
Boring,  Philadelphia. 

The  committee  organized  July  9,  1895,  by  the  election  of  Colonel  Blakeley  as  pres- 
ident, Captain  Skinner  as  secretary,  and  William  A.  Robinson  as  treasurer.  We 
proceeded  as  early  as  possible  with  the  work  of  making  contracts  for  seventeen 
monuments  to  be  erected  on  the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga,  Chattanooga,  Lookout 
Mountain,  Missionary  Ridge,  Orchard  Knob,  and  Ringgold.  We  endeavored  to  have 
these  monuments  completed  in  time  for  the  general  dedicatory  services  on  Septem- 
ber 18  and  19  last,  but,  owing  to  unexpected  delays  on  the  part  of  the  contractors,  we 
were  unable  to  have  any  of  the  monuments  in  place  in  time  for  such  ceremonies. 
When  it  became  evident  that  our  monuments  would  not  be  ready  at  such  time,  and 
that  some  future  date  would  have  to  be  designated  for  the  dedication  services  on  the 
part  of  our  State,  Governor  Hastings  postponed  his  visit  to  the  battlefield  and 
requested  the  members  of  our  commission  to  be  present  for  the  purpose  of  represent- 
ing the  State  at  the  general  dedicatory  services,  and  all  were  present,  taking  part 
in  those  ceremonies  and  occupying  seats  upon  the  platform.  In  November  follow- 
ing, as  you  will  recollect,  the  governor  and  his  party  stopped  off  for  one  day  while 
en  route  to  Atlanta  and  were  shown  over  the  battlefield  and  inspected  such  of  the 
monuments  as  were  then  in  place.  Since  that  time  we  have  been  working  assidu- 
ously to  get  the  monuments  all  up.  Ten  of  them  are  now  in  place  and  ready  to  be 
dedicated;  five  more  will  soon  be  ready,  but  the  other  two  will  hardly  be  ready  before 
the  1st  of  September  next.  We  had  a  conference  with  General  Fullerton  in  this  city 
on  the  22d  of  February  last,  and  he  suggested  that  we  fix  November  25,  1896,  which 


234      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.. 

is  called  "Chattano  ^a  Day"  by  the  national  commission,  for  the  dedication  of  these 
monuments,  and  we  have  about  agreed  that  under  the  circumstances  it  will  be 
the  best  date.  We  would  have  fixed  the  time  on  the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga,  but  have  learned  that  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  Society  will  hold 
its  annual  meeting  at  Rock  ford,  111.,  on  these  dates,  and  this  would  keep  Generals 
Fullerton  and  Boynton  away  from  auy  ceremonies  we  might  have  at  Chickamauga. 
To  suit  their  convenience,  therefore,  AVO  are  likely  to  agree  upon  November  25  as  the 
date.  Following  is  a  list  of  the  regiments  to  which  mouutneuts  are  to  be  or  have 
been  erected  on  those  fields : 

Pennsylvania  Infantry :  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh,  Twenty  eighth,  Twenty- 
ninth,  Seventy-third,  Seventy-fifth,  Seventy-seventh,  Seventy-eighth,  Seventy-ninth, 
One  hundred  and  ninth,  One  hundred  and  eleventh,  and  One  hundred  and  forty- 
seventh  Regiments.  Pennsyvania  Cavalry :  Seventh,  Ninth,  and  Fifteenth  Regiments. 
Knapp's  Pennsylvania  Battery,  Muehler's  Pennsylvania  Battery. 

General  Boynton,  however,  has  full  knowledge  of  all  these  commands  and  of  the 
various  locations  assigned  for  their  monuments. 

Hoping  that  this  is  all  the  information  you  need,  and  expecting  to  see  you  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Orphan  School  commission  on  tho  21st  instant,  I  am, 
Very  truly,  yours, 

GEO.  W.  SKINNER,  Secretary. 

Gen.  TIIOS.  J.  STEWART, 

Adjutant-General's  Office,  Ilarrisburg,  Pa. 


STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Proridcncc,  April  8,  1896. 

GENERAL:  At  the  request  of  the  governor,  I  have  the  honor  to  reply  to  your  letter 
of  tho  6th  instant,  in  relation  to  the  action  of  this  State  in  the  matter  of  the  dedi- 
cation of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park,  that  in  May,  1895,  the 
legislature  of  the  State  appropriated  $10,000  "for  the  purpose  of  having  the  State 
properly  rep  resented  at  certain  expositions  and  celebrations,"  of  which  the  Chicka- 
mauga Park  dedication  was  tho  principal  one,  but,  much  to  the  regret  of  the  governor, 
it  was  found  to  bo  impracticable  to  have  the  State  represented  officially  when  the 
time  arrived. 

Very  respectfully,  FREDERIC  M.  SACKETT, 

A  dju  tan  t- General. 


HEADQUAR-IEKS  SOUTH  CAROLINA  DIVISION, 

UNITED  CONFEDERATE  VETERANS, 

Charleston,  S.  C.,  April  24,  1S90. 

DEAR  SIR:  Yours  of  the  6th  instant,  addressed  to  the  governor,  has  been  referred 
to  me. 

I  regret  to  state  that  no  action  was  taken  by  the  State  of  South  Carolina  with  regard 
to  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  in  September 
last. 

Yours,  respectfully,  C.  I.  WALKER. 

Capt.  J.  F.  Culpepcr  of  the  South  Carolina  comiuisBion  represented  his  State  at 
tho  dedication. 


STATE  OF  SOUTH  DAKOTA,  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE, 

Mitchell,  S.  Dale.,  April  20,  1890. 

SIR:  By  direction  of  the  governor,  Charles  H.  Sheldon,  I  have  the  honor  to  report 
that  this  State  did  not  take  any  action  relative  to  the  dedication  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga National  Park,  and  none  of  our  officers  or  citizens  attended  tho  exercises  in 
an  official  capacity.     This  in  response  to  your  favor  of  the  6th  instant. 
Very  respectfully, 

GEO.  A.  SILSBY,  Adjutant- General. 


STATE  OF  TENNESSEE,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Nashville,  April  7, 1896. 

DEAR  SIR  :  In  reply  to  yours  of  April  1,  1896,  I  respectfully  inclose  herewith  copy 
of  the  acts  of  the  general  assembly  of  the  State  of  Tennessee. 
»  The  following-named  members  of  my  staff  accompanied  me  at  the  dedication  of 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      235 

Chickamauga  Park  on  September  17  to  19,  1895:  Brig.  Gen.  Charles  Sykes,  adjutant- 
general;  Brig.  Gen.  Jesse  W.  Sparks,  jr.,  quartermaster-general;  Col.  W.  D.  Spears, 
Col.  William  McCall,  Col.  E.  S.  Mallory,  aides;  Capt.  Henry  C.  Ward,  United  States 
Army. 

The  members  of  the  legislature  and  the  heads  of  the  different  departments  were 
present. 

The  National  Guard  of  the  State,  nearly  1,000  men,  went  into  camp  in  Chattanooga 
and  participated  in  all  of  the  exercises  of  the  park  dedication. 
Very  respectfully, 

P.  TURKEY,  Governor. 

[Senate  Joint  Resolution  No.  31.    Acts  of  the  General  Assembly,  State  of  Tennessee,  1895.] 

Whereas  the  great  military  park  at  Chattanooga  and  Chickamauga  will  be  opened 
and  dedicated  on  the  nineteenth  and  twentieth  of  September  next;  and 

Whereas  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  has  by  act  invited  the  various  States 
of  the  Union  having  soldiers  upon  that  great  battlefield  to  be  present  and  take  part 
in  the  opening  and  dedication  of  said  military  park ;  and, 

Whereas  the  State  of  Tennessee  had  upon  that  battlefield  many  of  her  bravest  and 
most  gallant  sons,  many  of  whom  fell  upon  that  battlefield :  Therefore, 

Be  it  resolved,  That  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  attend  in  a  body  the 
opening  and  dedication  of  the  said  military  park. 

Be  it  further  resolved,  That  the  governor  of  this  State  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  requested 
to  attend  on  that  occasion,  accompanied  by  his  personal  staff,  together  with  all  the 
officials  of  the  State,  including  the  supreme  court,  adjutant-general,  and  heads  of 
departments. 

Be  it  further  resolved,  That  the  National  Guard  of  Tennessee,  or  so  many  of  them 
as  may  be  designated  by  the  governor,  be  directed  to  hold  their  State  encampment  at 
that  time,  and  for  this  purpose  the  sum  of  four  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof 
as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  the  sum  heretofore  appropriated, 
for  the  use  of  the  State  National  Guard,  to  be  used  by  them  on  this  occasion,  to  the 
end  the  State  of  Tennessee  may  be  properly  represented  at  the  opening  and  dedica- 
tion of  said  military  park. 

Passed  May  14,  1895.  EARNEST  PILLOW, 

Speaker  of  the  Senate. 
JOHN  A.  TIPTON, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Approved,  May  14,  1895. 

P.  TURNEV,  Governor. 


STATE  OF  TEXAS,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

A  ustin,  April  14,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  the  6th  instant,  I  beg  to  say:  (1)  That  the 
State  senate  passed  resolutions  requesting  the  governor  to  appoint  commissioners  to 
attend  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  in  Sep- 
tember last;  (2)  Pursuant  to  this  resolution,  commissioners  were  appointed,  the 
names  of  whom  were  furnished  the  officials  at  the  time,  but  will  be  given  you  if 
desired;  (3)  Some  of  the  commissioners  took  part  in  the  ceremonies. 
Very  respectfully, 

C.  A.  CULBERSON,  Governor. 


STATE  OF  TEXAS,  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 

Austin,  April  23,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  In  compliance  with  your  request  of  the  20th  instant,  I  beg  to  inclose 
herewith  copy  of  the  senate  resolution  regarding  the  appointment  of  commissioners 
to  the  national  park  dedication.  Those  appointed  were  R.  M.  Castleman,  Austin ; 
Bryan  Marsh,  Tyler;  B.  T.  Estes,  Texarkana;  John  H.  Bingham,  McKinney;  Roger 
Q.  Mills,  Corsicana;  George  T.  Todd,  Jefferson;  VV.  D.  Cleveland,  Houston;  J.  J'. 
Alford,  Marshall;  K.  M.  Van  Zandt,  sr.,  Fort  Worth,  and  O.  P.  Bowser,  Dallas. 
Those  who  attended  were,  as  I  now  remember,  Messrs.  Castleman  and  Van  Zandt. 
Very  truly,  yours, 

C.  A.  CULBERSON,  Governor. 

[Senate  concurrent  resolution,  adopted  April  16, 1895.] 

Whereas  Congress  has  purchased  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga  and  established 
the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  Military  Park ;  and 
Whereas  the  States  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee  have  ceded  the  roads  through  the 


236       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

fiel  I  and  along  Lookout  Mountain  and  over  the  crest  of  Missionary  Kidge  as 
approaches  to  and  part  of  said  park ;  :md 

Whereas  said  park  will  be  dedicated  with  appropriate  ceremonies  on  the  19th  and 
20th  of  September  next :  Therefore, 

Be  it  resolved,  That  the  senate,  the  house  of  representatives  concurring,  hereby 
empowers  and  requests  the  governor  and  a  commission  of  ten  citizens  of  this  State 
who  participated  in  said  battle,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  to  represent  the 
State  of  Texas  at  the  exercises  in  dedication  of  said  park  on  the  19th  and  20th  of 
September  next,  and  to  take  such  action  in  permanently  and  appropriately  marking 
the  position  of  the  Texas  soldiers  in  said  battle  as  to  them  may  seeui  proper. 

(Adopted  by  the  house  of  representatives  April  30,  1896.) 


STATE  OF  VERMONT,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Burlington,  April  6,  1896. 

MY  DEAR  SIR  :  Your  favor  of  the  1st  instant,  asking  me  to  inform  you  as  to  the 
action  taken  by  me  and  our  State  legislature  relative  to  participation  in  the  dedica- 
tion of  Chickamanga  Park,  is  received.  Our  legislature  has  not  been  in  session  since 
November,  1894,  and  consequently  no  action  was  taken  by  it  relative  to  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  park.  Although  Vermont  had  no  troops  in  those  great  battles  in  Tennes- 
see, I  felt  that  our  patriotic  citizens  would  desire  to  have  some  little  share  in  the 
ceremonies  of  the  dedication,  therefore  I  arranged  to  attend,. and  inclose  herewith 
a  document  which  will  show  the  representation  upon  that  occasion. 
Yours,  very  truly, 

URBAN  A.  WOODBURY. 

Representatives  of  Vermont  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 

Military  Park. 

Governor  Urban  A.  Woodbury,  Burlington;  Lieut.  Gov.  Zophar  M.  Mansnr,  Island 
Pond;  Bvt.  Maj.  William  H.  Gilmore,  quartermaster-general,  F;iirlee;  Brig.  Gen. 
Edw.  L.  Bates,  judge-advocate-general,  Bennington;  Brig.  Gen.  James  N.  Jenne, 
surgeon-general,  St.  Albans ;  Col.  Heman  W.  Allen,  inspector  rifle  practice,  Burling- 
ton; Col.  Silas  W.  Cummings,  aid-de-camp,  St.  Albans;  Col.  George  W.  Doty,  aid- 
de-camp,  Morrisville;  Col.  Henry  W.  Hall,  aid-de-camp,  Burlington;  Col.  Robert 
J.  Coffey,  aid-de-camp,  Bennington;  Col.  John  J.  Warden,  aid-de-camp,  Boston, 
Mass.;  Col.  Albert  B.  Chandler,  aid-de-camp,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ;  Col.  Myron  M. 
Parker,  aid-de-camp,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Capt.  Herbert  E.  Tutherly,  U.  S.  A., 
assistant  adjutant-general,  Burlington;  Max  L.  Powell,  secretary  of  civil  and  mili- 
tary affairs,  Burlington;  Corpl.  Edw.  P.  Woodbury,  Vermont  National  Guard,  Bur- 
lington; Gen.  William  W.  Grout,  M.  C.,  Barton;  Maj.  A.  B.  Valentine,  United  States 
Volunteers,  Benningtou ;  Hon.  Elias  Lyman,  State  senator,  Burlington ;  Albert  G. 
Peirce,  eaq.,  Burlington;  A.  L.  Bailey,  esq.,  St.  Johnsbury. 


STATE  OF  WASHINGTON,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Olympia,  May  6,  1896. 

GENERAL:  I  am  directed  by  the  governor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  com- 
munication of  the  6th  ultimo,  and  in  reply  thereto  to  state  that  owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  legislature  was  not  at  any  time  in  session  during  the  preparation  for  the 
dedicatory  ceremonies  of  the  Cbickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park,  this 
State  was  unable,  by  reason  of  lack  of  funds,  to  participate  in  such  ceremonies.  The 
great  distance  intervening,  as  well  as  the  foregoing  reason,  precluded  the  attendance 
of  any  persons  representing  in  an  official  capacity  the  State  of  Washington. 

It  is  a  source  of  regret  to  the  governor  that  Washington  should  not  have  been  fit- 
tingly represented  in  this  highly  commendable  and  patriotic  undertaking. 
Yours,  respectfully, 

E.  C.  MACDONALD,  Private  Secretary. 


Hon.  George  D.  Wise  of  the  Virginia  commission  represented  his  State  at  the  dedi- 
cation. 


STATE  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA,  EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Charleston,  April  24,  1896. 

MY  DEAR  SIR:  In  reply  to  your  favor  of  recent  date,  addressed  to  Governor  Mac- 
Corkle,  I  beg  to  say  that  there  was  no  action  taken  by  the  legislature  of  this  State 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       237 

and  no  commissioners  appointed  for  this  State  in  connection  with  the  dedication  of 
the  Chickainanga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park.  The  matter  did  not  come  before 
the  legislature,  and  commissioners  were  not  appointed  by  the  governor,  for  the  reason 
that  there  was  no  appropriation  available  out  of  which  their  expenses  could  be 
defrayed;  otherwise  it  would  have  given  the  governor  great  pleasure  to  have  the 
State  properly  represented. 

Very  respectfully,  J.  B.  WHITE, 

Private  Secretary. 

EXECUTIVE  CHAMBER, 

Madison,  Wis.,  April  15,  1896. 

SIR  :  Replying  to  your  communication  of  the  1st  instant,  I  have  the  honor  to  report 
as  follows : 

The  State  of  Wisconsin  had  nine  organizations  present  at  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga,  viz:  First  Cavalry;  First,  Tenth,  Fifteenth,  Twenty-first,  and  Twenty-fourth 
Infantry,  and  the  Third,  1  ifth,  and  Eighth  Light  Batteries. 

The  legislature  of  Wisconsin  last  winter  appropriated  $20,000  for  the  erection  of 
suitable  monuments  upon  the  battlefield,  and  the  following-named  gentlemen  were 
designated  as  commissioners:  W.  W.  Watkins,  J.  H.  Woodnorth,  Milwaukee;  E.  M. 
Kanouse,  Wausau;  Henry  Harnden,  Madison;  J.  T.  Rice,  Burlington;  William  A. 
Collins,  Chicago,  111. ;  E.  B.  Parsons,  Milwaukee;  E.  G.  Timme,  Kenosha. 

No  appropriation  having  been  made  for  the  expenses  of  the  governor  and  staif,  the 
only  officials  who  accompanied  him  to  the  dedicatory  exercises  were  Adjt.  Gen. 
Charles  King,  Gen.  Lucius  Fairchild,  Maj.  F.  W.  Oakley,  and  Hon.  Philip  Cheek. 

The  exercises,  so  far  as  the  representatives  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin  wereconcerned, 
took  place  at  noon  on  Wednesday,  September  18,  and  were  opened  with  prayer  by 
the  Rev.  J.  E.  Webster,  late  Tenth  Wisconsin  Infantry.  After  this,  the  chairman  of 
the  commission  (Wirt  W.  Watkins)  briefly  outlined  the  work  that  had  been  done, 
pi-esented  the  monuments  to  Governor  Upham,  who,  highly  complimenting  the  com- 
mission upon  the  result  of  their  labors  and  accepting  the  monuments  in  the  name  of 
the  State  of  Wisconsin,  in  turn  presented  them  to  the  national  commission.  Gen. 
Lucius  Fairchild,  in  eloquent  words,  accepted  and  received  them  for  the  national 
commission.  The  entire  assemblage  then  united  in  singing  "America,"  and  after  a 
brilliant  and  interesting  oration  by  Hon.  B.  F.  Bryant  (late  One  hundred  and  first 
Ohio),  the  exercises  were  closed  with  the  benediction  by  Chaplain  Webster. 

A  memorandum  of  the  cost  of  the  monuments  is  herewith  appended. 
I  huve  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  very  respectfully, 

W.  H.  UPHAM,  Governor. 
Cost  of  monuments. 

First  Cavalry $1,  800 

Five  regiments  of  infantry,  each  $1,700 8, 500 

Three  light  batteries,  each  $1,200 3,  600 

Total 13,900 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 

Cheyenne,  Wyo.,  April  9,  1896. 

DEAR  SIR:  I  am  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  April  6,  1896.  For  the  reasons  stated 
in  my  letter  to  General  Fullertou,  of  August  30,  1895,  Wyoming  was  not  officially 
represented  at  the  dedication  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  in 
September  last. 

Sincerely,  yours,  WM.  A.  RICHARDS, 

Governor. 


DEDICATION  OF  STATE  MONUMENTS. 

[September  18, 1865.] 


The  following  programme  was  observed  in  these  exercises: 

9  a.  m..  Michigan,  at  Snodgrass  Hill. 

12  m.,  Ohio,  at  Snodgrass  Hill. 

2  p.  m.,  Illinois,  at  Lytle  Hill. 

2  p.  m.,  Minnesota,  at  Snodgrass  Hill. 

2  p.  m.,  Indiana,  at  Cave  Spring. 

4  p.  m.,  Massachusetts,  at  Orchard  Knob. 

12  in.,  Wisconsin,  at  Kelly's  Field. 


ILLINOIS. 

The  exercises  of  the  representatives  of  this  State  were  thus  an- 
nounced by  its  commissioners: 

Calling  to  order  by  Col.  H.  E.  Rives,  president  of  the  Illinois  commission. 

Prayer. 

Music. 

Address  by  Hon.  John  P.  Altgeld,  governor  of  Illinois. 

Response  by  national  commission. 

Song,  "Illinois,"  Col.  O.  B.  Knight,  of  Chicago. 

Addresses  by  members  of  the  Illinois  commission. 

Music. 

Benediction. ' 

Upon  calling  the  assemblage  to  order,  the  chairman  announced  that 
Vice-Presideiit  Stevenson  had  honored  the  meeting  with  his  presence, 
and  requested  that  gentleman  to  open  the  exercises. 

Mr.  Stevenson  said  that  he  was  not  down  on  the  programme  for  a 
speech  to-day,  but  had  been  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
preside  at  the  ceremonies  to-morrow.  "  You  will  then,"  he  said,  "  have 
the  privilege  of  listening  to  General  Palmer  and  General  Gordon,  two 
of  the  illustrious  heroes  of  the  great  struggle.  The  occasion  will  be 
one  of  profound  interest.  This  park  is  then  to  be  dedicated  for  all  the 
years  to  all  of  the  American  people.  The  tablets  and  monuments  you 
have  placed  here  will  tell  to  succeeding  generations  something  of  the 
achievements  of  the  Illinois  heroes  in  the  greatest  struggle  known  to 
history. 

"This  spot  is  historic.  Here  brave  men  died  that  the  Eepublic 
might  live.  Upon  no  battlefield  of  the  war  was  greater  heroism  dis- 
played than  upon  this.  History  will  record  that  at  Chickamauga  the 
brave  sons  of  Illinois  were  always  in  the  van  of  the  conflict,  always  in 
the  pathway  of  danger  and  of  glory." 

Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  being  called  upon,  made  an  eloquent  im- 
promptu   address,    which    was    enthusiastically    applauded.      These 
remarks  were  not  reported. 
238 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       239 


ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  JOHN  P.  ALTGELD. 

We  are  here  under  one  flag,  all  lovers  of  one  common  country,  all 
citizens  of  this  mighty  Eepublic,  and  we  have  come  to  perform  an  act 
of  unusual  significance.  A  great  battlefield  is  to  be  dedicated — is  to 
be  made  sacred  ground.  Upon  that  field  are  the  footprints  of  the  sons 
of  Illinois,  and  we  have  journeyed  from  afar  to  place  enduring  monu- 
ments on  the  spots  where  they  stood,  where  they  fought,  where  they 
bled,  and  where  hundreds  of  them  died. 

But  why  consecrate  a  battlefield  ?  Battlefields  cover  the  earth.  From 
the  time  man  devoured  his  fellow-man  in  the  forests  down  to  the  pres- 
ent, when  he  seeks  to  devour  his  substance,  there  has  been  a  continuous 
conflict.  The  method  is  becoming  more  refined,  but  the  conflict  goes  on. 
Is  then  every  spot  that  has  witnessed  a  fatal  struggle  sacred?  If  not, 
then  why  erect  monuments  on  any? 

Ah,  it  is  not  the  fact  that  a  struggle  took  place,  but  it  is  the  character 
of  the  struggle — the  principles  involved,  and  the  deeds  done  there,  that 
move  us  to  action. 

Monuments  are  erected  to  give  perpetual  expression  to  a  sentiment 
which  language  is  too  limited  to  portray  and  too  ephemeral  to  preserve. 

The  world  erects  monuments  in  honor  of  heroic  deeds,  of  patriotic 
sacrifice,  and  of  great  achievements.  It  does  this,  not  as  a  solace  for 
the  dead,  but  as  an  inspiration  for  the  living. 

Again,  monuments  are  erected  to  mark  the  successive  upward  move- 
ments of  the  human  race.  They  are  milestones,  not  of  space,  but  of 
time.  They  are  index  fingers  upon  the  great  dial  of  civilization.  These 
monuments  which  we  dedicate  are  to  be  an  inspiration  to  the  youth  of 
America  for  all  time,  and  are  to  tell  their  eloquent  story  to  all  coming 
generations.  What,  then,  is  that  story? 

Over  a  third  of  a  century  ago  there  raged  across  this  continent  the 
greatest  conflict  the  world  has  ever  seen.  Never  had  war  been  waged 
on  so  gigantic  a  scale.  There  was  almost  a  continuous  line  of  hostile 
armies  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  there  was  a 
navy  stretching  from  New  York  around  to  the  shores  of  Mexico. 

The  primary  question  involved  was,  "  Shall  this  Government  be 
destroyed  or  preserved?"  Bat  this  question  itself  grew  out  of  the 
more  fundamental  question  of  slavery.  Through  dark  centuries  the 
cry  of  the  oppressed  had  gone  up  toward  heaven,  filling  the  air  with 
thunderbolts  which  finally  exploded  in  one  prolonged  and  bloody  drama. 
More  than  a  million  of  men  in  all  came  down  from  the  North,  shouting 
as  they  marched,  "  This  Union  forever  and  equal  rights  for  all."  The 
world  had  never  seen  such  a  spectacle.  Here  were  great  armies  fight 
ing,  not  for  aggrandizement,  not  for  conquest,  but  for  the  integrity  of 
the  flag  and  the  principle  of  universal  freedom.  Over  200,000  men  came 
down  from  our  great  prairie  State  of  Illinois.  They  were  not  the  chil- 
dren of  effeminate  luxury — they  did  not  come  from  the  paths  of  ease — 
they  came  from  the  varied  fields  of  industry.  They  represented  the 
best  type  of  American  manhood — they  had  character,  intelligence,  and 
grit — they  knew  the  value  of  the  Union  and  of  freedom  for  mankind, 
and  were  prepared  to  die  for  them.  They  met  one  of  the  bravest  foes 
that  ever  drew  steel — men  who  rushed  into  battle  with  a  yell  even 
when  they  saw  destruction  written  in  the  sky;  men  who  were  honest; 
men  who  believed  they  were  right,  and  who  rode  forth  to  death  without 
a  quiver.  But  the  principle  these  men  fought  for  meant  the  perpetu- 


240      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK, 

ation  of  human  slavery.  They  were  fighting  for  a  condition  against 
which  the  humanity  of  the  age  protested.  They  were  fighting  for  the 
prolongation  of  an  era  which  on  the  calendar  of  the  Almighty  was 
marked  to  close — and  they  failed. 

In  the  fall  of  1863  one  of  the  greatest  acts  of  that  awful  drama  of 
war  took  place  here.  On  September  19  and  20  of  that  year  there  was 
fought  in  these  valleys,  over  these  fields  and  on  yonder  hillsides,  one  of 
the  most  bloody  battles  of  which  history  makes  any  mention.  You  are 
familiar  with  its  details,  and  I  will  not  dwell  on  them.  The  sons  of  Illi- 
nois fought  here.  There  are  men  here  to  day,*  there  are  thousands  in 
the  walks  of  civil  life  at  home,  and.thousands  more  are  dead,  who  were 
actors  in  this  bloody  and  immortal  drama.  We  are  here  to  mark  the 
positions  they  occupied.  -We  are  placing  monuments  of  solid  granite 
where  they  stood.  We  are  doing  this  for  the  benefit  of  ourselves  and 
of  posterity,  for  nothing  that  we  can  do  can  add  to  their  glory.  Their 
fame  is  fixed,  and  their  reward  is  immortality. 

There  have  been  thousands  of  battles  of  which  the  actors  were  for- 
gotten almost  as  soon  as  the  groans  of  the  dying  had  ceased,  because 
there  was  no  principle  involved;  it  was  simply  human  butchery.  But 
not  so  with  the  battles  of  this  war.  Here  was  hanging  in  the  balance 
the  very  existence  of  republican  institutions  among  men,  and  the  lib- 
erty of  millions  of  human  beings  yet  unborn.  Never  before  was  there 
such  an  issue,  and,  when  the  smoke  of  war  had  cleared  away,  when 
the  sun  again  rose  over  a  peaceful  land,  the  world  beheld  not  only  a 
united  country,  not  only  the  triumph  of  republican  institutions,  but  it 
saw  that  the  human  race  had  made  a  long  inarch  upward,  and  had 
camped  on  a  higher  plane;  that  it  had  gotten  nearer  the  fountain  of 
justice,  and  that  the  principle  that  had  long  strutted  in  the  garb  of 
law,  namely,  that  one  man  can  hold  a  property  right  in  his  fellow-man, 
was  expunged  from  the  books  forever. 

The  world  then  saw  that  the  battles  and  horrors  of  the  war  had  been 
the  birth  pains  of  a  new  era  with  which  time  had  been  pregnant;  that 
they  were  hammers  in  the  great  clock  of  omnipotence  pealing  through 
the  universe  the  dawn  of  a  new  day  for  millions  of  the  human  race. 

That,  in  brief,  is  the  sublime,  the  imperishable  story  which  these 
monuments  tell. 

My  friends,  you  and  I  will  soon  pass  away  and  be  forgotten.  These 
granite  monuments  may  dissolve,  and  these  hills  may  disappear,  but 
Chickamauga  will  shine  forever  in  the  firmament.  No  matter 'whether 
there  was  an  immediate  victory  or  not,  those  men  who  here  faced 
death,  and  struck  a  staggering  blow  for  country  and  for  equal  rights, 
belong  to  the  immortal. 

You  observe  we  are  marking  positions,  we  are  celebrating  actions,  we 
are  pointing  to  what  the  living  did;  we  are  not  building  tombs,  we  are 
not  decorating  graves,  for  not  very  many  of  our  heroes  are  buried  here. 
Go  to  the  lonely  places  in  deserted  fields;  go  to  the  sunken  spots  in 
Southern  woods;  go  to  the  decaying  bones  in  dismal  swamps,  and  go  to 
those  hilltops  where  thousands  ol  little  marble  slabs,  all  of  the  same 
size,  are  standing  in  rows,  modestly  facing  the  morning,  modestly  tell- 
ing a  story  of  patriotism  and  honor,  and  you  will  find  the  graves  of 
many  of  our  dead.  'Tis  not  their  graves,  'tis  their  deeds,  that  live. 
Men  look  toward  the  firmament  for  the  names  of  heroes,  and  rarely  ask 
where  their  bones  are  buried. 

Standing  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  more  than  two  thousand 
years  ago,  the  great  Pericles,  while  pronouncing  a  funeral  oration  over 
the  Greeks  who  had  fallen  in  defense  of  their  country,  said:  "The 


CIIICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       241 

world  is  their  sepulcnre,  and  wherever  there  is  speecii  of  noble  deeds, 
there  they  will  be  remembered."  So  with  our  heroes.  They  rest  in  the 
hearts  of  their  countrymen,  and  all  time  is  the  custodian  of  their  glory. 
To  us,  and  to  all  (hat  believe  in  republican  institutions,  there  is  a  pecul- 
iar pleasure  in  dedicating  these  monuments,  because  they  commemorate 
the  deeds  of  the  volunteer  soldiers,  the  citizen  soldiers  who  came  from 
the  walks  of  everyday  life,  and  who  represented  the  common  sense,  the 
rugged  character,  the  love  of  country,  and  the  earnestness  of  the  great 
American  people.  For  on  this  continent,  as  elsewhere,  the  great  battles 
that  gave  liberty  to  a  nation  were  fought  by  men  who  came  directly 
from  the  great  mass  of  the  people,  and  added  the  superior  patriotism 
and  character  of  a  citizen  to  the  stern  qualities  of  a  soldier. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  last  century  the  raw  levies  coming  from  the 
citizens  of  Fiance  defeated  all  Europe,  and  overthrew  a  despotism  of 
centuries. 

Frederick  the  Great  did  say  that  officers  ought  to  be  chosen  from  the 
nobility,  because  a  higher  sense  of  honor  prevailed  there;  but  in  1806, 
only  twenty  years,  after  his  death,  a  Prussian  army  of  a  quarter  of  a 
million  of  men,  the  best  equipped  in  Europe,  and  officered  entirely  by 
so-called  noblemen  who  were  professional  soldiers,  was  routed  and 
destroyed,  because  its  officers  lacked  honor,  capacity,  and  patriotism. 
The  record  of  their  blunders  and  surrenders  is  one  unparalleled  tale  of 
shame,  dishonor,  and  disgrace. 

In  less  than  ten  yrars  thereafter  a  new  army  was  formed,  not  of  pro- 
fessional soldiers  boasting  of  their  lineage,  but  of  the  citizens  of  Prussia. 
This  army,  these  citizen  soldiers,  not  only  restored  the  independence  of 
their  country  and  wiped  out  the  disgrace  put  on  it  by  the  cowardice  and 
treachery  of  the  nobility,  but  they  laid  the  foundation  of  the  German 
Empire  and  of  constitutional  government. 

In  our  country  the  Revolutionary  armies  were  made  up  of  citizens, 
commanded  by  men  from  the  varied  walks  of  life.  They  met  and,  in 
the  end,  routed  the  armies  that  were  composed  of  professional  soldiers 
and  officered  by  men  whose  chief  boast  was  that  they  had  noble 
ancestors. 

Armed  citizens,  with  the  love  of  freedom  burning  in  their  souls,  laid 
the  foundations  of  liberty  in  our  country,  and  the  same  class  of  men 
afterwards  came  to  its  rescue  and  saved  it  from  destruction.  The 
American  people  had  spent  millions  in  maintaining  West  Point  for  the 
purpose  of  protecting  the  country,  but  at  the  beginning  of  the  war 
the  armies  that  fired  on  our  flag  were  mostly  led  by  graduates  of 
that  institution. 

There  were  men  in  the  North  who  had  a  military  education,  but  they 
did  not  form  a  leisure  class,  making  arms  a  profession.  Grant  was  a 
tanner,  and  Sherman  a  school-teacher,  and  all  had  to  develop  to  meet 
the  situation. 

Patriotism  does  not  take  root  in  the  soil  of  leisure  and  dissipation. 
The  hot  air  of  the  drawing  room  is  not  conducive  to  its  growth,  it  finds 
no  nourishment  in  either  pride  or  pretense,  and  it  famishes  and  withers 
in  the  hollow  glare  of  fashion. 

Patriotism  thrives  among  the  hard  lines  of  care  and  vigilance,  it 
becomes  robust  on  the  diet  of  justice  and  fair  play,  and  is  always  found 
in  its  most  vigorous  form  among  the  intelligent,  upright,  and  indus- 
trious masses  of  people.  A  leisure  class,  making  arms  a  profession, 
may  fight  for  glory  or  selfish  advantage,  caring  little  for  the  principle 
involved,  but  the  citizen  soldier  fights  for  country  and  for  liberty. 

Now,  my  friends,  we  owe  our  country  more  than  talk;  we  can  not 
S.  Eep.  637 16 


242      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTAXOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

discharge  our  duty  by  simply  celebrating  the  glorious  deeds  of  the 
past.  The  men  who  only  do  this  proclaim  to  the  world  their  imbecility 
and  the  humiliating  fact  that  they  are  not  capable  of  directing  the 
great  institutions  which  the  fathers  founded.  And  those  nations  which 
stand  with  their  face  toward  the  past  are  rotten  at  heart,  and  are  on 
the  road  to  extinction. 

The  law  of  disintegration  and  destruction  never  sleeps,  and  only 
eternal  vigilance  can  check  it.  Every  age  brings  its  own  dangers,  and 
those  that  come  stealthily  are  frequently  more  fatal  than  those  that 
come  with  a  mighty  noise.  The  war  has  settled  that  we  have  nothing 
to  fear  from  armed  foes,  we  have  nothing  to  fear  from  powder  and  bul- 
let. But  to  destroy  liberty  by  poison  aud  slow  strangulation  is  just  as 
fatal  to  a  nation  as  to  strike  it  down  by  the  sword. 

Instead  of  an  armed  foe  that  we  can  meet  on  the  field,  there  is  to-day 
an  enemy  that  is  invisible  but  everywhere  at  work  destroying  our  insti- 
tutions; that  enemy  is  corruption.  Born  of  vast  concentration  of  cap- 
ital in  unscrupulous  hands,  corruption  is  washing  the  foundations  from 
under  us,  and  is  tainting  everything  it  touches  witli  a  moral  leprosy. 
It  seeks  to  direct  official  action ;  it  dictates  legislation,  and  endeavors 
to  control  construction  of  laws. 

Wealth  is  necessary;  let  us  not  declaim  against  it;  every  nation 
needs  it  to  attain  the  highest  achievements  in  civilization.  But  it  is  a 
blessing  only  as  a  servant,  and  is  destructive  as  a  master.  This  spirit 
of  corruption  seeks  to  control  the  press,  to  set  the  fashions,  and  to 
shape  public  sentiment.  It  has  emasculated  American  politics  and 
placed  it  on  the  low  plane  of  jugglery.  Once  political  parties  stood  for 
definite  principles  and  their  platforms  proclaimed  them  boldly  to  the 
world.  The  tendency  now  is  for  political  parties  to  shirk  principle  and 
follow  expediency,  and  their  platforms  are  often  drawn  to  evade  or 
straddle  every  live  issue. 

The  idea  now  is  to  cajole  rather  than  convince;  to  ignore  great 
wrongs  and  wink  at  abuses;  to  court  the  support  of  conflicting  inter- 
ests, though  it  involves  the  deception  of  one  or  both.  We  are  substi- 
tuting office-seeking  and  office-holding  in  place  of  real  achievement  and 
instead  of  great  careers  in  public  life.  We  are  facing  a  harvest  of  slip- 
pery, blear-eyed,  aud  empty  mediocrity,  which  glides  into  oblivion  with- 
out even  the  assistance  of  death,  and  leaves  almost  the  entire  field  of 
honor  to  the  successful  private  individual. 

To  be  an  eligible  candidate  now  often  means  to  stand  for  nothing  in 
particular  and  to  represent  no  definite  principle,  but  be  all  things  to  all 
men,  and  in  the  end  be  contemptible.  Thirty-five  years  ago  the  call 
was  for  men  to  fight  an  open  enemy  in  the  field;  to-day  our  country  is 
calling  for  men  who  will  be  true  to  republican  institutions  at  home. 
Never  before  did  this  republic  call  so  loudly  as  it  does  to-day  for  a 
strong,  sturdy  manhood  that  will  stand  up  defiantly  and  dare  to  do  right. 

For  more  than  a  decade  the  tendency  in  this  country  has  been  toward 
a  colorless  and  negative  dilettanteisin,  having  the  countenance  of  the 
Pharisee  with  the  greed  of  a  wolf,  and  drawing  all  its  inspiration  from 
the  altar  of  concentrated  and  corrupting  wealth. 

The  flag  has  been  praised  at  campaign  dinners  while  the  very  pole 
from  which  it  floated  was  being  eaten  off  by  corruption,  and  republican 
institutions  were  being  stabbed  to  the  vitals.  A  new  gospel  has  come 
among  us,  according  to  which  "it  is  mean  to  rob  a  henroost  or  a  hen, 
but  plundering  thousands  makes  us  gentlemen." 

My  friends,  the  men  of  the  past  did  their  duty.  Shall  we  do  ours  ? 
They  were  asked  to  face  death;  you  may  have  to  face  calumny  and 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      243 

obloquy.  No  man  ever  served  his  country  without  being  vilified,  for  all 
who  make  a  profit  out  of  injustice  will  be  your  enemies,  but  as  sure  as 
the  heavens  are  high  and  justice  is  eternal  will  you  triumph  in  the  end. 
Let  me  say  to  the  young  men,  the  age  is  weary  of  polite  and  weak  camp 
followers,  weary  of  servility,  weary  of  cringed  necks  and  knees  bent 
to  corruption.  This  age  is  calling  for  soldiers,  calling  for  strong  charac- 
ter, calling  for  men  of  high  purpose,  calling  for  men  who  have  convic- 
tions of  their  own  and  who  have  the  courage  to  act  on  them.  And  the 
doors  of  fame's  bright  temple  never  opened  so  widely  and  beckoned  so 
earnestly  as  they  do  to  day.  Kise  to  the  occasion,  steer  our  country 
away  from  the  shoals  toward  which  it  is  drifting,  keep  it  on  the  great 
ocean  of  justice  and  liberty,  and  monuments  of  granite  will  tell  the 
story  of  your  lives  and  you  will  taste  the  nectar  of  the  gods. 

Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton  then  received  the  monuments  for  the  Secretary 
of  War. 


ADDRESS   OF   GEN.  J.  S.  FULLERTON. 

GOVERNOR  ALTGELD,  COMMISSIONERS  OF  ILLINOIS,  AND  COM- 
RADES: The  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park 
commissioners,  hi  behalf  and  for  the  nation,  accepts  this  gift  from  the 
State  of  Illinois,  and  it  will  ever  guard  and  cherish  these  monuments 
as  part  of  its  dearest  possessions.  I  sincerely  regret  that  this  most 
agreeable  duty  was  assigned  to  me  at  such  a  late  hour  that  I  have  not 
had  time  to  prepare  for  the  occasion,  but  one  who  has  been  a  soldier 
should  always  respond  to  duty's  call,  whether  prepared  or  not. 

It  is  not  necessary  for  one  here  to  talk  of  what  Illinois  did  at  Chicka- 
mauga. These  granite  monuments,  simple  but  eloquent  testimonials, 
scattered  over  the  whole  of  this  field,  thickly  studding  the  ground 
wherever  the  severest  fighting  occurred,  speak  more  forcibly  than 
tongue  can  tell,  with  a  voice  that  never  tires  and  that  will  never  grow 
weak.  To  you  old  soldiers  these  stories  tell  of  dead  and  wounded 
comrades,  of  the  fire  of  battle,  of  trials  endured,  of  suffering,  toil,  and 
victory.  To  the  world  at  large  they  tell  now,  and  to  future  generations 
will  still  tell,  of  tlie  sublime  valor  of  the  American  soldier. 

Some  people  have  said  the  park  is  grand;  the  monuments  are  beauti- 
ful ;  but  it  is  sad  to  think  of  what  will  become  of  them  in  the  near  future. 
People  in  this  Christian  era,  in  this  very  busy  world,  soon  forget  their 
dead.  We  have  no  Chinese  superstitions  about  the  graves  of  our  ances- 
tors. Grass  will  grow  over  these  paths;  the  drippings  from  the  over- 
hanging branches  wili  soon  destroy  these  beautiful  stones;  frosts  of 
winter  will  loosen  their  joints,  and  not  long  after  our  time  this  grand 
and  beautiful  park  will  become  a  wild  and  rugged  waste.  It  must  be 
so.  See  the  desolate,  neglected  cemeteries  in  the  country  wherever  you 
go.  And  in  our  growing,  pushing  cities  the  inevitable  march  of  improve- 
ment tramps  down  with  sacrilegious  feet  the  cemeteries  and  builds  homes 
for  the  living  over  the  dust  of  the  dead.  Yes,  the  dead  are  forgotten 
and  their  monuments  fall  and  crumble  into  dust. 

But  see  what  a  difference  is  here.  These  are  not  monuments  erected 
to  the  memory  of  the  dead,  but  of  the  quick;  not  to  men,  but  to  ideas. 
Chickamauga  is  not  a  cemetery.  These  grounds  have  not  been  conse- 
crated by  priests;  they  have  been  consecrated — grandly  consecrated — 
by  the  blood  of  the  noblest  youth  in  the  land,  by  the  flower  of  the 
Northmen  and  of  the  Southmen.  Here  was  offered  up  the  grandest 


244      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

sacrifice  ever  made  by  men.  Here  men  died  for  principle.  On  both 
sides  they  fought  for  what  they  believed  was  right.  They  did  not  fight 
for  conquest,  or  for  gain,  or  for  any  base  or  personal  motive.  They 
knew  that  a  great  issue  was  to  be  settled  on  this  field. 

This  field  has  been  marked  to  celebrate  the  immortal  valor  of  the 
American  soldier.  But  these  monuments  tell  not  only  of  valor  and  of 
death,  but  also  of  resurrection ;  of  a  new  birth,  a  resurrection  of  the 
nation ;  of  a  people  at  last  united  in  heart  and  in  sentiment;  of  one  flag, 
and  of  one  glorious  destiny.  Do  they  not  mean  this — these  Union  and 
Confederate  monuments  standing  side  by  side,  thus  clasping  the  hands 
of  the  blue  and  the  gray?  Chickamauga  made  not  enemies,  but  friends. 
It  killed  old  prejudices,  healed  old  sores;  it  gave  us  one  flag  and  it  put 
the  valor  of  the  American  soldier  in  the  highest  niche  of  the  temple  of 
fame.  And  thus  it  comes  that  Chickamauga  is  first  of  the  very  few 
battlefields  of  the  world  worthy  to  be  preserved. 

So,  my  comrades  and  friends,  remember  that  these  monuments  will 
never  crumble  and  that  destruction  will  never  sit  upon  this  grand  field. 
Valor  is  immortal;  these  stones  that  tell  of  it  will  live  longer  than 
stories  of  great  deeds.  In  ages  to  come  they  will  still  be  strong  and 
beautiful,  breathing  the  spirit  of  union  and  of  love  and  telling  of  the 
heroism  of  the  sons  of  the  Republic.  Oh,  how  it  would  have  filled  with 
joy  the  big  heart  of  your  great  Lincoln  if  in  prophetic  vision  he  could 
have  seen  this  day.  His  prayer  at  Gettysburg  is  answered  at  Chicka- 
mauga. 


ADDRESS  OF  MAJ.  JAMES  A.  CONNOLLY,  M.  C.,  THE  SECRETARY  OF 
THE  ILLINOIS  COMMISSION. 

COMRADES  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS  :  After  a  lapse  of  thirty-two  years 
the  men  of  Illinois,  with  their  brothers  from  the  other  States,  are  as- 
sembled here  again,  but  the  battle  lines  are  gone,  the  wild  notes  of  war 
are  hushed,  and  the  mellow  tones  of  peace  greet  us. 

We  remember  the  days  when  we  wore  our  country's  uniform  as  the 
"red  letter"  days  of  our  lives.  In  memory  we  see  again  our  flag  in 
beauty  as  it  marked  our  lines  in  the  din  and  fury  of  battle.  We  hear 
again  the  cheering  shouts  of  our  comrades;  we  mark  again  their  manly 
tread  as  they  rush  to  their  death  in  their  deadly  charge;  we  live  again 
through  the  chill  of  that  night  when  we  waited  and  watched  for  the 
coming  dawn,  to  resume  the  struggle  of  the  first  bloody  day ;  again  we 
gather  close  on  Snodgrass  Hill  and  there,  amid  the  long  hours  of  death's 
carnival,  fight  until  the  light  fades  from  the  sky  and  the  stars  become 
the  only  sentinels  on  the  finished  battlefield. 

Death  reaped  this  field,  but  History  will,  in  the  future,  come  here  as 
a  gleaner.  When  all  the  actors  in  the  great  drama  of  Chickamauga 
are  gone,  this  field  will  remain — the  sluggish  stream  will  still  flow  on — 
the  returning  springs  will  deck  this  valley  and  its  surrounding  hills 
and  mountains  with  their  verdure,  but  we  will  not  be  here  to  point  to 
our  descendants  where  we  fought. 

So  to-day,  while  yet  the  actors  live,  they  come  here  to  erect  endur- 
ing monuments  that  will  remain  to  point  to  the  men  and  women  of  the 
coming  time  where  the  lines  of  blue  and  lines  of  gray  stood  in  the 
terrible  days  of  Chickamauga. 

Illinois,  the  State  that  gave  Lincoln  to  the  nation  and  the  world ; 
Illinois,  that  gave  Grant,  the  ideal  commander,  to  the  arimes;  Illinois, 
that  gave  Logan,  the  ideal  volunteer  general,  to  lead  her  sons,  now 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       245 

opens  her  treasury  and  builds  these  monuments  to  perpetuate  the 
heroic  story  of  her  sons  and  to  teach  to  coming  generations  that  Dlinois 
loved  the  Union  more  than  life  or  treasure;  that  the  sons  of  her  prai- 
ries could  fight  as  well  as  plow,  and  that  she  cherishes  among  her 
jewels  the  story  of  their  heroic  manhood — she  rears  them  here  that 
they  may  remain  as  silent,  solemn  teachers  of  the  heroic  epic  of  Illi- 
nois' loving  devotion  to  the  Union.  We  are  here,  by  the  authority  of 
our  State,  to  dedicate  these  monuments  and  commit  them  to  the  per- 
petual care  of  our  reunited  nation.  The  men  of  the  blue  and  the  men 
of  the  gray  fell  and  slept  together  in  death  on  this  field,  where  armed 
Eight  and  armed  Wrong  met  in  their  giant  struggle  for  the  mastery. 

The  passions  of  that  time  are  hushed,  the  din  of  war  has  ceased,  and 
for  all  coming  time  these  mementos  of  that  struggle  will  remain  in  the 
keeping  of  a  nation  buttressed  strong  in  the  hearts  of  the  sons  of  the 
men  who  fought  on  all  such  fields — those  who  wore  the  gray  as  well  as 
those  who  wore  the  blue. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  SMITH  D.  ATKINS. 

FELLOW-CITIZENS  :  In  the  French  and  English  American  war,  one 
hundred  and  thirty -six  years  ago,  a  battle  was  fought  on  the  heights  of 
Abraham  between  an  English  army  commanded  by  General  Wolfe  and 
a  French  army  defending  the  stronghold  of  Quebec  commanded  by 
General  Montcalm.  The  battle  resulted  in  the  capture  of  Quebec  by 
the  English.  The  English  general,  Wolfe,  and  the  French  general, 
Montcalm,  were  both  killed  in  that  battle.  In  1827,  sixty-eight  years 
after  that  battle  was  fought,  at  the  suggestion  of  Earl  Dalhousie,  then 
governor-general  of  Canada,  a  single  granite  shaft  was  erected  com- 
memorating jointly  the  soldierly  heroism  of  those  two  opposing  gen- 
erals, who  fell  in  the  same  battle,  bearing  the  inscription  "Wolfe  and 
JVlontcalm." 

Thirty-two  years  ago,  on  this  memorable  battlefield,  one  of  the  most 
sanguinary  in  history,  contended  two  great  armies,  one  upholding  the 
flag  of  the  Union  and  the  law,  the  other  upholding  the  flag  of  the 
so-called  Confederate  States  of  America,  defying  the  law.  All  were 
Americans.  Those  upholding  the  law  were  victorious.  Those  defying 
the  law  were  defeated.  Courage  and  soldierly  skill  were  very  evenly 
matched. 

To-day  the  nation  that  successfully  upheld  the  law,  with  noble  charity 
and  impartiality  matchless,  here  builds  monuments  precisely  alike  to 
the  general  officers  who  fell  upholding  the  law  and  to  those  also  who 
defied  the  law.  Surely  the  war  is  over.  In  very  truth  we  are  all 
Americans,  and  this  mighty  Eepublic  with  wisdom  and  generosity 
unparalleled  commemorates  in  granite  and  bronze  the  soldierly  bravery 
of  her  children. 

Thirty  six  regiments  and  batteries  of  Illinois  volunteers  here  upheld 
with  purpose  perfect  and  courage  sublime  the  flag  and  the  law.  Here 
the  generous  people  of  Illinois  have  erected  thirty  six  massive  granite 
monuments  to  the  memory  of  her  brave  children,  dead  and  living. 

The  lesson  is  this:  The  law  is  supreme.  We  make  our  laws  and  we 
enforce  them.  The  law  is  the  uncrowned  king  of  the  Eepublic — the 
only  king  we  have,  and  before  the  law  every  knee  must  bend  and  every 
head  must  bow.  South  and  Korth.  everywhere,  maintain  the  law 
impartially,  and  the  great  Eepublic  will  remain  as  long  as  the  shining 
stars. 


246      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 


ADDRESS  OF  CAPT.  JAMES  G.  EVEREST. 

In  discharging  the  duties  to  which  we  have  been  assigned,  namely, 
the  location  of  Illinois  troops  on  the  battlefield  of  Chickainauga,  your 
commissioners  have  been  greatly  interested  and  deeply  impressed.  To 
our  honored  governor,  John  P.  Altgeld,  we  are  indebted  for  valuable 
assistance  in  carrying  forward  to  completion  the  work  now  before  you. 
Never  for  one  moment  has  his  interest  wavered,  never  have  the  official 
duties  of  his  high  position  been  so  arduous,  that  time  and  counsel  were 
not  most  heartily  and  cordially  given.  His  untiring  energy  and  per- 
sonal cooperation  have  been  most  gratifying,  and  the  courtesy  and  con- 
sideration received  at  his  hands  will  be  one  of  the  pleasant  memories 
of  our  association  while  engaged  on  this  historical  mission. 

The  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  at  the  time  of  going  into  this  battle, 
was  composed  of  the  Fourteenth  Army  Corps,  under  command  of  the 
"Rock  of  Chickamauga,"  Maj.  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas;  the  Twentieth 
Corps,  under  command  of  Maj.  Gen.  Alexander  McDowell  McCook ;  the 
Twenty- first  Corps,  under  command  of  Maj.  Gen.  Thomas  L.  Crittenden ; 
the  reserve  corps,  Maj.  Gen.  Gordon  Granger,  and  the  cavalry,  com- 
manded by  Brig.  Gen.  Kobert  E.  Mitchell.  When  we  remember  that  in 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga  alone  Illinois  furnished  twenty  regiments 
of  infantry  and  five  batteries  of  artillery,  we  begin  to  realize  something 
of  the  patriotic  zeal  which  inspired  her  "boys  in  blue."  In  the  battles 
of  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  Eidge  forty-six  organizations  of 
Illinois  troops  actively  participated,  and  to  their  memory  and  in  recog- 
nition of  the  sublime  services  so  freely  rendered  by  them  a  grateful, 
loving  State  will,  in  the  near  future,  erect  monuments  like  unto  these. 

PROUD  OF  ILLINOIS. 

While  I  can  offer  only  words  of  praise  and  honor  for  the  gallant  coih- 
rades  of  other  States  who  took  part  in  the  struggles  here  enacted,  I  can 
but  feel  proud,  indeed,  of  the  great  State  of  Illinois,  the  State  of  my 
adoption,  as  dear  to  me  as  the  rugged  mountains  of  northern  New  York, 
the  State  of  my  birth,  whose  loyal  sons  gave  speedy  and  generous 
response  to  their  country's  call. 

One  honor  fell  to  the  troops  of  Illinois  which  was  shared,  I  think,  by 
but  two  other  States — Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  I  refer  to  the  fact 
that  one  entire  brigade,  the  Third  Brigade,  Third  Division,  Twentieth 
Corps,  was  composed  of  Illinois  troops,  which  State  mourns,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  missing,  3,032  in  this  battle  alone.  Impressive  and 
potent  are  those  figures. 

Standing  here  to-day  on  soil  once  drenched  with  the  lifeblood  of 
thousands  of  America's  brave  sons,  looking  into  the  faces  of  this  great 
concourse  of  people,  under  the  magic  of  memory's  sway,  a  strange 
change  occurs.  Instead  of  this  peaceful  throng  I  see  again  the  hosts 
of  battle,  waving  banners,  dashing  cavalry,  advancing  infantry  pass 
quickly  in  review.  With  scream  of  fife  and  roll  of  drum,  with  martial 
step — on,  on  they  come,  those  gallant  hosts  arrayed  in  deadly  conflict. 
But  gladly  I  turn  from  the  picture  thus  brought  before  my  vision  to  the 
present,  with  its  duties  and  privileges. 

Thirty-two  years  have  sped  swiftly  away  since  this  now  hallowed 
spot  was  the  scene  of  "war's  wide  desolation" — thirty-two  years  of 
progress  uuequaled  among  the  nations  of  the  earth. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      247 

As  we  watch,  with  awed  feelings,  the  passing  of  this  wonderful  nine- 
teenth century,  memorable  for  all  time  because  of  its  great  achieve- 
ments, great  developments,  and  great  attainments'  in  every  line  of 
science,  art,  and  human  progress,  we  can  but  feel  that  the  United 
States  of  America,  of  all  earth's  nations,  should  raise  her  voice  in 
thanksgiving  for  these  magnificent  developments. 

MEANING  OF   SHAFTS. 

These  gleaming  shafts  forever  pointing  upward  do  not  alone  com- 
memorate the  deeds  of  brave,  heroic  soldiers;  do  not  alone  mark  the 
spots  once  held  by  valiant  troops.  They  stand  also  as  eloquent,  though 
silent,  witnesses  of  our  purified  country,  henceforth  and  forever  indeed 
"the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave."  Through  years  of 
mortal  agony  purified,  strengthened,  unified,  America  to-day  stands 
serene  in  her  majestic  beauty  and  the  strength  of  those  immortal 
principles  of  human  liberty  upon  which  she  was  founded. 

From  where  the  surging  billows  of  the  Atlantic  shout  their  greeting 
to  the  Pacific's  murmuring  waves ;  from  where  come  the  sighing  zephyrs 
of  the  sunny  Southland  and  the  wild,  life-giving  breath  of  far-off  Alaska, 
the  sun  shines  upon  a  nation  of  freemen,  while  above,  in  its  unsullied 
beauty,  floats  pur  starry  banner,  proud  emblem  of  our  country's  unity. 

When  circling  years  shall  have  rolled  away,  when  of  those  who  par- 
ticipated in  the  stirring  scenes  once  here  enacted  not  one  shall  remain, 
when  generations  yet  unborn  shiUl  occupy  the  places  we  now  hold,  still, 
.then,  may  the  United  States  of  America  stand  first  among  the  nations, 
preserving  unblemished  the  purity  and  grandeur  of  her  precious  birth- 
right— "Liberty  and  union,  now  and  forever."  Thus  only  shall  we  show 
that  "these  have  not  died  in  vain."  Thus  only  shall  we  prove  our 
patriotism  and  zeal  for  country.  Thus  only  shall  we  fulfill  the  measure 
of  our  destinies. 

Beat  tlie  taps,  put  out  lights,  and  silence  all  sound, 

There  is  rifle-pit  strength  in  the  grave. 
They  sleep  well  who  sleep,  be  they  crowned  or  uncrowned, 

And  death  will  be  kind  to  the  brave. 

Kev.  Mr.  McFerrin,  of  Chattanooga,  being  called  upon,  responded. 


ADDRESS  OF  REV.  J.  P.  MCFERRIN. 

MY  FELLOW-CITIZENS  :  I  did  not  come  to-day  with  any  expectation 
of  making  a  speech.  As  a  survivor  of  the  "  Lost  Cause"  I  wish  to 
assure  you  that  the  boys  in  gray  strike  hands  to-day  with  the  boys  in 
blue  in  peace  and  fellowship,  and  join  heartily  with  you  in  paying  a 
tribute  to  the  memories  of  the  brave  men  who  fought  and  fell  upon  this 
field.  More  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  we  met  here  as  a  divided 
people;  to  day  we  stand  united  in  a  common  cause.  There  is  nothing 
in  the  history  of  the  world  like  this  park,  where  conquerors  and  con- 
quered have  met  together  to  dedicate  ground  sacred  to  both,  and  so 
proclaim  to  the  generations  following  that  we  are  one  people.  Where 
would  you  find  a  more  practical  demonstration  of  the  fact  that  we  have 
interests  in  common  and  look  forward  to  a  common  destiny  than  the 
scene  that  greets  us  to-day?  We  made  this  memorable  field  and  have 
a  common  interest  in  it.  But  for  us  you  would  not  have  been  here, 
and  but  for  you  we  would  not  have  found  "foeineii  worthy  of  our  steel." 


248      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

We  knew  how  to  fight  when  we  thought  it  was  necessary  to  do  so;  we 
know  how  to  live  in  peace  now  that  the  war  cloud  has  disappeared 
from  our  skies.  It  takes  a  soldier  to  understand  a  soldier. 

The  animosities  that  we  had  in  war  ceased  when  the  last  gun  was 
fired.  We  each  knew  the  character  of  the  men  we  had  to  meet  on  the 
field,  and  we  knew  that  reunited  in  peace  we  could  show  to  the  world 
that  we  could  and  would  solve  the  problem  of  self-government.  If  all 
the  petty  things  that  have  vexed  us  since  the  close  of  the  conflict  had 
been  left  to  the  true,  brave  soldiers  of  both  sides,  they  would  have  been 
settled  long  ago;  in  fact,  they  never  would  have  arisen.  We  are  glad 
that  the  war  is  over.  For  thirty  years  it  has  been  past  with  us.  I 
speak  the  sentiments  of  the  vast  majority  who  fought  for  the  "Lost 
Cause,"  when  I  say  that  we  are  glad  that  the  war  ended  as  it  did. 
God  never  intended  that  this  fair  land  should  be  disrupted.  We  needed 
you,  and  you  needed  us.  We  were  brothers,  and  heirs  of  a  common 
inheritance.  We  disagreed  upon  matters  of  policy,  "  fell  out,"  resorted 
to  arms.  You  got  the  best  of  it,  and  won  the  glory  of  having  defeated 
the  best  army  the  world  ever  saw.  YOU  wilt  know  where  to  rank  your- 
selves when  I  say  you  whipped  the  best  army  of  all  the  ages.  The  four 
years  of  struggle  were  but  as  a  parenthesis  in  our  national  life;  that 
passed,  we  resumed  the  tenor  of  our  way,  and  began  anew  the  work  of 
making  this  the  greatest  country  that  the  sun  ever  shone  upon. 

Let  me  assure  you  of  the  South's  loyalty  to  our  restored  and  united 
country.  Nowhere  in  all  this  Government  are  there  a  more  loyal  people 
than  those  of  my  own  dear  "  Southland."  We  love  our  institutions, 
civil  and  religious,  our  hills  and  valleys,  lakes  and  rivers.  From  Maine 
to  Mexico,  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  we  love  every  foot  of 
this  country.  Mark  the  prediction:  If  ever  a  foreign  foe  insults  our 
flag,  or  dares  to  set  foot  upon  our  shores,  the  soldiers  of  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi,  and  Tennessee  will  march  shoulder 
to  shoulder  with  those  of  Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Illinois, 
and  Indiana,  to  hurl  back  the  invaders,  and  thus  teach  the  world  that 
we  are  what  we  have  been  and  ever  expect  to  be,  "  The  laud  of  the  free 
and  the  home  of  the  brave." 

Gen.  J.  B.  Turchin,  of  the  Illinois  commission,  was  among  the 
speakers.  The  following  correspondence  explains  the  absence  of  his 
remarks : 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  March  14,  1896. 
Geu.  JOHN  B.  TURCHIN,  Radom,  III. 

SIR  :  Under  authority  from  General  Palmer,  chairman  of  the  Congressional  Com- 
mittee on  Park  Dedication,  I  am  collecting  the  speeches  made  at  the  dedication  for 
submission  to  Congress  at  an  early  day  for  publication. 

Please  write  yours  out  at  your  earliest  convenience  and  return  to  me  in  the  inclosed 
franked  envelope. 

Respectfully,  H.  V.  BOYNTON. 


RADOM,  ILL.,  March  10,  1896. 
GEN.  H.  V.  BOYNTON. 

SIR:  I  have  no  speech  to  report. 

Respectfully,  JOHN  B.  TURCHIN. 


TO   EACH   GENERAL  OFFICER   KILLED   ON    EITHER  SIDE. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAHK.       249 


INDIANA. 

The  Indiana  exercises  took  place  at  the  camp  of  the  veterans  of  that 
State  at  Cave  Spring,  Governor  Claude  Matthews  presiding. 

ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  CLAUDE  MATTHEWS. 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  Thirty- two  years  after  the  terrible  con- 
flict we  gathered  upon  this  great  historic  ground  to  dedicate  it  to  all 
future  history  of  our  country,  and  to  commemorate  the  deeds  of  heroes 
who  died  and  they,  who  yet  may  live,  that  they  who  follow  after  may 
never  forget  the  awful  grandeur  of  the  struggle,  and  have  impressed 
upon  mind  and  heart  the  sacred  cause  here  determined. 

A  generation  has  been  bom  and  bred  since  this  peaceful  land  now 
stretching  out  before  us  was  the  scene  of  dreadful  war  and  carnage,  its 
mountains  and  its  valleys  reechoing  to  the  mad  sounds  of  a  conflict, 
the  most  protracted  example  of  valor  and  heroism  in  all  the  world's 
history  of  battles.  In  vain  we  search  the  pages  of  history  to  find  the 
record  of  a  more  splendid  courage,  of  a  more  resistless  determination, 
or  a  more  appalling  record  of  loss  sustained  by  those  engaged  in  battle. 
Every  step  we  take  will  fall  on  consecrated  ground,  bathed  with  the 
blood  of  America's  sons,  both  patriot  and  foe.  The  victory  greater 
because  wrung  from  brave,  determined  souls.  Oh,  ye  who  survive  of 
that  grand  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  and  have  returned  here  this  day; 
ye  who  followed  Eosecraus,  or  rallied  round  the  "Kock  of  Chicka- 
mauga,"  marched  with  McCook  and  Crittenden,  or  rushed  upon  the 
fiery  wall  of  death  with  Granger,  what  memories  should  fill  your  soul, 
what  pride  enkindle  your  hearts  as  you  review  these  scenes,  recall  the 
memories  of  heroic  deeds,  and  looking  through  and  beyond  the  regretful 
tear  which  drops  upon  the  spot  where  a  comrade  fell,  to  the  full  faith 
that  he  did  not  die  in  vain. 

BRAVE   FOEMEN. 

It  will  be  the  pride  the  brave  soldier  feels  in  victory  won  from  the 
foe  equally  brave.  It  was  the  battle  of  men,  of  American  manhood,  the 
proud  defiant  manhood  that  can  alone  animate  the  hearts  of  freemen, 
and  the  name  of  that  grand  old  soldier  to  whom  history  will  yet  accord 
the  fitting  place  on  the  roll  of  fame,  George  II.  Thomas,  and  those  of 
Eosecrans  and  his  able  lieutenants,  will  shine  with  the  greater  luster 
because  opposed  by  Bragg,  by  Longstreet,  Polk,  or  Stewart.  Should, 
in  the  future,  doubt  arise  of  American  courage,  of  generalship  and 
military  skill,  we  will  name  Chickamauga  and  the  leaders  of  these  con- 
tending armies.  The  history  of  the  war  on  either  side  will  be  but  a 
record  of  American  valor,  of  a  broad  humanity,  and  a  splendid  magna- 
nimity unequaled  in  all  the  history  of  the  world.  For  sublime  heroism, 
for  magnificent  strategy,  for  stubborn  tenacity  and  superhuman  endur- 
ance, the  battles  here  fought  have  not  their  parallel.  Neither  Mareugo, 
Austerlitz,  Waterloo,  Gravelotte,  nor  Sedan  can  compare  in  the  loss 
that  came  from  the  fearless  assault  and  the  desperate  hand-to-hand 
combat.  It  was  the  great  decisive  fight.  The  hope  and  inspiration 
that  came  to  the  one  side,  the  doubt  and  despair  to  the  other,  marked 
the  nearing  of  the  end  to  the  fearful  contest  between  the  States. 


250      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

X 

A   GREAT   ISSUE. 

Great  as  was  the  contest,  greater  still  the  issue  at  stake — the  con- 
test of  deep,  strong,  honest  convictions  of  earnest  men,  through  birth, 
tradition,  custom,  and  education,  that  could  alone  be  settled  through 
appeal  to  arms.  It  was,  my  countrymen,  the  battle  of  human  rights, 
of  national  liberty,  the  maintenance  and  perpetuity  of  free  government, 
and,  while  they  who  fought  knew  it  not  in  full,  the  higher  advancement 
of  all  that  Christian  civilization  implies,  to  the  fuller  glory  of  that  God 
whose  blessing  has  been  with  us  as  a  nation  from  the  founding  of  our 
Government. 

And  above  the  graves  of  all  who  fell  there  arose  again,  with  renewed 
life,  the  grand  old  song  to  remain  with  us  forever,  with  its  sweet  refrain, 
"Liberty  aud  union,  now  and  forever,  one  and  inseparable."  For  us 
who  are  citizens  of  Indiana  there  is  at  this  time  a  special  duty  and  a 
special  pride — a  duty  to  dedicate  here  the  monuments  which  a  proud 
State  erects  to  her  brave  sons  who  were  participants  in  this  battle  and 
reflected  such  glory  upon  her  name. 

INDIANA'S  LOSSES. 

Of  the  troops  engaged  upon  the  Union  side,  Indiana  was  second  in 
the  list  of  States  in  the  number  of  military  organizations  in  line  of  bat- 
tle, having  no  less  than  26  regiments  of  infantry,  3  of  mounted  infantry. 
3  of  cavalry,  and  8  of  batteries ;  40  in  all.  Of  the  little  more  than  10,000 
Indiana  soldiers  who  on  these  two  eventful  days  faced  the  enemy,  more 
than  3,000,  33  per  cent,  fell  before  the  deadly  shot  and  shell/  Full  one- 
fifth  of  all  those  who  filled  the  long  sad  list  of  killed  and  wounded  on 
the  Union  side  were  sons  of  Indiana.  Where  the  smoke  of  battle  hung 
thickest  on  the  mountain  or  rested  in  the  valley,  where  death  dealt  its 
heaviest  blows,  and  brave  men  fell  like  leaves  in  autumn,  where  there 
was  cry  for  help  and  succor  needed,  there  could  be  seen  carried  aloft  the 
banners  of  Indiana  still  pressing  to  the  front.  It  was  her  call  to  bear 
the  brunt  of  battle  and  her  sons  never  quailed  nor  faltered,  nor  wavered 
in  the  trust.  Look  where  you  may  upon  this  field,  and  around  about  you 
everywhere  are  the  footprints  of  her  sons,  and  the  soil  made  a  deeper 
red  by  their  blood.  Back  in  the  homes  of  the  dear  old  State  mother 
hearts  were  aching  in  fear  and  suspense,  and  wives  bending  over  the 
cradle  with  grief  and  prayer,  while  husbands  and  sons  were  working 
out  the  salvation  of,  and  building  to,  the  glory  of  their  country. 

I  look  toward  Snodgrass  Hill,  and  in  my  fancy  see  the  Eighty-second 
Indiana  struggling  up  its  side,  the  first  in  all  that  army  to  form  its  line 
of  battle  on  the  crest,  from  whence  it  was  among  the  last  to  leave.  I  see 
it  closing  up  its  thinned  and  bleeding  ranks  as  one  by  one  the  comrades 
fall,  but  still  around  the  "Bock  of  Chickainauga"  to  defy  the  furious 
charge  of  Longstreet.  And  so  it  was  all  through  that  horrid  day,  till 
kindlier  heaven  let  fall  the  curtains  of  night  to  bring  rest  with  cessation 
of  arms. 

Over  there,  too,  is  where  the  Eighty-eighth  Indiana  was  awakened 
by  Monday  morning's  sun  to  find  itself  sole  occupant  and  possessor  ot 
all  the  field — and  firing  the  last  volley,  joined  Negley  miles  away. 

And  there  is  the  Brother-ton  House,  where,  as  has  been  stated  by  that 
brave  soldier  and  historian  of  this  battle  ground,  the  gallant  Ninth 
Indiana  gave  the  turning  point  and  saved  the  Union  army.  I  will  not 
weary  you  with  a  history  of  all  regiments,  which  will  be  better  pre- 
sented by  the  secretary  of  the  Indiana  commission, 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      251 
CONSECEATED   GROUND. 

A  magnanimous  Government  has  here  erected,  eight  monuments  to 
genera]  officers  upon  the  spots  where  they  fell — four  to  the  Union  and 
four  to  the  Confederate.  Of  the  four  Union  officers,  two  monuments 
are  erected  to  the  memories  of  the  gallant  soldiers  Baldwin  and  King, 
of  Indiana.  Turn  where  you  may,  it  is  ground  consecrated  through" 
the  blood  of  patriots,  for  the  broader  brotherhood  of  man,  the  sover- 
eignty of  a  nation  and  the  indestructible  United  States,  a  rebaptized 
freedom,  a  purified  republic.  Is  it  wonder  that  we  are  here  to  honor 
heroes  living  and  heroes  dead;  that  a  great  State,  in  grateful  remem- 
brance, should  erect  monuments  commemorative  of  the  valor  of  her 
sous?  We  will  weave  the  willow  in  our  garland  of  triumph,  and  in  the 
pean  of  victory  mingle  a  sigh  for  the  dead.  It  is  fitting  that  here  should 
be  established  a  great  national  park,  for  of  all  the  battles  of  the  war 
this  was  truly  a  national  battle  ground. 

Twenty-eight  States  of  the  Union  sent  their  sons  to  contend  for  the 
right  as  they  saw  it.  In  this  time  of  peace,  when  swords  are  beaten 
into  plowshares  and  spears  into  pruning  hooks,  when  the  grass  waves 
and  the  flowers  bloom  alike  upon  the  graves  of  olden  foes,  what  a  meet- 
ing should  this  be  of  brave,  generous,  and  magnanimous  men !  Though 
once  arrayed  against  each  other — the  one  side  filled  with  the  conscious- 
ness of  right  and  the  eternal  justice  of  their  cause;  the  other  wrong, 
as  proved  by  the  arbitrament  of  arms  and  the  verdict  of  the  following 
years,  yet  equally  brave,  honest,  and  sincere.  As  brave  men  they 
fought,  as  brave  men  they  resignedly  accepted  the  conditions,  returned 
to  their  homes,  with  but  little  left  save  their  manhood  and  the  virtue  of 
their  women,  to  take  up  the  work  of  the  American  citizen  that  adds  to 
the  common  prosperity  of  the  country.  Had  they  not  been  brave  foes 
the  victory  would  not  be  worth  boasting.  Were  they  and  you  less  brave 
and  generous  now  you  were  not  worthy  to  be  citizens  of  a  great 
republic. 

A   STERN  REBUKE. 

Here  is  given  stern  rebuke  to  the  narrow  souls  which  yet  would  prate 
of  dissension  or  sectional  strife  and  hate.  The  lesson  sent  for!  h  to 
the  world  from  this  battlefield  will  be  that — forgiven  but  not  forgotten 
the  great  cause  of  strife — the  American  people,  whether  from  the  North 
or  from  the  South,  are  brothers  in  sympathy  and  heart  and  purpose, 
marching  steadily  on,  hand  in  hand,  to  achieve  that  grander  destiny 
which  awaits  us  as  a  nation  in  the  future,  as  one  people  of  one  country, 
and  under  one  flag. 

No  more  shall  the  war  cry  sever 

Or  the  winding  rivers  be  red. 
They  banish  our  anger  forever 

When  they  laurel  the  graves  of  our  dead. 

Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day; 
Love  and  tears  for  the  blue, 

Tears  and  love  for  the  gray. 

This  day  am  I  reminded  of  another  occasion  when  he  who  with  gentle 
heart  and  firm  hand,  with  malice  toward  none  and  charity  for  all,  had 
but  lived  to  see  the  breaking  away  of  the  storm  clouds  of  war,  and  with 
the  sun  of  peace  touching  his  martyred  head,  stood  upon  the  field  of 
Gettysburg  and  urged  his  countrymen: 

That  we  here  highly  resolve  that  these  dead  shall  not  have  died  in  vain ;  th.it  this 
nation  under  God  shall  have  a  new  birth  of  freedom,  and  that  government  of  the 
people,  by  the  people  and  for  the  people,  shall  not  perish  from  the  earth. 


252       CIIICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 


ADDRESS  OF  JAMES  R.  CARNAHAN. 
James  E.  Carnal) an,  the  secretary  of  the  State  commission,  followed : 

Loose  thy  shoe  from  off  thy  foot;  for  the  place  whereon  thou  standest  is  holy. 

So  does  this  great  nation  say  to-day  to  the  thousands  assembled  on 
this  consecrated  ground,  this  battlefield  of  Chickainauga.  To  the  sur- 
vivors of  tbe  battalions  that  were  in  the  battle  lines,  to  their  sous  and 
their  daughters  who  come  to  view  the  ground  on  which  their  fathers 
fought,  to  the  stranger  from  foreign  lands  led  hither  from  whatever 
cause,  to  one  and  all  the  command:  u Loose  thy  shoe  from  off  thy  foot; 
for  the  place  whereon  thou  standest  is  holy."  Holy  ?  Yes ;  thrice  holy, 
and  blessed.  Holy,  for  here  before  the  eyes  of  this  nation  and  the  peo- 
ple of  the  civilized  world  waged  one  of  the  greatest  battles  of  eartli 
to  test  the  great  question  whether  or  not  a  republic  should  live.  Holy, 
because  the  battle  that  raged  here  thirty-two  years  ago  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  end  of  a  strife  between  the  North  and  the  South  which 
could  only  be  determined  by  the  arbitrament  of  the  sword;  and  when 
the  red  tide  of  battle  had  reached  its  highest  mark  in  all  that  terrible 
war  upon  this  field,  the  courage  of  the  defenders  of  the  nation  could 
no  more  be  doubted,  and  peace,  though  slow  of  foot,  was  assured. 
Holy  and  blessed,  because  of  the  remembrance  of  the  men  who  here 
freely  gave  their  lives  for  the  nation,  and  here  under  the  spreading 
pines,  by  the  side  of  the  flowing  stream,  in  the  open  fields,  and  on  the 
summit  of  the  hills  kissed  by  the  first  rays  of  the  morning  sun,  had 
their  entombment  when  the  storm  in  its  fury  had  passed.  Here  was 
the  soldier's  grave  made  sacred  by  the  cause  for  which  he  died — a 
sepulcher  so  sacred,  so  grand  in  its  unmarked  greatness  u  that  kings 
for  such  a  tomb  would  wish  to  die." 

Look  about  you  on  every  hand  now,  after  long  years  have  passed,  and 
on  tree  and  rock,  on  plain  and  hill — from  Viniards  to  McDonald's  and 
from  Jay's  Mill  to  Snodgrass  Hill — the  proofs  of  the  valor,  endurance, 
and  magnificent  qualities  of  the  American  citizen  soldier  are  found. 

On  Chickainauga,  more  than  on  any  other  battlefield  of  the  entire 
war,  did  the  men  of  the  North  and  the  men  of  the  South  learn  to  know 
and  appreciate  the  valor  of  the  men  from  both  sections  of  the  land,  and 
they  on  this  ground  were  each  made  to  realize  that  those  who  fought 
here,  whether  from  Indiana  or  Virginia,  from  Georgia  or  Ohio,  from 
Illinois  or  Tennessee,  from  whatever  State  they  came,  were  all  Amer- 
icans. 

It  is  not  one  of  the  least  of  the  beneficial  results  of  this  war  that  the 
people  of  this  great  and  growing  Republic — from  North  to  South,  from 
East  to  West — have  learned  that  the  courage  of  the  American  soldier 
can  always  be  safely  trusted  should  a  foreign  nation  give  us  cause  for 
war.  It  has  given  to  the  soldier  of  the  North  and  the  South  confidence 
one  in  the  other  should  the  time  come  when  they  would  be  brought  to 
stand  side  by  side  against  a  foreign  foe. 

But  what  of  this  demonstration  here  this  day,  and  why  this  vast 
assemblage  from  every  part  of  these  United  States? 

A  few  of  the  surviving  officers  of  the  Union  army  that  were  partici- 
pants in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  had  stood  upon  the  battlefield  of 
Gettysburg,  and  on  that  field  beheld  how  the  history  of  that  battle  had 
been  preserved  in  enduring  granite  and  perpetual  bronze,  as  a  great 
object-lesson  for  all  the  generations  that  are  to  come,  teaching  loyalty, 
patriotism,  and  faith  in  the  preservation  of  a  Republic  established  by 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       253 

"the  people  and  for  the  people."  Gettysburg  is  hut  one  of  the  many 
great  battlefields  of  the  Republic,  and  that  is  upon  Northern  soil.  Why 
not  make  another  such  object-lesson  on  Southern  soil?  Why  not  in 
such  locality  where  the  generations  that  are  yet  to  come  might,  in  the 
South  as  well  as  in  the  North,  learn  the  history  of  this  Government, 
and  at  what  cost  of  treasure  and  blood  and  life  it  had  been  preserved! 
So  with  these  thoughts  in  mind,  in  1888  the  first  steps  were  taken  to 
bring  about  the  purchase  by  the  Government  of  the  battlefield  of  Chick- 
amauga.  From  the  first  thought  of  the  making  of  a  battle  park  of  this 
iield,  the  proposition  was  that  both  the  Union  and  Confederate  battle 
lines  should  be  marked.  The  establishment  of  Chickamauga  Park  was 
to  be  upon  a  plane  higher  and  broader  than  sectional  lines.  It  was  to 
be  upon  the  greater  and  more  manly  and  soldierly  idea  that  can  and 
does  recognize  true  courage  and  genuine  bravery  in  a  foe  that  meets 
you  face  to  face  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  the  hotter  and  fiercer  that 
battle  the  greater  and  warmer  the  respect  one  for  the  other  when  peace 
has  come.  There  was  no  other  field  of  all  the  war  that  was  so  worthy 
of  commemoration  and  preservation  as  was  Chickamauga,  no  other  field 
where  both  armies  stood  out  so  conspicuously  for  deeds  of  valor.  This 
battlefield,  too,  by  its  dedication  as  a  national  park  where  both  armies 
were  to  be  represented,  was  to  be  another  means  of  uniting  and  cement- 
ing the  two  sections  of  the  country  by  showing  to  all  that  the  bitterness 
of  war  days  had  passed,  and  in  their  stead  had  come  that  better  feeling 
which  desires  that  the  heroism  of  American  citizens  shall  be  remem- 
bered and  perpetuated. 

And  so,  from  the  opening  movement  by  a  few,  the  measure  grew  into 
shape  under  the  thought  and  guidance  of  the  best  men  of  both  armies, 
until  on  August  19,  1890,  the  bill  establishing  a  "national  military 
park  at  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga"  having  been  passed  by  both 
Houses  of  Congress,  was  signed  by  the  President  and  became  a  law. 
Since  then  the  several  States  from  which  came  the  Union  and  Confed- 
erate troops  have  supplemented  the  appropriation  made  by  Congress 
for  the  establishment  of  this  magnificent  park,  to  the  end  that  every 
regiment  and  battery  that  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga 
should  have  hereon  a  monument  to  commemorate  its  service,  and  to 
tell  for  all  future  time  the  story  of  how  brave  men  gave  their  lives  for 
a  cause,  and  for  the  saving  of  a  nation.  Indiana,  our  own  loved  State, 
marks  on  this  field  the  heroism  of  her  sons,  and  gives  of  her  treasure 
for  those  who  then  gave  their  blood  and  lives.  But  there  are  those  who 
may  say,  and  as  some  have  said,  Why  all  this  remembrance  of  the  days 
of  strife?  and  who  say  to  the  survivors  of  Stone's  River,  and  Vicksburg, 
and  Gettysburg,  and  Chickamauga,  Why  not  forget  all  the  roar  and 
turmoil  and  death  of  these  battlefields? 

What !  he  who  was  at  Gettysburg,  can  he  forget  the  waves  of  battle 
that  surged  about  Little  Round  Top;  or  he  who  was  at  Shiloh  forget 
how  the  battle  was  wrenched  from  defeat  and  a  victory  won ;  or  he  who 
was  in  the  charge  on  Missionary  Ridge  have  taken  from  his  memory 
the  cheer  upon  cheer  that  rang  out  from  the  throats  of  the  men  who 
had  toiled  upward  and  yet  higher  through  smoke  and  shot  and  shell, 
with  death  on  every  hand,  until  they  had  placed  the  flag  on  top  the 
enemy's  works  and  won  the  day? 

Can  the  men  of  Chickamauga,  stormed  at  and  shot  at,  who  breasted 
the  waves  of  that  great  surging  sea  of  battle,  as  its  billows  of  death 
well  nigh  overwhelmed  them,  forget?  No!  no!  not  while  life  and 
reason  shall  last.  The  scenes  that  were  lived  through  on  this  field 
nearly  a  third  of  a  century  ago  are  as  vivid  in  the  minds  of  those  who 


254      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  I>AEK. 

remain  as  they  were  on  the  days  that  they  stood  at  Viniard's,  or  at 
Brotherton's,  or  on  the  Kelly  field,  or  with  Thomas  at  Snodgrass  Hill. 
How  vividly  all  the  sights  and  sounds  and  action  of  those  days  come 
to  you  who  were  there,  now  as  you  stand  on  this  holy  ground,  conse- . 
crated  by  the  blood  and  lives  of  the  men  who  fell  away  from  your  sides. 
You  see  those  men  to-day,  as  you  saw  them  then,  in  all  their  young 
manhood.  Yes,  if  you  were  the  gifted  artist,  you  could  from  your 
memory  paint  the  face  with  the  lines  so  tightly  drawn  and  the  teeth 
closed  hard  together,  and  the  muscles  standing  out  as  the  battle  waxed 
hotter  and  hotter. 

Come  with  me  this  day,  so  quiet  but  for  the  strains  of  music  that  are 
borne  to  us  through  the  leafy  bowers,  floating  down  from  the  hill  where 
the  battle  fires  burned  the  hottest;  come,  I  say,  and  let  us  live  over  in 
thought  and  word  what  we  saw,  and  of  that  of  which  we  were  a  part 
on  the  memorable  10th  of  September,  1863. 

Mayhap,  through  the  uneasy  and  anxious  night  that  broke  into  the 
day  of  battle,  you  had  been  on  duty  through  its  long  hours  of  weary 
peering  into  the  darkness  to  learn,  if  possible,  of  the  ominous  sounds 
that  were  borne  to  your  ears  that  told  you  all  too  plainly  of  prepara- 
tions for  the  bloody  conflict  when  the  sun  would  light  the  field.  You 
had  been  relieved  after  the  night  of  duty,  and  had  taken  your  place 
with  your  command  in  the  rear  to  get  your  frugal  meal  and  secure  such 
rest  as  could  come  to  a  soldier  when  the  very  air  seemed  to  be  sur- 
charged with  the  battle  spirit,  and  you  knew  full  well  that  your  services 
were  to  be  demanded  before  the  night  would  come. 

The  suggestion  brings  to  your  minds  as  vividly  as  though  it  were  but 
yesterday  the  fact  that  the  sun  on  that  Saturday  morning  had  scarcely 
appeared  above  the  trees  until  the  opening  shot  of  the  battle  was  heard 
away  over  on  the  left.  Waiting  but  an  instant,  there  was  the  answer- 
ing shot;  the  two  armies  were  feeling  their  way  into  the  contest.  To 
you  who  were  on  the  right,  the  distance  was  too  great  to  hear  the 
sounds  of  the  musket  shots  from  the  pickets  as  they  pushed  their  way 
nearer  and  nearer  to  each  other.  Quickly  the  artillery  shots  provoked 
answering  shots  in  quick  succession,  as  battery  after  battery  went  into 
position.  As  thbse  shots  increased  your  practiced  car  conveyed  to 
your  mind  the  fact  that  the  lines  of  both  armies  were  well  set  in  battle 
array  as  the  firing  run  along  the  entire  front. 

The  firing  on  the  left  grew  stronger,  and  between  the  artillery  shots 
you  heard  the  rattling  sound  of  the  musketry.  Stronger  and  stronger 
grew  the  contest,  and  nearer,  too,  for  suddenly  there  broke  upon  you 
one  continuous  roar  of  artillery  from  the  left,  which  was  taken  up  and 
swept  onward  as  the  minutes  sped,  while  volley  after  volley  told  all  too 
plainly  that  the  two  armies  had  come  together  in  the  first  charge  of 
battle. 

The  contest  gathers  in  strength  as  on  it  comes  sweeping  down  on  to 
the  lines  in  front  of  where  your  brigade  waited,  sweeping  on  to  the  right 
until  it  became  one  commingled  roar  of  artillery  and  rattle  of  musketry, 
dying  away  in  the  dull  and  sullen  thunder  of  Negley's  guns  on  the 
farthermost  right. 

A  lull  for  a  few  moments  came  in  the  deadly  contest,  and  only  a  few 
scattering  shots  were  heard  along  the  line.  Looking  to  the  front, 
through  an  opening  in  the  trees,  could  be  seen,  crossing  a  ridge,  the 
marching  columns  of  the  enemy  as  he  moved  toward  the  left  of  our 
army,  massing  his  forces  against  the  troops  of  Thomas,  preparatory  to 
the  terrible  work  of  that  Saturday  afternoon  along  the  line  at  Viniard's, 
at  Brotherton's,  in  the  Brockfield,  and  at  Foe's,  in  the  desperate  strug- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      255 

gle  to  turn  the  left  arid  get  between  Eosecrans  and  Chattanooga.  The 
lessening  of  the  storm,  however,  was  but  brief,  for  again  the  sound  of 
the  contest  began  to  gather  and  grew  rapidly  in  strength.  It  came  on 
like  the  blasts  of  a  tornado,  sounding  louder  and  louder,  stronger  and 
yet  stronger  it  raged,  until  it  burst  upon  the  listener  in  a  great  rush 
and  roar  of  terrible  sound,  before  which  those  who  heard  and  were  not 
a  part  of  it,  stood  in  awe  and,  looking  each  other  in  the  face,  dared  not 
speak. 

Over  on  the  right  it  again  broke  forth  and  with  renewed  strength 
rolled  on  down  the  lines,  growing  fiercer  and  fiercer,  and  louder  and 
louder,  as  additional  forces  were  brought  into  the  contest,  until  it 
reached  the  extreme  left  in  a  crashing,  tumultuous  sound,  when  back- 
ward it  swept  to  the  right,  only  again  to  go  rolling  and  jarring  and 
thundering  in  its  fury  as  backward  and  forward  it  swept,  that  fearful 
storm  of  war.  It  was  as  when  broad  ocean  is  lashed  to  fury  by  the 
tempest,  when  great  rolling  waves  come  chasing  one  the  other  in  their 
mighty  rage,  until  they  strike  with  deafening  roar  the  solid  walls  of 
rock  on  the  shore,  only  to  be  broken  and  driven  back  upon  other  incom- 
ing waves  as  strong  or  stronger  than  they  had  been.  So  came  to  the 
ears  of  those  waiting  troops  the  sound  of  that  mighty  tempest  of  war, 
volley  after  volley  of  musketry  rolling  in  waves  of  dreadful  sound,  one 
upon  the  other,  to  which  was  added  the  deep  sounding  of  the  artillery, 
like  heavy  thunders  peal  through  the  rushing  roar  of  the  tempest, 
making  the  ground  under  foot  tremble  with  the  fearful  shocks  as  they 
came  and  went,  each  more  terrible  than  the  former.  It  was  evident  to 
those  who  listened  that  the  enemy  with  his  mighty  and  superior  num- 
bers was  making  most  desperate  efforts  to  overwhelm  and  break  the 
Union  lines. 

Through  the  early  part  of  that  day — and  it  seemed  almost  as  though 
its  hours  would  never  pass — the  troops  that  had  been  on  duty  the  night 
before  waited  outside  that  contest  and  heard  that  fearful,  that  terrible 
death-dealing  tornado  as  it  raged  in  front  and  all  about  them,  and 
could  see  the  constantly  moving  columns  of  the  enemy's  infantry  with 
flying  flags,  and  could  see  battery  after  battery  as  they  moved  before 
them  like  a  great  panorama  unfolding  in  an  opening  on  the  ridge. 

Those  soldiers  had  been  sent  back,  as  stated,  to  rest  after  a  night  on 
duty,  but  rest  there  was  none.  The  guns  of  the  infantry  stood  stacked 
in  line,  and  the  battery  of  six  guns  attached  to  their  brigade  stood  just 
in  rear  of  the  troops,  with  all  the  horses  hitched  to  guns  and  caissons 
ready  to  move.  Now  and  then  a  stray  shot  or  shell  would  fly  over  their 
heads  and  strike  the  ground  or  burst  in  the  air  to  the  rear. 

The  men  grew  restless,  that  restlessness  that  comes  to  man  in  that 
most  trying  of  all  times  in  his  life  of  a  soldier,  when  he  hears  the  battle 
raging  with  all  the  might  of  the  furies  about  him,  when  now  and  then 
he  can  catch  the  sound  of  the  distant  shouts  that  tell  all  too  plainly 
that  the  charge  is  on,  and  there  is  then  borne  to  the  ear  that  rattling, 
tearing,  crashing  sound  of  the  volleys  of  musketry,  and  of  the  shot  and 
shell  and  caunister  of  the  artillery  that  drowns  in  its  fury  the  shouts 
and  cheers  of  the  charging  lines,  and  that  tells  to  the  experienced 
soldier  that  the  charge  is  met  by  determined  and  heroic  troops,  and 
that  great  gaps  are  being  torn  in  the  lines — that  men  and  comrades  are 
being  torn  and  mangled  and  killed. 

In  such  moments  and  under  such  circumstances  as  these  strong  men 
pale,  the  body  grows  hot  and  weak,  and  the  heart  of  the  bravest  almost 
ceases  to  beat ;  then  it  is  that  the  hearer  realizes  to  the  fullest  extent 
that  war  is  terrible. 


256      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  men  are  hungry,  but  they  can  not  eat;  they  are  tired  and  worn, 
but  they  can  not  rest;  the  limbs  and  feet  ache,  but  they  can  not  sit 
down;  they  lie  prone  upon  the  ground,  but  in  that  position  the  sound 
of  the  battle  is  intensified,  and  they  rise  up;  speak  to  them  if  you  will, 
and  they  answer  you  as  if  in  a  dream;  they  laugh,  but  it  is  a  laugh 
that  has  no  joy  in  it.  The  infantry  stay  close  to  their  gun  stacks ;  the 
artillerymen,  drivers,  and  gunners  stand  near  to  their  posts  of  duty  in 
a  terrible,  fearful  state  of  unrest. 

That  body  of  men  who  thus  stood  almost  unnerved,  just  out  of  the 
line  of  fire  on  that  September  day,  were  not  lacking  in  true  soldierly 
qualities.  Their  bravery  had  been  tested  on  other  fields.  They  had 
passed  through  the  ordeal  at  Donaldson,  at  Shiloh,  at  Perryville,  at 
Stone's  Elver.  They  had  met  the  enemy  in  the  hottest  and  fiercest 
carnage  of  battle  with  all  the  bravery  and  firmness  of  the  Roman,  and 
again,  when  the  time  shall  come  for  them,  under  orders,  to  take  their 
place  in  the  charging  line,  or  in  position  with  their  comrades  to  receive 
the  enemy's  assault,  they  will  not  be  found  wanting. 

Thus  hour  after  hour  of  the  day  was  passed  by  these  waiting  troops, 
in  a  dreadful  state  of  anxiety  and  suspense.  No  tidings  came  from  the 
front.  It  was  only  known  that  the  battle  was  fearful,  terrible.  Noon 
time  came  and  passed,  and  still  the  battle  raged  with  uudimiuished  fury, 
and  the  reserve  still  waited  orders  to  move.  Another  hour  beyond  mid- 
day had  passed,  and  the  second  was  drawing  toward  its  close,  when 
suddenly  from  out  the  woods  to  the  front  and  left  of  the  waiting  and 
restless  brigade,  onto  the  open  field,  dashed  an  officer,  his  horse  urged 
to  its  greatest  speed,  toward  the  expectant  troops.  The  men  see  him 
coming,  and  in  an  instant  new  life  has  taken  possession  of  them.  "There 
comes  orders,"  are  the  words  that  pass  from  lip  to  lip  along  that  line. 
Without  orders  the  lines  are  reformed  behind  the  gun  stacks,  ready  for 
the  command,  "  Take  arms !"  The  cannoneers  stand  at  their  posts  ready 
to  mount  limber  chest  and  caisson.  The  drivers  "stand  to  horse,"  and 
with  hand  on  rein  and  toe  in  stirrup,  for  details  of  the  drill  are  forgotten 
in  the  feverish  anxiety  for  the  command  to  "mount"  and  away.  How 
quick,  how  great  the  change  at  the  prospect  for  freedom  from  the  sus- 
pense of  the  day.  The  eye  has  lighted  up,  the  arm  has  grown  strong, 
and  the  nerves  are  once  more  steady.  All  is  now  eagerness  for  the  work 
that  must  be  before  them.  Every  head  is  bent  forward  to  catch,  if 
possible,  the  first  news  from  the  front,  and  to  hear  the  orders  that  are  to 
be  given.  All  are  thoroughly  aroused;  there  will  be  no  more  suspense. 
It  is  to  be  action  for  these  troops  from  this  time  on  until  the  close  of  the 
battle.  Nearer  and  nearer  comes  the  rider.  Now  could  be  distinguished 
his  features,  and  one  could  see  the  fearful  earnestness  that  was  written 
on  every  line  of  his  face.  He  leaned  forward  as  he  rode,  in  such  haste 
was  he-.  The  horse  he  rode  had  caught  the  spirit  of  the  rider,  and  horse 
and  rider,  by  their  every  movement  made,  told  to  the  experienced  soldiers 
to  whom  they  were  hastening  that  there  was  to  be  work  for  them,  that 
the  urgency  was  great,  and  that  the  peril  was  imminent. 

How  much  there  is  of  life,  of  the  soldier's  life  in  time  of  war,  that  can 
not  be  painted  on  canvas  or  described  in  words.  It  is  that  inexpressi- 
ble part,  that  indefinable  something  in  the  face,  in  the  eye,  in  the  sway- 
ing of  the  body,  the  gesture  of  the  hand,  and  the  officer,  the  soldier 
reads  in  those  movements  and  appearances  the  very  facts,  terrible  in 
detail,  that  are  afterwards  put  into  words  or  burst  onto  his  vision  in  the 
carnage  of  the  field.  No  one  who  has  seen  the  life  of  the  soldier  in 
actual  warfare  but  has  seen  just  such  occasions  and  just  such  faces. 
Such  was  the  face,  and  such  the  movement  of  that  staff  officer  that  after- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       257 

noon  of  September  19,  1863.  He  had  not  spoken  a  word;  tbere  had 
been  no  uplifting  of  the  hand  as  he  rode  across  the  field,  but  that  inde- 
scribable appearance  spoke  for  him.  Every  soldier,  as  he  saw  him,  read 
that  face  and  form  as  though  from  an  open  book,  yes,  and  read  in  all 
its  awful,  dreadful,  meaning  that  his  comrades  were  in  deepest  peril, 
and  that  help  must  be  borne  quickly  or  all  hope  would  be  gone,  and 
thus  reading,  every  man  was  ready  to  do  his  full  duty.  Not  long 
delayed  were  the  orders,  and  as  he  approaches  this  officer  is  met  by  the 
brigade  commander,  as  anxious  to  receive  the  orders  as  he  who  carries 
them  is  to  give  them.  The  command  comes  in  quick  sharp  words, 
"The  general  presents  his  compliments  and  directs  that  you  move  your 
brigade  at  once  to  the  support  of  the  other  brigades  of  your  division. 
Take  the  road,  moving  by  the  flank  to  the  right,  double  quick.  I  am 
to  direct  you,"  and  then  he  added,  so  those  who  stood  near  heard  the 
words, "  Our  men  are  hard  pressed."  The  last  sentence  was  all  that  was 
said  in  words  as  to  the  condition  of  our  troops,  but  it  was  enough,  and 
those  who  hoard  knew  they  had  read  aright  before  he  had  spoken. 

Scarce  had  the  orders  been  received,  Avhen  the  command,  "Take 
arms!  "was  heard  along  the  line,  and  the  artillery  bugle  sounded  for 
cannoneers  and  drivers,  "Mount."  It  scarcely  took  the  time  required 
to  tell  it  for  that  brigade  to  get  in  motion,  moving  out  of  the  field  and 
onto  the  road.  The  artillery  took  the  beaten  road,  the  infantry  along- 
side. It  was  a  grand  scene  as  the  men  moved  quickly  into  place,  closing 
up  the  column  and  waiting  but  a  moment  for  the  command,  "Forward." 

The  guns  of  the  infantry  are  at  right  shoulder,  and  all  have  grown 
eager  for  the  order.  The  bugle  sounds  the  first  note  of  the  command. 
Now  look  along  that  column;  the  men  are  leaning  forward  for  the 
start;  the  drivers  on  the  artillery  teams  tighten  the  rein  in  the  left 
hand,  and,  with  whip  in  the  uplifted  right  arm,  rise  in  the  stirrups, 
and  as  the  last  note  of  the  bugle  is  sounded,  the  crack  of  the  whips  of 
thirty-six  drivers  over  the  backs  of  as  many  horses,  and  the  stroke  of 
the  spurs  sends  that  battery  of  six  guns  and  its  caissons  rattling  and 
bounding  over  that  road,  while  the  infantry  alongside  are  straining 
every  nerve  as  they  hasten  to  the  relief  of  the  comrades  so  hard 
pressed.  The  spirits  of  the  men  grow  higher  and  higher  with  each 
moment  of  the  advance.  The  rattling  of  the  artillery  and  the  hoof 
beats  of  the  horses  add  to  the  excitement  of  the  onward  rush,  infantry 
and  artillery  thus  side  by  side,  vying  each  with  the  other  which  shall 
best  do  his  part.  Now,  as  they  come  nearer,  the  storm  of  the  battle 
seems  to  grow  greater  and  greater.  On,  and  yet  on  they  press,  until, 
reaching  the  designated  point,  the  artillery  is  turned  off  to  the  left  onto 
a  ridge,  and  goes  into  position  along  its  crest,  while  the  lines  of  the 
infantry  are  being  formed  to  the  right  of  the  road  over  which  they  have 
just  been  hurrying.  The  brigade  lines  are  scarcely  formed  and  the  com- 
mand to  move  forward  given  when  the  lines  which  are  in  the  advance 
are  broken  by  a  terrific  charge  of  the  enemy,  and  are  driven  back  in 
confusion  onto  the  newly  formed  line,  friend  and  foe  so  intermingled 
that  a  shot  can  not  be  fired  without  inflicting  as  much  injury  on  our 
men  as  upon  the  enemy. 

The  artillery,  on  the  crest  of  the  ridge  back  of  the  brigade,  has 
unlimbered  and  gone  into  action,  and  its  shells  are  now  flying  overhead 
into  the  woods,  where  the  enemy's  lines  had  been.  Confusion  seems  to 
have  taken  possession  of  the  lines,  and,  to  add  to  it,  the  lines  to  the 
right  have  been  broken  and  the  enemy  is  sweeping  past  your  flank. 
The  order  is  given  to  fall  back  on  line  with  the  artillery.  Out  of  the 
woods,  under  the  fire  of  the  cannon,  the  men  hasten.  Now  on  the  crest 
S.  Hep.  637 17 


258       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  that  ridge,  without  works  of  any  kind  to  shelter  them,  the  troops 
are  again  hastily  formed,  and  none  too  soon.  Down  the  gentle  slope 
of  that  ridge  and  away  to  the  right  and  left  and  trout  stretches  an 
open  field,  without  tree  or  shrub  to  break  the  force  of  the  balls.  In 
front  and  at  the  edge  of  the  field  scarce  200  yards  away  runs  the  road 
parallel  with  our  new  line;  beyond  the  road  in  the  heavy  timber  is 
where  the  Confederate  lines  are  formed,  well  protected  in  their  prepara- 
tions for  their  charge. 

Scarce  had  the  lines  been  formed,  when  the  sharp  crack  of  the  rifles 
along  our  front  and  the  whistling  of  the  balls  over  our  heads  gave 
warning  that  the  advance  of  the  enemy  had  begun,  and  in  an  instant 
the  shouts  of  the  skirmishers  are  drowned  by  the  shout  that  goes  up 
from  the  charging  column  as  it  starts  down  in  the  woods.  The  men  of 
the  Union  line  are  ready.  An  Indiana  regiment  is  on  the  left  of  the 
brigade,  an  Indiana  battery  of  six  guns  is  on  the  right  of  this  regiment, 
another  Indiana  regiment  is  immediately  on  the  right  of  the  battery, 
while  to  right  and  left  of  these  extend  the  Union  lines.  The  gunners 
and  every  man  of  that  battery  are  at  their  posts  of  duty,  the  tightly 
drawn  lines  in  their  faces  showing  their  purpose  there  to  stand  for  duty 
or  die.  Officers  pass  the  familiar  command  of  caution  along  the  line, 
"  Steady,  men,  steady!"  The  shout  of  the  charging  foe  comes  rapidly 
on;  now  they  burst  out  of  the  woods  and  onto  the  road.  That  instant, 
as  if  touched  by  an  electric  cord,  so  quick  and  so  in  unison  was  it,  the 
rifles  leap  to  the  shoulder  along  the  ridge  where  wave  the  Stars  and 
Stripes.  -Now  the  enemy  is  in  plain  view  along  the  road  covering  the 
entire  front;  you  can  see  them,  as  with  cap  visors  drawn  well  down  over 
their  eyes,  the  gun  at  the  charge,  with  short,  shrill  shout  they  come,  and 
the  colors  of  Johnson's  division  can  be  seen,  flushed  with  victory,  con- 
fronting us.  The  men  on  the  ridge  recognize  the  gallantry  of  the  charg- 
ing foe,  and  their  pride  is  touched  as  well.  All  this  is  but  the  work  of 
an  instant,  Avhen,  just  as  that  long  line  of  gray  has  crossed  the  road, 
quick  and  sharp  rings  out  along  the  line  the  command,  "Fire ! "  It  seems 
to  come  to  infantry  and  artillery  at  the  same  instant,  and  out  from  the 
rifles  of  the  men  and  the  mouths  of  those  cannon  leap  the  death-dealing 
bullet  and  canister;  again  and  again,  with  almost  lightning  rapidity, 
they  pour  in  their  deadly,  merciless  fire,  untit  along  that  entire  ridge 
it  has  become  almost  one  continuous  volley,  one  sheet  of  flame.  Now 
those  lines  of  gray  that  had  commenced  the  charge  so  bravely,  so  con- 
fidently, begin  to  waver;  their  men  had  fallen  thick  and  fast  about 
them.  Again,  and  yet  again,  the  volleys  are  poured  into  them,  and  the 
artillery  on  the  right  and  left  have  not  ceased  in  their  deadly  work.  No 
troops  can  long  withstand  such  fire;  their  lines  are  staggering  under 
the  storm;  another  volley,  and  they  are  broken  and  now  fall  back  in  con- 
fusion. The  charge  was  not  long  in  point  of  time,  but  was  terrible  in 
its  results  to  the  foe. 

Along  the  entire  line  to  the  right  and  left  the  battle  raged  with 
increased  fury.  We  are  now  on  the  defensive;  and  all  can  judge  that 
the  lull  in  front  is  only  the  stillness  that  forebodes  the  more  terrible 
tornado  that  is  to  come.  A  few  logs  and  rails  are  hastily  gathered 
together  to  form  a  slight  breastwork.  Soon  the  scattering  shots  that 
began  to  fall  about  us,  like  the  first  heavy  drops  of  the  rain  storm,  gave 
warning  that  the  ibe  was  again  moving  to  the  attack.  Again  our  lines 
are  ready,  now  lying  behind  hastily  prepared  works.  Again  is  heard 
the  shout  as  on  comes  the  enemy  with  more  determination  than  before; 
but  with  even  greater  courage  do  our  men  determine  to  hold  their  lines. 
The  artillery  is  double  shotted  with  canister.  Again  the  command, 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       259 

"Fire!"  and  hotter,  fiercer  than  before  tlie  battle  rages  along  our  front. 
Shout  is  answered  with  shout,  shot  by  shot  tenfold,  until  again  the 
assailants  break  before  that  terrible  death-dealing  fire  and  are  again 
forced  back.  But  why  repeat  further  the  story  on  that  Saturday  after- 
noon. Again  and  again  were  those  charges  repeated  along  that  line. 
It  did  seem  as  though  our  men  were  more  than  human  and  the  men  in 
your  front  daring  beyond  comparison.  The  artillerymen  worked  as 
never  before.  Their  guns,  double  shotted,  had  scarce  delivered  their 
charges  when,  before  the  gun  could  complete  its  recoil,  it  was  caught 
by  strong  arms,  made  doubly  strong  in  that  fever  heat  of  battle,  was 
again  in  position,  again  double  shotted,  and  again  fired  into  the  face  of 
the  foe.  The  arm  bared,  the  veins  standing  out  in  strong  lines,  the  hat 
or  cap  gone  from  the  head,  the  eyes  starting  almost  from  the  socket, 
the  teeth  set,  the  face  beaded  with  perspiration,  balls  falling  all  about 
them,  those  men  of  the  Seventh  Indiana  Battery  seemed  to  be  super- 
naturally  endowed  with  strength.  Their  comrades  of  the  infantry  vied 
with  them  in  acts  of  heroism  and  daring  and  endurance.  They  shouted 
defiance  to  their  foe  with  every  shot,  with  face  and  hands  begrimed 
in  the  smoke  and  dust  and  heat  of  the  battle,  with  comrades  falling 
about  them,  the  survivors  thought  only  of  vengeance. 

All  the  horses  on  two  of  the  guns  were  shot  down;  another  charge  is 
beginning;  those  two  guns  might  be  lost;  they  must  begotten  back. 
Quick  as  thought  a  company  of  infantry  sprang  to  the  guns,  one  hand 
holding  the  rifle,  the  other  on  the  cannon,  and,  with  the  shot  falling 
thick  and  last  in  and  about  them,  drag  the  guns  over  the  brow  of  the 
ridge  and  down  into  the  woods,  just  in  the  rear  of  the  line,  and  hasten 
back  again  to  take  their  places  in  line,  ready  to  meet  the  on-coming 
charge.  In  the  midst  of  the  charge  an  artilleryman  is  shot  down;  a 
man  from  the  infantry  takes  his  place  and  obeys  orders  as  best  he  can. 
When  the  charge  began  your  men  were  lying  down,  again  in  the  midst 
of  it,  so  great  became  the  excitement,  so  intense  the  anxiety,  all  fear 
and  prudence  had  vanished,  and  the  men  leaped  to  their  feet,  and  with 
fire  and  load,  and  fire  and  load  in  the  wildest  frenzy  of  desperation. 
They  had  lost  all  ideas  of  danger  and  counted  not  the  strength  of  the 
assailant.  It  was  this  absolute  desperation  of  the  men  that  held  our 
lines.  A  soldier  or  an  officer  was  wounded;  unless  the  wound  was 
mortal  or  caused  the  fracture  of  a  limb  they  had  the  wound  tied  or 
bandaged  as  best  they  could,  some  tearing  up  their  blouses  for  bandages, 
and  again  took  their  places  in  the  lines  beside  their  more  fortunate  com- 
rades. Each  man  felt  the  terrible  weight  of  responsibility  that  rested 
on  him  personally  for  the  results  that  should  be  achieved  that  day.  It 
is  that  disregard  of  peril  in  the  moment  of  greatest  danger,  that  deci- 
sion, that  purpose  and  grand  courage  that  comes  only  to  the  American 
citizen  soldier,  who  voluntarily  and  with  unselfish  patriotism  stands  in 
defense  of  principle  and  country,  that  makes  such  soldiers  as  thoi-e  who 
fought  in  the  ranks  that  day  on  Chickamauga's  fire-swept  field.  On 
through  the  afternoon  until  nightfall  did  that  furious  storm  beat 
against  and  rage  about  that  line.  If  the  storm  of  battle  raged  hotly 
around  the  position  occupied  by  your  brigade,  it  was  none  the  less  fierce 
along  the  whole  line.  During  the  afternoon  of  September  19,  while  the 
severe  battle  was  raging  along  the  line  of  your  brigade  and  division, 
farther  to  the  right  at  the  Viniard  farm  the  battle  had  been  raging 
with  all  the  might  of  the  "furies,"  and  on  past  your  front  to  Thomas,  on 
the  extreme  left,  death  had  held  high  carnival. 

Saturday  at  Chickamauga  closed  with  the  Union  lines  intact,  though 
forced  back  from  the  line  of  the  early  morning,  and  the  morning  light 


260      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  Sunday  found  them  in  readiness  for  the  opening  attack.  Those  who 
had  participated  in  the  engagements  of  Friday  and  Saturday  knew  full 
well  that  their  endurance  and  bravery  would  again  be  put  to  the  sever- 
est test  possible  during  the  hours  of  that  Sabbath  day,  but  their  cour- 
age was  undaunted,  and  not  one  soldier  in  all  the  Union  army  was  to 
be  found  that  was  not  ready  when  the  command  "fall  in"  came. 

To  describe  the  battle  on  Sunday  can  not  but  be  a  repetition  of  Sat- 
urday's engagement  intensified  to  the  utmost  of  which  human  thought 
and  skill  can  bo  able  to  portray. 

The  fighting  at  Chickamauga  began  at  10  o'clock  on  the  morning  of 
September  18,  and  when  the  sun  went  down  on  Saturday  there  had 
been  constant  fighting  by  some  of  the  troops  during  most  of  the  time. 

What  part  had  the  troops  from  Indiana  played  at  the  opening  of  the 
engagement,  and  what  service  had  been  rendered  by  her  men  on  Friday 
and  Saturday  in  this  memorable  battle?  What  test  had  been  given  to 
their  courage  before  Sunday's  terrible  work  began! 

In  what  we  have  to  say  of  the  Indiana  troops  we  wish  it  clearly 
understood  that  we  do  not  wish  to  detract  from  any  other  State  or  take 
from  their  brave  men  aught  of  the  honor  they  so  bravely  won.  Indiana 
soldiers  who  fought  at  Chickamauga  know  full  well  the  valor  and  mag- 
nificent soldierly  qualities  of  the  men  of  the  ten  other  States  who  stood 
by  their  sides  through  that  fiery  ordeal.  To  each  and  every  officer  and 
man  who  stood  under  the  folds  of  the  Union  flag  on  Chickamauga's 
field,  be  all  honor  and  praise.  We  claim  for  Indiana  that  she  did  her 
full  duty,  and  shall  ask  and  demand  only  the  credit  due  to  her  men  in 
this  battle,  due  to  those  who  are  dead,  and  due  to  those  who  yet  survive. 

On  Friday,  September  18,  1863,  General  Bragg,  commanding  the 
Confederate  troops',  began  his  movement  for  the  destruction  of  the 
Union  army  under  Eosecrans  and  for  the  retaking  of  Chattanooga — as 
he  fondly  hoped  and  expected.  The  entire  Confederate  army  was  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Chickamauga  in  and  about  Lafayette,  with  his 
advance  only  a  few  short  miles  from  the  Twenty-first  Corps  and 
Wilder's  brigade  of  mounted  infantry  of  Eosecran's  army.  The 
remainder  of  Eosecran's  army  was  miles  away  to  the  south  at  and 
about  McLemore's  Cove.  If  Bragg  could  cross  the  Chickamauga  and 
destroy  Crittenden's  Twenty-first  Corps  before  Thomas  and  IVIcCook 
with  their  corps  could  join  him,  then  the  hopes  of  General  Bragg  could 
be  realized.  Such  was  the  situation  on  Friday  morning,  September  18, 
1863,  when  Bragg  put  his  army  in  motion.  We  have  given  only  this 
much  of  the  historical  sitnation  that  the  work  done  by  Indiana  men 
may  appear  in  its  full  magnitude. 

The  chief  point  at  which  Bragg's  army  undertook  to  cross  the  Chick- 
amauga on  that  day,  and  the  point  at  which  the  contest  began,  was  at 
the  Alexander  Bridge.  The  Confederate  troops  moved  forward  to  the 
crossing  with  the  most  complete  confidence  that  all  opposition  would 
be  easily  swept  away.  Not  so.  The  Alexander  house  sets  on  a  ridge 
or  hill  sloping  off  to  the  valley  which  lays  between  the  house  and  the 
stream  three  quarters  of  a  mile  away.  On  the  east  side  of  the  house 
the  highway  runs  south  and  crosses  the  stream  by  a  bridge.  In  the 
early  morning  hours  on  the  high  ground  at  this  house  Capt.  Eli  Lilly's 
Eighteenth  Indiana  Battery  attached  to  Wilder's  brigade  went  into 
position,  unlimbered,  and  awaited  developments.  The  Seventeenth 
Indiana  Mounted  Infantry  was  posted  on  the  right,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  road  between  the  Alexander  house  and  the  stream,  but  close  to 
it,  and  extending  its  line  from  the  road  westward,  while  the  Seventy- 
second  Indiana  Mounted  Infantry  was  posted  along  the  north  bank  of 


CBICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      261 

the  Chickamauga  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  road — two  Indiana  regi- 
ments and  an  Indiana  battery  alone,  with  their  brigade  commander, 
the  remainder  of  the  brigade  having  been  sent  to  watch  a  ford  farther 
to  the  east. 

There  was  not  much  waiting,  for  at  10  o'clock  the  advance  of  Bragg 
came  on,  and  at  once  the  repeating  rifles  of  the  infantry  and  the  shells 
from  Lilly's  guns  gave  a  sharp  notice  that  the  crossing  was  to  be  con- 
tested. There  was  a  quick  formation  of  the  Confederate  lines  to  force 
the  passage.  The  Confederate  lines  charged  toward  the  stream  to  drive 
away  our  men,  while  behind  their  lines  the  column  moves  up  to  dash 
across.  The  firing  along  the  bank  of  the  deep  and  sullen  stream  waxes 
stronger  and  more  rapid,  and  the  shells  from  the  cannons  go  crashing 
and  bursting  into  the  advancing  line,  and  striking  the  column  break 
and  destroy  the  formation,  and  they  fall  back  out  of  the  reach  of  Wilder's 
men  to  reform  and  gather  reenforcements,  when  on  they  come  again,  only 
to  be  again  driven  back.  And  so  through  the  hours  of  that  day  until 
4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  did  this  handful  of  men,  as  compared  in  num- 
bers with  the  great  army  in  their  front,  hold  the  bridge  and  delay  Bragg 
in  the  execution  of  his  plans.  So  hot  did  this  unequal  contest  grow 
that  at  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  an  entire  brigade  with  artillery  was 
brought  up  to  dislodge  our  men,  and  at  last  the  battle  became  so  intense 
that  the  Seventy- second  Indiana  was  compelled  to  shoot  their  horses 
to  prevent  them  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  Falling  back  from 
the  position  at  the  Alexander  bridge  to  prevent  being  flanked  and 
captured,  these  gallant  Indiana  men  took  position  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Viniard  farm,  and  were  rejoined  by  the  other  regiments  of  the  bri- 
gade. This  line  was  reenforced  by  another  brigade,  in  which  were  two 
Indiana  regiments,  the  Forty-fourth  and  Eighty-sixth,  this  brigade 
being  under  command  of  another  Indiana  soldier,  Col.  George  F.  Dick, 
and  these  two  brigades  held  at  bay  through  all  of  Friday  night  the  left 
of  Bragg's  army  and  prevented  him  from  gaining  the  Lafayette  road, 
prevented  the  attack  on  the  Twenty-first  Army  Corps  and  saved  the 
Union  Army.  Had  Bragg  succeeded  in  his  plans  on  Friday  he  would 
have  destroyed  the  Twenty-first  Corps,  separated  as  it  was  from  the 
balance  of  the  Union  Army,  and  Chattanooga  would  have  been  lost. 
But  the  resistance  by  our  Indiana  troops  at  the  Alexander  bridge,  and 
the  stubbornness  with  which  the  line  on  the  east  side  of  Viniard's  was 
held,  delayed  Bragg  a  whole  day  and  night,  and  on  Saturday  morning, 
after  an  all-night's  march,  Thomas  with  his  Fourteenth  Corps  was  in 
position  on  the  Union  left,  and  McCook  with  the  Twentieth  Corps  was 
on  the  right  at  Crawfish  Spring,  and  Chattanooga  was  safe  from  capture. 

What  of  the  opening  of  the  battle  on  the  extreme  left  on  Saturday 
morning1?  As  the  first  gun  of  Friday  was  fired  by  Indiana  troops,  so 
on  Saturday  morning  on  the  extreme  left  Indiana  regiments,  the  Tenth 
and  Seventy-fourth,  received  the  first  shock  of  the  terrible  battle  that 
was  to  rage  with  such  fury  from  left  to  right  and  right  to  left  through- 
out that  September  day.  So  severe  was  the  repulse  given  to  the 
advancing  lines  of  Bragg  by  these  two  Indiana  regiments  and  the  other 
regiments  of  their  brigade  that  were  brought  into  line  at  the  opening 
attack  that  the  enemy  was  broken  and  driven  back.  It  was  about  the 
close  of  the  first  hour's  fighting  that  the  gallant  Col.  AVilliam  B.  Car- 
roll, of  the  Tenth  Indiana,  fell  mortally  wounded  at  his  post  of  duty 
on  the  front  line  near  Jay's  Mill.  We  shall  not  attempt  to  name  regi- 
ments in  their  order  in  line,  but  as  their  numbers  come. 

Following  the  battle  line  from  Jay's  Mill,  when  it  opened  on  Saturday 
morning,  September  19,  1863,  going  southward  as  the  line  extended, 


262       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

was  the  Sixth  Indiana  and,  with  its  brigade,  the  Fifth  Indiana  Bat- 
tery, early  in  the  engagement,  fighting  through  the  long  day  and  into 
the  night.  Here  this  regiment  lost  its  colonel,  Philomen  P.  Baldwin, 
and  so  gallant  were  his  services  that  the  spot  where  he  fell  is  marked 
by  the  General  Government. 

The  gallant  Ninth,  in  the  forenoon  in  the  Brock  field  and  in  the  after- 
noon in  the  Brotherton  field,  with  the  Forty-fourth  and  Eighty-sixth 
Indiana  Infantry  and  Seventh  Indiana  Battery,  did  its  full  duty  in  the 
hottest  of  the  battle,  so  imperfectly  described  in  the  first  part  of  this 
address,  in  the  Brotherton  field,  and  so  well  was  the  work  done  that 
General  Boynton,  the  historian  of  this  field,  has  said  that  the  Ninth 
Indiana,  by  its  gallant  work  at  the  Brotherton  house,  performed  serv- 
ices of  great  consequence  to  the  Union  army  on  that  afternoon.  Then, 
again,  on  Saturday  we  find  the  Seventeenth  and  the  Seventy-second 
with  the  Eighteenth  Battery  at  the  Viniard  farm  with  the  battle  raging 
all  about  them,  and  on  Sunday  at  the  Widow  Glenn's  with  the  Thirty- 
ninth  Indiana,  fighting  with  the  utmost  desperation  to  beat  back  the 
coming  hosts  that  were  storming  their  lines.  The  fame  of  Wilder's 
brigade  can  not  perish  from  the  minds  and  memories  of  men  so  long  as 
mankind  shall  love  and  reverence  true  bravery  and  undaunted  courage 
in  the  discharge  of  patriotic  duty.  To  Indiana  is  due  the  credit  of  the 
fame  of  the  brigade,  for  the  Seventeenth  Indiana  Regiment  furnished 
its  leader,  Col.  John  T.  Wilder. 

Coming  near  to  the  center  of  the  line  on  Saturday  in  the  desperate 
battle  in  and  about  the  Brock  field  the  Twenty-ninth  Indiana,  and  on 
Sunday  in  Dodge's  line  at  the  Kelly  field,  and  by  the  side  of  the 
Twenty-ninth  and  vying  with  it  in  the  full  discharge  of  duty,  was  the 
Thirtieth  Indiana.  Another  regiment  we  name,  that  in  the  Brock  field 
on  Saturday,  and  again  on  Sunday  on  the  east  side  of  the  Kelly  field 
with  the  Sixth  Indiana  Regiment,  and  Fifth  Indiana  Battery  on  the 
same  portion  of  the  line,  never  wavered  through  all  the  tornado  of  iron 
and  leaden  hail  that  enveloped  them,  was  the  Thirty- first  Indiana  Regi- 
ment. This  regiment  gave  to  the  Union  army  through  that  battle  one 
of  its  best  brigade  commanders  in  the  person  of  Brig.  Gen.  Charles 
Cruft,  commanding  First  Brigade,  Second  Division,  Twenty-first  Corps. 

The  Thirty-second  Indiana,  that  on  Saturday  near  the  Brotherton 
road  did  such  magnificent  fighting  and  again  on  Sunday  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Kelly  field,  when  Breckinridge  and  Cleburne's  troops  were 
assaulting  our  lines  with  such  tremendous  blows,  made  a  countercharge 
and  drove  the  enemy  broken  and  dismayed  nearly  a  mile  to  the  rear. 
It  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  their  former  colonel  was  proud  of  this, 
his  old  regiment.  It  was  as  the  colonel  of  this  regimentthat  the  intrepid 
August  Willich  received  his  first  commission  in  the  Union  army  from 
the  bauds  of  Indiana's  war  governor,  Oliver  P.  Morton,  and  for  meri- 
torious services,  a  second  commission  from  Abraham  Lincoln,  which 
placed  the  star  of  a  brigadier-general  on  his  shoulders.  The  Thirty- 
fifth  Indiana,  on  Sunday,  was  with  Thomas's  troops  and  performed  its 
duty  equally  well  with  the  regulars  that  stood  to  their  right  on  the  east 
of  the  Kelly  field. 

The  Thirty-sixth  Indiana  won  for  itself  increased  renown  on  Satur- 
day east  of  the  Brotherton's  and  added  to  its  laurels  on  Sunday  in  the 
Kelly  field,  while  for  his  gallantry  the  colonel  of  the  regiment,  William 
Grose,  then  commanding  the  brigade,  had  placed  on  his  shoulders  the 
star  of  a  brigadier. 

The  Thirty-seventh  at  the  tanyard  and  thence  under  orders  moved 
to  the  right,  did  their  work  faithfully  and  well. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       263 

The  Thirty-eighth,  near  the  extreme  left  of  the  line,  was  one  of  the 
first  of  that  portion  of  the  army  to  receive  the  shocks  of  the  opening 
of  the  battle  on  Saturday  morning,  and  just  to  the  right  the  regular 
brigade  east  of  the  Kelly  field  held  its  line  unbroken  during  every 
charge  that  was  made  upon  it  on  Sunday.  In  the  hottest  of  the  battle 
on  Saturday  and  Sunday  the  brigade,  of  which  this  regiment  formed  a 
part,  was  commanded  by  Col.  Benjamin  F.  Scribner,  of  this  regiment. 

The  Forty-second  and  Eighty-eighth  regiments  on  Sunday,  at  the 
McDonald  house,  that  being  the  extreme  left  of  the  Union  lines, 
received  the  full  force  of  the  assault  that  was  made  on  Gen.  John 
Beatty's  brigade,  and  suffered  heavily  in  loss  of  officers  and  men  in 
the  hopeless  attempt  to  hold  their  position  against  the  overwhelming 
numbers  that  were  hurled  against  them.  The  right  wing  of  the  Eighty- 
eighth  went  from  McDonald's  on  Sunday  afternoon  to  Snodgrass  Hill. 

Of  the  regiments  and  batteries  that  did  effective  service  on  the 
Union  right  at  the  Viniard  farm  on  Saturday,  none  fought  more  hero- 
ically than  did  the  Fifty-eighth  and  Eighty-first  Indiana  and  the  Eighth 
Indiana  Battery.  Twice  on  that  afternoon  were  they  forced  from  the 
field,  and  twice  did  they  rally  with  their  brigade  and  again  take  and 
hold  the  ground.  In  the  second  assault  on  them  a  portion  of  the  guns 
of  the  Eighth  Indiana  Battery  was  lost,  and  these  regiments,  in  the 
second  charge  to  retake  the  ground  lost,  recaptured  the  guns  from  the 
enemy  and  turned  them  once  more  against  the  foe.  Again  on  Sunday 
we  find  these  troops  with  Barker  breaking  the  oncoming  assaults  of 
Longstreet's  troops,  flushed  with  success  as  they  swept  up  and  across 
the  Dyer  field  and  broke  themselves  on  the  Union  lines  at  Harker's 
Hill,  and  were  engulfed  in  the  waves  of  death  from  the  guns  of  the 
men  who  stood  on  that  ridge  that  Sunday  noon.  With  Harker,  also 
in  addition  to  these  last  named  on  Sunday,  was  the  Ninth,  the  Forty- 
fourth,  and  the  Eighty-sixth  Indiana,  each  taking  their  part  of  the 
fearful  storm  of  battle. 

Eetnruing  once  more  to  the  right  center  of  the  battle  on  Saturday  in 
the  Brotherton  wood  east  of  the  Lafayette  road,  the  Seventy-ninth 
Indiana  bore  its  full  measure  of  the  shock  from  the  storming  lines,  and 
bravely  did  they  do  their  work.  A  battery  on  their  front  was  break- 
ing the  lines  of  the  regiment  and  brigade,  and  in  a  magnificent  charge 
this  regiment  captured  the  battery  and  brought  it  off  the  field.  It  is 
believed  that  this  battery  captured  by  the  Seventy-ninth  Indiana  is 
the  only  Confederate  battery  that  was  captured  and  held  by  our  army 
during  the  battle  of  Chickaniauga. 

The  second  division  of  the  Fourteenth  Army  Corps,  Gen.  George  H. 
Thomas's  corps,  was  commanded  by  an  Indiana  soldier,  Maj.Gen.  Joseph 
J.  Reynolds. 

The  Sixty-eighth,  the  Seventy-fifth,  the  One  hundred  and  first  regi- 
ments and  the  Nineteenth  Battery  of  Indiana,  with  one  Ohio  regiment, 
formed  the  second  brigade.  The  brigade  was  commanded  by  Col. 
Edward  A.  King  of  the  Sixty-eighth  Indiana.  Those  who  shall  in 
the  future  visit  this  battlefield  may  read  the  story  of  the  bravery  and 
fighting  of  these  men  of  Indiana  on  the  monuments  that  mark  the  spot 
where  they  stood  from  the  woods  in  front  of  the  Brotherton  house 
northward  across  the  seething,  withering,  and  deadly  battle  lines  of 
Saturday  and  Sunday  on  the  Foe  field,  and  in  the  lines  on  the  south  of 
the  Kelly  field,  where  the  ever  faithful  and  heroic  Colonel  King  sealed 
his  devotion  to  the  nation  and  the  nation's  flag  with  his  blood  and  life. 

Of  the  Eighty-seventh  Indiana  it  can  truthfully  be  said  that  it  be- 
longed to  a  fighting  brigade,  and  that  in  all  of  Van  Derveer's  brigade 


264       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

there  was  no  regiment  that  performed  its  whole  duty  more  thoroughly 
than  did  this  regiment  on  Saturday  and  Sunday  from  near  Reed's  bridge 
to  the  closing  scenes  on  Snodgrass  Hill. 

Of  our  Indiana  batteries  we  have  already  spoken  of  the  splendid 
service  of  the  Fifth,  the  Seventh,  the  Eighth,  the  Eighteenth,  and  the 
Nineteenth.  The  Fourth  Indiana  Battery  on  Saturday,  the  19th  of 
September,  was  near  that  portion  of  the  line  where  the  battle  opened, 
northeast  of  the  Reed  field,  and  remained  in  action  and  the  thickest  ot' 
the  fight  during  that  day.  On  Sunday,  with  Starkweather's  brigade, 
to  which  it  was  attached,  it  was  actively  engaged  on  the  line  around 
the  north  and  east  corner  of  the  Kelly  field,  and  aided  materially  in 
the  breaking  of  Breckin ridge's  charging  lines,  while  it  never  changed 
its  position  until  the  close  of  the  battle. 

The  Eleventh  Battery  on  Sunday,  September  20,  was  with  the  brigade 
of  the  heroic  soldier  and  patriot,  Brig.  Gen.  William  H.  Lytle,  who  fell 
near  the  Widow  Glenn's,  and  the  spot  where,  he  was  killed  is  now 
named  in  his  honor,  Lytle  Hill.  The  Twenty-first  Battery,  while  it 
distinguished  itself  for  gallant  service  on  the  19th,  far  surpassed  its 
record  on  Sunday  on  the  south  line  of  the  Kelly  field. 

No  artillery  on  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga  did  any  better  service 
than  did  the  batteries  of  Indiana.  They  were  heroic,  they  were  active 
and  efficient;  some  of  these  batteries  fired  over  1,200  rounds  during 
the  battle.  The  three  cavalry  regiments  of  Indiana  performed  their 
full  share  of  duty  that  was  assigned  to  them  in  the  scouting  and  guard- 
ing of  our  flanks  before  the  opening  of  the  battle,  and  in  the  guarding 
and  escorting  of  our  supply  trains.during  the  battle.  In  the  discharge 
of  this  duty  they  had  some  fighting,  but  harder  than  the  fighting  was 
the  constant  watchfulness  and  wakefulness  that  left  no  time  for  rest  or 
sleep.  The  cavalry  service  at  that  time,  in  many  respects,  was  the 
hardest  of  all  service,  but  perhaps  with  less  casualties  attending  it. 

There  were  others  of  the  Indiana  infantry  regiments  engaged  at 
Chickamauga  that  have  not  yet  been  named,  and  while  others  of  the 
regiments  from  Indiana  no  doubt  did  as  hard  fighting,  and  a  number 
of  them  lost  more  men,  yet  the  peculiar  positions  in  which  these  regi- 
ments were  placed  in  the  closing  hours  of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga 
bring  them  into  more  prominence  than  many  others. 

The  entire  force  of  the  Confederate  assaults  under  the  direction  of 
General  Longstreet  was  centered  on  a  very  narrow  field  from  noon  on 
Sunday  until  nightfall,  when  that  magnificent  body  of  troops  that  had 
come  over  from  Virginia  found  itself  baffled  at  every  point,  and  it  fell 
back  from  its  final  charge  on  Suodgrass  Hill  with  its  lines  broken  and 
shattered  and  the  spirit  and  vigor  of  the  men  broken  as  well. 

How  came  the  Union  line  to  be  established  at  Snodgrass  Hill?  Col. 
Morton  C.  Hunter  with  his  Eighty-second  Indiana  Regiment  had  been 
heavily  engaged  on  Sunday  northeast  of  the  Brotherton  house  and  just 
north  of  the  Dyer  road  leading  west  from  Brotherton's.  When  the  break 
came  in  the  Union  lines  on  Sunday,  after  a  severe  charge  and  struggle, 
in  which  his  regiment  lost  nearly  a  hundred  men,  Colonel  Hunter  with 
his  regiment  was  borne  back  by  the  weight  of  numbers  until  he  had 
reached  the  east  end  of  the  Snodgrass  Hill,  and  there  he  reformed 
his  line,  determined  to  hold  the  line  there  at  all  hazards.  This  was  the 
first  organized  body  of  troops  to  take  position  on  Snodgrass  Hill,  and 
the  establishing  of  that  line  proved  to  be  the  salvation  of  the  right  of 
the  Union  line,  and  the  credit  is  due  to  Col.  Morton  C.  Hunter  and  the 
Eighty-second  Indiana.  From  the  Eighty-second  Indiana  on  Snodgrass 
Hill  our  lines  were  built  on  westward  until  they  had  climbed  across 
the  summit  of  the  hill  and  rested  on  the  other  side.  In  this  line,  as  it 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MITITARY  PARK.       265 

was  formed  and  remained  until  the  close  of  the  battle,  was  the  Eighty- 
seventh  Indiana,  and  with  this  were  also  portions  of  other  Indiana  regi- 
ments that  had  been  separated  from  their  commands  and  had  rallied 
here  when  the  battle  was  raging  the  hottest  against  this  line,  against 
which,  with  all  the  force  of  the  lightning's  stroke,  were  hurled  the  com- 
bined forces  of  Longstreet. 

The  first  assault  was  met  and  broken,  and  again  and  again  new 
troops  were  put  into  the  charge,  and  again  were  they  driven  back, 
leaving  the  hillside  strewn  with  the  wounded,  the  dying,  and  the  dead. 
But  by  force  of  superior  numbers  the  enemy's  line  was  extended  beyond 
the  right  of  our  line,  and  again  prepared  for  another  charge  more  des- 
perate and  determined  than  all  that  preceded,  intending  to  infold  our 
lines  in  his  extended  left.  But  just  at  the  moment,  when  it  did  seem  as 
if  all  would  be  lost  unless  help  should  come,  Gen.  Gordon  Granger, 
without  orders,  but  marching  to  the  sound  of  the  contest,  reported  to 
Thomas,  then  in  command,  and  was  directed  to  form  on  the  extreme 
right  of  the  Union  line.  The  line  is  quickly  extended,  but  none  too 
soon,  for  new  troops  have  been  added  to  those  of  Gen.  Bushrod  R. 
Johnson,  and  the  charge  once  more  begun,  but  this  charge  is  met  by  a 
counter  charge  by  Granger's  fresh  troops,  and  the  enemy  is  hurled  back 
from  the  sides  of  the  hill,  and  yet  farther  back,  until  he  has  lost  the 
position  which  he  held  before  starting  on  this  charge.  With  the  troops 
of  Granger  that  so  signally  routed  the  enemy  was  the  Eighty-fourth 
Indiana.  So  thorough  and  complete  was  the  overthrow  of  the  enemy 
in  this  charge  that  it  proved  to  be  the  last  charge  made  with  any  spirit 
or  show  of  force  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  The  last  volley  that 
was  fired  on  Snodgrass  Hill  was,  as  is  believed,  by  the  Ninth  Indiana, 
after  dark,  on  a  demand  by  some  Confederate  officer  to  them  to  sur- 
render. The  volley  was  the  response  to  the  demand,  and  after  this 
volley  the  firing  closed. 

We  have  answered  the  question,  What  of  Indiana  at  Chickamauga ? 
It  is  no  disparagement  of  the  troops  of  other  States  from  which  came 
the  Union  army  to  say  that  the  troops  of  Indiana  did  their  full  share 
of  duty  at  Chickamauga,  and  that  the  gallantry  of  her  sous  was  not 
surpassed  by  that  of  any  other  State  there  represented,  regardless  of 
whether  the  troops  were  from  the  North  or  the  South,  Union  or  Con- 
federate. 

Indiana,  with  her  Seventeenth  and  Seventy-second  regiments  and 
Eighteenth  Battery  to  meet  and  oppose  the  crossing  of  Bragg's  army 
over  the  Chickamauga  on  September  18,  1863;  Indiana  troops — the 
Tenth  and  Seventy- fourth  Indiana — were  the  first  troops  of  Rosecrans 
to  receive  the  opening  shock  of  the  battle  on  the  morning  of  September 
19.  The  Eighty-second  Indiana  was  the  first  organized  body  of  troops 
on  Snodgrass  Hill;  the  Ninth  Indiana  fired  the  last  volley  of  the  battle, 
and  the  Indiana  troops  were  the  last  to  leave  the  battlefield  of  Chicka- 
mauga after  the  storm  which  had  raged  for  almost  three  days  with  its 
harvest  of  death  had  worn  and  spent  itself  at  the  Kelly  field  on  the 
Union  left  against  Barker's  Hill  and  at  Snodgrass  Hill  on  the  right. 

Indiana's  roll  of  honor  was  written  on  the  field  of  Chickamauga,  at 
Reed's  Bridge,  at  Alexander's  Bridge,  at  Viuiard's,  at  Brotherton's,  at 
Poe's,  at  Kelly's,  at  McDonald's,  in  the  Brock  field,  at  Barker's  Hill, 
on  Snodgrass  Hill,  everywhere  on  Chickamauga  where  the  battle  raged 
the  fiercest  and  the  storm  was  the  most  deadly.  By  Chickamauga's 
muddy  waters,  in  the  glades,  under  the  pines,  in  the  open  fields,  on  the 
highlands,  and  around  the  fire-begirt  hills,  over  three  thousand  of  Indi- 
ana's sons  gave  their  blood  and  lives  in  the  defense  of  the  flag  and  for  the 
preservation  of  the  Republic.  Eleven  States  and  the  Regular  Army  of 


266      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  United  States  were  represented  in  the  Union  Army  in  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga,  and  one-fifth  of  the  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  in  that 
battle  were  from  Indiana's  regiments  and  batteries.  The  reports  on  file 
at  the  War  Department  show  that  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  from 
the  opening  in  April,  1861,  to  the  close  of  the  war  in  1865,  Indiana  lost 
L'4,000  men.  If  this  be  true,  as  it  doubtless  is,  then  Indiana  lost  at 
Chickamauga,  from  noon  on  September  18  to  the  going  down  of  the  sun 
on  Snodgrass  Hill  on  Sunday,  September  20,  one-eighth  of  Indiana's 
entire  loss  during  the  entire  war.  What  a  magnificent  record  this  is 
for  the  gallantry  of  the  Indiana  troops.  Their  work  was  well  done. 
They  won  for  Indiana  an  honorable,  a  glorious  name,  and  place  for 
bravery  in  the  'galaxy  of  the  States,  arid  the  men  of  Indiana  for  all 
time  to  come  may  point  with  pride  to  the  gallantry  and  bravery  of  the 
Indiana  troops  at  Chickamauga. 

This  national  park  has  been  consecrated  by  the  blood  and  lives  of 
our  comrades  from  Indiana,  from  Ohio,  from  Illinois,  from  Kansas,  from 
Kentucky,  from  Michigan,  from  Minnesota,  from  Pennsylvania,  from 
Tennessee,  from  Wisconsin,  from  Missouri,  and  from  the  Regular  Army 
of  the  United  States,  and  none  the  less  by  the  brave  men  who  stood  on 
the  other  side  is  it  held  hallowed  and  sacred  this  day.  The  storm  that 
raged  here,  over  the  very  ground  on  which  you  now  stand,  has  sunk  to 
rest,  and  we  here  remember  the  living  and  the  dead.  The  storm  of 
passion  has  been  lulled  to  rest,  and  he  is  the  best  surviving  soldier  of 
Chickamauga  to  day  who  can  bury  all  bitterness  of  heart,  and  looking 
upon  the  monuments  which  we  this  day  dedicate  see  in  them  the  great 
throbbing,  peaceful,  and  glad  heart  of  a  nation  that  remembers  her 
defenders  and  appreciates  the  bravery  of  the  American  soldier  wherever 
found.  To  the  nation  that  our  heroes  fought  to  save  we  dedicate  these 
monuments  in  these  days  of  peace,  recognizing  the  fact  that  the  cause 
for  which  these  soldiers  fought  must  endure  forever.  We  believe  that 
this  nation  has  come  out  from  the  bitterness  and  hate  engendered  by 
sectional  strife  into  the  full  clear  light  of  peace,  founded  and  estab- 
lished upon  the  great  truth  of  universal  freedom  and  equal  rights  to 
all.  There  are  but  two  classes  of  soldiers  whom  we  remember  in  these 
ceremonies  this  day — the  dead  and  the  living — and  the  living  soldier  is 
dead  indeed  who  has  not  buried  all  bitterness  and  hate  in  the  grave 
of  the  past.  They  who  died  on  this  field,  or  because  of  this  field,  we 
reverence  and  love,  and  here  dedicate  these  monuments  to  mark  the 
place  from  whence  they  passed  out  from  the  storm  into  eternal  peace. 
The  living  soldier  we  remember  this  day  is  he  who,  having  survived  the 
dangers  and  hardships  of  camp  and  field,  can  stand  by  any  monument 
that  may  be  raised  on  this  consecrated  ground,  and  with  head  bared 
and  with  shoe  loosed  from  off  the  foot  can  pray  Almighty  God  for 
peace  for  our  beloved  land,  pray  from  a  fervent  heart  for — 

Peace  in  the  quiet  dales, 

Made  raukly  fertile  by  the  blood  of  men ; 

Peace  in  the  woodland  and  the  lonely  glen, 
Peace  in  the  peopled  vales. 

Peace  in  the  crowded  town ; 

Peace  in  a  thousand  fields  of  waving  grain ; 

Peace  in  the  highway  and  the  llowery  lane, 
Peace  o'er  the  wind-swept  down. 

Peace  on  the  whirring  marts, 

Peace  where  the  scholar  thinks,  the  hunter  roams; 

Peace,  God  of  Peace,  peace,  peace  in  all  our  homes, 
And  all  our  hearts ! 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      267 


ADDRESS  OF  CAPT.  D.  B.  M'CONNELL,  OF  THE  STATE  COMMISSION. 

MY  COUNTRYMEN:  We  are  assembled  upon  one  of  the  great  battle- 
fields of  the  world  for  the  purpose  of  dedicating  it — transformed  into 
one  of  the  greatest  military  parks  in  the  world — to  constitute  it  a  great 
historical  object  lesson,  teaching  the  coming  generations  the  high  and 
imperative  duties  which  devolve  upon  them  if  they  would  preserve  the 
institutions  of  government  handed  down  by  the  fathers  of  the  Eepublic. 

Every  American,  native  or  by  adoption,  is  familiar  with  the  story  of 
the  birth  of  the  nation,  of  the  sacrifices,  patient  sufferings,  and  long 
endurance  of  the  Revolutionary  fathers.  Some  of  us  remember  having 
seen  some  of  the  surviving  veterans  of  the  Revolution — octogenarians, 
all  of  them — fifty  years  ago,  body  and  mind  in  decay,  paraded  on  the 
platforms  on  muster  days,  and  at  political  rallies,  and  their  great  deeds 
recited  in  their  hearing,  their  judgment  solicited  upon  great  national 
questions,  and  they  generally  made  much  of. 

Orators  used  them  upon  every  possible  occasion,  it  may  be  selfishly, 
but  the  result  was  healthful.  Interest  was  awakened  in  them  and  in 
what  they  did,  in  the  minds  of  the  youth  of  the  laud,  and  forthwith 
they  would  know  more  in  detail  what  they  did,  where  they  did  it,  and 
what  they  did  it  for. 

And  the  young  mind  once  healthfully  awakened  upon  any  subject, 
with  the  truth  within  reach,  does  not  again  slumber.  The  result  can 
not  be  overestimated.  The  youth  in  our  country  became  better  informed 
upon  the  subject  of  the  glorious  deeds  of  their  ancestors  than  the  youth 
of  any  other  country,  and  as  a  crowning  result  we  have  the  magnifi- 
cent fighting  in  the  battles  of  the  wars  of  1812  and  1846,  both  on  land 
and  sea. 

We  made  much  of  the  wars  of  1812  and  1846,  and  set  up  a  claim  for 
fighting  in  them,  which  in  our  hearts  we  did  not  respect.  We  knew 
that,  historically  considered,  they  were  very  insignificant  affairs. 

When  we  compared  our  little  army  with  the  marching  columns  of  the 
great  fighting  nations  of  Europe  we  could  not  but  see  that  our  claim 
for  great  fighting  was  vain  boasting,  and  in  the  reaction  which  followed 
we  underestimated  ourselves  and  overestimated  the  judgment  and 
declarations  of  foreign  military  critics  upon  ourselves.  So  when  the 
civil  war  came  we  were  ready  to  acquiesce  in  the  criticism  that  we 
fought  no  great  battle  in  our  war  such  as  were  fought  in  the  great  wars 
of  Europe;  that  our  battles  were  only  great  skirmishes,  not  to  be  digni- 
fied by  the  name  of  battles,  and  it  was  only  after  the  war  had  closed 
and  many  years  had  passed  that  we  came  to  know  that  we  fought  the 
great  war  of  modern  times. 

The  greatest  armies  were  engaged.  Our  total  enlistment  was  2,778,304 
men.  The  largest  armies  ever  assembled  in  any  European  war  were 
those  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war  of  1870.  The  army  of  Germany  was 
the  largest.  She  took  into  France  797,950  men — an  excess  in  the  Union 
army  of  more  than  a  million  and  a  half  over  the  Germans  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war. 

We  did  the  most  fighting.  In  the  great  wars  of  Europe  the  fighting 
was  desultory,  with  long  periods  of  inaction.  In  the  American  civil 
war  we  fought  for  four  years  without  ceasing.  The  picket  fire  was  con- 
tinuous, and  cannon  in  actual  combat  was  heard  every  day.  During 
the  four  years  of  the  war  we  fought  2,361  battles  and  skirmishes,  3  every 
two  days. 


268      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Tt  was  more  destructive  of  life  than  any  war  of  modern  Europe.  The 
loss  of  the  Union  Army  by  death  during  the  civil  war  may  be  stated 
in  round  numbers  at  400,000  men.  This  is  more  men  than  was  lost  in 
all  of  the  wars  of  Europe  in  the  last  eighty  years.  The  loss  in  battle 
was  110,070  men  killed  in  the  Union  Army  alone. 

No  army  in  any  war  in  Europe  fought  over  the  extent  of  territory 
that  the  Union  Army  did,  nor  guarded  the  long  line  of  communications, 
and  posts,  and  hospitals,  and  at  no  one  point  was  it  possible  for  us  to 
bring  into  action  as  many  men  as  were  the  Germans  in  their  invasion 
of  France;  still  the  per  cent  of  loss  in  the  Union  Army  was  larger  than 
that  of  the  Germans. 

Germany  had  797,950,  men  and  lost  in  killed  28,277 — 3.5  per  cent  of 
the  enrollment.  In  the  Crimea  the  Allies  lost  3.2  per  cent  of  the 
enrollment,  killed.  In  the  war  of  1866  between  the  Austrians  and  the 
Prussians  the  Austrians  lost  2.6  per  cent  of  the  enrollment,  killed.  In 
the  American  civil  war  the  Union  Army  lost  4.7  per  cent  of  the  enroll- 
ment and  the  Confederates  lost  9  per  cent  in  killed.  In  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war  the  greatest  loss  occurred  at  Gravelotte,  where  the 
Germans  lost  20,577  out  of  146,000  engaged.  The  loss  of  the  Union 
Army  at  Gettysburg  was  23,000  out  of  82,000  engaged ;  more  men  than 
the  Germans  lost,  with  only  half  the  number  engaged. 

Of  the  great  events  of  modern  wars  in  Europe  which  have  been  the 
subject  of  gorgeous  word  painting,  in  poetry  and  prose  by  great  authors 
and  spread  upon  canvas  by  great  artists,  there  is  nothing  which  we  did 
not  excel. 

The  famous  escape  of  Eamsey's  battery  at  the  battle  of  Fuentes 
Orono,  in  Spain,  has  been  glowingly  recited  in  history,  and  furnished 
the  subject  for  a  world-famous  picture.  In  a  rush  of  the  combatants 
the  battery  was  cut  off  and  surrounded  by  the  enemy  in  a  disorganized 
mass.  It  was  given  up  for  lost  by  the  English,  when  in  a  moment  it 
appeared,  charging  through  the  mass,  the  horses,  as  Napier  puts  it, 
"stretched  like  greyhounds  along  the  plain,"  gun  carriages  bounding 
here  and  there  as  things  of  no  weight.  It  was  a  brilliant  feat,  but  the 
merit  of  the  performance  consisted  only  in  having  the  resolution  to 
undertake  it.  There  is  not  much  merit  in  successfully  charging  through 
a  mass  of  disorganized  men  by  a  battery  of  artillery  at  full  speed,  where 
there  is  neither  room  nor  time  to  act  in  resistance.  As  well  might 
attempt  be  made  to  stop  a  cannon  ball  with  naked  hands. 

That  feat  is  excelled  in  merit  and  performance  in  the  escape  of 
Cockerill's  battery  on  Sunday  evening  at  5  o'clock,  thirty-two  years 
ago,  on  this  field,  on  the  famous  Kelly  field  line.  The  withdrawal 
had  begun.  Cockerill  had  been  ordered  to  fire  his  last  cartridge,  and 
expected  to  lose  his  guns.  When  he  fir'ed  his  last  shot  his  infantry  sup- 
ports were  falling  back,  and  the  enemy  advancing  his  lines  in  front  and 
on  both  flanks,  cannon  balls  crossing  his  line  of  retreat  from  both  sides, 
and  the  firing  from  the  advancing  skirmishers  was  unceasing.  He  would 
not  leave  his  guns,  but  up  with  his  riders,  with  sabers  in  hand  to  cut 
out  falling  horses,  and  with  cannoneers  mounted  and  clinging  to  his 
guns  and  limbers,  he  charged  to  the  rear  as  Ramsey  did,  not  through 
a  disorganized  mass,  but  through  the  concentrated  fire  of  an  army,  and 
brought  off  every  gun  and  limber. 

Such  feats  were  common,  so  common  that  to  mention  them  seemed 
unnecessary.  In  the  famous  charge  of  the  Light  Cavalry  at  Balaklava, 
made  without  a  purpose  and  executed  without  a  trophy,  famous  in  song 
and  story  as  the  most  gallant  feat  since  the  use  of  gunpowder,  the  loss 
in  killed  and  wounded  there  was  only  36.7  per  cent,  16.2  per  cent  killed. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      269 

As  against  this,  we  may  cite  the  charge  of  Maj.  Peter  Keeuan,  with 
the  Eighth  Pennsylvania  Cavalry  at  Chancellorsville,  into  the  face  and 
upon  the  bayonets  of  Jackson's  oncoming  columns,  and  the  charge  of  the 
262  men  of  the  First  Minnesota  at  Gettysburg  into  the  advancing  thou- 
sands of  the  Confederates.  Both  these  charges  were  made  to  gain 
live  minutes  of  precious  time.  Both  were  rushes  into  the  arms  of  death. 
Each  saved  an  army.  In  the  charge  the  First  Minnesota  lost  47  killed 
and  168  wounded,  215  out  of  262— 82.5  per  cent. 

The  Light  Brigade  had  never  been  in  action  before  that  charge,  and 
never  fought  afterwards. 

The  First  Minnesota  had  fought  on  many  bloody  fields  before  that 
glorious  charge  at  Gettysburg,  and  after  that  fought  on  to  the  end, 
watering  with  its  blood  many  a  glorious  field. 

I  have  shown  you  that,  although  in  the  later  wars  improved  weapons 
were  used,  the  per  cent  of  loss  to  the  enrollment  was  greater  in  the 
American  armies  than  in  those  of  Europe.  Let  us  make  a  few  more 
comparisons  from  actual  contact  in  the  shock  of  battle. 

The  heaviest  loss  in  the  German  army  during  the  Franco-Prussian 
war  occurred  in  the  Sixteenth  Infantry  (Third  Westphalian)  at  Mars 
la  Tour.  It  went  into  action  with  3,000  men.  It  lost  509  killed,  619 
wounded,  365  missing;  total,  1,484,  or  49.4  per  cent. 

The  next  greatest  loss  occurred  in  the  Garde  Shutzen  Battalion,  1,000 
strong,  which  lost  at  Metz,  August  18,  162  killed,  294  wounded,  and  5 
missing;  total,  461 — 46.1  per  cent  of  those  engaged. 

I  have  shown  you  that  the  First  Minnesota  at  Gettysburg  lost  82.5 
per  cent.  The  First  Texas,  Confederate,  Hood's  division,  at  Antietain 
lost  82.3  per  cent.  These  are  the  highest  per  cents,  but  Colonel  Fox,  in 
his  Regimental  Losses,  gives  the  names,  description,  and  actions  of  72 
Union  and  53  Confederate  regiments  each  of  which  lost  in  a  single 
action  not  less  than  50  per  cent  of  those  engaged. 

In  the  regiments  of  the  German  army  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war, 
which  I  have  cited,  the  loss  of  the  Sixteenth  Infantry,  with  3,000 
engaged,  is  509  killed,  nearly  17  per  cent.  Of  the  Garde  Shutzen 
Battalion,  with  1,000  engaged,  162  killed,  or  16.2  per  cent;  and  the 
Light  Brigade  charged  at  Balaklava  with  673  and  lost  113  killed,  or 
16.2  per  cent.  Per  contra,  I  have  shown  you  that  the  First  Minnesota 
charged  with  262,  and  lost  75  killed  and  mortally  wounded,  or  28  per 
cent.  This  is  the  highest,  of  course,  but  Fox,  in  his  Kegimental  Losses, 
gives  75  Union  regiments  who  lost  in  killed  in  one  engagement  more 
than  16  per  cent  of  the  number  engaged.  The  Confederates,  no  doubt, 
had  quite  as  many — completely  casting  into  the  shade  the  much- 
blazoned  and  much- vaunted  fighting  of  the  great  military  nations  of 
modern  Europe,  and  constituting  a  record  which  will  ever  redound  to 
the  credit  of  American  manhood  and  to  the  glory  of  the  American 
soldier. 

We  were  called  to  fight  the  great  war  without  preparation.  We 
were  without  trained  armies  and  munitions  of  war.  We  were  without 
means  to  care  for  our  soldiers  when  they  were  equipped,  and  without 
general  knowledge  of  how  to  do  so. 

All  this  was  overcome  by  the  patriotism,  genius,  and  energy  of  our 
people,  and  their  achievements  during  the  period  in  which  the  nation 
was  struggling  for  life  are  still  looked  upon  with  wonder  by  the  whole 
civilized  world. 

The  awakening  of  our  country  and  the  mighty  things  achieved  by 
our  people  are  old  stories,  and  have  been  the  theme  for  writers  and 
orators  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  The  necessity  for  enthu- 


270       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

siastic,  patriotic  support  of  the  Government  by  the  people  was  never 
so  clearly  demonstrated.  Without  it  the  struggle  was  hopeless.  The 
ponderous  machinery  of  the  Government  lacked  the  pliancy,  elasticity, 
and  quick  action  necessary  upon  so  sudden  and  great  a  crisis.  The 
devotion  of  the  people  supplied  what  was  lacking. 

The  orthodox  system  of  making  war  was  overthrown,  and  new  and 
improved  methods  devised  and  adopted;  new  and  improved  arms 
invented  and  used,  and  wherever  lack  was  found  ingenuity  and  patri- 
otism supplied  the  want. 

Out  of  the  wants  in  the  hospital  service  grew  the  United  States 
Sanitary  Commission,  mainly  the  creation  of  the  noble-hearted  women 
of  the  country,  and  dependent  upon  them  for  its  wonderful  efficiency 
and  success  in  the  alleviation  of  the  misery  and  suffering  incident  to 
and  inseparable  from  treatment  in  army  hospitals  in  times  of  war  of 
those  confined  there  by  disease  or  wounds. 

The  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  was  woman's  idea,  first  sug- 
gested and  afterwards  developed  by  them.  True,  they  used  men  in 
some  places  to  carry  out  their  ideas — places  which  men  were  qualified 
to  fill,  and  which  were  properly  filled  by  men.  Some  of  these,  with 
that  peculiar,  happy  faculty  which  men  have  of  appropriating  all  things, 
concluded  later  on  that  they  created  and  developed  the  Sanitary  Com- 
mission, and  since  the  war  have  been  so  claiming. 

Indiana  in  the  great  war  did  her  whole  duty.  Our  great  war  governor 
lost  no  moment  in  hesitation.  On  the  loth  day  of  April  he,  by  tele- 
graph, tendered  10,000  troops  "  for  the  defense  of  the  nation  and  to 
uphold  the  authority  of  the  Government."  This  was  in  adyance  of  the 
call  for  troops  which  came  the  same  day  for  75,000  men,  six  regiments, 
from  Indiana. 

At  once  the  country  was  in  a  blaze  of  enthusiasm.  In  less  than  seven 
days  12,000  men  were  in  camp,  ready  to  march  to  the  scene  of  war — 
more  than  twice  the  number  required — and  every  day  companies  and 
regiments  were  tendered,  clamorous  to  be  accepted. 

The  people  throughout  the  State  acted  in  the  most  liberal  and  patri- 
otic manner.  Donations  of  money  came  from  every  quarter  of  the 
State  in  munificent  sums,  from  citizens,  banks,  and  by  the  authority  of 
cities,  towns,  and  counties,  to  aid  the  soldiers  and  their  families  left  at 
home  and  the  State  in  her  great  need. 

I  can  not  tell  all  that  was  done  by  the  State  and  her  people  in  this 
great  crisis.  Time  is  too  short.  Enough  has  been  said  to  show  her 
awakening.  She  never  slumbered  nor  abated  her  activity  or  enthu- 
siasm until  the  end  came.  She  sent  to  the  army  more  than  150,000 
men,  and  watched  over  them  and  cared  for  them  with  uniutermitting 
assiduity  until  the  war  closed.  This  was  more  than  50  per  cent  of  the 
war  population — that  is,  more  than  50  per  cent  of  those  eligible,  by  age, 
to  military  service.  An  enormous  withdrawal  of  the  working  Ibrce  of 
the  country. 

She  organized  a  State  sanitary  commission.  This  acted  independ- 
ently of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission,  and  it  collected  and 
disbursed  from  its  organization  until  its  close  $606,570.78.  In  addi- 
tion, the  history  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  reports 
contributions  to  that  society  to  the  amount  of  $16,049.50,  making  a 
total  contribution  from  this  State  for  the  relief  of  soldiers  of  $622,520.29, 
exclusive  of  donations  prior  to  the  organization  of  the  commission. 

Besides  this  the  official  records  of  the  State  show  that  cities,  towns, 
townships,  and  counties  of  the  State  contributed  for  the  relief  of  the 
soldiers  who  were  discharged  by  reason  of  wounds  and  disease  the 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       271 

additional  sum  of  $4,506,898.06,  making  a  total  outlay  of  over  $5,000,000 
for  the  aid  and  comfort  of  Indiana  soldiers,  to  say  nothing  of  the  thou- 
sands of  dollars  in  money  and  supplies  that  were  furnished  of  which  no 
account  was  ever  kept. 

Indiana  early  improvised  a  system  of  temporary  aid  to  soldiers. 
Necessary  "  red  tape"  in  the  distribution  of  supplies  to  soldiers  by  the 
United  States  Government  caused  delay  which  seemed  to  threaten 
fatal  consequences.  Someone  must  act.  Energetic  and  humane  men 
were  sent  as  agents  of  the  State  to  the  best  points  near  the  scene  of 
active  operations,  to  distribute  sanitary  stores  and  hospital  supplies, 
with  surgeons  and  nurses  where  necessary,  to  the  sick  and  wounded; 
first  to  the  soldiers  of  Indiana,  and  after  them  to  the  soldiers  from 
other  States. 

After  this,  it  becoming  apparent  that  the  war  would  be  protracted, 
this  system  grew  into  the  Indiana  General  Military  Agency,  which 
played  so  conspicuous  a  part  in  the  history  of  the  State's  share  in  the 
war.  By  means  of  this  agency  field  agents  were  appointed  to  repair 
to  the  field  and  there  look  after  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  men, 
write  letters,  take  charge  of  commissions  to  friends  and  relations  at 
home,  to  take  charge  of  the  burial  of  the  dead  and  preserve  relics,  to 
keep  registers  of  the  names  of  all  the  men  in  hospitals,  with  date  of 
entry,  disease  or  injury,  cause  of  death  and  the  date  of  the  same,  and 
any  other  information  of  interest  or  value  obtainable. 

Local  agents  were  to  make  their  offices  the  homes  of  soldiers,  to 
assist  them  in  getting  home  when  without  money,  clothe  them  when 
ragged  and  destitute,  to  take  charge  of  returning  prisoners,  provide 
for  their  shocking  destitution,  etc. — in  short,  to  be  careful,  watchful, 
and  affectionate  guardians  of  the  soldiers. 

To  the  thoroughness  and  efficiency  of  the  Indiana  General  Military 
Agency  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  instituted  all  Indiana  soldiers 
within  the  sound  of  my  voice  can  testify.  It  came  to  us  upon  every 
battlefield  where  an  Indiana  soldier  lay  bleeding  on  the  ground.  It 
reached  us  wherever  an  Indiana  soldier  languished  in  hospital,  burn- 
ing with  fever  or  maimed  and  torn  by  horrid  wounds.  It  sought  us 
out  in  camp  when  suffering  from  that  most  awful  of  diseases,  "  homesick- 
ness" (thousands  died  of  it),  took  us  home,  and  saved  our  lives.  It 
procured  for  us  gentle  women,  with  angel  hands,  to  nurse  us  and  win 
us  back  to  life  with  those  kind  ministrations  which  seemed  so  much 
like  home. 

I  have  time  for  no  more  upon  this  subject.  Volumes  might  be  writ- 
ten of  what  Indiana  did  for  her  soldiers  and  the  half  still  remain 
untold;  but  I  can  not  refrain  from  adding  that  the  grand  moving  spirit 
to  all  that  was  done  was  our  prince  of  war  governors,  Oliver  P.  Morton. 

In  the  language  of  General  Terrell,  in  his  admirable  report,  to  which 
I  am  indebted  for  much  that  I  utter  here  to  day — 

He  inspired  every  movement,  counseled  in  every  great  emergency,  kept  popular 
interest  excited  by  stirring  appeals,  and,  though  charged  with  duties  as  onerous  as 
ever  fell  upon  the  executive  of  any  State,  and  allowing  nothing  in  any  of  their  mul- 
tifarious details  to  escape  his  vigilance,  he  might  have  been  thought,  by  those  unin- 
formed of  his  many  labors,  to  have  nothing  at  heart  but  the  success  of  his  plans  for 
the  relief  of  the  soldiers  of  Indiana  and  their  dependent  and  needy  families. 

No  man  on. earth  takes  more  pride  in  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission  than  I  do.  It  is  a  grand  step  forward  by  our  country  in 
the  development  of  those  instrumentalities  which  mitigate  the  horrors 
of  war.  I  have  ever  regarded  with  deep  and  unceasing  reverence  the 
noble  women  who  conceived  and  developed  it.  It  flowed  in  different 


272       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

channels,  with  more  definite  boundaries  than  the  State  institutions 
actuated  by  the  same  spirit,  yet  some  of  its  agents  (men,  of  course), 
have  sought  to  belittle  the  State  commissions,  and  speak  disparagingly 
of  the  motives  of  those  controlling  the  State  instrumentalities  for  the 
relief  of  those  suffering  the  miseries  incident  to  war. 

In  one  instance  the  officer  in  charge  (a  man,  of  course)  refused  to  for- 
ward sanitary  supplies  of  the  Indiana  commission  unless  they  were 
consigned  to  the  United  States  commission  for  distribution  without 
reserve. 

This  don't  deserve  mention  here.  It  is  only  the  action  and  conduct 
of  an  individual  who,  "clothed  with  a  little  brief  authority,"  imagines 
the  god  of  his  worship  (the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission)  the 
only  true  god,  but  since  the  war  a  writer  of  the  official  history  of  the 
United  States  Sanitary  Commission  has  indulged  in  some  unfavorable 
reflection  upon  the  State  commission  of  Indiana.  He  is  another  who, 
I  presume,  thinks  that  to  belittle  another,  which  might  in  some  degree 
emulate  his  favorite,  enhances  the  merit  of  the  favorite.  It  is  the  same 
spirit  which  would  belittle  the  fame  of  some  of  our  great  generals  that 
that  of  others  might  be  enhanced. 

Attacks  have  been  made  upon  one  whose  rise  was  so  phenomenal  as 
to  startle  the  mind  into  resistance  and  cause  doubts  of  his  capacity  for 
the  emergency  before  him,  until  he  had  passed  it  and  been  found  equal 
to  it.  These  doubts  accompanied  him  through  his  career,  through  each 
successive  grade  in  the  Army,  through  his  service  as  Chief  Magistrate 
of  the  greatest  Republic  in  all  history,  until  he  was  dying.  He  was 
always  great — greatest  when  he  was  dying.  All  the  world  now  accords 
to  Ulysses  S.  Grant  the  name  of  the  Great  Commander. 

The  attacks  to  which  I  refer  are  mistakenly  made  by  the  friends  of 
another  of  our  great  generals.  One  whose  rise  was  different.  The 
mind  was  never  startled  by  it.  What  he  did  was  never  unexpected. 
His  rise  was  the  steady  upward  growth  of  a  great  character.  When 
the  war  closed  his  development  was  complete.  His  career  was  without 
a  mistake.  His  character  was  flawless.  His  capacity  was  equal  to 
any  demand  upon  it.  We  did  not  need  that  he  should  enter  into  poli- 
tics to  know  that  he  was  the  peer  of  any  statesman  in  the  country. 
No  need  that  he  should  be  President  that  we  should  know  that  he 
would  do  credit  to  the  great  Republic  as  its  chief  magistrate.  No  neg- 
lect, no  indignities  heaped  upon  him,  belittled  him.  He  was  always 
calm,  dignified,  majestic,  one  of  the  most  beautifully  rounded  charac- 
ters in  all  history,  George  II.  Thomas,  the  peer  of  Washington,  and 
only  second  to  him  who,  as  a  distinguished  Southern  general  has  put 
it,  "  was  the  greatest  among  forty  millions,"  our  loved  Lincoln.  Surely 
there  is  room  for  two  such  glorious  suns  as  these  in  our  national  sky. 
Detraction  or  belittling  one  makes  the  shield  of  the  other  no  brighter. 
Surely  there  was  room  on  the  bloody  fields  of  the  war,  and  in  the  pes- 
tilent hospitals,  for  those  noblest  developments  of  human  kindness, 
love  and  pity,  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  and  the  kindred 
but  quicker  acting  State  institutions  for  the  same  purpose.  No  detrac- 
tion of  one  will  glorify  another. 

What  Indiana  did  for  her  soldiers  was  worthily  bestowed.  Upon 
every  great  battlefield  of  the  war  the  blood  of  the  sons  of  Indiana, 
either  native  or  by  adoption,  was  shed.  They  never  failed  in  the  per- 
formance of  any  duty,  and  to  the  performance  they  brought  intelligent 
comprehension  and  patriotic  enthusiasm. 

Enlistments  were  prompt  and  eager.  Every  call  was  promptly  filled. 
Dishonor  never  touched  the  sous  of  Indiana  serving  in  the  ranks  of  the 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       273 

Union  Army.  They  served  in  the  East,  and  in  the  West,  and  South, 
and  their  names  are  found  in  the  records  among  the  fighting  regiments 
of  the  war.  They  won  honor,  although  few  in  number,  on  the  battle- 
fields in  the  East,  from  the  first  of  the  war  to  its  close. 

So  in  the  West  and  South — at  Douelson,  Shiloh,  Corinth,  Perrysville 
and  Stone's  Kiver,  Champion  Hills.and  Vieksburg — they  bore  a  conspic- 
uous part,  with  honor  to  themselves  and  the  State  from  which  they 
came.  But  it  was  at  Chickainauga  that  they  did  the  most  fighting. 

Chickamauga  was  Indiana's  battlefield.  I  do  not  mean  by  that  that 
they  did  the  best  fighting,  nor  that  she  had  the  most  troops  in  line; 
what  I  am  trying  to  say  is  that  Indiana  had  more  regiments  here  than 
upon  any  other  battlefield  at  one  time,  and  here  she  bore  the  most  con- 
spicuous part  taken  by  her  in  any  battle  during  the  war.  Others  did 
their  part  bravely  and  well,  but  wherever  there  was  hard  fighting 
there  was  to  be  found  Indiana  soldiers,  and  they  gave  their  blood  for 
the  old  flag  which  they  loved  so  well. 

The  spirit  of  the  American  soldier  is  scantily  understood.  We  say 
that  they  offered  their  lives  for  the  salvation  of  the  country,  but  that 
conveys  no  idea  of  the  degree  of  patriotism,  love  of  country,  and  love 
of  home  that  was  pent  up  in  their  hearts.  There  is  an  incident  in  the 
battle  of  Chickamauga  which  I  have  often  related,  and  in  the  hearing 
of  some  here  to-day,  which  displays  my  thought  so  much  better  than  I 
can  do  by  mere  words  chosen  by  myself,  that  I  will  briefly  relate  it. 

After  fighting  on  the  second  day  on  the  Kelly  field  line  from  9 
o'clock,  there  came  a  period  of  quiet  about  noon,  during  which  no  firing 
was  done.  From  our  position  there,  while  we  repulsed  every  attack  of 
the  enemy,  we  could  see  much  of  the  struggle  away  to  the  north.  We 
had  seen  one  line  on  the  left  driven  back  almost  to  the  Lafayette  road, 
and  then  the  enemy  driven  back  again  until  the  line  was  restored  as  far 
as  we  could  see. 

During  the  lull  the  line  officers  were  called  to  the  center,  in  the  rear 
of  the  regiment,  and  notified  that  12,000  of  us  were  cut  off'  and  would 
have  to  cut  our  way  out,  and  we  were  admonished  that  we  would  have 
to  keep  the  companies  together.  This  was  no  hopeful  outlook.  We 
returned  to  our  places,  and  when  I  reached  my  company  two  of  my  men 
arose  and  stood  by  my  side.  I  knew  those  men,  and  when  they  asked 
for  news  I  told  them  the  story  of  the  situation. 

As  they  listened  their  countenances  were  unmoved.  After  I  had 
ceased  they  took  a  long  look  around.  Over  there  fiear  by  the  Kelly 
house  was  our  hospital,  the  buildings  and  the  dooryard  filled  with 
wounded,  with  surgeons  and  attendants  busy  with  their  bloody  work. 

The  Kelly  house  itself  and  its  surroundings  were  in  ruins,  the  fields 
covered  witli  broken  gun  carriages,  wounded  and  dead  horses,  and 
dead  men,  and  here  and  there  were  ambulances  and  litter  bearers 
hurrying  in  from  the  lines  with  the  wounded.  Everywhere  was  destruc- 
tion, desolation,  and  horror.  One  of  the  men  turned  from  this  scene 
to  me  and  said,  "Captain,  if  this  army  is  destroyed,  what  is  there 
between  this  and  the  Ohio  River  to  stay  the  enemy!"  I  answered, 
"  Nothing." 

There  was  another  pause  and  another  look  around,  then,  with  a 
sweeping  gesture  with  his  arm,  he  said,  "Well,  rather  than  anything 
like  this  should  come  to  our  homes  in  Indiana  I  would  leave  my  bones 
bleaching  on  this  field."  That  night  at  dark  that  man  was  on  the  way 
to  Audersonville,  where  he  spent  fourteen  mouths. 

On  a  beautiful  Sabbath  in  May,  three  years  ago,  I  stood  by  the  open 
grave  of  that  man,  in  the  presence  of  a  large  concourse  of  his  friends 
S.  Eep.  637 18 


274       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

and  neighbors,  including  his  family,  and  told  this  simple  story,  and 
tried  to  have  them  appreciate  the  great  heart  which  had  ceased  to  beat — 
tried  to  have  them  understand  that  a  man,  and  this  man,  had  calmly 
looked  death  in  the  face  and  declared  his  willingness  to  die  to  save  the 
loved  ones  at  home  from  the  desolation  of  war. 

My  mind  went  back  then  to  that  other  Sabbath  day,  when  there  on 
that  field,  swept  by  the  awful  desolation  of  war,  he  had  bared  his  heart 
to  my  gaze,  and,  as  by  a  simple  flashing  of  the  mind,  given  me  to  com- 
prehend the  sublime,  self-sacrificing  courage  of  the  American  soldier. 
He  was  a  typical  American  soldier,  common  in  the  ranks  of  the  regi- 
ments from  every  State. 

At  the  very  moment  of  his  speech,  there  were  hundreds  dying  on 
that  field,  actuated  by  the  same  thoughts  and  moved  by  the  same 
impulses.  The  country  is  dotted  all  over  with  the  graves  of  such  as 
he,  who  gave  up  their  lives  with  the  purest  self-devotion  for  the  cause 
they  loved. 

It  is  this  sublimity  of  self-devotion  to  which  I  am  trying  to  awaken 
your  attention.  To  those  who  served  in  the  war,  who  are  within  the 
sound  of  my  voice  to-day,  I  want  to  remind  you  that  before  your  war 
experience  you  frequently  heard  stories  of  heroic  self  sacrifice  by  indi- 
viduals for  the  sake  of  others,  chiefly  the  weak  and  helpless,  and 
reflecting  upon  them,  have  said:  "If  that  is  true,  it  is  phenomenal. 
Not  one  in  ten  thousand  is  capable  of  such  performance."  What  do  you 
say  now,  with  your  military  experience1?  You  know  now  that  the 
majority  is  the  other  way,  among  those  who  were  brave  enough  and  had 
character  enough  to  be  true  soldiers. 

How  the  heart  warms  with  recollection  of  what  you  have  seen  and 
what  you  have  experienced  at  the  hands  of  those  whom  you  greet  with 
that  word  which  has  taken  on  such  new  meaning  since  your  intercourse 
with  soldiers — Comrade. 

What  we  have  experienced  in  war,  as  to  the  care  which  the  nation 
takes  of  her  soldiers,  as  to  what  the  State  did  for  her  soldiers,  of  the 
heroic  labors  of  the  noble  women  of  the  land  for  sick  and  wounded 
soldiers,  of  the  patient  endurance  and  unflagging  zeal  of  onr  loved 
ones  at  home,  and  of  the  magnificent  humanity  and  heroic  self  devotion 
of  our  comrades,  should  not  be  lost  to  our  children. 

Let  us  hope  and  pray  that  they  may*ot  be  called  upon  to  learn  from 
experience  in  actual  war  that  which  it  is  important  that  they  should 
know.  Means  should  be  devised  by  which  the  attention  of  the  young 
will  be  called  to  these  things,  and  they  taught  what  we  have  learned 
by  experience.  It  is  to  this  end  that  this  great  park  is  created,  to  be 
a  perpetual  object  lesson,  recalling  what  was  done  here  by  the  soldiers 
of  the  great  Republic,  and  stimulating  inquiry  as  to  other  battlefields, 
and  thus  awaken  and  keep  active  the  military  spirit  in  coming  genera- 
tions, against  the  time  when  soldiers  shall  again  be  required  in  defense 
of  the  old  flag. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  LEW  WALLACE. 

GENTLEMEN  :  I  should  have  counted  myself  happy  had  I  been  a  mere 
spectator  of  the  ceremonies  set  for  this  occasion,  but  to  be  assigned  a 
part  in  them,  with  Governor  Matthews,  Colonel  Walker,  and  General 
Carnahan  for  associates,  fills  my  cup  of  pleasure  to  the  brim. 

It  is  simply  delightful  to  me  to  know  that  the  men  who  fell  here  from 
whatever  State,  of  the  South  as  well  as  the  North,  are  to  be  remem- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       275 

bered  with  appropriate  honors.  To  say  truth,  I  am  unable  to  understand 
the  Northern  soldier  who  would  persecute  a  soldier  of  the  Confederacy. 
If  there  is  one  such  in  this  assemblage,  this  is  the  place,  above  all  others 
for  introspection.  Is  the  feeling  against  the  dead?  Then  it  must  be 
against  the  dead  in  mass,  an  immeasurable  enmity,  a  rancor  admitting 
of  no  exception.  We  who  have  been  in  battle  know  that  our  direct 
vis  a- vis  in  the  combat,  the  man  behind  a  tree  or  out  in  the  open,  who 
levels  his  gun  and  fires  it  at  us,  doing  his  best  to  kill,  is  not  moved  by 
special  animosity.  A  million  to  one  that  in  every  instance  of  the  kind 
there  was  never  a  previous  acquaintance  between  the  antagonists,  or 
allowing  the  acquaintance,  then  millions  to  one  that  in  the  impending 
crisis,  fate  hovering  indeterminately  in  the  battle  cloud  above  and 
about  them,  there  is  no  recognition.  In  the  awful  haste  to  kill  lest  we 
ourselves  be  killed,  we  have  not  the  fraction  of  an  instant  in  which  to 
inquire  about  complexion,  color  of  eyes  and  hair,  or  to  estimate  stature, 
or  be  reminded  of  manner  or  general  expression,  ordinarily  the  grounds 
of  personal  identity.  These  are  the  facts  which  wring  battle  dry  of  the 
element  of  duelism.  And  if  they  are  facts,  then  I  say  again  the  bit- 
terness of  which  I  am  speaking  must  be  without  distinction.  How  can 
such  a  feeling  be  characterized!  How  can  we  characterize  the  man 
who  carries  it  about  with  him?  It  is  bad  enough  to  be  unforgiving  to 
the  living;  how  infinitely  worse  to  waste  the  energies  of  life  in  childish 
persecution  of  the  memory  of  men  long  gone  to  their  last  accounting, 
and  therefore  forever  beyond  our  reach. 

REMEMBRANCE. 

There  is  such  thing  as  an  honest  mistake.  It  is  where  one  does  a 
wrong  believing  it  right;  and  as  a  rule  the  distinguishing  mark  of  such 
mistakes  is  that  their  evil  consequences  strike  hardest  at  home.  But 
in  this  case,  saying  that  the  unfortunates  were  wrong  in  believing  they 
had  a  cause  worthy  the  smile  of  heaven,  one  thing  at  least  is  never  to 
be  overlooked — they  died  for  it.  Can  a  man  furnish  better  proof  of 
his  honesty?  Ah,  no!  And  instead  of  spitting  on  his  grave,  I  would 
libate  it  with  a  cup  mixed  in  equal  parts  of  sorrow  and  admiration. 
"There's  rosemary,  that's  for  remembrance."  Bemeinbrance !  Of  what? 
Not  the  cause,  but  the  heroism  it  invoked. 

I  like  that  idea  of  introspection.  It  is  worth  converting  into  a  habit. 
Our  souls,  if  we  may  trust  the  preachers,  can  become  unclean.  Not 
that  they  contaminate  themselves.  How  convenient,  could  we  now 
and  then  take  them  out  and  give  them  a  cleansing!  But  as  this  is 
beyond  us,  the  next  best  thing,  I  suggest,  is  to  turn  a  bright  light  in 
upon  them — much  as  the  doctors  do  Avhen  they  would  see  down  our 
throats  below  the  larynx.  If  in  a  trial  of  the  suggestion — as  well  here 
and  now — you  should  discover  the  ethereal  part  of  you  spotted  with 
hate,  not  of  the  dead,  but  of  living  Confederates — the  distinction,  as  I 
conceive  it,  is  so  easy  as  to  be  more  than  possible — make  haste  and  get 
rid  of  it.  If  you  are  an  honorable  soldier,  the  passion  is  unworthy  of 
both  your  intelligence  and  your  record.  It  is  churlish  and  un-American, 
and  shamefully  out  of  keeping  with  our  highest  examples. 

ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 

0 

I  knew  a  man  who  has  left  behind  him  a  life  which  will  serve  to  the 
last  clock  stroke  of  time  as  an  all-round  exemplar  of  the  better  quali- 
ties of  our  nature.  In  the  heat  of  trials  which  would  have  burned  love 
of  his  fellows  out  of  other  men,  he  practiced  a  patience  never  before 


276       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

exemplified  but  in  one  instance,  and  dealt  his  enemies  such  exceeding 
charity  that  they  were  none  the  less  his  friends.  Out  of  obscurity  he 
arose  as  the  sun  rises,  and  presently  his  light  was  the  property  of  the 
whole  world;  insomuch  that  there  are  yet  millions  of  men,  the  same 
whom  he  brought  up  with  him,  only  out  of  a  deeper  darkness,  and  their 
children,  who  think  it  no  harm  to  worship  him.  He  proved  the 
feasibility  of  self-education,  and  that,  once  attained,  it  is  of  peculiar 
excellence  in  that  it  leaves  the  genius  of  the  individual  unshorn  of  its 
originality,  and  free  to  destroy  or  conserve  according  to  its  inspirations. 
He  was  a  burthen  bearer  from  his  birth,  and  the  burthens  were  girt 
upon  his  spirit  even  more  than  his  body;  yet  while  they  crooked  the 
body,  and  bent  it  earthward,  and  left  it  gnarled  and  knotted  and  ugly, 
the  spirit  grew  iu  strength  and  beauty,  and  was  at  no  time  so  strong 
and  beautiful  as  in  the  hour  an  assassin  blew  it  out.  And  great  was  the 
need  of  strength,  for  the  burthens  were  many,  the  very  heaviest  of  them 
being  the  Confederacy  of  which  I  am  talking.  How  that  war  wrung 
his  heart !  W  hat  sorrow,  at  times,  what  agony,  it  gave  him !  Think  of 
the  refrain  ringing  through  his  windows  for  four  long  years,  "We  are 
coming,  Father  Abraham,  three  hundred  thousand  more."  And  where 
were  the  singers  going?  And  to  what!  Spare  me  answering.  He 
knew.  Yet  in  all  that  time  there  was  not  an  hour  in  which  he  did  not 
recognize  the  Confederates,  even  those  in  arms,  as  his  countrymen. 

Do  you  ask  the  proof?  Here  ir  is.  In  the  archives  of  the  Government 
there  are  many  judgments  of  death,  but  not  one  warrant  bearing  his 
signature.  Tell  me  now,  you  whom  I  may  induce  to  study  and  weigh 
the  reasons  for  your  unwillingness  to  reconcile  with  your  old  antagonists 
in  gray,  what  were  the  provocations  they  gave  you  compared  with  those 
they  gave  him !  Aye,  wherein  are  you,  so  loftily  perched  above  forgive- 
ness, and  so  contemptuous  of  its  divinity,  better,  nobler,  more  godly 
than  Abraham  Lincoln? 

ANOTHER  RECORD. 

1  knew  another  man  whose  dealings  with  Confederates  after  surrender 
make  him  worthy  a  place  iu  the  golden  gallery  of  American  exemplars. 
Thirteen  thousand  of  them  yielded  themselves  to  him  at  Donelsou; 
37,000  at  Vicksburg;  and  at  Appomattox  all  that  remained  of  the  Con- 
federacy, army,  navy,  citizens,  government,  asked  terms  of  him.  Prac- 
tically they  were  at  his  mercy.  If  thirsty  for  blood,  he  could  have 
gorged  himself.  Never  had  any  man,  at  least  on  this  continent,  so  many 
vials  full  of  punishment  for  pouring  out  on  the  heads  of  enemies.  You 
know  the  story.  Literally  he  fed  the  hungry,  clothed  the  naked,  and 
set  the  revolted  States  on  their  feet  by  returning  their  people  to  them. 

Such  are  the  records  of  the  two  men,  one  a  civilian,  the  other  a  sol- 
dier, both  evolutions  of  the  great  war,  both  foremost  among  the  fore- 
most of  the  world,  whose  example  in  this  matter  of  reconciliation  I  prefer 
to  follow.  Choose  ye,  comrades  of  the  North,  whom  ye  will  follow,  him 
who  goes  mouthing  curses,  or  those  others,  the  peacemakers  of  blessed 
memory. 

INDIANA   SOLDIERS. 

Up  to  this  point,  my  friends,  I  have  spoken  for  a  large  majority  of  the 
people  of  my  State  and  for  myself,  yet  not  for  them  alone.  On  this 
ground,  the  days  of  the  battle,  Indiana  was  nobly  represented  by  thirty- 
nine  regiments  of  infantry  and  nine  batteries.  If  you  care  to,  read  the 
slabs  iu  the  cemetery,  and  the  number  of  the  fallen  of  those  orgauiza- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       277 

tions  will  astonish,  if  it  does  not  appall,  you ;  and  as  yon  read  remember, 
I  pray,  that  every  slab  inscribed  with  the  name  of  one  dead  from  Indiana 
is  a  certificate  of  good  conduct  for  his  command.  I  make  the  reference, 
not  boastfully,  but  to  give  force  to  the  further  claim  that  my  appeal  for 
reconciliation  between  the  sections  will  stand,  every  word  of  it,  as  if 
spoken  by  the  dead  soldiers  of  my  native  State,  present,  I  fancy,  and 
at  "attention,'1  while  these  honors  are  being  rendered  them.  And  lest 
someone  accuse  me  of  presumption,  let  me  add  that  I  knew  them  well. 
Through  the  years  of  the  mighty  struggle  I  strove  to  keep  step  with 
them  and  even  time  the  beating  of  my  heart  with  theirs,  believing  that 
in  the  performance  of  my  duties  I  should  always  be  right  did  I  think 
and  feel  as  they  felt  and  thought.  Their  good  opinion  was  everything 
to  me,  for  many  of  them  were  my  betters.  I  am  free  to  declare  the 
motives  which  impelled  them  to  arms.  They  loved  the  Union;  in  their 
view  it  clothed  the  Government  with  majesty  and  strength.  They  had 
but  one  argument  in  its  behalf,  and  that  was  more  an  aphorism  than  an 
argument — the  Union  lost,  and  all  is  lost.  They  loved  the  flag;  every 
star  on  it  symbolized  a  State,  and  secession  meant  an  unholy  mutilation 
of  the  flag.  In  the  beginning,  like  Lincoln,  they  would  have  left  slavery 
alone;  but  after  while,  like  Lincoln  again,  they  saw  it  must  go.  They 
took  no  delight  in  the  war,  because  it  was  civil  war.  There  was  nothing 
so  terrible  to  them,  not  battle  itself,  as  the  aftermath  of  battle.  Ere 
long  they  realized  that  the  foe  in  their  front  was  honest — mistaken  but 
honest — and  then  they  admired  him  for  his  pluck.  When  he  whipped 
them,  they  consoled  themselves  saying  it  was  a  countryman  who  did  it; 
when  he  left  the  field  to  them,  they  gathered  his  wounded  in  and  made 
them  comfortable,  and  buried  his  dead  decently  and  always  without 
reviling.  They  knew  the  war  could  not  last  always,  and  never  doubted 
what  the  end  would  be.  Some  of  them  talked  of  an  expiation  when  it 
was  over;  but  their  direst  demand  never  went  beyond  the  capital  pun- 
ishment of  one  man.  In  their  song,  you  remember,  they  had  a  sour 
apple  tree,  and  specified  distinctly  for  whom  the  tree  was  planted. 
Finally,  when  General  Grant  declared  the  surrender  at  Appomattox 
was  of  the  Presidency  of  the  Confederacy,  inclusive,  the  survivors  of 
the  war  acquiesced.  "All  right,"  they  said;  "we  reckon  the  old  man 
knew  what  he  meant,"  No  surer  indication  could  be  furnished  of  what 
the  dead  would  have  done.  They  have  gone  to  their  long  homes;  but 
not  for  that  should  they  be  left  naked  of  influence. 

HEARING  BY   THE   SOUTH. 

What  I  have  delivered,  my  friends,  has  been  with  conscience  at  my 
elbow;  now  honor  presents  a  suggestion  and  asks  a  hearing  by  those 
present  who  are  of  the  South,  especially  such  as  were  soldiers  of  the 
Confederacy.  It  would  be  a  grievous  thing  did  they  leave  this  ground 
misunderstanding  those  living  for  whom  I  have  spoken;  that  is,  mis- 
understanding their  desire  to  be  more  than  brethren. 

Addressing  myself  particularly  to  my  Southern  countrymen,  then, 
lest  you  should  think  for  a  moment  the  desire  of  my  comrades,  survivors 
of  the  war,  to  be  more  than  brethren  to  you  proceeds  from  an  idea  that 
you  are  in  any  respect  their  superiors,  or  more  necessary  to  them  than 
they  are  to  you,  I  venture  an  explanation. 

They  respect  you;  they  admire  certain  qualities  they  now  know  you 
possess;  they  can  see  no  reason  why  the  two  sections,  going  hencefor- 
ward hand  in  hand,  should  not  hasten  the  destiny  of  the  Republic.  In 
these  few  words  I  give  you  their  motives. 


278       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Assuming  in  the  next  place  that  you  respect  them,  and  care  to 
fraternize  with  them,  it  may  serve  the  purpose  of  good  understanding 
to  remind  you  of  certain  of  their  sentiments  at  the  present  time.  You 
may  smile  as  I  recite  them;  you  may  think  some  of  them  old  fashioned; 
none  the  less  they  adhere  to  them  as  vital  principles ;  that  is  to  say, 
principles  which  they  can  neither  let  go  nor  compromise. 

VITAL,   PRINCIPLES. 

They  still  think  the  Union  is  worth  all  it  has  cost  in  the  past,  and  that 
it  makes  this  America  of  ours  master  of  the  future. 

In  their  view,  the  Constitution  has  lost  none  of  its  sanctity;  and  to 
nullify  any  part  of  it,  amendment  or  original  article,  is  to  strike  at  the 
Government  with  felonious  design. 

In  their  view,  revolts  and  revolutions  can  not  be  justified  so  long  as  the 
national  Supreme  Court  continues  open  and  respected. 

In  their  view,  citizens  are  all  equal  before  the  law.  An  affirmative 
answer  to  the  question :  Is  he  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ?  entitles 
the  man  to  ask  and  have  the  whole  power  of  the  nation  exercised  for  his 
protection. 

In  their  view,  every  ballot  lawfully  cast  should  be  counted,  and 
counted  as  cast;  and  if  any  State  resorts  to  disfraiichisement,  partial  or 
total,  it  should  respect  itself  enough  to  voluntarily  surrender  representa- 
tion in  equal  ratio ;  if  it  does  not,  then  Congress  should  and  must  make 
the  correction.  Equality  of  representation  is  fundamental. 

Finally,  they  are  more  than  confirmed  in  the  opinion  they  held  in 
1861  of  secession.  They  also  believe  that  a  manly  statement  of  these 
principles  should  go  with  every  overture  of  fraternity  from  them  to 
their  countrymen  of  the  South;  otherwise  they  might  be  suspected  of 
fear  or  sycophancy. 

THE   NEXT   WAR. 

The  argument  in  favor  of  perfected  fraternity  most  potent  with  me  is 
in  the  fact  that  we  may  be  plunged  into  war  any  day.  We  are  not 
popular  with  the  titled  and  governing  classes  of  Europe.  With  Kings 
and  Emperors  nothing  is  easier  found  than  causes  of  quarrel;  if  one 
does  not  exist  when  wanted,  they  can  make  it.  The  firing  of  a  gun  may 
embroil  us  with  Spain.  Will  France  liberate  Waller,  return  him  his 
franchises  and  indemnify  him?  Shall  we  permit  Japan  to  go  on  search- 
ing our  vessels  ?  Shall  we  allow  England  the  slice  she  claims  of  Alaskan 
territory?  England  invites  herself  to  be  a  partner  with  us  in  the  Nica- 
raguan  Canal;  we  can  better  afford  to  give  her  all  Alaska  than  yield 
to  that  demand. 

The  commercial  advantages  of  exclusive  ownership  of  the  Isthmean 
transit  are  stupendous ;  and  think  you  while  the  powers  now  dominating 
everything  are  combing  the  earth  for  markets  they  will  surrender  the 
Americas  to  our  purveyorship  without  a  struggle?  Indeed,  it  is  worth 
our  while  to  speculate  on  the  conditions  the  next  war  will  offer.  There 
is  a  lesson  for  us  in  the  recent  experience  of  Japan.  The  Mikado 
thought  to  make  the  Chinese  pay  cost  he  had  been  put  to  in  conquering 
them;  he  fancied  he  had  a  precedent  in  the  German  settlement  with 
France;  but  Russia,  Germany,  and  France  called  him  down,  and  he  is 
now  chewing  the  bitter  cud.  He  could  not  fight  the  Alliance.  Can  we? 
That  depends.  Divided,  we  will  be  beaten ;  united,  we  can  stand  single- 
handed  against  the  world.  It  will  be  a  great  war.  Whether  or  not  it 
leaves  us  masters  to  the  North  Pole,  two  things  are  certain :  we  will 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      279 

have  tested  thoroughly  if  we  can  live  independently  of  outside  relations, 
and  all  the  differences,  jealousies,  and  prejudices  engendered  by  the 
recent  civil  war  will  be  laid  forever.  By  winning,  we  will  have  mag- 
nificently complemented  the  war  of  1776.  In  that  contest  we  became 
independent  of  England;  in  the  far  greater  one  coming  we  should  aim 
at  nothing  short  of  independence  of  all  but  God.  If  there  be  one  listen- 
ing to  call  this  jingoism,  let  him  be  reminded  that  we  have  already 
ilung  our  glove  to  the  kings,  and  that  when  they  choose  to  pick  it  up, 
they  will  find  it  inscribed  with  a  legend — the  Monroe  doctrine. 

Gen.  I.  N.  Walker,  of  the  Seventy- third  Indiana  Infantry,  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  was  the  next 
speaker. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  I.  N.  WALKER. 

COMRADES  :  A  great  nation  cherishes  the  memory  of  its  great  men — 
its  founders,  its  defenders,  its  statesmen,  its  men  of  science  and  letters, 
and  its  heroes. 

It  is  a  beautiful  fact  that  the  record  and  the  memories  of  our  Revo- 
lutionary strife  foster  the  highest  patriotic  sentiment.  They  stir  the 
blood  and  the  brain.  They  thrill  the  senses  and  satisfy  the  imagina- 
tion. They  quicken  the  Christian's  faith  in  the  reality  of  principle,  in 
the  influence  of  heroic  self-sacrifice  and  the  power  of  ideas.  Fon  that 
strife  liberated  from  the  shock  of  steel  and  the  battle's  smoke,  raeas 
which  have  since  changed  the  destiny  of  the  world. 

To  some  present,  perhaps,  these  services  have  a  general  but  no  per- 
sonal interest,  but  to  others,  companions  in  arms  of  those  who  died,  it 
is  more  than  a  memorial.  Others  may  forget  them,  but  we  can  not,  and 
be  true  to  our  better  selves.  To-day  we  are  carried  back  to  the  time 
when  we  marched  with  them  to  the  throb  of  the  drum,  and  waked  with 
them  at  the  bugle  call.  "  No  poor  words  of  mine  can  enhance  the  glory 
of  their  deeds,  or  add  a  cubit  to  their  fame." 

But  we  do  not  come  to  day  to  lament  over  the  graves  of  our  dead. 
Rather  do  we  rejoice  with  a  solemn  joy,  as  we  recall  their  memories. 
They  opened  the  door  by  which  a  great  people  passed  through  victory 
to  high  enterprise  and  unparalleled  prosperity.  We  shall  best  honor 
them  by  keeping  secure  what  they  died  to  save.  It  was  the  high  privi- 
lege of  most  here  to  take  some  part  in  the  work  of  that  most  eventful 
period  in  the  history  of  our  country.  We  cherish  the  memory  of  those 
days  with  honest  pride;  and  well  we  may,  for  there  never  was  a  war 
like  it,  fought  out  on  so  vast  a  scale,  involving  such  tremendous  cost 
and  so  many  thousands  of  priceless  lives. 

Comrades,  the  trumpet  of  God  is  sounding.  It  is  not  the  bugle  call 
to  battle.  The  roar  of  cannon  and  the  rattle  of  musketry  have  ceased. 
The  saber  and  the  bayonet  flash  only  on  parade.  The  bivouac,  the 
camp,  the  march,  are  only  a  dream.  The  battalions  hear  no  more  the 
hoarse  "Forward!"  The  shattered  and  glorious  banners  which  you 
followed,  and  which  we  love  so  well,  are  carefully  folded  in  legislative 
halls.  The  grass  grows  green  over  the  soldier's  lonely  grave,  and  the 
bitter  moans  of  sorrow  mellow  into  a  song  of  sadness.  The  conflict  of 
arms  is  over,  but  not  the  conflict  of  ideas,  nor  the  trials  of  the  people. 
The  field  is  changed,  and  now  in  the  workshop,  the  home,  and  at  the 
capitol,  through  the  press  and  on  the  platform,  we  must  insist  upon 
the  maintenance  of  law  and  order,  for  which  our  comrades  so  nobly 


280      CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

fought  and  so  bravely  died.  We  must  seek  to  elevate  the  intellectual 
spirit  of  the  nation  and  deepen  the  channel  of  moral  liie.  We  are  called 
upon  by  the  sacred  memories  of  the  past,  in  view  of  our  needs  and 
auspicious  hopes,  to  cherish  a  lofty  faith  in  the  Republic.  We  must 
have  courage  to  meet  our  difficulties.  We  must  remember  that  we  have 
outgrown  the  past  and  that  we  have  entered  upon  a  new  and  high 
national  life.  There  need  be  no  rancor  nor  needless  recrimination.  We 
must  be  inspired  with  hope.  We  must  stand  together.  We  must  for- 
give and  forget.  We  must  rub  out  old  .animosities  and  take  fresh, 
unstained  parchment,  fit  to  receive  the  lines  and  lessons  of  later  times. 
We  must  carry  hopeful  hearts  and  cheerful  brows.  We  must  fill  the 
veins  of  education  and  the  organizations  of  industry  with  the  spirit  of 
liberty  regulated  by  law.  We  must  mold  the  life  of  the  nation  by  the 
force  of  great  moral  ideas,  and  rule  through  the  royalty  of  principle 
that  can  never  be  discrowned. 

Some  future  Guizot,  as  he  traces  the  pathway  of  human  advance- 
ment, I  believe,  will  declare  that  it  was  the  surrender  at  Appoinattox 
and  the  memory  of  its  cost,  kept  alive  in  the  hearts  of  the  American 
people,  which  gave  to  civilization  its  grandest  onward  step,  and  which 
secured  for  the  world  the  fullest  enlargement  of  human  freedom.  The 
granite  blocks  of  equal  rights  and  equal  responsibility,  "quarried  by 
saber  stroke  and  bayonet  thrust"  and  cemented  by  the  best  blood  of 
America,  have  formed  an  imperishable  foundation  for  our  country's 
liberty.  The  wheels  of  industry  in  the  "new  South"  will  not  stop 
because  the  veterans  of  the  North  keep  alive  the  memories  and  friend- 
ships formed  during  the  war. 

How  much  have  the  people  of  this  nation  got  to  see  of  the  feeling 
that  has  grown  up  between  the  men  who  did  the  fighting  on  both  sides 
before  they  can  come  to  understand  the  dominant  sentiment  in  your 
heart  and  mine.  The  man  who  fought  on  the  side  of  the  South,  and 
who  stands  with  me  for  our  common  country  and  the  perpetuity  of  its 
institutions,  is  to-day  my  fellow- citizen.  We  that  have  mingled  with 
the  men  who  wore  the  gray  in  that  struggle,  know  that  the  trouble  is 
not  with  the  men  who  did  the  fighting,  who  stood  up  and  faced  us  and 
gave  us  a  man's  chance  for  his  opponent's  life,  but  it  is  with  the  fellows 
who  were  "invisible  in  war  that  are  always  invincible  in  peace." 

Side  by  side  at  Westminster  rest  the  broken  lances  and  battered 
blades  of  the  Roses,  the  white  and  the  red;  together  we  may  see  the 
trophies  of  the  Roundhead  and  the  cavalier;  and  the  descendants  of 
each,  drawing  an  inspiration  in  the  living  present  from  the  heroic  past, 
have  fought  side  by  side  a  thousand  battles  to  uphold  the-power  and 
glory  of  tho  British  Empire. 

So  should  our  great  battlefields  be  preserved  as  a  part  of  our  national 
history,  and  as  an  evidence  of  the  time  when  the  energy  and  valor  of 
the  American  people  challenged  the  admiration  of  the  whole  military 
world,  and  from  which  as  a  nation  we  shall  gather  inspiration  on  future 
fields. 

Let  them  be  preserved  as  mementos  of  the  time  when  the  sledge 
hammer  of  destiny,  on  the  anvil  of  fate,  welded  in  the  fiery  heat  of  civil 
war  the  discordant  elements  of  a  common  country  into  a  united  nation. 

In  conclusion,  my  comrades,  permit  me  to  express  the  wish  that  as 
your  shadows  lengthen  in  the  march  of  life,  your  steps  grow  less  steady 
under  the  weight  of  increasing  years,  and  your  tenure  of  life  more 
uncertain  as  you  descend  the  western  slope,  that  you  may  each  and  all 
be  consciously  under  the  guardian  care  of  Him  who  shielded  you  in 
the  fierce  flame  of  battle,  and  finally  may  you  hear  the  words  of  the 
Supreme  Commander,  "Well  done,  good  and  faithful  servant." 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       281 

The  Indiana  dedication  closed  with  an  evening  address  from  General 
Wilder  to  the  veterans  of  his  brigade,  who  were  numerously  repre- 
sented in  the  Indiana  camp. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  JOHN  T.  WILDER. 

MY  DEAR  OLD  COMRADES:  I  bid  you  hail,  and  welcome.  It  is  now 
a  whole  generation  since  we  were  gathered  here — thirty-two  years. 
We  fought  over  these  slopes,  where  we  did  our  best  to  sustain  our 
country  and  our  flag.  We  did  not  then  stop  to  count  odds.  We  "  went 
in"  wherever  duty  called,  regardless  of  personal  danger,  to  help  settle 
forever  the  question  of  the  division  of  this  great  country.  You  who 
have  lived  through  the  war,  who  have  lived  to  see  this  great  reunited 
country  and  meet  here  on  this  desperate  battle  ground,  have  lived  to 
see  a  spectacle  no  other  nation  and  no  other  men  have  ever  seen, or 
experienced.  Here,  where  two  great  armies  fought  and  struggled  for 
the  supremacy  for  two  long,  bloody  days,  you  behold  tens  of  thousands 
of  those  combatants  meeting  to  do  honor  and  justice  to  all  who  were 
engaged  in  this  great  struggle.  Honor  to  the  living,  justice  to  the 
dead.  Here  you  have  met  in  friendly  intercourse  many  men  who  in 
that  great  battle  you  met  in  hottest  combat;  whose  volleys  you  met 
with  desolating  fire;  whose  grand  attack  you  met  with  rushing  charge. 
How  well  do  I  remember  your  defense  of  the  line  of  the  Chickamauga 
River  on  that  dusty  Friday  before  the  great  battle  was  joined,  when 
both  armies  were  sweeping  toward  the  goal  of  strife — Chattanooga. 
Your  thin  line  opposed  to  two  grand  army  corps,  struggling  to  hold 
them  back  until  "Thomas  could  come."  How  well  you  did  your  work 
and  kept  the  Lafayette  road  open  and  free  for  Thomas  to  throw  his 
grand  old  Fourteenth  Corps  across  the  front  of  Bragg's  advance !  How 
anxiously  we  waited  that  long,  starless  night  at  the  forks  of  the  road, 
a  half  mile  east  of  Viniard's,  repelling  the  enemy's  attempt  to  seize 
that  point,  and  how  we  felt  when  at  3  in  the  morning  we  heard  the 
rumble  of  Thomas's  march  in  our  rear,  closing  in  to  meet  the  advance 
of  I>ragg  next  day. 

How  well  do  I  remember  that  bloody,  desperate  conflict  at  Viniard'a 
all  Saturday  afternoon,  when  you  swept  the  field  with  your  repeaters; 
when  Lilly  treble- shotted  his  guns  with  canister;  when  we  repulsed  the 
charges  that  had  made  Sheridan,  Davis,  and  Wood  stagger  under  their 
blows ;  when  at  night  we  thanked  God  that  we  held  the  ground  we 
occupied  in  the  morning;  and  then  that  long,  bitter  night,  when  every 
moment  cries  of  pain  and  anguish  went  up  from  thousands  of  wounded 
whose  forms  dotted  that  desperate  field;  and  then  next  morning  when 
we  were  withdrawn  and  placed  "on  the  right  fighting  flank  of  the  in- 
fantry line,"  just  in  rear  and  to  the  right  of  Glenn's  house.  How  well 
you  must  remember  that  thirsty  Sunday  forenoon,  when  we  lay  on  that 
dry  hill,  and  when  at  11  we  saw  the  grand  columns  of  Longstreet  cross 
the  Lafayette  road  and  sweep  througli  the  fields  and  woods  toward  our 
single  line,  and  as  heroic  Sheridan  was  broken  we  sprang  to  arms  and 
swept  in  columns  down  the  hill  and  up  the  slope  to  Glenn's  house  and 
met  the  advance  of  Longstreet's  left,  first  checking,  then  breaking  their 
column  and  driving  their  flank  back  through  the  woods  to  theLafayette 
road.  We  now  stand  on  the  very  ground  where  the  two  lines  first  met. 
Yonder  is  the  stump  of  the  pine  where  gallant  Colonel  Funkhauser  fell 
when  leading  his  splendid  charge  of  the  Ninety-eighth  Illinois  up  the 


282      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Glenn  hill.  Yonder  to  the  left  is  where  brave  Col.  A.  O.  Miller  changed 
front  under  a  rattling  flank  fire,  and  with  his  glorious  Seventy-second 
Indiana  drove  back  the  force  that  had  swept  around  our  left  flank  and 
forced  them  off  the  hill  northwardly  from  the  Glenn  house.  Eight  here 
was  the  right  of  the  One  hundred  and  twenty-third  Illinois,  which 
under  that  splendid  soldier,  Col.  James  Monroe,  held  back  the  fierce 
attempt  to  cut  through  our  right  center. 

Just  where  we  stand  the  Seventeenth  Indiana,  under  heroic  Maj. 
William  D.  Jones,  broke  the  left  regiments  of  Longstreet's  attack,  cap- 
turing a  number  of  prisoners  and  driving  them  rapidly  eastward  to  the 
Lafayette  road.  Just  up  there  Capt.  Eli  Lilly's  Eighteenth  Indiana 
Battery,  with  long-range  canister,  swept  the  ground  in  our  front,  firing 
rapidly  over  our  heads.  There,  on  the  hill  near  the  guns,  was  Col.  S. 
D.  Atkins,  with  his  brave  Ninety-second  Illinois,  repelling  the  attempt 
to  swing  round  our  rear  and  capture  our  battery  and  led  horses.  Oh, 
those  were  glorious  moments — all  our  men  engaged,  repelling  all  attacks 
from  every  side,  greatly  outnumbered,  but  never  outfought.  I  shall 
never  forget  the  inspiring  sight  of  Lilly's  eager  rush  with  his  two  guns, 
sweeping  at  a  gallop  down  the  slope  and  up  Glenn's  hill,  turning  loose, 
almost  before  unliinbered,  40-pound  canister  straight  into  the  teeth  of 
the  column  that  had  just  broken  Lytle's  line,  and  were  in  turn  driven 
from  our  front  by  a  fire  no  men  could  withstand.  Now,  turn  from  scenes 
like  those  to  the  present,  where  a  great  nation,  with  its  best  representa- 
tives from  the  combatants  of  both  sides,  freely  meet  and  mingle  on  their 
hallowed  ground,  eager  to  commemorate  the  grand  homage  and  unselfish 
devotion  here  exhibited  by  Americans  in  defense  of  what  they  believed 
to  be  right.  Where  else  on  earth  can  such  a  spectacle  be  seen?  The 
Government  has  established  a  commission  composed  of  one  volunteer 
ex-Federal  officer,  one  ex-Confederate  officer,  and  one  officer  of  the 
United  States  Begular  Army,  and  a  historian — all  men  of  splendid  char- 
acter and  integrity,  all  of  whom  were  engaged  in  this  great  battle — who 
have  charge  of  the  ground  and  improvements,  and  all  deeply  impressed 
with  their  duty  to  history  and  to  the  living  and  the  dead,  and  to  make 
this  a  just  monument  and  record  and  an  object  lesson  of  the  bloodiest 
battle  of  our  great  war.  Who  of  you  that  has  survived  that  great  con- 
flict, who  has  lived  through  these  desperate  battles,  does  not  feel  a  deeper 
interest  in  his  country  for  this  just  recognition  of  his  daring  and  his 
duty  to  his  fellow-men?  Let  us  all  more  deeply  resolve  that  our  chil- 
dren shall  be  taught  to  forever  maintain  what  we  preserved  in  our  day — 
a  great,  free,  and  united  country. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

The  governor  and  his  party  left  the  Head  House  in  carriages  shortly 
before  3  o'clock,  and  falling  into  a  line  of  eighteen  carriages  were  driven 
to  Orchard  Knob.  The  Massachusetts  monument,  at  that  point,  was  sur- 
mounted by  a  bank  of  flowers  beaming  in  immortelles  5  the  inscription, 
"Massachusetts'  tribute  to  valor,"  the  white  dove  of  peace  resting  above. 
At  the  base  of  the  monument,  and  reposing  against  it,  were  a  crescent  of 
white  roses,  to  the  Second  Eegiinent,  Eleventh  Corps,  and  a  star  of  red 
roses,  to  the  Thirty-third  Kegiment,  Twelfth  Corps.  Draped  by  its  sides 
were  two  immense  silk  flags,  16  by  12  feet,  and  in  front  of  it  Sergeant 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       233 

Huddleston  carried  the  white  flag  of  Massachusetts.  At  the  conclusion 
of  his  address  Governor  Greenhalge  presented  to  Colonels  Hall  and 
Shepherd,  respectively  of  the  Second  and  Thirty-third  regiments,  one 
of  the  two  national  flags. 


ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  GREENHALGE. 

FELLOW-CITIZENS:  Brethren  of  the  North  and  South,  East  and 
West,  the  history  of  the  evolution  of  constitutional  Government  has 
almost  always  been  written  in  the  blood  of  freemen. 

From  the  days  of  Simon  de  Montfort,  slain  at  Evesham,  down  to  the 
days  of  Hampden  and  Chalgrove,  Field,  Moseby,  and  Marston  Moor, 
and  thence  on  to  1688  (a  period  of  constitutional  development  both  in 
old  England  and  New  England),  and  later  to  the  days  of  Bunker  Hill 
and  Appomattox,  great  principles  have  been  established  by  the  arbit- 
rament of  war. 

And  with  the  best  advantages  for  determining  questions  of  law,  with 
honest  and  independent  judicatures,  servile  to  no  king  or  party;  with 
the  most  intelligent  legislative  thought  in  the  world — the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States — the  scope  and  meaning  of  governmental  prin- 
ciples were  settled,  not  in  senates  or  courts,  but  on  the  mountain 
heights  around  Chattanooga,  and  the  decrees  of  that  august  and  terrible 
tribunal  were  written  in  the  best  blood  of  the  country,  and  proclaimed 
by  the  thunder  of  artillery. 

We  are  to  contemplate  to-day  a  great  crisis  in  a  great  struggle,  and 
to  dedicate  to  eternal  peace  and  rest,  under  the  starry  flag,  this  place 
where  the  battle  raged  so  fiercely,  and  where  the  victor 

Sank  to  rest 

By  all  his  country's  wishes  blest, 

and  the  vanquished,  in  his  children,  shares  in  the  prizes  of  victory. 

The  rapid  advance  of  Rosecraus;  the  skillful  strategy  which  compelled 
Bragg  to  evacuate  Chattanooga;  the  forward  mov-  ment  of  the  Union 
forces  later;  the  repulse  at  Chickamauga;  the  holding  of  Chattanooga 
until  reinforcements  arrived  to  complete  the  rout  of  General  Bragg 
and  to  relieve  Burnside  at  Knoxville — all  these  facts  are  well  known. 
The  story  of  this  crisis  and  of  the  great  battle  of  the  West,  of  the  serv- 
ices of  the  Thirty-third  and  Second  Massachusetts,  has  been  told  many 
times. 

In  such  a  crisis  of  the  nation  be  sure  that  Massachusetts  was  repre- 
sented. When  did  Massachusetts  ever  fail  in  the  hour  of  peril1?  The 
two  gallant  regiments  she  contributed  at  this  time,  the  Second  and  the 
Thirty-third,  were  of  the  flower  of  the  Union  forces.  It  would  be  diffi- 
cult, if  not  invidious,  to  rehearse  to  you  the  achievements  of  these  two 
regiments  upon  these  and  so  many  other  fields,  embracing  East  and 
West,  North  and  South,  previous  to  Chattanooga,  and  after,  on  to  At- 
lanta and  Savannah.  This  is  a  story  of  heroes  told  by  heroes.  Thomas 
and  Hooker  and  other  great  captains  have  told  it  in  the  simplicity  and 
grandeur  of  official  orders.  But  the  men  of  the  Second  and  Thirty- 
third  understood  well  the  principles  they  were  fighting  for;  so,  too,  did 
their  great  leaders.  They  came  hither  bearing  colors  blistered  and 
torn  indeed  in  the  fierce  breath  of  many  a  battle,  and  yet  in  every 
ragged  fold  emblazoned  witli  victory.  The  stern  eye  of  Joseph  Hooker 
gleamed  with  pride  and  joy  as  a  soldier  and  as  a  son  of  Massachusetts 


284      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

as  he  watched  these  pilgrims  of  the  old  colony,  these  Ironsides  of  the 
old  Com inoii wealth,  march  by.  If  crisis  or  peril  to  the  country  were 
near,  Massachusetts,  witk  her  best  blood  and  her  best  brain,  was  at 
hand  to  hold  up  the  arms  of  the  Republic. 

Webster,  the  mightiest  statesman  of  the  North  and  of  the  South,  had 
pleaded  for  "liberty  and  union,  now  and  forever,  one  and  inseparable," 
and  probably  every  man  in  these  two  Massachusetts  regiments  knew 
the  great  words  of  the  constitutional  expounder  by  heart.  And  as  they 
marched  up  the  rugged  sides  of  Lookout  these  words  rang  in  their  ears 
above  the  roar  of  battle. 

CRACKER  LINE. 

Hooker,  the  boy  of  Massachusetts,  the  plumed  Bayard  of  our  armies, 
planting  the  victorious  flag  of  his  country  above  the  clouds  of  Lookout, 
knew  that  liberty  and  union  were  safe,  and  it  is  well  to  remember  that 
the  "Cracker  line"  of  Hooker  furnished  the  very  bread  of  life  to  the 
Republic  in  its  hour  of  direst  need  and  suffering. 

Burnside,  beleaguered  in  Knoxville,  heard  the  hurrying  feet  of  the 
Thirty-third  Massachusetts  among  the  forces  rushing  to  the  rescue,  and, 
cheered  by  their  far  off  cheers,  hurled  off  by  a  supreme  effort  his  des- 
perate and  heroic  foe;  and  Grant,  the  master  mind  of  all,  controlling 
and  inspiring  all,  the  incomparable  and  invincible  captain,  amid  the 
shouts  of  victory  was  calmly  projecting  new  battles  and  new  triumphs 
for  the  cause  of  liberty  and  union. 

Cogswell,  with  his  famous  regiment,  holding  with  bulldog  grip  the 
line  of  railroad  from  Tullahoma,  probably  repeated  to  himself  the  magic 
words  of  Webster,  which  he  had  so  often  declaimed  in  the  public  schools 
of  old  Essex,  and  the  watchwords  of  Underwood,  charging  into  the 
very  lines  of  the  enemy,  were  liberty  and  union. 

The  victors  of  Chickamauga  were  fighting  lor  their  homes  and  fire- 
sides. So,  too,  were  these  children  of  Massachusetts.  In  the  broad 
spirit  of  our  principles  there  is  not  a  foot  nor  an  inch  of  foreign  soil 
from  Puget  Sound  to  Tampa  Bay,  from  Boston  to  Galveston.  State 
lines,  sectional  divisions,  in  that  glowing  spirit  of  nationality  which 
makes  every  citizen  a  brother  and  every  sovereign  State  an  integral 
and  indissoluble  part  of  our  country,  were  obliterated  by  the  flashing 
wisdom  of  statesmen  like  Webster  and  by  the  heart's  blood  of  freemen 
like  those  who  sleep  beneath  the  sod.  The  men  of  Massachusetts 
fought  for  the  homes  of  Massachusetts,  and  they  fought,  too,  for  the 
homes  of  Tennessee,  of  California,  and  the  Carolinas.  It  is  true  that 
those  who  loved  them  might  have  yearned  to  have  their  precious  ashes 
laid  in  some  shaded  New  England  sepulchre,  where  their  eternal  sleep 
might  be  lulled  by  the  patter  of  their  children's  feet,  and  the  turf 
above  them  brightened  by  spring  flowers  bedewed  with  the  tears  of 
their  comrades.  But  we  commit  them  to  the  care  of  Tennessee,  knowing 
they  are  at  home. 

GRAND  CONFLICTS. 

There  is  not  opportunity  to  describe  the  vicissitudes  of  the  grand 
series  of  conflicts  which  raged  along  these  mountain  heights.  The 
armies  on  each  side  were  marked  by  dauntless  valor,  the  commanders 
were  renowned  captains.  The  brave  and  sagacious  Braxton  Bragg  and 
the  indomitable  and  unconquerable  Longstreet  were  foremost  among 
the  Confederate  leaders,  while  the  names  of  Sherman  and  Sheridan, 
Thomas,  Howard,  Rosecrans,  and  Hooker  were  watchwords  in  the  Union 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       285 

army ;  and  their  mighty  forces  were  inspired  and  directed  by  the  inflexi- 
ble and  irresistible  genius  of  Grant. 

Listen!  Chickamauga  speaks  to  Chattanooga — deep  unto  deep;  and 
the  dead  of  Chickamauga  stand  in  line  with  the  dead  of  Chattanooga. 
You  may  hear  a  voice  from  heaven  saying  above  these  Confederate 
graves:  "You  fought  for  no  lost  cause;  your  cause  was  won  at  Chat- 
tanooga, though  vanquished.  You  were  victor,  sharing  in  the  fruits  of 
victory.  Liberty  and  union  are  henceforth  the  heritage  of  your  chil- 
dren. The  flag  is  yours,  and  the  bright  particular  star  of  your  State 
must  only  increase  your  love  and  devotion  to  the  glory  of  the  whole 
constellation.  Peace  and  love,  union  and  prosperity  be  your  country's 
forevermore."  So  speaks  this  voice  over  the  graves  of  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  to-day. 

And  Massachusetts,  as  she  bends  over  her  sons  sleeping  their  last 
sleep  here  under  the  skies  of  Tennessee,  her  grief  chastened  by  a  just 
pride  in  their  deep  loyalty  and  heroic  sacrifice,  claims  from  her  sister 
State,  and  from  every  sister  State,  and  from  every  citizen  of  the  Bepub- 
lic,  the  tender  yet  mighty  sympathy  which  America  ever  yields  to  men 
who  pour  forth  their  life  blood  to  save  and  to  strengthen  our  common 
country. 

Forever  shall  be  remembered,  as  illustrated  on  the  field  of  Chicka- 
mauga with  unwonted  splendor  and  on  many  a  battlefield,  the  desperate 
valor,  the  chivalric  spirit,  the  fervid  devotion,  which  lead  brave  men 
to  fight  and  to  die  for  a  cause  and  a  principle  in  which  they  believe  to 
the  last.  That  valor,  that  spirit,  that  devotion,  shall  gleam  and  flash 
in  the  pages  of  history,  over  shattered  armies,  over  bloody  defeats,  over 
carnage  and  ruin,  over  causes  lost  and  shriveled  up  in  the  flame  of 
battle,  and  the  principles  trampled  in  blood  and  mire. 

The  glory  of  the  Union  soldier  depends  for  its  very  life  and  quality 
upon  the  glory  which  crowns  his  heroic  opponent.  Under  the  banners 
of  North  and  South  we  have  "one  equal  temper  of  heroic  hearts." 

Well,  we  have  talked  over  the  old  days,  of 

The  old,  unhappy,  far-off  things, 
And  battles  long  ago. 

But  we  have  come  together  now.  We  are  brethren.  The  snows  and 
flowers  of  more  than  thirty  years  have  come  and  gone.  A  new  day  has 
dawned.  Commerce,  trade,  manufacture,  are  coming,  and  they  care 
nothing  for  sectional  lines.  Chattanooga  has  got  a  firm  grip  on  civili- 
zation. The  stead}7,  indomitable  energy  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine  is 
blended  with  the  clash  and  clan  of  Tennessee  and  Georgia.  Northern 
capital  strikes  hands  with  Southern  and  Western  resources,  and  with 
water  power,  coal  fields,  iron  mines,  stone  quarries,  giving  employment 
and  wages  alike  to  every  portion  of  the  country,  we  realize  the  utilita- 
rian and  practical  value  of  the  sentiment,  "E  pluribus  unum."  These 
grand  old  mottoes  take  on  new  meanings  in  the  light  of  this  new  day. 

Union  and  Confederate  stand  together  to-day;  the  blaze  of  artillery 
lights  up  the  mountain  peaks  no  more;  the  tender  sunlight  wreathes 
them  in  soft  radiance,  assuring  us,  like  God's  own  smile,  of  peace  and 
love  and  joy  for  all;  the  great  flag  of  the  Eepublic  streaming  in  all  the 
glory  of  its  lustrous  stars  over  the  blue  and  the  gray,  over  the  living 
and  the  dead,  over  the  North  and  South  and  East  and  West,  proclaims 
to  us  and  to  the  world  that  we  are  one  people,  animated  by  one  purpose 
as  splendid  as  ever  glowed  in  the  soul  of  man,  with  one  destiny  so 
grand  and  high  that  it  fills  the  future  with  a  glory  such  as  the  sous  of 
men  never  looked  on  before;  and  standing  here  under  that  banner,  all 


286       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

together,  close  together,  we  hear  the  mighty  music  of  the  TJnioii  rising 
from  every  quarter  of  the  land,  and  from  every  lip  and  every  heart 
comes  the  great  anthem  of  the  free,  "My country,  'tis  of  thee  I  sing," 
swelling  into  a  diapason  sweeter  in  the  ears  of  the  Almighty  and  of  all 
mankind  than  any  ever  heard  since  "the  morning  stars  sang  together 
and  the  sons  of  God  shouted  for  joy." 

And  the  patriotic  dead  who  died  for  Massachusetts  and  for  the  whole 
country  we  shall  all  hold  in  everlasting  remembrance  and  gratitude  for 
the  mighty  work  they  did  to  secure  to  us  all  liberty  and  union  in  a 
country  which  shall  remain  one  and  inseparable  now  and  forever. 

This  nation  holds  the  right  of  the  line;  it  leads;  it  is  the  vanguard 
of  humanity;  in  general  intellectual  development,  in  social  culture,  in 
political  improvement,  in  swiftness  of  ship  or  locomotive,  in  capacity, 
in  adaptability  to  new  conditions,  in  quick  concentration  of  powers  to 
meet  emergencies,  the  American  is  "in  the  foremost  tiles  of  time." 


ADDRESS  OF   COLONEL  SHEPHERD. 

[At  the  National  Cemetery.] 

YOTIR  EXCELLENCY,  COMRADES,  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS:  Here  in 
this  silent  home  of  thedead  repose  all  that  was  mortal  of  seventy-five  sons 
of  Massachusetts,  soldiers  of  the  Eepublic,  men  who  gave  their  lives  that 
the  Union  might  be  preserved.  A  grateful  country  has  gathered  their 
remains  from  the  various  battlefields  where  they  fought,  and  fighting 
fell;  and  with  considerate  and  tender  care  has  laid  them  here  in  conse- 
crated ground.  Sculptured  marble  and  enduring  granite  mark  their 
resting  place,  and  tell  to  future  generations  their  deeds  of  noble  daring. 

Massachusetts  had  but  two  regiments  in  the  grand  combination  of 
the  armies  of  the  Cumberland,  of  Tennessee,  and  of  Georgia,  but  they 
were  of  her  bravest  and  best;  whether  borne  by  the  Second  or  Thirty- 
third  regiments,  the  white  banner  of  the  Commonwealth  never  trailed 
in  defeat  or  dishonor. 

In  the  midnight  charge  breasting  yonder  heights  at  Lookout  Valley; 
in  storming  the  wild  hills  of  Eesaca,  and  in  many  another  fight  from 
Chattanooga  to  Atlanta,  and  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea,  and  in  the  Caro- 
linas  following  the  lamented  Cogswell,  they  carried  the  white  standard 
of  Massachusetts  side  by  side  with  the  starry  flag  of  the  United  States, 
from  victory  to  victory. 

As  surviving  comrades  of  these  dead  .but  not  forgotten  heroes,  and 
speaking  in  behalf  of  our  surviving  regimental  comrades,  we  feel  grate- 
ful to  our  country  for  what  it  has  done  to  honor,  to  help,  and  to  provide 
for  the  living. 

We  feel  grateful  to  our  grand  old  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts 
for  her  care  and  solicitude  for  her  soldiers  while  they  were  in  the  field; 
for  the  regard  and  honor  bestowed  upon  them  when,  worn  and  weary, 
they  returned  to  their  homes,  and  we  are  proud  to  say  that  the  best 
years  of  our  young  manhood  were  expended  and  devoted  to  her  service. 

Fellow-citizen s,on  this  hallowed  ground  where  our  dead  comrades  lie 
awaiting  the  grand  reveille  of  the  resurrection,  on  each  hero's  grave  we 
have  placed  as  a  token  of  remembrance  the  flag  they  loved  so  well,  and 
Massachusetts  comes  in  the  person  of  her  chief  magistrate,  and  in  the 
person  of  her  citizens,  high  in  rank  and  position,  to  do  them  honor  and 
reverence.  . 

Only  the  trump  of  God  has  power  to  stir  the  encampment  of  the  dead ; 
but  our  voice  has  power  to  call  to  life  and  to  make  immortal  the  virtues 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       287 

that  adorned  their  career,  and  our  thoughts  have  power  to  clothe  them 
111  garments  of  glory. 

But  their  dust  mingled  with  the  earth,  this  their  resting  place 
becomes,  as  it  were,  a  district  of  the  old  Commonwealth,  and  thus  Mas- 
sachusetts acquires  a  right  in  every  spot  where  her  heroic  sons  are 
sleeping.  As  the  old  Commonwealth  has  ever  had  courageous  citizens, 
FO  has  she  always  had  noble  magistrates.  From  Endicott  to  Briggs 
and  Andrew  and  down  the  entire  line,  her  governors  have  been  the 
peers  of  Presidents  and  have  helped  to  make  her  greatness. 


MICHIGAN. 

The  Michigan  exercises  took  place  at  the  grand  stand  at  Snodgrass 
Hill. 

The  exercises  were  opened  by  prayer  by  Rev.  Washington  Gardner, 
secretary  of  state. 

PRAYER  OF  REV.  MR.  GARDNER. 

Our  Father  in  Heaven:  Eeverently  into  Thy  presence  we  come  at 
this  hour  to  thank  Thee  that  we  are  permitted  to  assemble  in  this  place 
for  the  purpose  of  dedicating. these  forests-  and  fields,  these  hills  and 
vales,  long  since  consecrated  and  forever  hallowed  by  the  shed  blood 
of  the  brave  men  who  fought,  and  suffered,  and  died  here.  We  thank 
Thee  that  we  come  from  the  North,  and  from  the  South,  from  the  East, 
and  from  the  West,  not  as  enemies,  but  as  friends;  that  we  meet  not 
as  soldiers  to  engage  in  the  carnage  of  battle,  but  as  citizens  exchang- 
ing the  greetings  of  peace  and  good  will;  not  as  victors  rejoicing  over 
triumphs  gained,  nor  as  vanquished  humiliated  over  defeats  endured, 
but  as  messengers  of  peace  and  good  will  from  the  people  in  every 
quarter  of  this  great  land,  grateful  to  Thee  thou  God  of  nations  as  of 
battles;  that  after  years  of  contention,  of  turmoil  and  strife,  peace  has 
come  to  all  within  our  borders ;  rejoicing  that  the  issues  that  once  made 
us  a  discordant,  belligerent,  and  well  nigh  dissevered  people,  have  been, 
as  we  trust  and  believe,  forever  settled,  and  that  to-day  we  are  all  citi- 
zens of  a  united,  a  free,  a  happy,  and  a  prosperous  country,  recognizing 
but  one  Government  and  owning  allegiance  to  but  one  flag. 

We  pray  Thee,  Our  Father  in  Heaven,  to  so  guide  and  direct  in  all 
these  exercises  and  so  bless  all  who  participate  in  them  that  whatever 
may  be  said  or  done  or  whatever  influence  may  be  exerted  here  maybe 
promotive  of  the  best  interests  of  our  common  country.  Bless  the 
memory  of  the  brave  men  whose  deathless  souls  went  to  Thyself  from 
this  field  of  strife,  and  may  a  grateful  people  never  cease  to  cherish, 
defend,  and  perpetuate  the  Government  they  died  to  save.  Bless  the 
survivors  of  the  great  conflict,  many  of  whom,  after  the  lapse  of  a  third 
of  a  century  are  here  on  this  occasion,  their  scarred  and  mutilated 
bodies  speaking  more  eloquently  than  mortal  lips  of  their  heroic  defense 
of  the  nation's  life.  Bless  the  aged  and  sonless  parents  who  linger  in 
the  deepening  twilight  of  life's  long  day,  still  waiting  for  the  coming 
of  the  boy  whose  last  march  brought  him  to  this  field,  to  a  hero's  death 
and  a  soldier's  grave.  Bless  the  widow  whose  strong  staff  was  broken 
here,  whose  bridal  vows  have  been  sacredly  kept,  and  who  still  bears  in 


288       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

love  and  in  honor  the  name  of  her  warrior  husband.  Bless,  Thou,  the 
sons  and  the  daughters  who  reverently  speak  of  the  father  whose  voice 
was  here  forever  hushed,  whose  heart  of  affection  ceased  to  beat,  brain 
to  plan,  and  body  to  grow  weary  in  labors  of  love.  We  ask  Thy  bless- 
ing upon  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  all  other  officials, 
whether  of  State  or  nation,  present  or  absent.  Bless  the  citizens  of 
the  whole  laud.  May  we  be  a  people  desiring  peace,  and  pursuing  it; 
cherishing  good  will,  and  exercising  it;  respecting  law,  and  obeying  it; 
loving  God,  and  doing  His  will,  and  so  in  our  day  and  generation  work- 
ing out,  so  far  as  we  are  able,  the  problem  of  the  nation's  high  destiny, 
and  fitting  our  souls  individually  for  the  life  immortal. 

Hear  us,  our  Father,  and  our  God,  we  humbly  beseech  Thee,  and 
grant  our  prayer,  we  ask  in  the  name  of  Thy  Son,  our  liedeemer. 
Amen. 

Capt.  Charles  E.  Belknap,  chairman  of  the  Michigan  commission, 
spoke  as  follows,  in  presenting  the  monuments  to  the  governor: 


ADDRESS  OF  CAPTAIN  BELKNAP. 

As  the  chairman  of  the  Chickamauga,  Chattanooga,  and  Missionary 
Bidge  Military  Park  commission  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  it  becomes 
my  duty  to  present  to  your  excellency  the  monuments  and  markers 
which  have  been  erected  by  the  State  upon  the  battlefields  of  Chicka- 
mauga, Chattanooga,  Missionary  Bidge,  and  Orchard  Knob. 

It  is  proper  in  this  connection  to  give  you  briefly  an  account  of  the 
commission  and  its  work,  such  as  can  be  given  without  going  into  statis- 
tics. To  your  excellency,  from  whom  we  hold  our  commissions,  there 
will  be  submitted  in  proper  time  an  itemized  statement  of  all  expendi- 
tures, and  a  report  in  detail  of  the  services  of  the  commission. 

The  first  responsibilities  imposed  upon  the  commission  were  those  of 
establishing  the  locations  and  positions  of  the  eleven  organizations 
X>articipating  in  the  campaigns  and  battles,  extending  over  a  large 
extent  of  country,  the  State  of  Michigan  having  cavalry,  infantry, 
engineers,  and  artillery  organizations  participating,  occupying  impor- 
tant positions  in  valley  and  forest,  mountain  and  plain.  For  this  pur- 
pose $2,000  was  appropriated  and  expended. 

To  properly  establish  fighting  positions  and  assist  the  national  author- 
ities in  their  work,  representatives  of  all  the  organizations  were  taken  to 
the  battlefields  in  October,  1893;  forty-six  persons  in  all,  each  one  of 
whom  was  a  participant  in  the  battles.  These  persons  spent  many  days 
in  careful  investigation,  and  succeeded  in  locating  the  lines  and  posi- 
tions of  their  various  commands.  Although  thirty  years  Iiad  passed 
since  the  forest  of  Chickamauga  thundered  with  the  guns  of  contending 
armies,  all  important  positions  were  located  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
national  authorities  in  charge  of  the  park.  In  many  places  the  woods 
had  been  cleared  away,  in  others  dense  forests  had  grown  up,  chang- 
ing the  appearance  of  the  country;  but  time  had  not  changed  the 
mountains  and  the  valleys. 

The  Michigan  organizations  taking  part  in  the  campaigns  and  bat- 
tles were  the  Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh,  Thirteenth,  Twenty-first,  and 
Twenty  second  regiments  of  infantry,  the  Second  and  Fourth  Cavalry, 
the  First  Engineers  and  Mechanics,  and  Batteries  A  and  D,  First  Begi- 
inent  Light  Artillery. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       289 

In  February,  1895,  the  legislature  made  an  appropriation  of  $20,000, 
to  be  expended  in  the  erection  of  monuments  and  markers  and  to  meet 
the  actual  expense  of  the  commission  in  traveling  and  clerk  hire.  Of 
this  sum  $220  was  paid  for  twelve  State  seals  in  bronze,  one  for  each 
of  the  monuments  and  one  for  a  marker  for  a  detachment  of  the  Twenty- 
first  Eegiment,  who  performed  important  services  at  the  Glenn  House; 
$143  for  tablets;  $1,500  for  each  of  the  regiments,  and  $1,000  each  for 
the  batteries  was  awarded  for  monuments,  this  sum  being  exclusive 
of  the  foundations,  which  were  set  by  the  national  authorities. 

In  addition  to  the  monuments,  thirteen  markers  have  been  placed, 
with  proper  inscriptions,  to  mark  important  positions,  at  a  cost  of 
$767.76.  These  markers  were  one  each  for  the  Ninth,  Thirteenth,  and 
Twenty-first  Infantry,  two  for  Battery  D,  one  for  the  Second  Cavalry, 
and  three  for  the  Fourth  Cavalry. 

For  the  construction  of  the  monuments,  circulars  asking  for  designs 
were  sent  to  all  the  principal  granite  and  bronze  monument  makers  in 
the  country.  About  six  hundred  designs  were  received,  many  of  them 
in  price  beyond  the  means  of  the  commission.  After  many  days  spent 
in  an  examination  of  the  designs,  in  which  representatives  of  nearly 
all  the  regiments  interested  took  a  part,  the  awards  were  made.  Those 
of  the  Ninth,  Eleventh,  and  Thirteenth  Infantry,  both  cavalry  regiments 
and  both  batteries  were  awarded  to  the  Smith  Granite  Company, 
Westerly,  E.  1. 

Those  of  the  Tenth,  Twenty-first,  and  Twenty- second  Infantry  arid 
the  en  gineers,  to  Maurice  J.  Power,  of  New  York  City.  Later  the  Smith 
Granite  Company  were  awarded  the  contracts  for  the  thirteen  markers. 

In  the  location  of  positions,  in  the  preparation  of  circulars  inviting 
designs  and  competition  for  the  work,  in  the  study  of  the  designs  sub- 
mitted, in  making  awards  and  contracts,  in  the  visits  of  the  contractors 
and  inspection  of  the  work  as  it  progressed,  in  the  preparation  of 
inscriptions,  which  seemed  the  most  difficult  task  of  all,  and  in  con- 
ducting a  large  and  important  correspondence,  the  best  efforts  of  the 
commission  and  many  months  of  time  have  been  given,  inspired  by  a 
feeling  of  love  and  patriotism  to  our  soldier  comrades  and  our  beloved 
State  of  Michigan,  that  has  so  promptly  and  generously  provided  the 
means  to  accomplish  the  desired  results. 

This  service  does  not  close  up  the  work  of  the  commission,  there 
being  a  small  sum  of  money  unexpended  that  will  be  used  to  mark 
other  important  positions  as  the  improvement  of  the  park  progresses. 

Your  commission  here  desires  to  express  its  thanks  to  the  national 
commission.  For  the  past  two  years  Generals  Fullerton  and  Stewart 
and  Major  Smith,  commissioners;  General  Boynton,  historian,  and  Mr. 
C.  E.  Betts,  engineer,  have  been  untiring  in  their  efforts  in  our  behalf. 

In  the  campaigns  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  the  Michigan 
organizations  performed  a  most  important  part,  the  details  of  which 
your  commission  will  fully  attempt  to  portray  in  due  time  in  an  historical 
volume.  As  the  grand  work  of  the  park  progresses,  Michigan  will  be 
known  not  only  at  Chickamauga,  but  at  Wauhatchie,  Brown's  Ferry, 
Chattanooga,  Orchard  Knob,  Lookout  Mountain,  and  Missionary  Eidge. 

Although  1,500  of  Michigan's  sons  gave  up  their  lives  in  these  cam- 
paigns, yet  the  monuments  are  not  mortuary  affairs,  but  monuments  to 
liberty  and  civilization,  not  to  create  a  feeling  of  sadness,  but  a  thrill  of 
patriotism  and  love  to  the  soldier  who  fought  for  his  country. 

The  monument  to  the  Michigan  Engineers  had  been  accorded  an  hon- 
ored position  in  the  city  of  Chattanooga.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
September  13,  revoked  the  permit  upon  the  custom-house  site,  which 
S.  Eep.  637 19 


290      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

compelled  the  commission  to  select  a  site  at  Orchard  Knob,  General 
Grant's  headquarters.  This  regiment  made  it  possible  for  the  armies 
to  fight  their  battles.  It  is  more  than  a  soldier  monument.  It  repre- 
sents mechanical  skill,  where  men  combated  with  all  the  forces  of 
nature ;  the  mountains  and  the  rivers  by  them  were  overcome.  It  stands 
not  only  in  the  presence  of  Orchard  Knob,  Missionary  Ridge,  Brown's 
Ferry,  Wauhatchie,  and  Sherman's  Heights,  but  ever  face  to  face  with 
grand  Lookout  Mountain,  watching  the  dim,  distant,  misty  boys  in  blue 
disappearing  above  the  clouds.  It  is  one  of  Power's  designs,  the  bronze 
panel  showing  the  construction  of  the  Brown's  Ferry  pontoon  bridge 
under  fire  of  the  batteries  of  Lookout  Mountain. 

The  monument  to  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  is  also  one  of  Power's 
designs,  and  is  located  at  Snodgrass  Hill.  Lt  was  in  Whitaker's  bri- 
gade of  Steedman's  division,  getting  into  the  fight  just  after  noon  of  the 
20th.  It  charged  up  the  ridge,  driving  everything  before  it,  then  was 
crowded  back  by  overwhelming  numbers.  Back  and  forth  they  fought 
until  100  rounds  carried  in  cartridge  box  and  pocket  were  gone;  until, 
in  the  shades  of  the  evening,  the  enemy  came  unawares  from  the  ravines 
and  through  the  woods.  Surrounded  by\ten  times  their  number,  they 
fought  for  freedom.  The  dry  leaves  and  brush  in  the  woods  were  burn- 
ing, adding  horror  to  the  scene,  lighting  up  the  faces  and  forms  of  the 
dead  and  wounded.  Along  the  crest  and  slopes  four  color  bearers  had 
gouedown,  and  the  fifth,  shouting  defiance,  waved  his  flag  in  the  face  of 
the  foe  until  but  a  fragment  of  the  regiment  was  left.  Three  hundred 
and  eighty-five  men  in  the  list  of  casualties,  and  100  men  were  in  the 
line  next  morning  to  renew  the  fight.  Could  more  be  done  by  mortal1? 

The  monument  to  the  Eleventh  Infantry  is  on  the  crest  of  Horseshoe 
Ridge,  the  scene  of  such  combat  as  never  before  or  since  was  witnessed 
by  the  gods  of  war.  They  formed  a  line  along  the  crest,  every  foot  of 
which  is  sacred  ground.  Granite  monuments  are  not  more  firm  now 
than  were  the  men  of  Chickamauga  days. 

This  regiment  occupied  several  positions,  some  of  which  have  been 
marked  by  granite  posts  properly  inscribed.  A  simple  granite  post 
now  marks  the  place  where  the  regiment  ascended  Missionary  Ridge, 
November  25,  1863,  and  near  where  Maj.  B.  G.  Bennett,  its  commander, 
was  killed. 

The  position  selected  for  the  monument  of  the  Ninth  Infantry  is  on 
the  hill  overlooking  McFarland's  Gap,  through  which  the  trains  and 
artillery  of  the  right  wing  of  the  army  passed  on  their  way  to  Chatta- 
nooga, and  where  the  regiment,  forming  its  line  that  Sunday  morning, 
gave  a  rallying  point  to  the  broken  forces  of  McCook  and  Critteudeu. 
For  untold  ages  to  come  will  the  soldier  in  granite  guard  the  pass, 
ever  looking  out  upon  the  field  of  its  great  triumph. 

The  position  of  the  monument  to  the  Thirteenth  Regiment  is  in  the 
open  field  at  the  Viuiard  house,  the  scene  of  its  engagement  September 
19,  where  for  hours  it  fought  successfully,  and  where  nearly  50  per  cent 
of  its  fighting  force  was  killed  or  wounded. 

The  position  of  the  Tenth  Infantry  monument  is  at  the  base  of 
Orchard  Knob,  nature's  everlasting  monument  in  the  history  of  the  bat- 
tles of  Chattanooga.  The  design  is  by  Power.  The  bronze  panel  shows 
the  typical  infantry  soldier  stripped  for  action,  capping  his  musket  as 
he  advanced  up  the  ridge. 

Battery  I)  monument  is  near  the  Poe  house.  Its  many  places  of  bat- 
tle on  both  days  are  historical.  With  them  it  was  two  days  of  heroic 
struggle,  the  story  ef  which,  could  it  be  told,  would  thrill  the  hearts  of 
all  the  world. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      291 

The  monument  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry  is  placed  with  that  of  its 
brigade  011  the  Eeed's  Bridge  road.  To  this  regiment  the  battle  was 
one  of  five  days.  Minty's  brigade  was  truly  the  eyes  of  the  army,  and 
to  do  the  Fourth  Regiment  justice  and  preserve  true  the  history  of 
Chickamauga  there  should  be  a  score  of  monuments;  but  the  deeds  of 
all  the  battle  can  not  be  told  in  bronze  and  granite. 

Battery  A  monument  marks  the  locality  of  its  action.  On  Septem- 
ber 19,  sixty-four  rounds  of  grape  and  canister  covered  its  front  Avith 
the  enemy  slain,  then  through  the  dense  forest  from  flank  and  rear  in 
overwhelming  numbers  came  a  desperate  foe.  Midst  their  guns  the 
combat  raged,  and  Van  Pelt,  their  gallant  commander,  was  numbered 
with  the  dead.  Did  ever  soldier  die  in  grander  cause  or  more  heroic 
way? 

The  monument  to  the  Second  Cavalry  is  at  the  Glenn  house,  far 
removed  from  the  scenes  of  its  active  work.  Far  to  the  right,  at  Glass's 
mill  and  Crawfish  Spring,  it  performed  its  service,  and  many  of  its 
members  were  killed  and  wounded.  The  commission  desired  to  place 
this  monument  near  where  the  gallant  Captain  Hawley  was  killed,  but 
the  position  being  outside  the  park,  it  was  found  necessary  to  follow 
the  example  of  the  other  States  and  accept  the  present  location. 
Within  a  few  years  it  is  hoped  the  park  limits  may  be  extended  to  cover 
all  the  territory  to  Glass's  mill,  and  this  monument  given  its  proper 
place  on  its  fighting  grounds. 

The  monument  to  the  Twenty-first  Infantry  marks  the  position  occu- 
pied Sunday,  September  20,  where  100  of  its  members  were  killed  and 
wounded;  where  General  Lytle,  its  brigade  commander,  was  killed; 
where  Lieut.  Morris  B.  Wells  was  killed  and  Colonel  McCreery 
wounded ;  where  the  dead  and  wounded  soldiers,  wearing  both  the  blue 
and  gray,  lay  upon  the  ground  thicker  than  sheaves  of  grain  ever  did 
in  harvest  field. 


ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  RICH. 

ME,.  CHAIRMAN  :  I  accept  these  monuments,  in  behalf  of  the  State, 
from  your  commission,  and  in  behalf  of  the  State  extend  to  you  the 
thanks  of  the  people  of  the  State  generally,  and  of  the  survivors  who 
were  engaged  in  that  terrible  battle  of  thirty-two  years  ago,  and  the 
friends  of  those  who  gave  up  their  lives  here  that  the  Government  at 
Washington  might  live,  and  especially  for  the  valuable  services  you  and 
your  associates  have  rendered  in  this  work.  I  also  desire  to  congratu- 
late you  on  securing  so  creditable  a  work  for  the  very  moderate  amount 
placed  at  your  disposal;  also  upon  their  being  completed  in  time  for 
this  most  memorable  event.  As  all  the  members  of  the  commission 
were  participants  in  the  great  battles  of  September,  1863,  your  work  in 
the  erection  of  these  monuments  adds  so  much  to  the  indebtedness 
which  the  State,  the  nation,  and  humanity  owed  you  before.  Your 
acts,  as  shown  by  the  erection  of  these  monuments,  will  remind  future 
generations  of  the  sacrifices  here  made,  though  only  a  small  part  of  the 
cost  of  the  establishment  of  a  free  and  stable  government  which  they 
will  enjoy  the  benefits  of.  • 

It  is  not  only  proper  that  the  State  should  be  at  the  expense  of  the 
erection  of  these  monuments,  but  to  do  less  would  be  less  than  duty 
required.  The  State  owes  the  same  duty  to  the  commemoration  of 
your  services  and  deeds  of  valor  that  were  performed  on  these  fields 
that  a  sorrowing  mother  owes  to  the  memory  of  her  children.  Since 


292      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  date  of  those  terrible  battles  a  new  generation  has  come  into  the 
possession  of  the  active  control  of  affairs  in  this  country,  and  to  the 
brave  men  of  1861  to  1865  they  owe  the  existence  of  the  Government 
which  they  now  control  and  enjoy  the  benefits  of,  and  they  can  well 
afford  the  amount  required  to  place  these  tributes  to  bravery  and 
patriotism  on  these  sacred  grounds. 

These  monuments  erected  here  to  the  several  organizations  may  be 
the  only  ones  erected  especially  in  their  memory,  though  in  the  case  of 
some  of  them  other  fields  saw  them  do  harder  and  more  heroic  service 
than  they  were  called  upon  to  render  here,  ably  and  well  as  was  every 
duty  required  of  them  performed  here. 

While  it  is  wise  and  proper  that  the  monuments  should  be  erected 
at  the  point  where  one  of  the  great  battles  of  the  war  was  fought,  yet 
just  as  arduous  service  was  required  on  the  march,  on  picket, and  on  the 
skirmish  line,  as  was  ever  shown  in  great  battles,  and  that,  too,  without 
the  pomp,  the  numbers,  the  bands  of  music,  and  the  excitement,  which 
tend  to  remove  the  feeling  of  intense  personal  responsibility  and  personal 
danger.  The  papers  report  the  pickets  driven  in,  one  or  two  killed,  and 
one  found  dead  at  his  post  shot  through  the  head.  Company  C  had  a 
slight  skirmish;  loss,  two  killed  and  several  wounded.  No  glory  of 
falling  at  the  muzzle  of  the  cannon,  or  within  the  very  works  of  the 
enemy  was  realized,  no  one  to  record  their  glorious  deeds,  yet  who  can 
say  they  were  less  brave,  less  deserving,  less  entitled  to  a  place  in  his- 
tory, less  entitled  to  have  their  names  enrolled  on  the  scroll  of  fame 
than  those  who  participate  and  fall  in  great  battles.  Even  to  the 
sorrowing  wife  or  mother  there  is  a  little  compensation  for  the  loss 
of  the  dear  ones  to  know  that  they  fell  at  the  front  of  a  great  battle 
and  received  favorable  notice  for  bravery.  Even  this  poor  satis- 
faction is  denied  the  wife  or  mother^  of  the  poor  soldier  shot  on  the 
picket  line.  Let  us  pause  in  our  commemoration  of  the  brave  deeds 
clone  in  the  great  battles,  and  drop  a  tear  and  give  a  thought  to  him 
who  fell  on  the  picket  line,  in  the  skirmish,  and  even  while  sick  in  the 
hospital. 

HONORS  AND   HEROES. 

All  the  nations  of  the  earth  have  honored  their  soldiers,  whether 
fighting  for  the  best  or  the  worst  causes;  whether  fighting  in  the 
defense  of  home  and  country,  or  for  the  extension  of  territorial  limits, 
or  to  gratify  the  ambitions  of  commanders.  Then  should  not  this 
country  honor  her  volunteer  citizen  soldiery,  who  were  inspired  by  the 
highest  impulses  of  patriotism  and  undying  love  of  country  and  the 
people's  Government;  when  each  soldier  felt  a  personal  responsibility 
for  the  result;  a  soldiery  that  showed  resources  and  bravery  never 
excelled,  and  seldom  if  ever  equaled,  fighting  a  foe  on  their  own  soil; 
who  were  inspired  by  one  purpose,  that  of  driving  the  invader  from  the 
soil  and  establishing  a  government  of  their  own ;  a  foe  chivalrous  and 
brave  by  nature  and  education,  confident  of  their  own  powers  and  suc- 
cess; educated  for  generations  to  rule;  they  had  military  instincts  and 
education ;  they  had  demonstrated  their  fighting  qualities  under  Wash- 
ington and  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  many  of  those  actually  fighting  the 
battles  of  the  rebellion  had  seen  actual  and  successful  service  in  the 
Mexican  war.  Yet  the  Union  troops,  of  which  Michigan  troops  formed 
an  important  part,  unversed  and  untrained  in  the  art  of  war,  and  the 
most  of  them  too  young  to  be  trained  in  the  art  of  anything  else,  except 
love  of  country  and  reverence  for  the  old  flag,  by  their  bravery,  perse- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      293 

verance,  and  endurance,  and  finally  by  excess  of  numbers,  conquered 
this  almost  matchless  foe. 

Such  soldiers  deserve  monuments  erected  on  every  battlefield,  in 
every  cemetery,  national  or  local,  where  one  of  their  precious  bodies 
lies  buried;  they  deserve  and  will  receive  such  monuments  as  written 
history  only  can  furnish,  but  more  precious  and  valuable  will  be  the 
monuments  erected  in  the  hearts  of  the  people  of  this  and  future  gen- 
erations who  will  rise  up  and  call  them  blessed.  Their  brave  acts  will 
be  read  and  remembered  as  long  as  the  history  of  brave  men  and  noble 
deeds  interest  mankind. 

It  will  not  be  a  mere  barren  memory,  or  yet  only  a  grateful  memory, 
but  your  and  their  deeds  will  be  an  inspiration  to  future  generations  of 
this  and  all  other  civilized  countries  wherever  the  liberty  or  rights  of 
mankind  are  near  the  human  heart. 

General  Fullerton,  it  becomes  my  honorable  duty  to  turn  over  to 
you,  as  the  representative  of  the  Federal  Government,  the  monuments 
erected  by  the  State  of  Michigan  to  mark  the  places  where  the  troops 
were  engaged  in  battle  upon  those  memorable  days  in  September,  1863, 
when  the  fate  of  the  Government  you  now  have  the  honor  to  represent 
hung  in  the  balance.  The  assumption  of  the  care  of  the  monuments 
erected  here  by  the  twenty -nine  States  which  were  represented  in  these 
great  battles  is  eminently  wise  and  proper.  The  issues  upon  which  the 
battles  were  fought  were  national  issues.  The  peace  which  resulted  was 
upon  the  theory  that  the  Federal  Government  was  a  National  Govern- 
ment, and  supreme  in  national  questions.  The  conception  and  plan  of 
this  park  was  national  in  its  character.  It  gives  an  impartial  and  truth- 
ful history  of  the  mighty  events  which  occurred  within  its  boundaries 
and  approaches — a  history  of  the  acts  of  valor  performed  by  those 
engaged  on  botli  sides.  This  history,  in  the  location  and  in  the  inscrip- 
tion upon  these  monuments,  is  written  correctly,  permanently,  and  with 
unparalleled  vividness  by  those  who  participated  in  those  battles  that 
made  this  an  historical  and  sacred  ground.  Its  dedication  is  a  joint 
dedication,  and  the  participants  of  opposing  forces  divide  the  honors 
and  oratory.  In  this  way  is  truthful  history  written,  and  in  all  that 
goes  to  make  soldiers  each  side  found  in  the  other  a  foe  worthy  of  their 
steel. 

After  the  passage  of  one- third  of  a  century  of  time  a  new  generation 
has  grown  up,  and  has  imbibed  with  the  very  breath  it  draws  that  spirit 
of  courage  and  patriotism  which  the  examples  set  during  that  memor- 
able struggle  have  made  the  sons  who  will,  should  occasion  arise,  do 
honor  to  valiant  sires.  With  double  the  population  of  18(>1,  and  stand- 
ing together  for  one  country,  one  flag,  and  one  government,  there  is  no 
fear  of  destruction  by  any  one  government  on  earth. 

In  turning  over  to  you  Michigan's  chapter  in  this  wonderful  history, 
I  do  it  with  the  conviction  that  under  the  care  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment this  history  will  be  preserved  and  perpetuated  as  long  as  this 
Government  shall  last.  And  while  there  may  be  wars  and  rumors  of 
wars;  while  the  map  of  North  America  may  change  until  it  is  all  under 
one  flag,  and  that  flag  "Old  Glory;"  while  parties  will  come  into  exist- 
ence, accomplish  their  purposes  and  die;  while  great  issues  important 
to  the  people  will  be  settled  and  settled  rightly;  while  statesmen  will 
appear  upon  the  stage  of  action,  perform  their  part  in  the  drama  of 
politics  and  statesmanship,  and  disappear;  the  question  of  the  exist 
ence  of  this  Government  is  settled  for  all  time.  Men  may  come  and 
men  may  go,  but  the  Federal  Government  will  still  remain. 


294      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

General  Fullerton,as  chairman  of  the  Park  Commission,  thus  received 
the  monuments  for  the  Secretary  of  War: 

GOVERNOR,  THE  STATE  COMMISSION,  AND  COMRADES  OF  MICH- 
IGAN: The  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park 
Commission,  in  behalf  of  and  for  the  nation,  accepts  these  magnificent 
monuments,  a  most  generous  gift  from  the  State  of  Michigan.  As 
these  monuments  now  stand,  so  shall  they  ever  remain,  preserved  in 
their  beauty,  cherished  and  protected  by  the  American  people.  The 
fame  of  the  brave  soldier  sons  of  Michigan,  but  still  greater  sons  of 
the  Bepublic,  who  fought  on  this  field,  does  not  belong  to  you  alone. 
It  is  not  bound  up  within  the  narrow  limits  of  the  peninsular  State. 
It  is  the  heritage  not  only  of  the  State  from  which  they  came,  but  of 
the  nation  at  large.  It  is  therefore  eminently  fitting,  in  making  this 
presentation,  that  these  monuments  be  declared  now  and  forever  the 
nation's  property,  and  they  will  ever  remain  its  pride. 

I  am  sure  that  it  will  be  quite  tiresome  now,  when  you  are  waiting  to 
hear  distinguished  orators,  for  me,  speaking  for  the  National  Commis- 
sion, to  repeat  facts  that  you  all  know  as  well  as  I,  but  I  can  not  refrain 
for  a  moment  to  refer  to  the  valor  of  the  Michigan  soldiers.  The 
monuments  you  have  just  dedicated  and  presented  here  tell  their  heroic 
story  in  granite  and  bronze  all  over  this  field. 

I  can  not  say  that  the  war  proved  American  soldiers  of  one  section 
or  of  one  State  to  be  better  than  the  soldiers  of  another  section  or 
State.  All  were  equally  devoted  to  duty,  and  under  like  conditions 
they  showed  equal  bravery  and  valor.  But  .this  field,  with  its  many 
dark  woods,  offered  peculiar  advantages  to  the  stalwart  men  who  came 
down  from  the  great  pine  woods  of  the  North.  They  could  see  farther, 
shoot  straighter,  and  move  better,  perhaps,  in  the  dark  woods,  full  of 
underbrush,  than  could  their  comrades  from  the  prairies  and  the  towns. 
However  that  may  be,  one  who  reads  the  story  of  the  battle  from  the 
monuments  on  the  field  or  from  the  pages  of  history  will  find  that  their 
record  is  second  to  none  for  conspicuous  bravery  and  gallantry.  Your 
five  monuments  to  the  infantry,  two  to  the  cavalry,  and  two  to  the 
artillery,  nine  organizations  in  all,  show  that  the  men  from  Michigan 
fought,  and  fought  desperately,  too,  in  every  one  of  the  six  different 
battles  which  are  comprised  in  the  one  great  battle  of  Chickamauga, 
as  well  as  in  the  cavalry  fights  on  each  flank  of  the  army.  Your  dead 
comrades  lay  on  every  part  of  this  field  of  10  square  miles  wherever 
fighting  was  done.  The  whole  battlefield  was  thickly  sprinkled  with 
Michigan  dead. 

Of  such  men  was  the  volunteer  soldiery  of  the  Kepublic  composed. 

The  memory  of  such  deeds  will  live  forever,  and  the  men  in  gray  that 
climbed  that  ridge  and  poured  their  murderous  fire  into  our  ranks  will 
also  glory  in  the  valor  you  displayed.  The  fierce  fighting  of  Chicka- 
mauga made  these  fighting  Confederates  appreciate  your  valor. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      295 


ADDRESS  OF  COL.  HENRY  M.  DUFFIELD. 

Tread  reverently  j  bow  the  head. 

"Here  glory  guards  with  solemn  round 
The  bivouac  of  the  dead." 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  To  the  memory  of  the  brave  men  who 
offered  and  gave  their  lives  on  this  historic  spot  the  Government  of  our 
reunited  country  has,  at  large  expense,  established  and  properly  adorned 
and  marked  by  monuments  and  historical  tablets  this  unique  military 
park ;  not  for  purposes  of  pleasure  and  mere  sight-seeing,  but  to  restore 
the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga,  Lookout  Mountain,  and  Missionary 
Eidge,  so  that  the  movements  of  every  organization  which  participated 
in  that  great  war  drama  can  be  easily  traced. 

Among  the  volunteers  of  twenty-eight  States  none  can  claim  pre- 
eminence over  those  of  our  own  beloved  State  of  Michigan  for  their 
heroic  valor  and  unswerving  devotion  upon  these  bloody  battlefields  to 
the  flag  and  the  cause  of  our  Union.  In  memory  of  these  patriotic 
services  a  grateful  State  now  dedicates  these  monuments. 

To  do  this  fittingly  and  properly  to  commemorate  their  courage  and 
fidelity  we  must  recall  and  contemplate  the  events  in  which  they  took 
so  distinguished  a  part. 

The  world  will  little  note  nor  long  remember  what  we  say  here,  but  it  can  never 
forget  what  they  did  here. 

The  summer  of  1863  found  the  Confederacy  cut  in  two;  Vicksburg 
and  Port  Hudson  had  fallen,  and  the  Union  gunboats  plied  up  and 
down  its  great  artery,  the  Mississippi. 

Lee's  invasion  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  had  been  checked  and 
vanquished  at  Gettysburg.  The  beginning  of  the  end  seemed  near  at 
hand,  and  doubtless  many  brave  Confederates  then  feared  the  final 
termination  of  the  struggle  which  the  opportunity  offered  the  Union 
armies  to  conquer  their  opponents  in  detail.  Under  this  pressure  des- 
peratemeasures  were  needed.  Their  evolution  was  the  battles  of  Chicka- 
mauga, Lookout  Mountain,  and  Chattanooga. 

Maj.  Gen.  W.  S.  Eosecrans  was  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  consisting  of  five  army  corps — the  Fourteenth,  Maj.  Gen. 
George  II.  Thomas;  the  Twentieth,  Maj.  Gen.  A.  D.  McCook;  the 
Twenty-first,  Maj.  Gen.  T.  L.  Crittenden;  the  Eeserve  Corps,  Maj.  Gen. 
Gordon  Granger,  and  the  cavalry  corps,  Brig.  Gen.  E.  B.  Mitchell  com- 
manding in  the  disability  of  Maj.  Gen.  D.  S.  Stanley. 

General  Bragg  was  in  command  of  the  Confederate  army,  consisting 
of  seven  corps  commanded  by  Lieuteuant-General  Longstreet,  Lieu- 
tenant-General  Polk,  Lieut.  Gen.  D.  H.  Hill,  Major-General  Buckner, 
Maj  or- General  Walker,  Major  General  Wheeler,  and  the  cavalry  corps 
under  Brig.  Gen.  N.  B.  Forrest. 

In  the  early  part  of  September,  1863,  Bragg  had  either  been  maneu- 
vered out  of  Chattanooga  by  Eosecrans  or  had  purposely  evacuated  it 
to  draw  Eosecrans  on  beyond  the  almost  impassable  heights  of  Mission- 
ary Eidge,  Lookout  and  Pigeon  mountains,  then,  with  the  support  of 
the  troops  expected  from  Virginia,  to  strike  his  corps  as  they  debouched 
from  the  various  gaps  in  the  mountains  in  detail  and  before  they  could 
concentrate. 

Persuaded  that  Bragg  would  not  make  a  stand  north  of  Eome,  Eose- 
crans had  pressed  his  own  army  southward  and  westward  with  the  view 
of  reaching  Lafayette. 


296      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Fortunately,  timely  information  of  Bragg's  real  purpose  made  appar- 
ent to  Eosecrans  the  urgency  of  pushing  bis  army  still  more  to  the 
left  and  north  to  avoid  Bragg's  intercepting  his  left  and  rear,  getting 
between  him  and  Kossville,  and  he  made  his  dispositions  accordingly. 

The  State  road  between  Lafayette  and  Chattanooga  runs  for  some  dis- 
tance parallel  with  Missionary  Eidge,  when  it  bears  to  the  left  to  Eoss- 
ville,  which  it  reaches  through  a  narrow  pass  in  the  ridge.  Two  forks 
of  it  cross  the  Chickamauga  Eiver  at  two  bridges  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  apart.  The  eastern  or  northern  bridge  is  known  as  Eeed's  bridge, 
and  the  southern  or  western  as  Alexander's  bridge. 

The  battle  of  Chickamauga  was  fought  for  the  possession  of  this  road, 
since  the  battle  sometimes  called  the  Eossville  road.  The  fighting  cov- 
ered a  period  of  five  days,  from  the  17th  to  the  21st  of  September,  1863, 
inclusive,  but  the  19th  and  20th  are  known  as  "the  battle." 

On  the  18th  the  enemy  had  driven  Minty's  cavalry  and  Wilder's 
mounted  infantry  from  Eeed's  and  Alexander's  bridges  on  to  the  Eoss- 
ville road. 

All  that  night  Thomas  moved  his  corps  to  the  left,  that  is,  northeast- 
wardly, and  down  the  Chickamauga,  and  at  daylight  of  the  19th  had 
reached  Kelly's  farm,  on  the  Lafayette  road.  Baird's  division  was  in 
front,  and  was  put  in  position  at  the  forks  of  the  road,  facing  Eeed's 
and  Alexander's  bridges.  General  Braunan's  division  was  placed  on 
Baird's  left  on  the  two  roads  from  the  Lafayette  State  road  to  Eeed's 
and  Alexander's  bridges,  with  Johnson's,  Palmer's,  Eeynolds's,  and  Van 
Cleve's  on  the  right,  Davis's,  Wood's,  and  Sheridan's  columns  and  Neg- 
ley's  division  and  Wilder's  mounted  infantry  coming  up  during  the 
forenoon. 

Col.  Dan  McCook  informed  General  Thomas  that  he  had  destroyed 
Eeed's  bridge  after  a  single  brigade  of  the  enemy  had  crossed,  and  that 
he  thought  this  brigade  might  be  captured.  His  information  was  incor- 
rect, but  it  may  have  saved  the  army.  Acting  upon  it,  Thomas  took  the 
initiative  and  became  the  battle  master.  He  immediately  directed 
Brannan  to  leave  one  of  his  three  brigades  in  supporting  distance  of 
Baird  and  reconnoiter  the  road  to  Eeed's  bridge,  and,  if  an  opportu- 
nity offered,  to  capture  the  isolated  brigade. 

It  was  a  current  story  in  the  army  that  the  commander  of  these  two 
brigades  sent  back  word  to  General  Thomas  to  know  which  particular 
brigade  of  the  five  or  six  over  there  he  wanted  captured. 

The  attack  was  so  sharp  and  so  unexpected  that  it  succeeded  in  driv- 
ing back  the  enemy,  and  soon  Croxton's  brigade  engaged  three  brigades 
of  Forrest's  cavalry,  who  were  covering  Bragg's  right  flank.  The  latter 
quickly  called  infantry  to  his  aid,  and  Croxton's  single  brigade  was 
hard  pressed.  Thomas  had  ridden  forward,  and  seeing  Croxton  heavily 
engaged,  sent  Baird  to  his  support.  The  two  divisions  now  joined  in 
line,  drove  the  enemy  back  some  distance,  and  halted  for  a  readjust- 
ment. Learning  that  there  was  a  large  force  on  his  right,  Baird  changed 
the  front  of  King's  regular  brigade  on  his  right  wing  to  the  south,  but 
not  in  time  for  the  furious  assault  of  the  enemy,  and  King's  and  Scrib- 
ner's  brigades  were  driven  back  by  the  overwhelming  numbers  opposed 
to  them  in  disorder  and  with  the  loss  of  ten  pieces  of  artillery. 

At  this  juncture,  fortunately,  Johnson's  division  of  McCook's  corps 
and  Eeynolds's  division  of  Thomas's  corps  arrived.  They  were  immedi- 
ately placed  in  position,  and  as  soon  as  formed  attacked  the  enemy  in 
flank,  and  drove  him  in  great  confusion  for  a  mile  and  a  half,  while 
Brannan's  troops  assaulted  them  in  front,  and  recaptured  Guenther's 
battery,  which  King  had  lost. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      297 

So  complete  was  the  success  of  tins  assault  that  the  enemy  was  driven 
in  confusion  across  the  Chickamauga.  There  they  were  posted  in  strong 
position  on  the  west  side  between  Eeed's  and  Alexander's  bridges. 

But  the  line  between  Thomas  and  Crittenden  was  not  closed  and  the 
enemy  were  concentrating  to  pierce  through  the  gap.  Brannan's  and 
Baird's  divisions  were  ordered  to  reorganize  their  commands,  and  take 
a  commanding  position  on  the  road  from  Reed's  bridge.  Their  instruc- 
tions were  to  hold  it  to  the  last  extremity. 

Most  fortunately,  Van  Cleve'sand  Jeff  C.  Davis's  divisions  had  been 
ordered  into  action  at  this  very  point,  and  withstood  for  several  hours 
of  severest  fighting  the  superior  forces  of  the  enemy. 

While  the  struggle  was  going  on  on  the  right,  Bragg  assaulted  the 
right  center.  King's,  Hazen's,  Grose's,  Graft's,  and  Turchin's  brigades 
stood  their  ground  gallantly,  but  for  a  few  moments  only,  and  were 
borne  back  with  disordered  lines.  Although  scarcely  relieved  from 
the  several  assaults  of  the  enemy's  attacks  on  their  left,  Thomas  moved 
Brannan's  division  to  his  disordered  right,  and  with  the  most  effective 
use  of  his  artillery  arrested  the  disaster.  Branuan  repulsed  the  enemy 
with  great  loss  from  the  main  road,  and  they  were  pounded  by  Negley's 
division  coming  up  from  the  Widow  Glenn's,  and  again  by  Brannan, 
who  wheeled  upon  them  from  Kelly's  farm. 

The  struggle  ended  with  a  severe  fight  of  over  an  hour's  duration 
between  Johnson's  division  and  Baird's  two  brigades,  and  Cleburne's 
fresh  division,  supported  by  Cheatham's.  Both  armies  lost  heavily, 
yet  neither  had  had  enough ;  each  was  unwilling  to  give  up  the  struggle 
without  another  effort.  Thomas's  troops  had  marched  all  the  night 
before,  and  fought  all  day,  but  they  felt  the  inspiration  of  their  leader's 
courage  and  they  were  eager  again  to  do  battle.  As  the  troops  of  both 
armies  lay  down  upon  their  arms  that  night  the  hope  of  victory  was 
deadened  with  the  oppression  of  doubt  as  to  the  issue. 

Our  troops,  however,  did  not  know  that  Longstreet  had  reached 
Ringgold  that  evening  with  his  corps,  and  would  be  available  in  the 
battle  of  the  next  day  (the  20th).  Breckinridge's  division  had  not  been 
engaged,  Hindman's  and  Preston's  but  slightly,  while  nearly  every 
brigade  in  the  Union  army  had  been  heavily  engaged. 

Thomas  arranged  his  line  for  Sunday's  battle  from  left  to  right,  as 
follows:  Baird,  Johnson,  Palmer,  Eeynolds,  and  Brannan.  Baird 
faced  east  well  refused.  Brannan  held  his  right  in  echelon.  The  front 
coursed  round  the  corner  of  Kelly's  farm,  and  crossing  the  Lafayette 
road  a  little  south  of  his  house  extended  thence  to  the  southwest. 

Thomas  requested  Rosecrans  to  send  Negley  to  fill  out  between 
Baird's  left  and  the  Reed's  bridge  road,  which  was  unoccupied.  At 
7  a.  m.,  Negley  not  having  arrived,  Thomas  sent  a  staff'  officer  to  urge 
him  up  as  rapidly  as  possible.  Bragg  had  also  discovered  by  a  recon- 
noissance  that  the  Lafayette  road  was  open  on  Thomas's  left,  and  accord- 
ingly delighted,  immediately  assaulted  our  line;  but  Thomas's  staff 
officer  brought  up  Beatty's  brigade,  which  went  immediately  into  action 
on  Baird's  left,  then  being  furiously  assaulted  by  the  enemy  who  over- 
lapped him,  and  had  partially  gained  his  rear.  The  attack  of  the 
enemy  was  made  in  such  superior  numbers  that  Beatty  in  turn  was 
compelled  to  fall  back.  Baird,  however,  appreciating  the  critical  situa- 
tion, put  in  position  several  regiments  of  Johnson's  reserve  which,  in 
conjunction  with  Van  Derveer's  brigade  of  Brannan's  division,  and  a 
part  of  Stanley's  brigade  of  Wood's  division,  drove  the  enemy  back 
and  entirely  away  from  Baird's  left  and  rear. 

Simultaneously  with   this   assault   the   enemy  attacked   Johnson, 


298       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Palmer,  and  Reynolds  with  equal  fierceness,  aud  pressed  the  attack 
heavily  for  two  hours.  Again  and  again  they  were  driven  back,  aud 
again  and  again  fresh  troops  were  put  in  to  renew  the  attacks,  but  not 
more  firmly  did  Wellington's  troops  at  Waterloo  withstand  the 
onslaughts  of  Napoleon's  charges  than  did  these  heroic  troops  resist 
their  foe. 

For  over  two  hours  this  unequal  battle  waged  with  fiercest  fury.  The 
flower  of  the  army  of  Virginia  was  put  in  at  last  to  carry  the  position. 
With  the  rivalry  between  them  and  Bragg's  army,  because  of  their 
boasted  superiority,  they  made  a  last  desperate  effort  to  conquer  the 
wearied  ranks  of  our  army  by  assault.  Stimulated  to  the  very  rash- 
ness of  valor  by  rations  of  whisky  and  powder,  they  charged  with  the 
reckless  fury  of  demons,  but  in  vain.  The  slender  line  of  blue  wavered ; 
great  breaches  were  pierced  in  it;  colors  fell  and  were  raised  again  aloft; 
captains  wounded  and  killed  gave  place  to  lieutenants,  and  lieutenants 
to  sergeants.  All  along  the  line  the  "  shouting  of  the  captains"  sounded 
amid  the  awful  chorus  of  the  musketry  and  artillery  like  the  vox  humana 
of  a  great  organ. 

The  grandeur  of  their  bravery,  the  heroism  of  their  firmness  gave 
new  courage  to  each  individual  soldier,  and  they  were  unconquerable. 
Braver  men  never  rode  to  battle  than  followed  Cromwell  on  to  Marston 
Moor,  yet  these  Confederate  soldiers  need  not  yield  the  palm  to  them  for 
fierce  intensity  of  attack,  or  bulldog  tenacity  in  its  maintenance;  but 
it  was  of  no  avail.  Human  bravery  has  limits  to  its  accomplishment. 
The  enemy  that  they  had  attacked  was  truly  worthy  of  their  steel. 
Their  reckless  daring  went  down  before  the  invincible  calm  determina- 
tion of  our  troops  as  the  sea  breaks  into  foam  and  crawls  white-faced 
back  from  its  assaults  upon  some  granite  cliff. 

Just  before  the  repulse  on  the  left,  Beatty  urgently  asked  for  fresh 
troops  as  absolutely  necessary  to  save  the  left  of  the  line.  This,  it  must 
not  be  overlooked,  was  the  critical  point  of  the  fight,  for  it  covered  the 
road  to  Rossville — the  road  to  Chattanooga. 

In  the  meantime,  Thomas's  continued  calls  for  troops  and  the  quiet- 
ness of  the  enemy  on  the  right,  which  had  not  up  to  this  time — about 
10  o'clock  in  the  morning — been  seriously  engaged,  induced  Rosecrans 
to  withdraw  his  own  right,  and  he  ordered  McOook  to  send  two  of 
Sheridan's  brigades  to  General  Thomas  with  all  possible  dispatch,  and 
the  third  as  soon  as  the  line  could  be  sufficiently  withdrawn  to  permit 
it.  He  also  directed  Crittenden  to  send  two  reserve  brigades  of  Van 
Cleve's  division,  and  ordered  Wood  to  "close  up  on  Reynolds,  and 
support  him."  But  Wood's  left  was  in  line  with  Braunan's  right.  In 
obedience  to  the  order  he  withdrew  from  the  line  and  passed  to  the 
left  in  rear  of  Brannan.  At  this  very  moment  the  enemy  attacked 
fiercely.  General  Davis  threw  his  reserve  brigade  into  the  wide  gap, 
but  the  heavy  columns  of  the  enemy  enveloped  it.  His  division  resisted 
with  great  bravery  and  tenacity,  but  they  were  assaulted  in  front,  flank, 
and  rear,  and  hurled  in  fragments  toward  Missionary  Ridge.  Laiboldt's 
brigade  had  not  time  to  get  into  position  to  assist  them,  and  the  oncom- 
ing wave  of  the  enemy  quickly  routed  it.  Buell's  brigade  of  Wood's 
division  was  the  last  to  leave  the  position,  and  it  was  severed  as  it 
retired.  Instantly  the  enemy  struck  Brannan's  flank,  which  was  left 
in  air. 

Sheridan  was  at  the  time  moving  his  two  brigades  in  quick  time 
to  the  left.  He  halted,  faced  to  the  front,  and,  with  Wilder's  brigade 
of  mounted  infantry,  offered  a  desperate  but  vain  resistance.  These 
brigades,  and  Beatty's  and  part  of  Dick's  brigades,  which  were  also 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      299 

moving  to  the  left,  were  broken,  and  swept  over  the  ridge  to  the  west. 
The  suddenness  of  the  retirement  of  the  infantry  exposed  the  artillery, 
and  many  guns  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

Brannan's  right  flank  was  temporarily  thrown  into  confusion,  but 
they  soon  restored  their  lines  and  took  up  a  new  and  more  refused 
position. 

The  situation  was  now  critical  in  the  extreme.  The  right  of  the  army 
was  gone;  Rosecrans  had  gone  to  Chattanooga  and  telegraphed  that 
the  day  was  lost.  McCook  and  Crittenden  had  followed  him  there. 
Thomas  held  but  five  divisions  in  line;  against  them  were  opposed  the 
whole  rebel  army  flushed  with  their  victory  on  the  right  q.nd  confident 
of  success  in  their  attacks  upon  our  left. 

Still  ignorant  of  the  disaster  to  our  right,  Thomas  sent  a  staff  officer 
(Captain  Kellogg)  to  hurry  up  Sheridan's  whole  division,  which  he 
had  been  informed  had  been  sent  forward  to  him.  Captain  Kellogg 
reported  that  in  his  attempt  he  had  met  a  large  force  of  the  enemy  in 
an  open  cornfield  in  rear  of  Reynolds's  position  advancing  cautiously 
with  a  strong  line  of  skirmishers ;  that  he  had  also  met  Colonel  Harker, 
whose  single  brigade  was  posted  on  a  ridge  in  rear  of  Reynolds,  and 
they  both  thought  these  troops  were  Sheridan's.  At  this  moment 
heavy  firing  to  the  right  and  rear  was  heard,  and  Thomas  rode  in  per- 
son in  the  direction  of  the  sound.  He  found  it  but  too  true.  Where 
he  had  looked  for  Sheridan  the  enemy  were  advancing  iu  heavy  col- 
umns. Where  he  hoped  and  was  informed  his  reinforcements  (now  so 
badly  needed)  would  be,  he  saw  the  enemy  in  force,  maddened  by  their 
defeats,  advancing  cautiously,  but  like  battle  panthers,  with  the  gleam 
of  a  devil's  fury  in  their  eyes.  No  word  had  come  to  him  from  Rose- 
crans.  He  knew  nothing  as  to  the  issue  with  him.  With  no  line  of 
troops  intervening  between  him  and  the  foe,  he  saw  that  foe  advancing 
in  a  direction  to  strike  him  before  he  could  reach  his  troops. 

In  such  a  crisis  rarely,  if  ever,  had  any  general  found  himself.  With 
but  25,000  men,  all  of  whom  were  worn  and  wearied  with  the  continuous 
fighting  of  the  previous  forty-eight  hours,  with  both  his  flanks  exposed, 
he  foresaw  the  whole  Confederate  army  of  65,000  men,  more  than  half 
of  them  fresh  and  unfought,  sweeping  circling  round  toward  him  with 
their  line  of  steel,  as  the  scythe  sweeps  the  grass. 

Stouter  hearts  than  even  brave  men  have  would  quail  at  such  a  crisis. 
Defeat,  nay,  annihilation  seemed  inevitable.  But  there  Thomas  sat 
upon  his  heavy  charger,  calm  as  some  stately  statue.  His  hat  had 
been  thrown  from  his  head  by  the  overhanging  branches  in  his  rapid 
ride.  His  lips  were  pale  and  compressed;  his  square  jaw  was  firmly 
set;  his  heavy  brow  was  furrowed  by  a  frown,  and  his  shaggy  eyebrows 
contracted  until  they  all  but  hid  his  eyes,  but  on  either  cheek  a  small 
round  flush  shone  in  the  sunlight,  and  we  who  saw  him  at  Stone  River 
when  the  right  gave  way,  seeing  that  flush,  knew  his  indomitable  will 
had  registered  a  vow  that  the  enemy  should  never  take  that  ridge, 
though  the  dead  should  cover  it  more  thickly  than  the  corn  hills  on 
which  we  fought.  Victory  we  durst  not  hope  for,  but  we  knew  that  as 
surely  as  the  sun  went  down  that  night  Thomas  would  hold  that  ridge 
or  lie  dead  on  its  crest  among  its  brave  defenders.  To  look  at  him  was 
to  drink  in  courage;  to  be  near  him  was  to  share  his  bravery.  He 
seemed,  indeed,  to  be  a  very  god  of  war. 

On  came  the  foe.  As  in  the  morning  attacks  they  came,  not  firing, 
but  withholding  their  fire  until  close  range.  In  front  of  him,  from  his 
right,  from  his  left,  they  advanced  in  strong  lines  massed  six  and 
seven  deep. 


300      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Hastily  giving  oiie  staff  officer  an  order  to  the  artillery  to  "serawn 
them  with  canister,"  and  another  an  order  to  tell  Keynolds  that  the 
enemy  was  in  his  rear,  Thomas  rode  to  put  Wood  in  position.  Barely 
had  he  done  so  before  the  combined  attack  began  oh  Wood  and  Bran  nan. 

At  this  critical  moment,  Gen.  Gordon  Granger,  who  had  heard  the 
firing  and  had  come  forward  without  orders,  rode  up  on  Thomas's  left 
flank  with  General  Steedman  and  his  division.  "This  opportune  arri- 
val of  fresh  troops,"  to  quote  Thomas's  grim  words,  "revived  the  flag- 
ging spirits  of  our  men,  and  inspired  them  with  more  ardor  for  the 
contest." 

General  Steedman,  seizing  a  regimental  colors,  dashed  forward.,  call- 
ing to  his  men  to  follow,  and  Wbitaker's  and  Mitchell's  brigades  of 
fresh  troops,  with  a  fury  born  of  the  impending  peril,  charged  the  foe, 
struck  him  in  the  flank,  drove  him  over  the  ridge,  and  then  formed  line 
of  battle  from  Brannan's  right  to  the  hill  above  Vitteto's  in  front  of 
Longstreet's  left  flank.  But  the  bloody  carnage  did  not  cease.  Fresh 
troops  of  the  foe  poured  in  as  fast  as  those  in  their  front  were  driven 
back. 

Wellington  wished  for  night  or  Blucher.  But  we  had  no  Blucher;  we 
were  alone;  it  was  either  night  or  death. 

When  night  came  at  last — and  never  was  it  more  gratefully  wel- 
comed— in  the  darkness  and  in  the  silence,  his  grand  guards  left  out  in 
conspicuous  but  deceitful  force,  Thomas  withdrew  in  safety*  to  the 
heights  of  Missionary  Ridge  without  pursuit. 

He  had  saved  the  day.  He  had  held  the  Eossville  road.  He  had 
saved  Chattanooga.  He  had  saved  the  army. 

So  stout  was  the  resistance,  so  severe  the  punishment  given  the 
enemy  that  their  army  never  recovered  from  it.  General  Hill,  who 
during  the  battle  commanded  Hardee's  corps,  said : 

I  have  never  seen  the  Federal  dead  lie  so  thickly  on  the  ground  save  in  front  of  the 
sunken  wall  at  Fredericksburg.  *  *  *  There  was  no  more  splendid  fighting  [he 
says]  in  1861  when  the  flower  of  the  Southern  youth  was  in  the  field  than  was  dis- 
played in  those  hloody  days  of  September,  1863.  But  it  seemed  to  me  that  the  elan 
of  the  Southern  soldier  was  never  seen  after  Chickamauga.  That  brilliant  dash 
which  had  distinguished  him  upon  a  thousand  fields  was  gone  forever.  *  *  He 

fought  stoutly  to  the  last,  but  after  Chickamauga  with  the  sullenuess  of  despair 
and  without  the  enthusiasm  of  hope.  That  barren  victory  sealed  the  fate  of  the 
Southern  Confederacy. 

Others  will  give  more  detailed  accounts  of  the  part  taken  by  their 
respective  organizations  in  this  glorious  defense  of  Chattanooga  by 
Michigan  troops  to  attest  whose  valor  these  monuments  are  erected  by 
the  grateful  people  of  their  State.  A  brief  reference  to  them  here  will 
not  be  inappropriate : 

The  gallant  Ninth  Infantry,  Thomas's  Old  Guard,  commanded  by 
that  fearless  soldier,  Col.  John  G.  Parkhurst,  on  Sunday  noon,  at 
McFarland's  Gap,  charged  with  fixed  bayonets  the  fleeing  dismembered 
remnants  of  McCook's  and  Crittenden's  corps,  checked  and  reorgan 
ized  them,  and  held  the  position  until  ordered  by  Thomas  to  withdraw 
to  Rossville.  Only  by  experience  can  one  realize  the  terrible  strain 
and  fearful  test  the  soldier  undergoes  when  under  fire  of  shot  and  shell 
he  resists  and  battles  with  his  fellow- soldiers  as  they  madly  rush  panic- 
stricken  to  the  rear  in  aimless  flight. 

The  Eleventh  Michigan,  first  under  General  Stoughton,  and  upon  his 
succeeding  General  Stanley,  who  was  wounded  in  command  of  the 
brigade,  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Mudge,  held  a  most  exposed  posi- 
tion on  Snodgrass  Hill,  repeatedly  charging  the  enemy  with  magnifi- 
cent courage. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      301 

The  Thirteenth  Michigan  Infantry,  under  Col.  T.  B.  Culver,  went 
early  into  action  on  the  19th  of  September,  at  Viniarcl's  house,  on  the 
hill  of  the  Lafayette  road.  It  fought  most  desperately  for  over  four 
hours  over  an  open  field,  and  lost  over  107  killed  and  wounded. 

The  Twenty-first,  under  Colonel  McCreery,  were  part  of  the  brigade 
of  the  brilliant  Lytle,  who  was  killed  about  noon  of  the  20th,  and  under 
the  eyes  of  their  division  commander,  Sheridan,  stubbornly  resisted  the 
attack  of  the  enemy,  although  driven  back  by  superior  numbers  and 
with  great  slaughter  to  the  Lafayette  road;  they  rallied  and  drove 
back  the  enemy,  regaining  the  ridge  from  which  Laiboldt  had  been 
driven,  and  capturing  the  Confederate  colors  of  the  Twenty-fourth 
Alabama. 

Among  the  officers  specially  mentioned  by  General  Sheridan  for  their 
distinguished  gallantry  are  Col.  W.  B.  McCreery,  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner  at  the  time  Lytle  was  killed,  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Wells, 
killed.  Here  the  enemy  had  strong  supports,  and  the  brigade  having 
none  it  was  driven  back  again  to  the  Lafayette  road.  Some  of  the 
skirmishers  of  the  Twenty-first,  with  other  skirmishers  from  the  brigade 
and  division,  rallied  and  took  position  at  the  Widow  Glenn's.  They 
formed  a  nucleus  about  which  400  from  Sheridan's  brigade  rallied  and 
made  a  most  obstinate  fight  from  the  rude  breastworks  erected  there 
that  morning.  They  were  under  the  self-assumed  command  of  Lieu- 
tenants Barr  and  Belknap,  of  the  Twenty-first,  who,  although  finally 
surrounded  by  the  enemy,  refused  to  surrender,  and  held  their  position 
until  released  by  a  brilliant  charge  by  Wilder's  brigade. 

The  Twenty-second  Infantry  came  into  action  under  command  of 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Sanboru,  Colonel  Le  Favour  having  been  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  Twenty-second  Michigan  and  Eighty-ninth 
Ohio.  On  that  fatal  Sunday  afternoon  when  the  enemy  was  making 
these  desperate  efforts  to  gain  possession  of  Snodgrass  Hill,  forming 
in  line  they  charged  up  the  hill,  meeting  the  Confederates  at  its  crest, 
and  forced  them  back.  After  most  determined  fighting,  holding  their 
position  for  three  hours,  they  were  surrounded  by  superior  forces  and 
compelled  to  succumb.  Out  of  500  brave  sons  of  Michigan  who  went 
into  the  battle  in  this  regiment  885  were  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

The  Second  Michigan  Oavalry  were  engaged  on  the  right  flank.  On 
the  18th  they  charged  the  rear  of  Bragg's  army  at  Fayetteville,  cap- 
turing 18  men  on  picket,  and  on  the  19th,  in  a  desperate  encounter, 
repulsed  the  enemy  at  Glass's  mill. 

The  Fourth  Michigan  Cavalry,  Colonel  Mix,  General  Minty  command- 
ing the  brigade,  were  actively  engaged  each  day  of  the  five  days.  Never 
in  its  splendid  record  did  it  surpass  in  cool  courage,  tireless  activity, 
and  desperate  fighting  the  achievements  of  that  day,  in  obstinately 
resisting  the  attacks  of  a  superior  force  at  Eeed's  Bridge.  Their  invalu- 
able services  on  the  18th  may,  without  exaggeration,  be  said  to  have 
made  possible  the  defense  at  Chickamauga.  An  officer  well  qualified 
to  judge  says  it  "held  on  that  day  the  key  of  the  position,  and  so  suc- 
cessfully that  the  enemy's  plan  was  frustrated." 

Battery  A,  Michigan  First  Artillery,  known  as  Loomis's  Battery,  with 
Scribner's  brigade,  fought  with  its  accustomed  heroism,  in  the  furious 
attack  of  the  Confederates,  on  the  morning  of  the  19th.  Assailed  on 
both  flanks  and  from  the  rear,  it  changed  front  repeatedly,  firing  sixty- 
four  rounds  of  grape  and  canister.  Brave  Van  Pelt,  with  the  reckless 
valor  which  ever  distinguished  him,  fell  defending  with  his  sword  the 
guns  he  loved  so  well. 

Battery  D,  Captain  Church,  on  the  19th,  was  with  the  First  Brigade 


302       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  Brannan's  division,  and  was  hotly  engaged.  On  the  20th  it  was 
with  Stanley's  brigade,  Negley's  division,  and  resisted  to  the  utter- 
most the  bloody  assaults  of  that  day.  The  heroism  of  its  men  and 
officers  are  best  evidenced  in  the  report  of  its  superiors  that li  no  com- 
mander could  have  fought  longer  under  like  circumstances,  nor  retreated 
from  the  field  with  more  honor." 

The  investment  of  Chattanooga  by  the  Confederates,  which  followed 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  continued  until  November.  Its  determined 
defense  by  Thomas  and  his  army  is  historic.  In  the  latter  part  of  the 
mouth  General  Grant,  who  had  been  put  in  command  of  the  military 
division  of  the  Mississippi,  put  into  execution  the  plans  lor  the  most 
part  conceived  by  Gen.  William  F.  Smith  and  approved  by  General 
Thomas.  By  the  successful  crossing  of  the  Tennessee  Eiver  at  Brown's 
Ferry  and  the  brilliant  success  of  our  troops  at  Wauhatchie  two  lines 
of  supplies  were  opened  up  to  Chattanooga.  The  relief  came  none  too 
soon  5  without  it  the  army  could  not  have  been  supplied  but  for  a  few 
days  longer.  Then  began  actively  the  operations  to  drive  Bragg  off  M  is- 
sionary  Ridge  and  from  our  front  and  thereafter  at  once  relieve  Burn- 
side,  who  was  shut  up  in  Knoxville  surrounded  by  a  superior  force. 
General  Thomas  had  driven  the  enemy  from  his  front  lines  and  secured 
Orchard  Knob  on  the  23d.  On  that  night  Sherman  was  sent  against 
the  Confederate  right  and  seized  the  northern  extremity  of  Missionary 
Eidge,  and  fortified  his  position  during  the  night.  On  the  24th  Thomas 
pushed  Howard's  corps  along  the  south  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River 
and  across  Citico  Creek,  when  he  reported  to  General  Sherman,  while 
Hooker  scaled  the  western  slope  of  Lookout  Mountain. 

In  explaining  his  plan  of  the  battle,  Grant  had  told  General  Sherman 
"that  the  men  of  Thomas's  army  had  been  demoralized  by  the  battle 
of  Chickamauga,  and  that  he  feared  they  could  not  be  got  out  of  their 
trenches  to  assume  the  offensive."  But  when  Wood's  and  Sheridan's 
divisions  moved  out  of  Chattanooga  on  the  23d  of  November,  1863, 
they  moved  with  such  precision  and  parade  that  even  the  enemy  thought 
it  was  the  beginning  of  a  formal  review. 

General  Howard,  who  had  just  arrived  from  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, cried  out  in  admiration:  "This  is  magnificent.  Is  this  the  way 
your  Western  troops  go  into  action!" 

The  gallant  Hooker  fought  and  won  the  battle  of  Lookout  Mountain, 
"the  battle  in  the  clouds."  When,  after  the  painful  suspense  of  hours, 
during  which  the  fighting  could  be  heard  but  not  seen,  the  enemy  were 
seen  to  be  on  the  retreat,  Hooker's  valorous  troops  in  pursuit  could  hear 
the  applauding  cheers  from  their  comrades  in  the  plain.  On  the  25th, 
with  a  small  force,  he  took  possession  of  the  top  of  the  mountain  and 
swept  across  Lookout  Valley  to  Ross  ville,  and  then,  ascending  Missionary 
Ridge,  moved  northward. 

Sherman  assaulted  the  enemy's  right  with  great  determination,  while 
Thomas  vigorously  attacked  their  center.  The  troops  of  the  latter 
were  ordered  to  take  the  lower  line  of  rifle  pits,  and  they  were  speedily 
carried.  Then  by  a  gallant  assault,  under  a  murderous  fire,  and  with- 
out orders,  with  a  dash  and  e"lan  that  even  the  veterans  of  Ney  might 
have  envied,  they  pushed  their  regiments  like  wedges,  with  the  colors 
at  the  points,  steadily  up  to  the  second  line  of  rifle  pits ;  then  over  these, 
on  to  the  strong  entrenchments  at  the  top  of  the  ridge,  and  even  these 
they  carried  by  their  fierce  assault. 

So  uniform  was  the  charge,  so  universal  was  the  bravery  of  the  men, 
that  to  this  day  it  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  decided  which  regiment  or 
which  division  was  first  to  the  crest.  Indeed,  it  is  almost  an  empty 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       303 

honor,  so  near  were  all  alike.  In  less  than  an  hour  Wood's  and  Sheri- 
dan's divisions  lost  2,287  in  killed  and  wounded,  but  not  one  straggler. 
All  without  orders.  It  has  no  parallel  in  history. 

You,  comrades,  who  know  that  ridge ;  you  who,  during  the  dreary 
months  between  Chickamauga  and  this  assault,  have  looked  upon  its 
bald  and  rugged  sides,  rising  almost  precipitously  800  feet  in  height, 
shorn  of  all  timber  and  all  natural  shelter,  peopled  with  exultant  foes, 
and  frowning  with  heavy  batteries  which  daily  and  nightly  poured  their 
iron  hail  upon  our  beleaguered  army,  even  you  yet  marvel  at  its  capture. 

Nor  do  we  wonder  that  when  the  silent  little  general — hero  of  Donel- 
son  though  he  was — saw  the  charge  begin,  pregnant  with  such  fatal 
results  if  unsuccessful,  and  seemingly  so  hopeless,  he  angrily  asked, 
"  Thomas,  who  ordered  those  men  up  the  ridge?" 

In  these  operations  Michigan  troops  bore  a  noble  part.  The  Ninth 
Michigan  was  on  duty  at  General  Thomas's  headquarters  and  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  of  the  25th.  The  Tenth  Michigan  made  a  forced 
inarch  of  nearly  60  miles,  crossing  the  pontoon  bridge  at  the  north 
end  of  Missionary  Eidge  and  coming  into  line  of  battle  at  its  base. 
The  Eleventh  Michigan  took  a  gallant  part  in  the  capture  of  the  enemy's 
rifle  pits  and  the  ascent  and  capture  of  Missionary  Eidge. 

Half  way  up  the  ridge  the  gallant  Bennett  fell  leading  his  regiment, 
and  Captain  Keegan  took  command.  They  were  among  the  first  to 
reach  the  crest. 

"What  colors  were  the  first  on  the  mountain  battlement  one  dare  not 
try  to  say;  bright  honor  itself  might  be  proud  to  bear,  nay,  to  follow 
the  hindmost." 

The  gallant  Morse,  of  the  Twenty-first,  was  here  on  staff  duty,  and 
lost  his  arm  in  this  charge. 

The  Thirteenth,  Twenty-first,  and  Twenty-second  regiments  were  of 
invaluable  service  in  engineering,  bridge  building,  and  skirmish  and 
picket  4uty.  The  Fourth  Cavalry,  returning  to  Chattanooga  from  a  long 
scout,  onthe  21st  of  November  crossed  the  river  with  General  Sherman's 
command  and  moved  on  the  enemy's  position.  The  remnant  of  Battery 
A  which  was  saved  from  Chickamauga  did  efficient  duty. 

Battery  1)  was  furnished  on  the  23d  with  a  battery  of  20-pouuder 
Parrott  guns,  and  from  its  position  in  Fort  Negley  opened  up  a  spirited 
and  destructive  fire  upon  the  enemy.  On  the  24th  it  aided  in  carrying 
Hooker's  advance  up  Lookout  Mountain  and  the  assault  on  Missionary 
Eidge. 

Among  the  most  valuable  services  rendered  by  any  organization, 
however,  were  the  operations  of  a  detachment  of  the  Michigan  Engi- 
neers, commanded  by  Capt.  P.  V.  Fox.  Without  their  aid  Chattanooga 
could  scarcely  have  been  held,  and  the  victories  of  Lookout  Mountain, 
Chattanooga,  and  Missionary  Eidge  could  never  have  been  won.  The 
building  of  the  bridges,  especially  the  one  at  Brown's  Ferry,  opened 
the  cracker  line  to  the  nearly  starved  soldiers  in  the  trenches  and  made 
possible  Hooker's  brilliant  victory  of  Lookout  Mountain. 

There  is  much  dispute  for  the  credit  of  originating  this  movement, 
but  no  one  disputes  that  Michigan  men  cut  the  timber,  floated  the  logs, 
made  them  into  lumber,  made  the  boats,  and  built  the  bridges. 

While  these  monuments  are  reared  in  honor  of  the  living  and  the 
dead,  our  thoughts  revert  with  a  more  tender  love  and  reverence  to 
our  comrades  who  laid  down  their  lives  in  these  achievements.  Among 
many  others  the  names  of  Bennett,  of  the  Eleventh;  Wells  and  E.  W. 
Smith,  of  the  Twenty-first;  Sanboru,  William  A.  Smith,  and  Snell,  of 
the  Twenty-second;  Hawley,  of  the  Second  Cavalry;  Tucker,  of  the 


304      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Fourth,  and  Van  Pelt,  of  Battery  A,  will  long  be  cherished  in  our 
memories. 

But  for  all  of  them,  for  rank  and  tile  no  less  than  for  officers, 

Ever  in  realms  of  glory 

Shall  shine  their  starry  claims; 
Angels  have  hoard  their  story, 

And  God  knows  all  their  names. 

More  than  three  decades  have  passed  since  these  battles.  The  war 
has  become  history.  Nature  has  removed  most  of  the  evidences  of  this 
bloody  strife,  and  none  of  us  can  rejoice  more  than  the  dead  heroes 
whose  memory  we  honor  would,  if  living,  that  this  military  park  and 
its  historic  tablets  will  forever  stand  to  commemorate  a  reunited,  regen- 
erated country. 

The  lines  of  the  two  opposing  armies  are  preserved  not  to  keep  alive 
hostility,  but  to  evidence  a  complete  and  enduring  peace.  This  would 
be  impossible  in  any  other  country. 

The  soldiers  of  the  late  war  have  long  since  put  away  all  remembrance 
of  personal  hostility.  They  were  attracted  by  the  instinctive  admira- 
tion and  respect  that  mutual  bravery  inspires,  and  of  all  classes  in 
either  section  of  the  country  at  the  close  of  the  war  they  were  most 
disposed  to  reconciliation.  General  Grant  expressed  the  feeling  wheu 
he  said  that  if  reconstruction  was  left  to  the  old  soldiers  of  both  armies 
they  would  soon  settle  the  matter.  The  Southern  soldier  has  come 
gladly  back  to  the  old  flag.  If  danger  should  menace  the  Eepublic, 
whether  from  without  or  within,  he  will  spring  to  its  defense.  If  an 
insult  should  be  offered  it,  his  sword  will  leap  from  its  scabbard  to 
avenge  it.  With  him  sectionalism  is  dead  and 

Everywhere  from  main  to  muin 
The  old  flag  flies  and  rules  again. 

For  all  their  bravery  in  the  past  and  their  loyalty  now  let  us  give 
them  the  honor  that  is  to  them  due.  But  in  our  commendation  we  must 
not  forget  that  they  were  fighting  against  the  Union,  while  our  martyred 
heroes  fell  in  its  defense.  Upon  this  field  hallowed  by  the  bravery  and 
sanctified  by  the  blood  of  the  men  who  saved  the  Union  no  mawkish 
sentiment  should  confuse  the  right  or  palliate  the  wrong.  For  the 
South  will  some  day,  if  she  does  not  now,  realize  that  the  sons  who  love 
her  most  and  serve  her  best  are  those  who  do  not  fear  to  declare  that 
the  cause  of  secession  was  wrong  and  the  cause  of  the  Union  was  right. 

The  monument  of  the  First  Michigan  Engineers  and  Mechanics  was 
dedicated  at  Orchard  Knob,  Col.  P.  V.  Fox  delivering  the  address. 


ADDRESS  OF  COLONEL  FOX. 

COMRADES  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS:  The  State  of  Michigan  by  her 
constituted  authorities,  with  the  sanction  and  cooperation  of  the 
National  Government,  has  provided  this  monument  to  perpetuate  the 
remembrance  of  her  soldiers,  members  of  her  First  Regiment  of  Engi- 
neers and  Mechanics,  in  the  greatest  civil  war  known  in  the  world's 
hrstory.  The  location  here,  near  the  headquarters  of  General  Thomas, 
is  very  appropriate,  being  also  near  the  camp  of  a  battalion  of  the  regi- 
ment, and  central  to  their  operations  in  a  campaign  culminating  in  a 
complete  victory  for  the  Union  army  and  the  permanent  possession  of 
Chattanooga. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAEK.      305 

As  the  details  of  this  branch  of  the  service  have  not  been  shown  in 
the  reports  of  general  officers,  I  deem  it  a  fitting  occasion  to  briefly 
allude  to  those  having  intimate  connection  with  the  results  achieved. 

June  29,  1863,  the  regiment  received  orders  to  move  south  from  Mur- 
freesboro,  to  open  and  repair  the  line  of  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga 
Railroad.  During  July  and  August  it  was  engaged  in  repairing  the 
railroad  from  Murireesboro  to  Bridgeport,  where  a  bridge  of  part  tres- 
tles and  some  pontoon  boats  was  made  to  cross  the  Tennessee  River. 
General  Sheridan's  troops  and  others  crossed  on  it. 

Thirty-two  years  ago  day  before  yesterday  I  came  to  Chattanooga 
in  command  of  Companies  D  and  K,  with  orders  to  report  to  the  com- 
mandant of  the  post,  General  Wagner.  We  pitched  our  tents  at  the 
corner  of  Walnut  and  Sixth  streets,  in  Chattanooga.  Subsequently, 
by  order  of  General  Rosecrans,  Company  C  joined  us  (October  8),  and 
later  Company  B,  by  order  of  General  Thomas  (November  17).  Our 
first  duties  were  to  make  bunks  for  the  hospitals,  get  all  the  casks 
obtainable,  fill  them  with  water  from  the  river,  and  send  them  to  the 
Chickarnauga  battlefield,  via  Rossville,  and  assist  in  making  a  trestle 
bridge  northwest  of  Cameron  Hill. 

After  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  19th  and  20th  of  September,  1863, 
one  of  the  most  sanguinary  conflicts  of  the  war,  our  army  fell  back  to 
Chattanooga  and  vigorously  worked  on  the  intrenchments.  General 
Bragg,  with  greatly  superior  force,  established  fortified  lines  on  the 
south,  east,  and  west  of  the  town,  gaining  control  of  Lookout  Valley, 
the  river  below  Chattanooga,  and  the  short  line  of  communication  with 
Bridgeport,  the  depot  of  supplies  for  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 
The  only  means  for  subsisting  the  army  Avas  by  wagon  trains  over 
Waldens  Ridge,  through  Sequatchie  Valley,  over  60  miles  of  rocky 
and  muddy  roads,  almost  impassable.  There  the  Confederate  cavalry 
destroyed  about  400  wagons  laden  with  supplies,  which  were  greatly 
needed  at  Chattanooga,  where  men  were  on  short  rations  and  horses 
and  mules  were  dying  of  starvation. 

This  was  the  condition  when  a  deserter  from  Bragg's  army  reported 
that  Jefferson  Davis,  President  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  had 
visited  his  army  and  saw  the  situation  from  the  heights,  and  in  a 
speech  said  to  his  soldiers : 

Boys,  you  can  take  those  works  easy  enough;  but  it  may  cost  you  a  great  many 
lives.  Be  content  to  wait  a  few  days,  and  you  can  have  them  just  as  surely,  for  they 
must  evacuate  or  starve. 

To  extricate  our  army  from  its  perilous  condition  required  skill  and 
tact  to  plan  and  immense  labor  to  execute. 

September  24,  General  Rosecrans  sent  for  me,  said  he  wanted  a  pon- 
toon bridge  across  the  river  as  soon  as  possible,  and  gave  me  carte 
blanche  to  take  anything  I  could  find  to  make  it.  All  the  lumber  avail- 
able had  been  used  in  making  a  trestle  bridge  and  a  foot  bridge  at 
Pine  street.  I  saw  a  pile  of  timber  near  the  old  tannery  on  Chatta- 
nooga Creek,  said  to  be  intended  for  a  railroad  bridge  at  Whiteside. 
Upon  close  examination  I  found  it  could  be  taken  to  the  sawmill  oppo- 
site the  island  and  cut  into  materials  for  boats  of  such  form  as  the 
lengths  "would  permit.  I  made  a  drawing  for  such  bridge  and  sub- 
mitted it  to  General  Rosecrans  in  the  evening.  Although  not  approved 
by  his  chief  engineer,  General  Morton,  I  stated  that  the  form  was  not 
submitted  as  a  desirable  model  for  a  boat,  but  such  as  could  be  con- 
structed in  the  shortest  time  from  materials  in  sight. 

After  careful  examination  by  General  Rosecrans,  he  directed  me  to 
proceed  with  the  work.  The  timber  was  selected  and  hauled  to  the  mill, 
S.  Rep.  637 20 


306       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

and,  when  sawed,  the  lumber  was  taken  to  the  river  bank  below  Market 
street,  where  the  boats  were  made  and  calked  with  cotton  which  we 
found  in  a  store  basement.  The  nails  were  brought  from  Bridgeport  in 
10-pound  sacks  by  the  courier  line.  The  bridge  was  laid  northeast  of 
Cameron  Hill  mainly  by  the  Pioneer  Brigade,  commencing  on  the  after- 
noon of  October  5,  continuing  until  the  morning  of  the  7th.  Standing 
on  that  bridge  General  Rosecrans  said  to  me,  "Have  you  mechanical 
engineers?"  I  answered,  "Yes,  sir/'  "Can  you  run  the  sawmills!" 
"I  can  try."  "I  want  you  to  take  charge  of  both  sawmills  and  get  out 
another  bridge  without  delay.  Use  your  own  judgment  about  the  form 
and  size  of  the  boats.  You  can  have  all  the  details  you  can  work." 
After  getting  the  men  at  work  repairing  the  sawmills,  which  greatly 
needed  it,  I  made  a  plan  for  the  new  boats.  I  also  found  some  large 
pine  trees  on  Moccasin  Point,  near  the  camp  of  the  Thirteenth  Michigan 
Infantry,  from  which  plank  2  feet  wide  could  be  obtained  for  the  sides 
of  the  boats.  Details  from  the  Thirteenth  cut  the  logs  and  took  them 
to  the  river  bank  above  the  lower  mill.  It  required  twelve  mules  to 
haul  a  single  log.  Two  of  our  men  with  a  yawl  boat,  which  they  had 
made,  towed  the  logs  singly  across  the  river  to  the  mill.  When  sawed 
the  planks  were  hauled  to  the  boat  yard  above. 

The  Twenty-fourth  Wisconsin  Infantry  was  encamped  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river  opposite  the  island,  from  which  details  were  made  to 
cut  pine  timber  near  their  camp,  haul  it  to  the  river  bank,  and  float  it 
across  the  river  above  the  island  to  the  upper  mill,  where  it  was  sawed 
for  balk,  side  rails,  chess  plank,  bottoms,  and  oars. 

PROTECTING  THE   BRIDGE. 

In  the  meantime  the  Confederates  were  making  rafts  and  sending 
them  downstream  to  break  our  pontoon  bridge.  A  guard  was  placed 
on  the  head  of  the  island  to  watch  for  them  and  secure  them  in  the 
mill  boom.  After  getting  from  them  all  that  could  be  made  into  lum- 
ber, we  turned  the  balance  over  to  the  hospitals  for  fuel.  They  also 
rolled  whatever  would  float  into  the  river — some  trees  that  had  been 
blown  down,  with  limbs  and  roots  on.  Those  we  could  not  otherwise 
manage  we  allowed  to  pass  by,  taking  out  sections  of  the  bridge. 

The  boats  were  made  as  fast  as  we  could  get  the  materials,  and  pro- 
vided with  rowlocks  which  our  blacksmiths  made,  and  five  oars  for 
each,  four  to  row  with  and  one  to  steer. 

We  had  boats  and  equipage  enough  completed  for  a  bridge  1,000  feet 
long  when  General  Kosecrans  was  relieved  October  19.  Gen.  W.  F. 
Smith  had  been  appointed  chief  engineer  of  the  Department  of  the 
Cumberland  October  3,  and  on  the  10th  following  all  officers  on  engi- 
neer duty  were  ordered  to  report  to  him.  October  23  he  communicated 
to  me  confidentially  his  plan  to  surprise  the  enemy  and  get  possession 
of  the,  left  bank  of  the  river  at  Brown's  Ferry  by  having  the  boats 
manned  at  Chattanooga  with  expert  boatmen,  and  carry  as  large  a  force 
as  practicable — float  with  the  current  near  the  right  bank  of  the  river 
in  the  night  until  near  the  ferry,  cross  rapidly,  take  possession  of  the 
hills,  and  hold  them  until  other  troops  could  be  taken  over,  and  the 
bridge  laid,  to  communicate  with  General  Hooker's  forces  when  they 
should  come  into  Lookout  Yalley.  The  utmost  secrecy  was  to  be  ob- 
served in  the  preparations.  He  went  with  me  to  fix  the  route  to  be 
taken  by  our  train  carrying  the  equipage  for  the  bridge,  and  every 
detail  was  carefully  looked  after. 

The  teams  were  to  report  when  called  for.     I  went  to  General  Sheri- 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       307 

dan  with  orders  for  100  men  from  the  Twenty-first  Michigan  Infantry 
to  assist  in  handling  the  materials  for  the  bridge.  Car  wheels  were 
secured  for  anchors,  and  the  cordage  provided.  Part  of  General  Hazen's 
brigade  was  to  go  down  in  the  boats,  which  were  to  be  in  charge  of  Col. 
T.  E.  Stanley,  Eighteenth  Ohio.  General  Turchin's  brigade  was  to  be 
near,  to  be  taken  across  when  Hazeu's  troops  were  landed.  That  accom- 
plished, we  were  to  bring  forward  onr  train  and  build  the  bridge. 
Everything  worked  harmoniously.  October  26  was  the  time  fixed  to 
get  ready  for  the  next  morning's  movement.  At  3  p.  m.  I  gave  notice 
that  we  were  ready  for  the  teams,  so  the  equipage  could  be  loaded. 
After  waiting  some  time,  I  sent  again.  Not  hearing  from  them,  I  went 
to  headquarters  to  learn  the  reason,  and  was  told  that  Quartermaster- 
General  McKay  had  orders  to  send  them.  Going  to  his  place,  he  said 
Captain  Wickersham  had  been  ordered  to  furnish  them.  When  I  got 
there  it  was  getting  dusk.  All  was  quiet,  and  the  teams  were  put  up 
for  the  night.  My  anxiety  was  at  fever  heat.  Could  it  be  possible 
that  this  scheme  was  to  fail  because  of  the  failure  of  the  part  assigned 
to  me*?  I  would  rather  die.  By  the  use  of  language  more  emphatic 
than  my  usual  custom,  I  told  Captain  Wickersham  not  to  let  the  .grass 
grow  under  his  feet  or  any  man  he  had,  and  get  his  teams  to  the  Michi- 
gan engineers  at  once;  if  he  did  not  know  the  necessity  for  it,  he  would 
in  due  time.  It  was  no  fault  of  Wickersham  that  the  order  for  the 
teams  did  not  reach  him  earlier.  They  were  soon  there. 

A   SKIRMISH. 

The  detachment  from  the  Twenty-first  Michigan  was  waiting  to  load 
the  wagons,  and  when  done,  they  passed  over  the  first  pontoon  bridge 
to  the  place  designated  in  the  woods  about  60  rods  from  the  ferry,  and 
waited  for  Hazen's  approach,  which  was  about  5  o'clock  a.  m.  He 
secured  a  landing  with  a  loss  of  4  killed  and  15  wounded,  being  opposed 
only  by  the  pickets  stationed  there.  He  occupied  the  hills  on  the  left 
of  the  road,  while  Colonel  Stanley,  with  his  boats,  recrossed  and  took 
over  General  Turchin's  brigade  to  hold  the  hills  on  the  right.  We 
brought  forward  our  train  and  began  the  bridge.  The  enemy  opened 
on  us  with  artillery  less  than  a  mile  distant,  with  both  shot  and  shell, 
but  were  silenced  by  our  guns  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  having 
done  but  little  harm.  One  shot  passed  through  a  boat  the  men  were 
placing.  Adrian  Muste,  of  Company  D,  stopped  the  hole  with  his  hat 
until  a  plank  could  be  brought  to  patch  it.  In  a  few  hours  the  bridge 
was  completed,  900  feet  Jong,  in  a  6-mile  current.  In  the  afternoon  Gen- 
eral Whittaker's  brigade  of  eight  regiments  passed  over  it,  and  his 
pickets  joined  General  Howard's,  the  advance  of  Hooker's  army.  So 
quietly  had  this  been  done  that  it  was  as  much  of  a  surprise  to  most  of 
our  army  as  to  the  Confederates.  Yankee  ingenuity  and  persistence 
had  demonstrated  the  incorrectness  of  Jefferson  Davis's  assumption, 
"They  must  evacuate  or  starve." 

RUN   THE   BLOCKADE. 

The  detachment  of  the  Twenty-first  Michigan  Infantry  was  assigned 
to  guard  the  bridge  and  regulate  the  crossing.  The  steamboat  Paint 
Rook  at  Chattanooga  had  been  disabled,  but  was  repaired  and  barri- 
caded on  the  larboard  side  to  protect  it  from  Confederate  guns,  as  she 
must  pass  Lookout  on  the  way  down  the  river  for  supplies.  October  29 
we  took  out  a  section  of  the  bridge  at  Browns  Ferry  to  let  her  pass. 
Just  below  she  made  fast  to  the  shore  to  repair  some  of  the  steam  pipes 


308       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

damaged  by  the  fusilade.  She  went  to  Bridgeport,  was  laden  with  sup- 
plies most  needed,  and  returned  to  Browns  Ferry,  where  teams  took 
her  cargo  to  Chattanooga,  giving  relief  to  the  hungry  people.  The 
steamboat  Dunbar  and  the  boats  made  at  Bridgeport  by  Captain 
Edwards  soon  supplied  the  pressing  wants. 

We  continued  to  run  the  sawmills  and  make  boats  and  materials  for 
pontoon  service.  The  anchors  for  these  boats  were  made  by  our  army 
blacksmiths  of  railroad-iron  U-rails  found  at  Chattanooga.  We  had 
enough  for  a  bridge  1,600  feet  long  when  General  Sherman's  troops 
arrived,  passed  over  the  Brown's  Ferry  bridge,  and  were  concealed  in 
the  hills  opposite  the  mouth  of  South  Chickamauga.  The  regular  pon- 
toon train  was  also  brought  up  and  taken  to  the  N  orth  Chickamauga, 
where  part  of  Sherman's  forces  descended  in  the  boats  to  the  south 
shore  of  the  Tennessee  just  below  the  niouth  of  the  South  Chicka- 
mauga, under  the  direction  of  Chief  Engineer  Gen.  W.  F.  Smith,  much 
the  same  as  the  movement  at  Brown's  Ferry.  The  plan  was  to  lay  two 
pontoon  bridges.  But  as  General  Sherman  had  met  no  opposition  and 
had  8,000  troops  across  before  daylight,  it  was  decided  that  one  was 
enough. 

Col.  (then  major)  H.  S.  Deane,  with  his  Twenty-second  Michigan  Kegi- 
ment,  had  been  assigned  the  duty  of  taking  the  bridge  made  by  us 
overland  to  the  place  designated,  in  the  night,  over  almost  impassable 
roads,  and  assist  iti  throwing  it.  He  has  graphically  described  his 
experience  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Michigan  Commaudery  of  the 
Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  at  Detroit,  May  4,  1893.  General 
Smith  ordered  me  to  take  part  of  my  bridge  across  the  river  and  up 
the  Chickamauga  to  a  convenient  place  and  throw  a  bridge  (200  feet 
long)  there,  which  I  did,  and  over  which  Colonel  Long's  cavalry 
crossed  on  their  way  up  the  river  to  prevent  the  return  of  Longstreet 
or  others  should  they  be  so  disposed.  The  balance  of  the  bridge 
which  was  put  into  the  river  (equipage  in  the  boats)  was  to  go  down  to 
Chattanooga  and  be  thrown  there,  Colonel  Deane  with  his  regiment 
doing  most  of  the  work,  while  General  Sherman  attacked  Bragg's  right 
the  next  morning. 

General  Thomas  had  advanced  two  days  before  and  secured  Orchard 
Knob.  The  day  before  General  Hooker  gained  Lookout  Mountain  and 
this  day  crossed  over  to  Kossville,  and  in  the  afternoon  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland  advanced  again,  taking  Missionary  Kidge,  with  many 
prisoners,  arms,  artillery,  and  stores.  The  victory  was  complete,  and 
Chattanooga  was  never  again  retaken  by  the  Confederates 

FAITHFUL   SERVICE. 

For  the  officers,  noncommissioned  officers,  artificers,  and  privates 
who  so  cheerfully,  patiently,  and  effectively  cooperated  with  me  to  per- 
form the  duties  assigned  to  us,  night  and  day,  in  stormy  or  fair  weather, 
sick 'or  well,  I  have  a  most  tender  regard.  If  their  names  are  not 
placed  on  this  tablet,  or  found  in  reports  or  general  orders,  their  deeds 
of  heroism,  skill,  and  endurance  are  embalmed  in  the  memories  of  com- 
rades who  will  verbally  transmit  them  to  our  posterity. 

This  tablet  represents  our  battalion  laying  a  pontoon  bridge,  and  we 
have  been  taunted  with  "Yours  was  not  a  fighting  regiment."  Be 
assured  it  takes  more  nerve  to  continue  work  under  fire  of  the  enemy 
than  to  have  arms  in  hand  and  return  the  fire.  Besides,  the  rank  and 
file  were  armed  and  equipped  much  like  the  infantry,  carried  their  forty 
rounds,  and  had  regular  drills  and  inspection  when  possible.  With 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       309 

arras  stacked  near  their  work,  they  had  to  defend  themselves  against 
guerrillas  and  larger  forces,  while  building  bridges  and  repairing  roads 
and  railroads,  or  destroying  them,  much  as  the  ancient  knights  when 
rebuilding  the  walls  of  their  city  labored  with  the  trowel  in  one  hand 
and  sword  in  the  other. 

FIGHTING   QUALITIES. 

The  fighting  qualities  of  the  regiment  have  been  proved,  notably  at 
Lavergne,  during  the  battle  of  Stone's  River  January  1,  1863,  where 
with  less  than  400  men  behind  hastily  prepared  defenses  they  success- 
fully resisted  repeated  attacks  of  Wheeler's  cavalry,  after  a  demand  for 
an  immediate  and  unconditional  surrender.  After  several  charges  had 
been  made  another  flag  was  sent  stating,  "  Hurry  up,"  and  later  one 
asking  permission  to  bury  their  dead.  General  Eosecrans  in  his  official 
report  of  Stone's  Eiverhas  the  following: 

The  First  Regiment  of  Michigan  Engineers  and  Mechanics  at  Lavergne  under  com- 
mand of  Colonel  Innes,  fighting  behind  a  slight  protection  of  wagons  and  brush, 
gallantly  repulsed  a  charge  of  more  than  ten  times  their  number  of  Wheeler's 
cavalry. 

Again,  a  detachment  composed  of  Companies  A,  C,  and  H,  in  command 
of  Major  Hopkins,  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Perry ville,  October  8,1862, 
supporting  Loomis's  battery,  with  a  loss  of  17  wounded.  Detachments 
were  also  at  Mill  Springs  with  General  Thomas,  at  Earmington  and 
Corinth  under  Buell,  and  at  other  places  too  numerous  to  find  a  place 
here. 

Now,  after  a  lapse  of  nearly  a  third  of  a  century,  I  am  happy  to 
greet  so  many  (though  few)  comrades  on  this  historic  ground,  and  know 
that  under  the  old  flag  our  nation  has  grown  to  be  the  strongest  on  the 
earth ;  and  may  we  not  reasonably  hope  that  the  best  elements  will  com- 
bine to  control  the  bad,  insuring  continued  growth  and  happiness,  rev- 
erently acknowledging  "Jehovah  reigns,  let  man  rejoice." 


MINNESOTA. 

The  Minnesota  exercises  took  place  on  Snodgrass  Hill  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Minnesota  State  commission,  Gen.  J.  W.  Bishop,  the 
chairman,  presiding. 

ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  J.  W.  BISHOP. 

COMRADES  :  A  few  of  us — survivors  of  the  384  men  who  under  the 
colors  of  the  Second  Minnesota  Eegiment,  took  part  in  the  battles  which 
made  this  field  forever  memorable — are  again  assembled  here  to-day. 

As  I  look  into  your  faces  and  remember  that  in  that  contest  45  men 
of  the  regiment  laid  down  their  lives,  that  more  than  a  hundred  others 
received  wounds  which  more  or  less  disabled  them,  and  that  in  the 
thirty-two  years  intervening  the  infirmities  of  age  have  overtaken  the 
best  of  us,  I  am  gratified  that  so  many  have  been  able  to  come  from  far 
distant  homes  to  revisit  this  field,  to  renew  the  bonds  of  comradeship 
as  to  the  living  and  to  do  honor  to  the  dead. 

It  has  been  the  custom  in  all  ages  of  which  we  have  any  historical 
knowledge  to  commemorate  heroic  deeds  by  the  erection  of  monumental 
structures  that  should  stand  as  perpetual  object  lessons  to  posterity. 


310       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  Congress  of  the  United  States  has  acquired  and  assumed  per- 
petual care  of  this  historic  field  and  has  invited  the  cooperation  of  the 
several  States,  whose  citizen  soldiers  were  here  engaged,  to  make 
it  such  an  object  lesson  of  the  most  impressive  and  comprehensive 
character. 

The  State  of  Minnesota,  represented  in  the  battles  by  the  Second 
Eegiment  of  Infantry  and  the  Second  Battery  of  Light  Artillery, 
responded  by  its  legislature  of  1893,  by  the  appropriation  of  money  and 
the  appointment  of  commissioners  to  locate  and  erect  the  monuments 
which  now  stand  completed  on  the  several  places  where  these  troops 
were  engaged. 

You  have  seen  the  one  to  the  Second  Battery,  near  the  Viniard  house. 
We  also  visited  this  morning  the  one  to  the  Second  Regiment  on  the 
Read's  Bridge  road  near  Jay's  mill,  Avhere,  in  the  opening  hours  of  the 
first  day's  battle,  the  regiment  lost  8  men  killed  and  41  wounded,  repul- 
sing four  separate  attacks  and  holding  its  position  until  moved  away  by 
orders  in  the  afternoon. 

Another  stands  in  Kelly's  field,  where  at  noon  of  Sunday  the  20th, 
we  met  and  drove  back  the  men  of  Breckinridge's  Confederate  divi- 
sion, who  had  passed  around  the  left  of  our  line  of  battle  and  were 
coming  down  in  its  rear.  In  this  action — one  of  the  most  important, 
considering  its  results,  of  the  two  days'  battles — the  regiment  changed 
front,  in  the  open  field  and  under  fire,  to  face  the  enemy,  and  then 
charged  and  routed  the  opposing  force,  losing  nearly  a  hundred  men 
by  casualties  in  the  brief  but  desperate  engagement. 

Another  marks  the  place  of  our  assault  and  capture  of  Missionary 
Ridge  on  the  25th  of  November,  where  one-fifth  of  our  men  and  officers 
present  were  killed  or  disabled,  6  men  being  shot  of  the  7  composing 
the  color  guard. 

And  this  one  stands  on  Snodgrass  Ridge,  where  we  planted  and,  for 
five  desperate  hours,  maintained  the  regimental  colors  in  the  afternoon 
of  Sunday,  the  20th  of  September. 

How  it  all  comes  back  to  us  now — the  arrival  here,  at  2.30  o'clock,  of 
Van  Derveer's  brigade,  marching  from  Kelly's  field  to  the  roar  of  Smith's 
guns,  already  posted  here,  with  cartridge  boxes  nearly  exhausted  in 
the  engagement  there  5  the  hasty  formation  of  our  line  under  the  eyes 
of  George  H.  Thomas,  who  recognized  in  us  one  of  his  Mill  Springs 
regiments,  and  in  the  Ninth  Ohio  another;  our  replacement  of  the 
Twenty-first  Ohio,  whose  ammunition  had  been  entirely  expended;  the 
immediate  attack  by  the  enemy's  fresh  troops;  the  desperate  contest 
and  repulse  of  the  assault,  only  to  be  renewed  and  repulsed  again  and 
again;  the  eager  hunt  for  cartridges  in  the  boxes  of  the  dead  and 
wounded  during  the  intervals ;  the  fortunate  capture  of  a  half-empty 
ammunition  wagon  in  our  rear  about  4  o'clock,  and  the  hurried  distri- 
bution of  the  few  boxes  of  cartridges,  a  part  to  the  Thirty-fifth  Ohio  on 
our  right  and  some  to  the  Eighty- seventh  Indiana  on  our  left;  the 
almost  successful  attempt  by  the  enemy  to  break  the  line  of  the  Ninth 
Ohio,  defeated  by  a  counter  rush,  led  and  inspired  by  Thomas  himself; 
the  capture  of  three  regiments  on  Van  Derveer's  right  by  the  enemy 
about  sunset;  the  unsuccessful  attempt  by  the  enemy  to  envelope  our 
brigade  a  little  later,  defeated  bv  the  prompt  action  of  the  Thirty-fifth 
Ohio,  and  the  final  subsidence  o£  the  conflict,  and  the  retirement  of  the 
enemy. 

Then  our  night  march  to  Rossville,  a  few  hours'  rest  on  the  bare,  open 
ground,  and  the  daybreak  inspection,  which  accounted  for  every  man 
who  had  entered  the  engagement  two  days  before,  and  on  which  our 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       311 

brigade  commander  based  the  statement  in  his  official  report,  which  you 
may  now  read  in  letters  of  imperishable  bronze  on  this  monument: 

It  is  a  notable  fact  that  the  Second  Minnesota  Regiment  had  not  a  single  man 
among  the  missing,  or  a  straggler  during  the  two  days'  engagement. 

A  proud  record  indeed  for  any  regiment,  and  one  that  was  well  earned 
by  ours  through  many  months  of  soldierly  training  and  discipline. 

Probably  nowhere  in  all  the  battles  of  the  war  were  the  steadfastness 
and  coherence  of  the  regiments  more  severely  tested  than  in  this  wilder- 
ness field  of  Chickamanga. 

On  this  other  tablet  we  read  the  names  of  the  forty-five  comrades  of 
our  regiment  who  were  killed  on  this  field  and  who  now  sleep  in  the 
unknown  graves  in  the  Soldiers'  Cemetery  at  Chattanooga.  Faithful 
even  unto  death,  it  was  theirs  to  perish  in  the  line  of  duty,  while  we 
survive  to  return  after  these  many  years  to  recall  their  brave  deeds  and 
to  honor  their  patriotic  services.  Let  us  admonish  our  children  and 
their  children,  as  they  shall  visit  this  place  in  the  coming  years,  that 
from  the  contemplation  of  these  monumental  structures  and  historic 
inscriptions  they  may  learn  and  appreciate  through  what  sufferings 
and  sacrifice  the  Union  was  preserved  in  its  time  of  peril,  and  has  been 
perpetuated  to  bless  them  and  their  posterity  forever.  May  they  also 
find  here  inspiration  to  noble  and  patriotic  service  and  be  ready  to 
render  it  whenever  required,  as  it  may  be  from  them  as  it  was  of  us  in 
our  day. 

Most  of  us  were  vigorous  young  fellows  in  the  days  of  1863.  All  of 
us  are  old  men  now  in  these  days  of  1895,  and  there  remain  but  a  few 
years  of  active  life  now  to  any  of  us.  I  am  reminded  that  Thomas, 
Brannan,  Van  Derveer,  Van  Cleve,  George,  Davis,  and  many  others, 
all  participants  and  survivors  of  the  conflict  here,  have  already  been 
mustered  out  of  this  life.  I  believe  that  we  have  been  generally  better 
citizens  for  having  been  soldiers,  and  I  know  nothing  but  good  of  any 
of  you ;  but  whatever  our  lives  may  have  been  for  the  past  thirty  years, 
and  whatever  they  may  be  hereafter,  one  thing  stands  assured,  your 
child  or  mine  may  say  with  pride  of  his  father,  "He  was  at  Chicka- 
mauga  under  the  colors  of  the  Second  Minnesota  Begiinent." 

The  State  of  Minnesota  had  by  the  census  of  1860  less  than  175,000 
souls  within  its  limits,  of  whom  less  than  25,000  were  males  of  military 
age.  She  placed  in  the  Union  army  during  the  war  more  than  25,000 
soldiers,  suppressing  at  the  same  time  an  Indian  outbreak  at  home, 
which  commenced  in  August,  1862,  and  lasted  for  three  years,  and 
which,  in  the  magnitude  of  its  proportions  and  in  the  savage  cruelty  of 
its  marauders,  has  no  parallel  in  American  history.  Tthe  State  has  hon- 
ored itself  in  commemorating,  as  it  has  "by  these  handsome  structures, 
the  services  of  the  only  regiment  and  the  only  battery  that  bore  its 
name  on  this  field,  as  it  had  previously  done  at  Gettysburg  as  to  her 
First  Eegiment. 

It  only  remains  for  me,  as  president  of  the  Minnesota  monument  com- 
missioners, and  speaking  for  the  people  or"  that  noble  State,  to  place 
these  completed  monuments  in  the  perpetual  care  of  the  honorable  Sec- 
retary of  War  and  of  the  National  Military  Park  Commissioners.  In 
doing  this  I  must  gratefully  acknowledge  the  scrupulous  care  they  have 
taken  to  verify  the  several  sites  occupied  by  them,  and  the  historical 
accuracy  of  all  the  inscriptions  borne  by  them. 

And  as  I  view  to-day  the  progress  made  in  the  past  three  years  in 
transforming  these  square  miles  of  wilderness  into  a  magnificently  illus- 
trative page  of  American  history,  open  and  intelligible  to  all  the  world, 
I  am  gratified  as  a  citizen  of  these  United  States  that  the  work  has 


312       CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

been  by  Congress  committed  to  competent  and  appreciative  men,  repre- 
senting as  they  do  both  the  great  armies  who  here  contended,  and  that 
they  have  been  so  generously  supported  in  it. 

Gen.  J.  S.  Fullertou  received  the  monuments  for  the  Secretary  of 
War,  speaking  as  follows: 

COMMISSIONERS  AND  COMRADESVOF  MINNESOTA:  I  have  listened 
with  much  pleasure  to  the  eloquent  story  of  the  Second  Minnesota 
Infantry  and  the  one  battery  of  light  artillery  that  fought  at  Chicka- 
mauga,  as  just  told  by  General  Bishop.  He  said  not  a  word  too  much; 
indeed,  he  did  not  begin  to  say  enough.  But  one  statement  made  by 
him  I  beg  leave  to  correct.  He  said,  "  We  place  these  monuments  in  the 
perpetual  care  of  the  Secretary  of  War  and  of  the  National  Park  Com- 
mission." No,  General  Bishop,  not  in  their  care,  but  in  the  perpetual 
care  and  keeping  of  the  American  people — the  whole  people,  South  as 
well  as  North.  The  grand  conception  of  this  park — 1  do  not  like  the 
commonplace  word  "park"  used  in  such  connection  (I  will  say  Chicka- 
mauga) — the  grand  conception  of  Chickamauga  has  nationalized  the 
valor  of  the  Minnesota  troops,  and  made  such  a  glorious  heritage  of 
the  whole  nation. 

Now,  for  and  in  behalf  of  the  nation,  the  National  Commission  accepts 
this  priceless  gift  from  the  State  of  Minnesota.  More  precious  than 
anything  that  money  could  buy,  or  conquest  obtain,  are  these  stones. 
The  Second  Minnesota  Infantry  was  the  only  regiment  from  your  State 
in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  but  its  action  shows  that  numbers  were 
not  necessary  to  establish  the  valor  of  Minnesota's  soldiers. 

I  sincerely  regret  that  this  most  agreeable  duty  just  assigned  to  me 
must  be  performed  without  preparation.  This  is  an  occasion  which 
demands  one's  best  and  most  careful  efforts,  so  I  am  unprepared  ade- 
quately to  do  it  the  justice  it  requires. 

As  your  orator  was  telling  of  the  action  of  this  small  regiment  my 
memory  was  refreshed,  and  I  have  been  thinking  of  its  wonderful  history 
and  of  the  gallant  part  it  performed  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  As 
the  active  bee  quickly  flies  from  flower  to  flower,  tasting  the  sweets  of 
each,  so  on  this  great  battlefield  the  brave  Second  Minnesota  appeared 
to  fly  from  point  to  point,  tasting  the  sweets  of  heroic  death  wherever 
the  struggle  was  the  most  desperate.  It  was  engaged  in  the  very  dawn 
of  the  battle,  and  it  fought  through  the  whole  of  the  two  days,  facing 
outward,  moving  to  the  left,  and  fighting  around  three-fourths  of  a  circle, 
commencing  at  the  north-northeast  near  Jay's  mill  and  ending  on  Snod- 
grass  Hill  after  dark  of  the  second  day,  firing  in  the  last  volley  at  the 
pressing  enemy,  when  all  the  rest  of  the  Union  troops  except  the  brigade 
of  which  it  was  a  part  had  been  withdrawn.  It  was  a  little  David  stand- 
ing before  a  great  Goliath.  This  regiment,  of  384  men,  lost  at  Chicka- 
mauga, as  we  have  just  been  informed,  45  killed  and  103  wounded,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  battle  not  one  man  was  unaccounted  for. 

Would  you  know  what  kind  of  fighting  it  did  on  this  field,  then  com- 
pare it  with  fighting  done  in  other  wars.  This  small  regiment,  reduced 
by  former  casualties  to  the  size  of  one-third  of  a  full  regiment,  lost  in 
killed  and  wounded  at  Chickamauga  one-third  as  many  as  the  whole  of 
General  Taylor's  army  lost  in  the  days  of  battle— the  famous  battle — 
that  resulted  in  the  capture  of  Monterey  and  10,000  prisoners. 


CHICK AMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       313 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  H.  V.  BOYNTON. 

Standing  in  the  presence  of  these  veterans  of  Van  Derveer's  brigade, 
in  which  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  serve,  eulogy  of  the  men  who  carried 
these  tattered  banners  fails.  Little  more  need  be  said  in  praise,  indeed 
it  would  be  impossible  to  say  more,  than  that  this  Second  Minnesota, 
this  Ninth  Ohio,  this  Eighty-seventh  Indiana,  this  Thirty-fifth  Ohio,  and 
our  battery  of  Smith  and  Eodney,  stood  on  these  lines  and  held  them 
from  half-past  two  o'clock  till  dark,  under  the  eye  ot  George  H.  Thomas, 
and  in  the  face  of  the  fast  repeated  and  furious  charges  of  Longstreet's 
magnificent  soldiers. 

Eulogy  fails;  but  there  is  a  practical  statement  that  I  desire  to  make 
to  you,  and  for  you.  The  State  of  Minnesota  has  erected  a  beautiful 
and  costly  monument  at  the  point  where  her  Second  Eegiment  carried 
Missionary  Eidge — the  point  now  marked  by  the  northern  of  the  two 
observation  towers  on  that  ridge.  Through  the  courtesy  of  General 
Bishop  the  inscriptions  on  that  beautiful  shaft  have  made  it  both  our 
brigade  and  our  division  monument. 

It  has  recently  been  most  persistently  claimed,  and  the  declaration 
has  been  widely  telegraphed  over  the  North,  that  Turchin's  brigade 
carried  the  point  where  your  monument  stands. 

I  stake  my  reputation  as  the  historian  of  the  National  Commission  on 
the  assertion  that  no  claim  more  nearly  approaching  utter  nonsense  has 
been  made  since  work  on  this  park  began;  nor  has  one  been  advanced 
which  more  clearly  conflicts  with  the  whole  official  history  of  the  storm- 
ing of  Missionary  Eidge. 

General  Turchin's  own  map,  drawn  and  filed  with  his  report  of  the 
battle,  reduces  this  latter-day  discovery  of  his  to  an  absurdity;  and 
Grant's  map,  made  from  an  actual  instrumental  survey  of  the  ground 
immediately  after  the  battle,  puts  Van  Derveer's  brigade,  by  name,  at 
the  point  where  your  monument  stands,  and  Turchin's  right,  by  name, 
near  the  crossing  of  the  Shallow  Ford  road,  about  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  south  of  your  monument.  There  the  National  Commission  has 
placed  him.  The  baseless  nature  of  the  present  claim  appears  from 
the  fact  that  if  it  be  admitted  that  Turchin's  right  went  up  the  ridge  at 
the  observation  tower,  then  Van  Derveer's  brigade  and  Phelps's  to  the 
left  of  it,  ascended  behind  Walthall's  Confederate  lines,  which  were 
formed  across  the  ridge  to  resist  Baird's  northern  advance  upon  the 
crest. 

In  every  feature  of  this  claim  absurdity  runs  riot.  The  members  of 
this  regiment  and  all  of  Van  Derveer's  brigade  may  listen  undisturbed 
to  the  harmless  threat  that  "this  monument  to  the  Second  Minnesota 
must  be  torn  down  and  make  way  for  Turchin."  I  confidently  venture 
the  prediction  that,  if  the  world  stands,  centuries  will  come  and  go  and 
still  find  it  where  it  stands  to-day. 


ADDRESS  OF  LIEUT.  COL.  A.  R.  KIEFER. 

GENERAL  BISHOP  AND  COMRADES:  You  call  on  me  to  address  you 
upon  this  occasion.  Unprepared  as  I  am,  it  is  not  an  easy  task  to  do 
justice  to  your  request.  You  have  listened  to  the  patriotic  words  of 
General  Bishop  and  General  Boynton,  lauding  the  bravery  and  prowess 
of  the  Second  Minnesota  Eegiment  during  the  memorable  fight  of 


314      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Chickamauga.  It  is  not  for  me  to  recall  to  you  the  deeds  of  valor  and 
patriotism  performed  by  the  members  of  the  Second  Regiment  of 
Minnesota  Infantry  from  Mill  Springs  to  Chickamauga  and  the  close 
of  the  war.  They  are  well  known  to  all  our  country.  It  is  history. 
Upon  the  pages  of  the  War  Records  there  stands  in  golden  letters  for 
all  time  to  come  deeds  of  gallantry  and  heroism  performed  by  that 
regiment  such  as  few  other  organizations  can  lay  claim  to. 

I  would  to-day  that  every  survivor  of  the  gallant  old  Second  Regi- 
ment were  here.  The  mutations  of  time  and  the  fortunes  of  war  and 
of  peace  have  scattered  our  comrades  to  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe. 
Some  are  breathing  the  air  of  liberty  and  freedom  in  the  new  republics 
of  South  America.  Some  are  enjoying  the  honors  conferred  upon  them 
by  a  loyal  and  grateful  people.  Others  are  fighting  the  battles  of  life 
against  the  vicissitudes  of  fate  and  are  only  waiting  for  the  final  taps, 
when  they  will  join  the  great  army  which  I  might  justly  term  the  Silent 
Brigade.  But  every  one  of  the  members  of  that  gallant  regiment,  no 
matter  where  he  may  be,  and  no  matter  whether  the  fates  have  been 
propitious  to  him  or  not,  will  forever  extol  the  honor,  the  bravery,  and 
the  daring  of  our  noble  commanders,  under  whose  orders  we  marched 
boldly  into  danger  and  often  gathered  victory  from  seeming  defeat. 

Somebody  has  said  that  the  love  of  home,  the  love  of  country,  and 
the  love  of  God  are  the  three  greatest  attributes  in  the  human  niind. 
My  comrades,  there  are  ties  which  bind  the  hearts  and  souls  of  men 
together  firmer  than  any  one  of  the  three  things  mentioned.  For  the 
man  who  risks  his  life  for  home,  for  country,  and  for  liberty  is  indeed 
bound  by  every  sentiment  of  devoted  love  and  honor  to  those  who  stood 
side  by  side  with  him  in  the  weary  marches,  in  the  flush  of  victory,  in 
the  gallant  charge,  and  in  the  gloom  of  defeat.  But  why  say  more. 
This  tribute  offered  here  by  the  great  State  of  Minnesota,  of  which  we 
are  proud  to  be  called  citizens;  these  other  monuments  towering  to  the 
clouds,  speak  mutely  but  eloquently  in  refutation  of  the  charge  that 
republics  are  ungrateful. 

I  am  proud  to  have  been  a  member  of  the  Second  Minnesota.  Loy- 
alty to  our  country;  love  for  our  glorious  Stars  and  Stripes;  attachment 
to  the  Union  has  forever  been  the  watchword  of  every  member  of  our 
organization. 


ADDRESS  OF  HON.  J.  I.  EGAN. 

Minnesota  congratulates  itself  upon  the  proud  record  it  has  in  the 
war  of  the  rebellion.  It  sent  the  First  Minnesota  Regiment  to  the  Army 
of  Virginia  with  a.record  unparalleled.  Upon  the  second  call  it  sent 
the  very  chivalry  and  pride  of  its  population — the  Second  Minnesota 
Regiment. 

The  First  Minnesota  stood  firm  against  an  entire  brigade  at  Gettys- 
burg. The  Second  Minnesota  stood  firm — not  a  man  dismayed — where 
this  battle  monument  stands  at  Chickamauga.  For  a  young  State,  the 
North  Star  contributed  its  share  toward  union  and  liberty  on  this  con 
tiuent.  In  the  face  of  the  fact  that  her  frontier  was  threatened  at 
home  by  a  savage  foe,  her  settlers  being  murdered,  the  Indians,  taking 
advantage  of  civil  war,  resorting  to  rapine  and  slaughter,  yet  in  this 
dual  and  dire  distress  she  overcame  her  enemies  at  home  and  contrib- 
uted one-half  of  her  male  adult  population  in  the  struggle  which  we 
commemorate  to-day.  All  hail  and  honor  to  Minnesota;  all  hail  and 
honor  to  the  Second  Regiment  for  its  valor  and  bravery  at  Chicka- 


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CHICK  AM  AUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       315 

manga!     May  this  monument  stand  in  the  sunny  South  forever,  as 
enduring  as  the  Stars  and  Stripes  of  our  Union. 

To  you,  General  Bishop,  and  to  the  officers  and  men  of  your  com- 
mand, great  credit  is  due  for  having  selected  so  magnificent  a  design; 
and  to  the  legislature  of  our  State  we  extend  thanks  for  its  generosity 
and  appreciation  of  the  valor  and  patriotism  of  the  men  of  the  Second 
Minnesota. 


OHIO. 

The  Ohio  exercises  took  place  at  the  grand  stand  at  Snodgrass  Hill. 

At  noon  Gen.  John  Beatty,  president  of  the  Ohio  commission,  opened 
the  exercises  of  the  day  by  introducing  the  Eev.  J.  J.  Mauker,  D.  D., 
late  captain  Company  B,  Fiftieth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry. 

PRAYER  OF  DR.  MANKER. 

Almighty  God,  our  Heavenly  Father,  we  look  up  to  Thee  this  day 
with  devout  thanksgiving.  We  adore  Thee  for  all  Thy  great  and  man- 
ifold blessings  to  us  as  a  people.  We  thank  Thee  for  all  Thy  gracious 
dealings  with  us  as  a  nation;  for  the  illustrious  deeds  of  our  forefath- 
ers; for  the  glorious  heritage  which  they  have  handed  down  to  us,  and 
for  the  blessings  of  peace.  We  thank  Thee  that  on  this  historic  field, 
where  we  once  met  in  fratricidal  strife,  we  now  gather  as  brothers, 
clasping  friendly  hands,  and  with  hearts  throbbing  with  patriotic 
devotion  to  our  one  country,  one  flag,  one  Constitution. 

With  devout  thanksgiving,  O  Lord,  we  mention  Thy  name  and  record 
Thy  mercies  and  blessings;  and  with  faith  in  Thee  as  the  giver  of 
every  good  and  perfect  gift,  we  look  up  for  Thy  continued  favor.  We 
crave  Thy  blessing  upon  the  President  of  the  United  States;  upon 
every  Department  of  our  National  Government;  upon  our  several 
State  governments,  and  upon  all  our  people.  We  invoke  Thy  blessing 
upon  the  brave  men  who  gather  here  to  day,  looking  forward  with  anx- 
ious care  to  the  coining  years.  Let  Thy  hand  be  upon  them  for  good 
and  Thy  blessing  with  them  through  all  the  years  of  their  lives.  And 
now  we  pray  that  the  exercises  of  this  hour  may  be  of  lasting  benefit 
to  all  our  comrades  and  fellow-citizens  assembled  here,  to  that  great 
State  we  represent,  and  to  this  great  nation.  Bless  these  gentlemen  who 
shall  speak  to  us,  and  all  these  who  shall  hear,  and  may  this  day  not  only 
be  notable  because  of  the  history  we  celebrate,  but  memorable  also 
because  of  the  good  results  which  shall  follow  to  ourselves  and  to  future 
generations.  Amen. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  JOHN  BEATTY. 

FELLOW-CITIZENS  OF  OHIO:  Thirty-two  years  ago  the  battle  of 
Chickaniauga  was  fought  in  the  fields  and  forests  around  us.  The  bit- 
ter personal  griefs  resulting  from  the  conflict  have  been  mellowed  by 
time  into  tender  and  precious  memories.  Old  comrades,  dear  friends, 
brave  hearts,  who  here  bade  the  world  goodby,  are  heroes  now  to 
whom  we  rear  granite  columns,  and  of  whom  we  speak  reverently  and 
proudly.  [Applause.]  A  thousand  years  to  God  are  but  as  yesterday. 


316      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  difference  between  the  longest  and  the  shortest  life  is  simply  a 
speck  in  the  great  sweep  of  time.  As  we  grow  older,  therefore,  we 
come  to  realize  that  it  matters  little  when  men  pass  the  final  ordeal; 
the  preeminent  consideration  is  the  motive  which  prompted  them  in 
life,  the  end  for  which  they  struggled,  or  the  cause  in  which  they  fell. 
If  the  motive,  end,  or  cause  was  the  common  good,  they  are  rightly 
esteemed  the  friends  and  benefactors  of  the  human  race,  and  hence  are 
entitled  to  the  loving  remembrance  of  the  living.  The  farms  we  own 
to  day  will  pass  into  other  hands;  the  money  we  gather  will  be  scat- 
tered; the  houses  which  sheltered  us  will  perish;  the  friendships,  loves, 
and  hates,  and  all  the  incidents  of  ordinary  life  will  soon  be  buried  in 
oblivion;  but  the  men  who  fought  and  fell  on  this  great  battlefield  by 
their  conspicuous  death  emphasized  the  fact  that  they  had  lived;  called 
attention  to  the  nobility  of  their  lives  and  the  splendor  of  their  deeds, 
and  thus  achieved  an  exceptional  and  permanent  success.  [Applause.] 
The  knowledge  of  their  valor  and  sacrifices  will  be  perpetuated  by 
history  or  tradition  to  the  end  of  time. 

Philosophers  disagree  as  to  the  form  of  government  best  adapted  to 
the  wants  of  man;  statesmen  differ  on  grave  questions  of  public  policy; 
historians  wrangle  over  the  deserts  of  individuals,  and  theologians  are 
not  agreed  in  their  interpretation  of  the  divine  will;  but  all  concur  in 
the  proposition  that  motive  is  the  test  of  man's  integrity.  As  God 
only  can  fathom  the  human  heart,  He  alone  can  determine  accurately 
the  relative  personal  merits  of  those  who  fought  and  fell.  We  may, 
therefore,  properly  leave  this  question  with  the  Divine  Master,  and 
without  the  surrender  of  a  conviction  with  respect  to  the  principles  and 
policies  involved  in  the  war,  and  without  reopening  any  questions  set- 
tled by  it,  assume  what  no  man  can  positively  deny,  that  those  who 
faced  death  on  this  battlefield  did  so  believing  they  were  fighting  in 
an  honest  cause,  and  for  the  best  interests  of  mankind.  [Applause.] 
Judged  by  that  rule  which  put  the  widow's  mite  above  all  gifts,  some 
humble  private  soldier,  who  once  wore  the  blue  or  the  gray,  may  lead 
all  the  rest  on  God's  scroll  of  honor.  [Applause.]  But  more  pertinent 
to  our-preseut  and  prospective  welfare  as  a  people  than  any  question 
of  individual  motive  of  the  past  is  the  fact  that  the  heroic  and  unselfish 
service  rendered  here  on  this  side  or  on  that  was  performed  by  Ameri- 
can soldiers.  [Applause.]  Let  the  North  and  the  South,  therefore, 
combine  the  brilliant  achievements  of  their  sons,  and  make  them  the 
common  heritage  of  the  nation.  [Applause.] 

More  than  thirty  years  have  elapsed  since  the  war  ended.  The  towns 
and  cities  destroyed  by  it  have  been  rebuilt  with  handsomer  structures. 
The  fields  laid  waste  by  it  have  been  restored  to  increased  productive- 
ness. The  manufacturing  industries  hindered  by  it  have  long  since 
entered  upon  a  new  and  more  vigorous  growth.  The  debt  incurred  in 
its  prosecution  has  been  nearly  canceled.  The  enmities  engendered 
by  it  have  been  in  the  main  forgotten.  The  Union,  which  was  in  such 
terrible  distress  because  of  it,  emerged  from  the  fiery  ordeal  purer  and 
stronger  than  it  was,  and  standing  higher  in  the  estimation  of  mankind 
than  it  ever  did  before.  In  the  old  time  we  could  muster  3,000,000 
men  to  fight  among  ourselves;  to-day  we  can  put  double  that  number 
in  the  field  to  meet  a  foreign  enemy.  [Applause.]  We  have  taught 
the  world  that  Americans  can  fight,  and  that  they  will  fight,  if  need 
be,  to  protect  their  territory,  or  to  maintain  their  honor.  [Applause.] 
This  lesson  alone  is  worth  more  to  the  country  than  the  money  cost  of 
the  war.  Our  word  goes  for  more  in  the  family  of  nations  than  it  did; 
our  just  demands  are  more  quickly  and  courteously  recognized  than 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PAKK.       317 

they  were;  our  chances  of  becoming  involved  in  a  foreign  war  are 
almost  infinitely  less  than  they  would  have  been  if  our  people,  North 
and  South,  had  not  proved  their  courage  on  a  hundred  stubbornly 
fought  fields.  [Applause.] 

We  came  here  to-day,  therefore,  with  no  reproaches  for  the  living 
and  no  lamentations  for  the  dead,  but  with  flags  flying,  drums  beating, 
singing  the  national  airs  with  glad  voices,  and  lifting  up  rejoicing 
hearts  in  thankfulness  for  that  God-like  quality  in  man  which  prompts 
him  in  grave  exigencies  to  lay  down  his  life  for  the  commonweal. 

Praise  to  the  valiant  dead ;  for  them  doth  art 

Her  skill  exhaust,  their  triumphs  bodying  forth; 
Theirs  are  enshrined  names,  and  every  heart 

Shall  bear  the  blazoned  impress  of  their  worth ; 
Bright  on  the  dreams  of  youth  their  fame  shall  rise, 

Their  fields  of  fight  shall  epic  song  record, 
And  when  the  voice  of  battle  rends  the  skies, 

Their  names  shall  be  their  country's  rallying  word. 

[Applause.] 

Pardon  me  if  I  have  detained  you  too  long  from  the  more  important 
matters  of  the  day.  You  have  gathered  here  at  this  hour  to  witness 
the  final  disposition  of  a  work  to  which  Ohio  was  invited  by  the  Gen- 
eral Government,  and  in  which  the  good  people  of  our  State  have  man- 
ifested a  heartfelt  interest.  Permit  me  to  present  to  you,  as  the  first  on 
the  list  of  speakers,  Gen.  Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  a  gentleman  who  ren- 
dered most  important  service  to  the  country  in  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
inauga,  and  who,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  gave  his  vote  and  influence 
to  the  conversion  of  this  historic  field  into  a  national  military  park. 
[Applause.] 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  CHARLES  H.  GROSVENOR. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT  :  It  has  been  deemed  proper  at  this  point  of  time 
in  the  programme  of  the  dedication  of  the  Ohio  monuments  upon  this 
battlefield  that  a  brief  statement  of  the  origin  and  history  of  the  organ- 
ization that  produced  these  results  should  be  made. 

The  idea  of  a  national  park  to  commemorate  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga  undoubtedly  had  its  origin  in  the  inind  and  brain  of  Gen.  Henry 
V.  Boynton,  the  gallant  officer  who  commanded  that  splendid  fighting 
regiment,  the  Thirty-fifth  Ohio  Volunteers  [Applause],  of  Gen.  Ferdi- 
nand Van  Derveer's  brigade,  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Chickamauga. 
The  first  suggestion  which  is  to  be  found  anywhere  in  print  of  the 
movement  which  afterwards  took  shape  in  the  organization  out  of  which 
this  whole  development  has  grown  was  in  a  letter  written  by  General 
Boynton,  on  the  17th  day  of  August,  1888,  shortly  after  his  return  from 
a  visit  to  the  battlefield.  He  wrote  as  follows : 

The  survivors  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  should  awake  to  great  pride  in  this 
notable  field  of  Chickamauga.  Why  should  it  not,  as  well  as  Eastern  fields,  be 
marked  by  monuments,  and  its  lines  be  accurately  preserved  for  history?  There  was 
no  more  magnificent  fighting  during  the  war  than  both  armies  did  there.  Both  sides 
might  well  unite  in  preserving  the  field  where  both,  In  a  military  sense,  won  such 
renown. 

This  was  the  first  suggestion,  so  far  as  is  known,  of  the  organization 
out  of  which  these  greater  results  have  grown.  At  the  meeting  of  the 
Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  on  the  20th  of  September  of 
the  same  year,  a  practical  step  was  taken.  General  Cist,  the  secretary 


318      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  that  society,  introduced  a  resolution  looking  to  the  organization. 
The  resolution  of  General  Cist  is  as  follows : 

I  move  that  a  eommittec  of  five  be  appointed  by  the  chair,  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
ing the  necessary  steps  to  inaugurate  a  movement  for  the  purchase  of  the  ground  on 
which  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  was  fought;  that  monuments  be  placed  thereon 
to  mark  the  location  of  the  troops  that  fought  there,  and  that  it  may  be  preserved 
similar  to  the  plan  of  the  battlefield  of  Gettysburg. 

This  resolution  was  adopted,  and  General  Cist,  with  Generals  Man- 
derson,  Alger,  Baird,  and  Boynton,  were  appointed  such  committee. 
This  committee  met  in  Washington  on  the  13th  of  February,  1889,  and 
there  a  conference  was  held  with  certain  of  the  ex-Confederate  veterans 
of  the  Chickamauga  battle,  looking  to  the  formation  of  a  general  move- 
ment or  organization  for  the  purpose  indicated. 

This  conference  was  held  in  the  room  of  the  Senate  Committee  on 
Military  Affairs,  and  there  were  present  Generals  Eosecrans,  Baird, 
Joseph  J.  Reynolds,  Cist,  Manderson,  and  Boynton,  and  Colonel  Kellogg, 
of  the  Union  officers ;  and  Generals  Ba  te  of  Tennessee,  Colquitt,  Walthall 
of  Mississippi,  Wheeler  of  Alabama,  Wright  of  Tennessee,  and  Colonels 
Bankhead  of  Alabama,  and  Morgan  of  Mississippi.  Generals  Cist, 
Colquitt,  Baird,  Walthall,  Wright,  Boynton,  and  Colonel  Kellogg  were 
appointed  a  committee,  with  power  to  prepare  an  act  of  incorporation, 
and  to  correspond  with  leading  officers  from  each  State  whose  troops 
fought  in  Chickamauga.  They  were  also  authorized  to  secure  incorpo- 
rators  for  the  purpose  proposed. 

On  the  19th  of  September,  1889,  a  joint  meeting  of  Union  and  Con- 
federate veterans  was  held  at  the  tent  in  Chattanooga,  erected  for  the 
meetings  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  There  were 
soldiers  present  from  both  armies,  seated  together  side  by  side  under  the 
old  flag,  and  there  was  evident  earnestness  manifested  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the'work.  At  that  meeting  General  Boynton,  of  the  joint  Chick- 
amauga Memorial  Association,  or  rather,  of  the  committee  as  it  stood 
then  for  the  formation  of  the  association,  made  a  most  eloquent  speech. 
He  said,  as  pertinent  to  the  question  now  under  consideration,  as  follows : 

A  year  ago  last  summer  it  was  my  privilege  to  revisit  Chickamauga  in  company 
with  my  old  commander,  General  Van  Derveer.  The  ride  was  the  more  impressive 
because  the  day  was  Sunday.  On  reaching  the  Cloud  house,  on  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  field,  there  came  to  us  from  a  country  church  near  by  the  voices  of  solemn  song. 

The  last  music  which  had  fallen  on  our  ears  as  we  left  that  field  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury before  was  the  screech,  the  rattle,  and  roar  and  thunder  of  that  hell  of  battle 
which  had  loaded  the  air  with  horror  through  all  that  earlier  and  well-remembered 
Sabbath. 

In  a  moment,  as  with  a  flash,  memory  peopled  those  scenes  for  us  with  the  actors 
of  that  other  day.  We  gloried  in  Rosecrans,  and  mourned  that  Thomas  did  not  still 
live  to  enjoy  his  ever-increasing  renown. 

We  saw  Baird's  and  Johnson's  and  Palmer's  and  Reynolds's  immovable  lines  around 
the  Kelly  farm.  We  recalled  Wood  on  the  spurs  of  Snodgrass  Hill,  and  Brannan 
and  Grosvonor,  and  Steedrnan,  under  Granger,  on  the  Horseshoe.. 

There  rolled  back  on  the  mind  the  unequal  fighting  of  that  thin  and  contracted 
line  of  heroes,  and  the  magnificent  Confederate  assaults  which  swept  in  upon  us 
time  and  again,  and  ceaselessly  as  that  service  of  all  the  gods  of  war  went  on  through- 
out those  holy  hours. 

Then — thinking  of  our  Union  lines  alone — we  said  to  each  other,  "  This  field  should 
be  a  AVestern  Gettysburg — a  Chickamauga  memorial." 

It  was  but  a  flash  forward  in  thought  to  our  present  plan,  and  the  proposition 
became  — "  Aye,  it  should  be  more  than  Gettysburg,  with  its  monuments  along  one 
side  alone ;  the  lines  of  both  armies  should  be  equally  marked." 

It  was  immediately  following  this  visit  that  the  first  suggestion  in 
print  was  made,  to  which  I  have  already  referred. 

On  the  same  day  there  was  a  meeting  held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Con- 
federate Veterans'  Association,  at  the  Hotel  Stantou,  in  the  city  of 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       319 

Chattanooga,  by  the  veterans  of  the  Confederate  service,  and  their 
action  looking  to  the  establishment  of  the  park  here  follows : 

PROCEEDINGS  OF  CONFEDERATE  VETERANS'  ASSOCIATION. 

ROOMS  OF  THE  CONFEDERATE  VETEKANS'  ASSOCIATION, 

Chattanooya,  Tenn.,  September  19,  1889. 

In  pursuance  of  a  joint  invitation  issued  by  Maj.  W.  J.  Colburn,  chairman  execu- 
tive committee,  Army  of  the  Cumberland ;  Adolph  S.  Ochs,  chairman  local  committee, 
Chickamauga  National  Park  Association,  and  Capt.  J.  F.  Shipp,  commander  N.  B. 
Forest  Camp  Confederate  Veterans^  a  preliminary  meeting  of  the  Confederate  vet- 
erans was  held,  at  which  Captain  Shipp  briefly  outlined  the  object  of  the  meeting 
and  the  proposed  plan  of  organizing  the  Chickamauga  National  Park  Association, 
when  the  following  credentials  were  filed  with  Captain  Shipp : 

Army  of  Tennessee  Veteran  Association,  New  Orleans:  Gen.  John  Glynn,  jr.,  E.  T. 
Manning,  John  McCoy,  Capt.  J.  A.  Chalaron,  Lieut.  John  B.  Ballard,  R.  D.  Scriven, 
Colonel  Fremaux,  C.  L.  Sinclair,  Capt.  Eugene  May,  Col.  Thomas  H.  Handy. 

Confederate  Cavalry  Association,  New  Orleans:  Dr.  Y.  R.  Lemonnier,  Col.  Joseph 
H.  Duggan,  Col.  Robert  W.  Gillespie. 

Washington  Artillery,  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  New  Orleans :  Gen.  William  J. 
Beham,  Col.  William  Miller  Owen. 

Tennessee  State  Association  Confederate  Veterans :  Capt.  Thomas  F.  Perkins, 
president.  Franklin,  Tenn. 

Frank  Cheathain  Bivouac,  Nashville,  Tenu. :  Col.  Thomas  Claiborn,  Maj.  J.  W. 
Morton,  Capt.  George  B.  Guild,  Capt.  Pat.  Griffin,  William  Allen,  John  Shields. 

Confederate  Veteran  Association,  Chicago,  111. :  Maj.  George  Forrester,  Capt.  R.  H. 
Stewart. 

Forbes  Bivouac,  Clarksville,  Tenn.:  Capt.  C.  W.  Tyler,  Charles  H.  Bailey,  Clay 
Stacker,  Cave  Johnson. 

Friersou  Bivouac,  Shelbyville,  Tenn.:  Hon.  E.  Shepard,  H.  C.  Whitesides,  J.  L. 
Burt,  Dr.  Samuel  M.  Thompson. 

The  J.  B.  Palmer  Bivouac,  Murfreesboro,  Tenn. :  Hon.  J.  W.  Sparks. 

F.  K.  Zollicofter  Camp,  Knoxville,  Tenn. :  Frank  A.  Moses,  Charles  Ducloux. 

Veteran  Confederate  States  Cavalry  Association,  New  Orleans:  Maj.  D.  A.  Given. 

N.  B.  Forrest  Camp  Confederate  Veterans,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. :  Capt.  J.  F.  Shipp, 
Capt.  L.  T.  Dickinson,  Capt.  J.  L.  McCollum,  Capt.  M.  H.  Clift,  Col.  T.  M.  McCou- 
uell,  Judge  W.  L.  Eakin,  Col.  Tomlinson  Fort,  Capt.  Milton  Russell,  Dr.  G.  W.  Drake. 

Upon  motion  of  Captain  Shipp,  Capt.  George  B.  Guild,  of  Nashville,  was  named  for 
chairman  of  the  meeting,  which  motion  was  put  and  unanimously  carried.  Edward 
T.  Manning  was  elected  as  secretary. 

The  chairman  stated  that  the  organization  of  the  proposed  Chickamauga  National 
Park  Association  contemplated  a  president,  vice-president,  secretary,  and  treasurer, 
and  also  twenty-eight  directors,  and  that  it  was  proposed  to  divide  the  organization 
equally  between  the  blue  and  the  gray. 

It  was  moved  by  Captain  Shipp  that  the  Confederate  veterans  here  assembled 
name  veterans  for  vice-president  and  secretary,  and  fourteen  directors. 

Moved  that  Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler  be  selected  for  vice-president,  which  was  sec- 
onded and  unanimously  carried. 

Col.  Thomas  Claiborn  moved  that  Gen.  Marcus  J.  Wright  be  selected  for  secre- 
tary, which  was  seconded  and  unanimously  carried. 

At  this  point  of  the  proceedings  Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton,  of  the  Society  of  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland,  was  invited  to  the  conference.  He  stated  that  the  organization 
of  the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Association  (as  above  proposed)  was  equitable  and 
satisfactory.  He  then  gave  in  detail  the  objects  and  purposes  of  the  association, 
which  was  to  have  the  Government  buy  the  battlefield,  which  would  require  the 
purchase  of  about  10,000  acres  of  land.  General  Boynton  stated  that  the  association 
would  receive  the  most  hearty  cooperation  of  General  Rosecrans,  General  Cist,  and 
others  of  the  Federal  side,  and  Senators  Bate,  Gibson,  and  Walthall,  and  others  of 
the  Confederate  side. 

Captain  Shipp  then  moved  that  a  committee  of  seven  be  appointed  by  the  chair  to 
meet  a  like  committee  from  the  Society  of  the  Array  of  the  Cumberland,  and  the 
chairman  of  the  local  memorial  committee,  Adolph  8.  Ochs,  for  the  purpose  of  agree- 
ing upon  a  list  of  officers  and  a  board  of  directors  for  the  Chickamauga  Memorial 
Association,  which  motion  prevailed. 

The  chairman  appointed  the  following  committee:  Capt.  J.  F.  Shipp,  chairman, 
Fourth  Regiment  Georgia  Infantry;  Gen.  John  Glynn,  jr.,  of  (Legardeur's)  Orleans 
Grand  Battery,  Louisiana ;  Col.  Joseph  H.  Duggan,  Fifth  Company  Battalion  Wash- 
ington Artillery,  Louisiana,  and  assistant  chief  ordnance  officer,  Forest's  corps; 
Capt.  T.  F.Perkins,  of  Eleventh  Tennessee  Cavalry;  Maj.  George  Forrester,  Third 
Kentucky  Cavalry,  Morgan's  command;  Capt.  Joseph  W,  Morton,  chief  of  artillery, 


320       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Forrest's  command ;  J.  L.  McCollum,  Sixth  Regiment  Alabama  Infantry,  "Raccoon 
Roughs;"  Capt.  George  B.  Guild,  acting  adjutant-genera  1  Harrison's  brigade  cavalry; 
Ed.  T.  Manning,  of  Fourth  Louisiana  Infantry  and  Fenuer's  Louisiana  Battery; 
Lieut.  J.  B.  Ballard,  Company  K,  Twentieth  Louisiana  Infantry,  was  also  added  to 
the  committee. 

The  chairman  requested  Captain  Shipp  to  state  how  far  matters  had  progressed  in 
conference,  by  correspondence  or  otherwise,  between  the  Federal  and  Confederate 
veterans'  associations,  looking  to  a  permanent  organization  under  a  charter  already 
applied  for  in  Walker  County,  Ga. 

In  compliance  therewith  Captain  Shipp  stated  an  agreement  had  been  reached  by 
which  the  Federal  associations  were  to  select  the  president  and  treasurer  and  four- 
teen directors,  and  the  Confederate  associations  were  to  nominate  the  vice-president 
and  secretary,  and  an  equal  number  of  directors. 

This  arrangement  was  considered  eminently  proper  and  just,  and  the  committee 
then  reported  the  following  comrades  of  the  Confederate  veterans'  associations  to  be 
their  choice  to  serve  on  the  first  board  of  directors  to  be  hereafter  elected  by  the 
Chickamauga  Memorial  Association : 

For  vice-president,  Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler;  for  secretary,  Gen.  Marcus  J.  Wright. 

Directors. — From  Alabama,  Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler ;  from  Arkansas,  Capt.  C.  R.  Breck- 
inridge ;  from  Florida,  Gen.  Jesse  J.  Fiiiley ;  from  North  Carolina,  Gen.  David  H. 
Hill ;  from  South  Carolina,  Gen.  E.  M.  Law ;  from  Tennessee,  Gen.  Marcus  J.  Wright ; 
from  Texas,  Hon.  Roger  Q.  Mills ;  from  Virginia,  Hon.  George  D.  Wise ;  from  Georgia, 
Gen.  Alfred  H.  Colquitt  and  Gen.  James  Longstreet;  from  Kentucky,  Gen.  Joseph 
H.Lewis;  from  Louisiana,  Gen.  Randall  L.  Gibson;  from  Mississippi,  Col.  Charles 
E.  Hooker;  from  Missouri,  Gen.  F.  M.  Cockrell. 

Captain  Shipp  stated  all  the  above  were  duly  qualified  to  serve,  as  they  were  char- 
ter members  of  the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Association. 

General  Boyntou  approved  the  action  as  taken,  and  advised  that  the  Society  of  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland  would  take  like  action,  and  report  their  selections  at  the 
barbecue,  at  Crawfish  Spring,  on  the  20th  instant. 

Mr.  Ochs  was  requested  to  explain  the  method  of  subscribing  to  the  Chickamauga 
Memorial  Association;  which  was,  iu  substance,  that  a  life  membership  would  be 
issued,  on  parchment  certificate,  on  the  payment  of  $5,  made  by  any  member  of 
either  association  of  veterans. 

Colonel  Duggan  suggested  that,  as  the  charter  had  not  been  passed  upon  by  the 
superior  court  of  Georgia,  iu  his  opinion,  the  joint  committees  could  only  recom- 
mend confirmatory  action  when  the  iucorporators  were  legally  authorized. 

Mr.  Ochs  stated  he  was  fully  convinced  that  such  a  course  would  be  cheerfully 
complied  with. 

General  Boynton,  in  order  to  finally  fix  the  matter,  said  he  would  offer  a  resolution 
on  the  20th  instant,  covering  the  recommendations  from  both  army  organizations  to 
the  incorporators  of  the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Association,  and  he  felt  convinced 
it  would  be  unanimously  adopted. 

Captain  Shipp  suggested  the  appointment  of  a  committee  of  an  equal  number  of 
officers  from  the  Federal  and  Confederate  sides,  who  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga,  to  examine  the  maps  now  being  made  by  Major  Kellogg,  go  over  the 
battlefield,  and  endeavor  to  arrive  at  correct  information,  so  that  everything  would 
be  in  strict  accordance  with  the  facts  as  they  existed. 

Colonel  Claiborn  favored  the  suggestion. 

On  motion  of  Major  Clift,  the  chair  was  authorized  to  appoint  such  committee  at 
some  future  time,  after  consultation  with  General  Boynton. 

Mr.  Ochs  here  called  on  Captain  Shipp  to  explain  the  object  of  the  committee  to 
examine  Colonel  Kellogg's  maps  of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 

The  answer  was  from  General  Boynton,  to  the  effect  that  the  object  of  such  com- 
mittee was  to  find  and  determine  the  exact  positions  of  both  armies,  and  to  record 
the  same,  by  the  joint  efforts  of  the  commands  from  the  several  States  there  engaged ; 
and  that  while  Colonel  Kellogg  was  specially  charged  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment with  making  that  map,  he  had  shown  every  desire  to  serve  the  Chattanooga 
Memorial  Association  in  any  manner  possible. 

Captain  Perkins,  president  of  the  Nashville  Bivouac,  and  Captain  Guild  invited 
those  present,  and  all  organizations,  to  join  them  at  their  reunion  at  Nashville  on 
October  3  proximo,  and  Major  Forester,  of  the  Confederate  Veteran  Association  of 
Chicago,  extended  a  like  invitation  to  all  comrades  of  the  blue  and  the  gray  to  visit 
them  at  Chicago  during  the  World's  Fair  in  1892. 

The  Confederate  delegates  then  adjourned,  to  assemble  atN.  B.  Forrest  camp  rooms, 
on  east  Eighth  street,  at  2  o'clock,  to  march  in  a  body  to  a  joint  meeting  of  the  blue 
and  the  gray,  the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Park  Association,  where  Gen.  H.  V.  Boyn- 
ton and  Governor  Albert  S.  Marks  are  to  deliver  addresses. 

GKORGE  R.  GUILD,  Chairman. 
ED.  T.  MANNING,  Secretary. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      321 

On  the  20th  of  September,  1889,  the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Asso- 
ciation was  formed,  and  I  here  incorporate  the  proceedings  of  the  mem- 
orable meeting  which  was  held  in  the  little  church  on  the  battlefield 
near  Crawfish  Spring  on  that  eventfnl  day : 

CHICKAMAUGA  MEMORIAL  ASSOCIATION. 

CHURCH  ON  THE  BATTLEFIELD  OF  CHICKAMAUGA, 
Crawfish  Spring,  Walker  County,  Ga.,  September  %0,  1889. 

At  a  joint  meeting  of  the  Veterans'  Association  of  the  Blue  and  the  Gray,  held  this 
date,  as  above  designated,  Mr.  Adolph  S.  Ochs,  chairman  of  the  local  committee  on 
the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Association,  called  the  meeting  to  order  and  suggested 
the  election  of  a  chairman.  So  ordered. 

Gen.  Henry  M.  Cist  was  unanimously  elected,  and  Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton  and  Col.  T. 
M.  McConnell  appointed  to  escort  him  to  the  chair. 

On  motion,  Mr.  Ed.  T.  Manning  was  unanimously  elected  secretary. 

The  chairman  stated  the  object  of  the  meeting,  and  in  connection  therewith  Mr. 
Adolph  S.  Ochs  read  the  petition  for  charter,  which  would  be  shortly  granted. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Ochs,  all  members  present  were  enrolled  as  members  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga'Memorial  Association. 

General  C.  H.  Grosvenor  spoke,  advocating  the  immediate  election  of  officers. 

General  Fullerton  coincided  in  such  action. 

General  Grosvenor  then  placed  in  nomination,  for  the  first  president  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga Memorial  Association,  Gen.  T.  J.  Wilder,  of  Tennessee. 

Seconded  by  Capt.  J.  F.  Shipp. 

General  Wilder  was  declared  the  unanimous  choice  of  the  associations  present  and 
represented. 

General  Wilder,  being  present,  accepted  the  trust. 

Captain  Shipp  placed  in  nomination  for  vice-president  Gen.  Josenh  Wheeler,  of 
Alabama. 

Seconded  by  Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton. 

General  Wheeler  was  declared  unanimously  electe*.. 

Capt.  George  B.  Guild  nominated  Gen.  Marcus  J.  Wright,  of  Washington,  D.  C.., 
as  secretary,  who  was  unanimously  elected. 

General  Grosvenor  nominated  Gen.  J.  S.  Fnllerton,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  who  was 
unanimously  elected  treasurer. 

Secretary  Manning  then  read  the  list  of  directors  submitted  by  the  ex-Confederate 
Veterans'  Associations : 

Alabama,  Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler;  Arkansas,  Capt.  C.  R.  Breckinridge ;  Florida, 
Gen.  J.  T.  Finley ;  North  Carolina,  Gen.  D.  H.  Hill;  South  Carolina,  Gen.  E.  M.  Law; 
Tennessee,  Gen.  Marcus  J.  Wright;  Texas,  Gen.  Roger  Q.  Mills;  Virginia,  Hon. 
George  D.  Wise;  Georgia,  Gen.  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  Gen.  James  Longstreet;  Ken- 
tucky, Gen.  Joseph  H.  Lewis;  Louisiana,  Gen.  Randall  L.  Gibson;  Mississippi,  Col. 
Charles  E.  Hooker;  Missouri,  Gen.  F.  M.  Cockrell. 

General  Boynton  then  presented  the  following  list  of  directors,  submitted  by  the 
ex-Union  officers : 

Kentucky,  Col.  G.  C.  Kniffin;  Minnesota,  Gen.  J.  W.  Bishop;  Ohio,  Gen.  Henry 
M.  Cist,  Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  Gen.  Ferd.  Van  Derveer;  Tennessee,  Gen.  Gates  P. 
Thnrston;  Missouri,  Gen.  J.  S.  Fullerton;  Indiana,  Gen.  J.  J.  Reynolds;  Tennessee, 
Gen.  J.  T.  Wilder;  Illinois,  Gen.  A.  C.  McClurg;  United  States  Army,  Gen.  A.  Baird, 
Col.  S.  C.  Kellogg,  Washington,  D.  C.,  Gen.  W.  S.  Rosecrans,  Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton. 

On  motion  of  Capt.  H.  S.  Chamberlain,  seconded  by  Col.  J.  H.  Duggan,  the  election 
of  directors,  twenty-eight  in  number,  as  herein  named,  was  made  unanimous. 

On  motion  of  General  Thurston,  the  officers  present  were  authorized  to  call  a  meet- 
ing of  the  board  of  directors  at  such  time  as  they  think  best,  and  to  take  such  other 
action  as  they  may  deem  necessary. 

General  Wilder  then  stated  that  the  superior  court  would  soon  issue  the  charter, 
and,  if  authorized,  be  would  accept  the  same.  He  was  duly  empowered. 

On  motion,  the  associations  of  the  blue  and  gray  then  adjourned. 

HENRY  M.  CIST,  Chairman. 
ED.  T.  MANNING,  Secretary. 

In  making  up  the  list  of  incotporators,  the  selections  from  each  State  were  made 
as  nearly  as  practicable  in  proportion  to  the  troops  each  had  in  the  battle. 

After  the  association  has  been  incorporated,  there  will  be  an  opportunity  for  all 
who  choose,  of  the  veterans  of  either  army,  or  of  those  interested  in  the  project, 
whether  they  served  in  either  army  or  not,  to  become  members  upon  the  payment 

S.  Rep.  637 21 


322       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

of  a  membership  fee  of  $5,  which  is  to  be  paid  but  once,  no  subsequent  fees  of  any 
kind  being  contemplated.  This  will  entitle  the  subscriber  to  a  certificate  of  mem- 
bership and  to  one  vote  at  all  meetings  of  the  association,  either  in  person  or  by 
proxy. 

The  Union  army  had  195  separate  organizations  on  the  field,  of  which  36  were  bat- 
teries. The  Confederate  army  had  274  organizations,  of  which  50  were  batteries, 
and  6  belonged  to  the  Confederate  regulars.  These  were  thus  divided  among  the 
States : 

Union. — Illinois,  36;  Indiana,  42;  Kansas,  2;  Kentucky,  18;  Michigan,  8;  Minne- 
sota, 2 ;  Missouri,  3 ;  Ohio,  56 ;  Pennsylvania,  7 ;  Wisconsin,  9 ;  Tennessee,  2 ;  United 
States  regulars,  9. 

Confederate,. — Alabama,  43;  Arkansas,  17;  Florida,  7;  Georgia,  35;  Kentucky,  7; 
Louisiana,  13;  Mississippi,  21;  Missouri,  2;  North  Carolina,  4;  South  Carolina,  18; 
Tennessee,  68;  Texas,  18;  Virginia,  7;  Confederate  regulars,  6. 

Thus,  eleven  Union  States  and  the  Regular  Army  were  represented  by  troops  in 
the  battle,  and  all  the  Confederate  States,  with  Kentuckv  and  Missouri,  and  the 
regular  army  of  the  Confederacy. 

The  following  is  the  charter  of  the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Asso- 
ciation : 

STATE  OF  GEORGIA,  Walker  County. 
To  the  Superior  Court  of  said  County : 

The  petition  of  William  H.  Forney,  J.  T.  Holtzclaw,  W.  C.  Oates,  Joseph  Wheeler, 
and  S.  M.  A.  Wood,  of  Alabama;  James  H.  Berry,  Clifton  R.  Breckinridge,  Evander 
McNair,  and  L.  H.  Mangum,  of  Arkansas;  G.  C.  Symes,  of  Colorado;  Absalom  Baird, 
H.  V.  Boynton,  and  W.  S.  Rosecrans,  of  the  District  of  Columbia;  Wilkinson  Call, 
Robert  H.  M.  Davidson,  and  Jess  J.  Finley,  of  Florida;  Joseph  M.  Brown,  Alfred  H. 
Colquitt,  J.  B.  Cumming,  James  Longstreet,  Lafayette  McLaws,  and  E.  B.  Tate, 
of  Georgia;  S.  D.  Atkins,  Lyman  Bridges,  A.  C.  McClurg,  E.  A.  Otis,  John  M.  Palmer, 
and  P.  S.  Post,  of  Illinois;  Jbseph  B.  Dodge,  W.  Q.  Gresham,  J.  J.  Reynolds,  M.  S. 
Robinson,  G.  W.  Steele,  and  J.  T.  Wilder,  of  Indiana;  Frank  Hatton  and  W.  P. 
Hepburn,  of  Iowa;  John  A.  Martin,  of  Kansas;  C.  D.  Bailey,  M.  H.  Cooper,  R.  M. 
Kelly,  C!  G.  Kniffin,  Joseph  H.  Lewis,  Alfred  Pirtle  and  W.  J.  Stone,  of  Kentucky; 
Randall  S.  Gibson  and  Felix  Robertson,  of  Louisiana;  H.  M.  Duflield  and  A.  W. 
Wilbur,  of  Michigan;  J.  W.  Bishop  and  R.  W.  Johnson,  of  Minnesota;  Charles  E. 
Hooker,  J.  Bright  Morgan,  Jacob  M.  Sharp,  J.  A.  Smith,  and  Edward  C.  Walthall, 
of  Mississippi;  Joseph  S.  Fullerton,  William  Henry  Hatch,  Robert  McCulloch,  John 
S.  Melton,  and  J.  H.  Wade,  of  Missouri;  C.  A.  Dana  and  A.  G.  McCook,  of  New 
York ;  William  R.  Cox,  David  H.  Hill,  Chas.  W.  McClammy,  and  Matt  W.  Ransom, 
of  North  Carolina;  H.  M.  Cist,  W.  F.  Goodspeed,  Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  P.  P.  Lane, 
J.  G.  Mitchell,  J.  G.  Taylor,  and  Ferd.  Van  Deryeer,  of  Ohio;  William  J.  Palmer, 
John  Tweedale,  and  John  G.  Vale,  of  Pennsylvania;  Ellison  Capers  and  E.  M.  Law, 
of  South  Carolina;  Frank  C.  Armstrong,  William  B.  Bate,  John  C.  Brown,  S.  B. 
Moe,  Adolph  S.  Ochs,  Lucius  E.  Polk,  Alexander  P.  Stewart,  Gates  P.  Thurston,  and 
Marcus  J.  Wright,  of  Tennessee;  C.  B.  Kilgore,  Roger  Q.  Mills,  and  William  B.  Say- 
ers,  of  Texas;  R.  A.  Brock,  I.  M.  French,  and  George  D.  Wise,  of  Virginia;  H.  C. 
Hobart  and  John  L.  Mitchell,  of  Wisconsin ;  J.  M.  Brannan,  H.  C.  dishing,  S.  C.  Kel- 
logg, Frank  G.  Smith,  and  Thomas  J.  Wood,  of  the  United  States  Army,  respectfully 
show: 

First.  That  petitioners  and  all  other  persons  who  may  be  subscribers,  as  herein- 
after provided,  to  the  funds  devoted  to  the  preservation  of  the  battlefield  of  Chick- 
amauga, in  the  county  of  Walker  and  State  of  Georgia,  ex  officio,  and  the  governors, 
ex  officio,  of  such  other  States  as  had  troops  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga, 
Georgia,  on  the  eighteenth,  nineteenth,  and  twentieth  of  September,  1863,  aud  which 
may  comply  with  the  terms  of  this  charter,  and  the  president  and  the  secretary  of 
the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  ex  officio,  and  the  president  and  the 
secretary  of  the  Southern  Historical  Society  of  Virginia,  ex  officio,  and  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  of  the  United  States,  ex  officio,  and  their  successors,  be  corporated  and 
made  a  body  corporate  and  politic,  under  the  name  and  style  of  The  Chickamauga 
Memorial  Association. 

Second.  The  object  of  this  corporation  is  not  pecuniary  gain  to  the  stockholders, 
but  is  to  mark  and  preserve  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga,  on  which  were  fought 
the  actions  of  September  eighteenth,  nineteenth,  and  twentieth,  anno  Domini,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-three,  together  with  the  natural  and  artificial 
features,  as  they  were  at  the  time  of  said  battle,  by  such  memorial  stones,  tablets, 
or  monuments  as  a  generous  people  may  aid  to  erect,  to  commemorate  the  valor  dis- 
played by  American  soldiers  on  that  field. 

Third.  The  particular  business  of  said  association,  in  order  to  accomplish  its 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      323 

objects,  and  for  which  they  desire  the  powers  hereinafter  applied  for,  is  to  have  the 
power  to  take  and  to  hold,  by  purchase,  lease,  devise,  grant,  or  gift,  such  real  and 
personal  property  and  effects,  and  all  such  portions  of  said  battlefield,  aa  may  be 
necessary  or  convenient,  to  promote  and  accomplish  the  objects  of  its  incorporation, 
and  upon  its  own  grounds  thus  acquired,  and  upon  private  grounds,  with  the  per- 
mission of  such  owners  as  continue  to  hold  any  portion  of  such  field,  to  inclose  and 
perpetuate  such  grounds,  to  keep  them  in  repair  and  a  state  of  preservation,  to  con- 
struct and  maintain  ways  and  roads,  to  improve  and  ornament  the  grounds,  and  to 
erect  and  promote  the  erection,  by  the  association  and  by  voluntary  contributions, 
of  suitable  monuments  and  tablets. 

Fourth.  Petitioners  desire  that  the  property  and  affairs  of  said  corporation  shall 
be  managed  by  a  board  of  twenty-eight  directors,  with  a  secretary  and  treasurer 
aud  such  other  officers  as  they  desire,  all  of  whom  shall  be  selected  from  the  sub- 
scribers who  may  be  members  of  such  corporation,  by  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast, 
each  subscriber  who  is  a  member  of  said  corporation  to  be  entitled  to  a  single  vote, 
either  in  person  or  by  proxy.  They  desire  that  said  officers  shall  serve  for  a  term  of 
four  years,  or  until  their  successors  are  elected,  and  that  the  first  election  shall  be 
held  upon  said  property  of  said  corporation  by  those  entitled  to  vote,  and  that  sub- 
sequent elections  shall  be  held  each  four  years  thereafter  during  the  existence  of  this 
charter,  at  such  time  and  place  as  the  directors  may  appoint. 

Fifth.  They  desire  that  said  corporation  shall  have  the  power  to  issue  certificates 
of  membership  to  all  persons  who  shall  desire  the  same  who  shall  subscribe  one  or 
more  shares  to  the  said  memorial  fund  of  said  corporation,  the  amount  of  a  single 
share  to  be  fixed  by  the  board  of  directors,  and  not  to  exceed  five  dollars,  and  all 
subscribers,  upon  payment  and  receipt  of  such  certificate,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote 
at  all  elections  of  said  corporation. 

Sixth.  They  desire  that  the  president,  directors,  and  treasurer  shall  make  reports 
on  the  day  of  each  election,  to  be  presented  to  the  members,  and  read  and  published, 
which  shall  be  duly  certified ;  and  shall  exhibit,  fully  and  accurately,  the  receipts, 
expenses,  and  expenditures  of  said  corporation. 

Seventh.  Petitioners  desire  to  be  incorporated  for  the  term  of  twenty  years,  with 
the  privilege  of  renewal  as  often  as  the  same  can  be  done  under  the  laws.  They  desire 
the  corporation  to  have  the  power  of  suing  and  being  sued,  and  to  have  and  use  a 
common  seal,  and  to  have  succession,  and  to  make  such  by-laws  as  it  wishes  binding 
on  its  own  members,  not  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  this  State,  or  of  the  United 
States,  and  to  alter,  amend,  and  rescind  the  same  at  pleasure,  and  to  have  the  power, 
as  aforesaid,  to  receive,  rent,  lease,  purchase,  hold,  acquire,  and  operate,  in  any  way 
that  a  natural  person  might  acquire  and  operate  the  same,  such  real  and  personal 
property  of  all  kinds  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  legitimate  purposes  of  said  corpo- 
ration. Petitioners  do  not  desire  to  have  any  capital  stock,  or  to  declare  any  divi- 
dends, as  said  corporation  is  not  organized  for  pecuniary  or  personal  gain. 

Eighth.  Petitioners  desire  that  the  chief  office  and  place  of  business  of  said  cor- 
poration and  the  place  of  holding  itsannual  meetings  shall  be  upon  the  grounds  of 
said  corporation,  in  the  State  of  Georgia  and  county  of  Walker,  and  that  it  have 
power,  also,  to  establish  and  remove  branch  offices  at  such  other  place  or  places 
within  the  United  States  as  by  a  vote  of  its  directors  may  be  deemed  of  benefit  to 
said  corporation. 

Ninth.  Petitioners  pray  that  they  may  be  made  a  body  corporate  and  politic  under 
the  name  as  aforesaid  and  with  all  the  powers  and  privileges  as  aforesaid,  that  this 
petition  may  be  recorded  by  the  clerk  of  the  superior  court  of  said  county  of  Walker, 
and  that  the  same  may  be  published  in  the  Walker  County  Messenger,  a  public  ga- 
zette publishing  the  sheriff's  sales  of  said  county,  once  a  week  for  one  month,  and 
that  afterward  the  court  will  pass  an  order  declaring  said  application  granted,  and 
petitioners  will  ever  pray,  etc. 

JULIUS  L.  BROWN, 
Petitioners'  Attorney. 

Filed  in  office  August  20th,  1889. 

R.   N.   DlCKERSON, 

Clerk  Superior  Court,  Walker  County,  Georgia. 

The  petition  of  William  H.  Forney,  Joseph  Wheeler,  H.  V.  Boynton,  W.  S.  Rose- 
crans,  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  James  Longstreet,  Lafayette  McLaws,  C.  A.  Dana,  H.  M. 
Cist,  and  others  named  in  the  petition,  praying  to  be  incorporated  under  the  name 
and  style  of  The  Chickamauga  Memorial  Association,  came  on  to  be  heard  in  open 
court,  and  upon  consideration  thereof,  and  being  satisfied  that  the  same  has  been  duly 
advertised,  and  that  the  law  has  been  complied  with,  and  no  objections  having  been 
filed  thereto,  and  being  further  satisfied  that  the  objects  of  said  petition  are  proper, 
and  come  within  the  purview  and  intention  of  the  code  and  laws  of  this  State,  it  is 
ordered  by  the  court  that  said  petition  be  granted,  and  that  said  petitioners  and  their 
successors  and  assigns  be  incorporated  for  and  during  the  term  of  twenty  years,  with 


324       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  privilege  of  renewal  at  the  expiration  of  that  time,  nnder  the  laws,  and  that  said 
corporation  have  all  the  rights,  powers,  and  privileges  as  prayed  for. 
In  open  court  this  4th  clay  of  December,  1889. 

JULIUS  L.  BROWN, 

Petitionvr^  Attorn- »/. 
By  the  conrt, 
JOHN  W.  MADDOX,  ./.  S.  C.  R.  C. 

STATE  OF  GEORGIA,  Walker  County: 

I,  R.  N.  Dickerson,  clerk  of  the  superior  court  of  said  county,  do  hereby  certi  fy 
that  the  above  and  foregoing  is  a  true  and  correct  copy  of  the  petition  and  order 
incorporating  The  Chickainauga  Memorial  Association,  as  the  same  appears  of  entry 
in  the  minutes  of  said  court  and  of  tile  in  this  office. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  of  office  this  1st  day  of  March,  1890. 

R.  N.  DICKERSON, 
Cleric  Superior  Court,  Walker  County,  Georgia. 

I  had  the  honor  to  introduce  into  the  Fifty-first  Congress  a  bill  to 
establish  a  national  military  park  at  the  battlefield  of  Chickainauga  5 
and  that  bill,  drafted  by  General  Boynton,  was  in  furtherance  ol  the 
Chickamauga  Memorial  Park  Association,  which  I  have  heretofore 
referred  to.  The  bill  is  in  the  words  following : 

AN  ACT  to  establish  a  national  military  park  at  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled,  That  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  and  suitably  marking  for 
historical  and  professional  military  study  the  fields  of  some  of  the  most  remarkable 
maneuvers  and  most  brilliant  fighting  in  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  and  upon  the 
ceding  of  jurisdiction  to  the  United  States  by  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Georgia, 
respectively,  and  the  report  of  the  Attorney  General  of  the  United  States  that  the 
title  to  the  lands  thus  ceded  is  perfect,  the  following-described  highways  in  those 
States  are  hereby  declared  to  be  approaches  to  and  parts  of  the  Chickamanga  and 
Chattanooga  National  Military  Park,  as  established  by  the  second  section  of  this 
act,  to  wit :  First,  the  Missionary  Ridge  Crest  road  from  Sherman  Heights  at  the 
north  end  of  Missionary  Ridge,  in  Tennessee,  where  the  said  road  enters  upon  the 
ground  occupied  by  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  under  Maj.  Gen.  William  T.  Shermai), 
in  the  military  operations  of  November  twenty-fourth  and  twenty-fifth,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty-three;  thence  along  said  road  through  the  positions  occupied  by 
the  army  of  Gen.  Braxton  Bragg  on  November  twenty-fifth,  eighteen  hundred  and 
sixty-three,  and  which  were  assaulted  by  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  under  Maj. 
Gen.  George  H.  Thomas  on  that  date,  to  where  the  said  road  crosses  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  near  Rossville  Gap,  Georgia,  upon  the  ground 
occupied  by  the  troops  of  Maj.  Gen.  Joseph  Hooker,  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
and  thence  in  the  State  of  Georgia  to  the  junction  of  said  road  with  the  Chattanooga 
and  Lafayette  or  State  road  at  Rossville  Gap.  Second,  the  Lafayette  or  State  road 
from  Rossville,  Georgia,  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  mill,  Georgia.  Third,  the  road  from 
Lee  and  Gordon's  mill,  Georgia,  to  Crawfish  Spring,  Georgia.  Fourth,  the  road 
from  Crawfish  Spring,  Georgia,  to  the  crossing  of  the  Chickainauga  at  Glass's  mill, 
Georgia.  Fifth,  the  Dry  Valley  road  from  Rossville,  Georgia,  to  the  southern  limits 
of  McFarlaud's  Gap  in  Missionary  Ridge.  Sixth,  the  Dry  Valley  and  Crawfish 
Spring  road  from  McFarland's  Gap  to  the  intersection  of  the  road  from  Crawfish 
Spring  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  mill.  Seventh,  the  road  from  Ringgold,  Georgia,  to 
Reed's  bridge  on  the  Chickamauga  River.  Eighth,  the  roads  from  the  crossing  of 
Lookout  Creek  across  the  northern  slope  of  Lookout  Mountain,  and  thence  to  the 
old  Summertown  road  and  to  the  valley  on  the  east  slope  of  said  mountain,  and 
thence  by  the  route  of  Gen.  Joseph  Hooker's  troops  to  Rossville,  Georgia;  and  each 
and  all  of  these  herein-described  roads  shall,  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  remain 
open  as  free  public  highways,  and  all  rights  of  way  now  existing  through  the  grounds 
of  the  said  park  and  its  approaches  shall  be  continued. 

SEC.  2.  That  upon  the  ceding  of  jurisdiction  by  the  legislature  of  the  State  of 
Georgia,  and  the  report  of  the  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States  that  a  perfect 
title  has  been  secured  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  approved  August  first,  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty-eight,  entitled  "An  act  to  authorize  condemnation  of  land  lor 
gites  of  public  buildings,  and  for  other  purposes,"  the  lauds  and  roads  embraced  in 
the  area  bounded  as  herein  described,  together  with  the  roads  described  in  section  1 
of  this  act,  are  hereby  declared  to  be  a  national  park,  to  be  known  as  the  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga  National  Park ;  that  is  to  say,  the  area  inclosed  by  a  line 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       325 

beginning  on  the  Lafayette  or  State  road,  in  Georgia,  at  a  point  where  the  bottom 
of  the  ravine  next  north  of  the  house  known  on  the  field  of  Chickamauga  as  the 
Cloud  House,  and  being  about  six  hundred  yards  north  of  said  house,  due  east  to  the 
Chickamauga  River,  and  due  west  to  the  intersection  of  the  Dry  Valley  road  at 
McFarland's  Gap ;  thence  along  the  west  side  of  the  Dry  Valley  and  Crawlish  Spring 
roads  to  the  south  side  of  the  road  from  Crawfish  Spring  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  mill; 
thence  along  the  south  side  of  the  last-named  road  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  mill;  thence 
along  the  channel  of  the  Chickamanga  River  to  the  line  forming  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  park,  as  hereinbefore  described,  containing  seven  thousand  six 
hundred  acres,  more  or  less. 

SKC.  3.  That  the  said  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park,  and  the 
approaches  thereto,  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  it  shall 
be  his  duty,  immediately  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  notify  the  Attorney-General 
of  the  purpose  of  the  United  States  to  acquire  title  to  the  roads  and  lands  described 
in  the  previous  sections  of  this  act  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  August  first, 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-eight;  and  the  said  Secretary,  upon  receiving  notice 
from  the  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States  that  perfect  titles  have  been  secured 
to  the  said  lands  and  roads,  shall  at  once  proceed  to  establish  and  substantially 
mark  the  boundaries  of  the  said  park. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby  authorized  to  enter  into  agreements, 
upon  such  nominal  terms  as  he  may  prescribe,  with  such  present  owners  orf-the  land 
as  may  desire  to  remain  upon  it,  to  occupy  and  cultivate  their  present  holdings, 
upon  condition  that  they  will  preserve  the  present  buildings  and  roads,  and  the 
present  eutlines  of  field  and  forest,  and  that  they  will  only  cut  trees  or  underbrush 
under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  may  prescribe,  and  that  they  will  assist  in 
caring  for  and  protecting  all  tablets,  monuments,  or  such  other  artificial  works  as 
may  from  time  to  time  be  erected  by  proper  authority. 

SEC.  5.  That  the  affairs  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  shall, 
subject  to  the  supervision  and  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  be  in  charge  of 
three  commissioners,  each  of  whom  shall  have  actively  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga  or  one  of  the  battles  about  Chattanooga,  two  to  be  appointed  from 
civil  life  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  a  third,  who  shall  be  detailed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  from  among  those  officers  of  the  Army  best  acquainted  with  the  details 
of  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  who  shall  act  as  secretary  of  the 
commission.  The  said  commissioners  and  secretary  shall  have  an  office  in  the  War 
Department  building,  and  while  on  actual  duty  shall  be  paid  such  compensation, 
out  of  the  appropriation  provided  in  this  act,  as  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  deem 
reasonable  and  just. 

SEC.  6.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioners  named  in  the  preceding 
section,  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  superintend  the  opening  of 
such  roads  as  may  be  necessary  to  the  purposes  of  the  park,  and  the  repair  of  the 
roads  of  the  same,  and  to  ascertain  and  definitely  mark  the  lines  of  battle  of  all 
troops  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  so  far  as  the  same 
shall  fall  within  the  lines  of  the  park  as  defined  in  the  previous  sections  of  this  act; 
and  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  them  in  their  duties  and  ascertaining  these  lines 
the  Secretary  of  War  shall  have  authority  to  employ,  at  such  compensation  as  he 
may  deem  reasonable  and  just,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  appropriation  made  by  this  act, 
some  person  recognized  as  well  informed  in  regard  to  the  details  of  the  battles  or 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  and  who  shall  have  actively  participated  in  one  of 
those  battles ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  from  and  after  the 
passage  of  this  act,  through  the  commissioners  and  their  assistant  in  historical  work, 
and  under  the  act  approved  August  first,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-eight,  regu- 
lating the  condemnation  of  land  for  ..public  uses,  to  proceed  with  the  preliminary 
work  of  establishing  the  park  and  its  approaches  as  the  same  are  defined  in  this 
act;  and  the  expenses  thus  incurred  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  appropriation  provided 
by  this  act. 

SEC.  7.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commissioners,  acting  under  the  direction 
of  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  ascertain  and  substantially  mark  the  locations  of  the 
regular  troops,  both  infantry  and  artillery,  within  the  boundaries  of  the  park,  and 
to  erect  monuments  upon  those  positions  as  Congress  may  provide  the  necessary 
appropriations;  and  the  Secretary  of  War  in  the  same  way  may  ascertain  and  mark 
all  lines  of  battle  within  the  boundaries  of  the  park  and  erect  plain  and  substantial 
historical  tablets  at  such  points  in  the  vicinity  of  the  park  and  its  approaches  as  he 
may  deem  fitting  and  necessary  to  clearly  designate  positions  and  movements 
which,  although  without  the  limits  of  the  park,  were  directly  connected  with  the 
battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga. 

SEC.  8.  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  authorities  of  any  State  having  troops 
engaged  either  at  Chattanooga  or  Chickamauga,  and  for  the  officers  and  directors  of 
the  Chickamauga  Memorial  Association,  a  corporation  chartered  under  the  laws  of 
Georgia,  to  enter  upon  the  lands  and  approaches  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chatta- 


326       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

nooga  National  Park  for  the  purposes  of  ascertain iug  and  marking  the  lines  of  bat- 
tle of  troops  engaged  therein  :  Provided,  That  before  any  such  lines  are  permanently 
designated  the  position  of  the  lines  and  the  proposed  methods  of  marking  them,  by 
monuments,  tablets,  or  otherwise,  shall  be  submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  and 
shall  first  receive  the  written  approval  of  the  Secretary,  which  approval  shall  be 
based  upon  formal  written  reports,  which  must  be  made  to  him  in  each  case  by  the 
commissioners  of  the  park. 

SEC.  9.  That  the  Secretary  of  War,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  shall  have  the  power  to  make,  and  shall  make,  all  needed  regulations 
for  the  care  of  the  park  and  for  the  establishment  and  marking  of  the  lines  of  battle 
and  other  historical  features  of  the  park. 

SEC.  10.  That  if  any  person  shall  willfully  destroy,  mutilate,  deface,  injure,  or 
remove  any  monument,  column,  statues,  memorial  structure,  or  work  of  art,  that 
shall  be  erected  or  placed  upon  the  grounds  of  the  park  by  lawful  authority,  or  shall 
willfully  destroy  or  remove  any  fence,  railing,  inclosure,  or  other  work  for  the  pro- 
tection or  ornament  of  said  park,  or  any  portion  thereof,  or  shall  willfully  destroy, 
cut,  hack,  bark,  break  down,  or  otherwise  injure  any  tree  or  bush  or  shrubbery 
that  may  be  growing  upon  said  park,  or  shall  cut  down  or  fell  or  remove  any  timber, 
battle  relic,  tree  or  trees  growing  or  being  upon  such  park,  except  by  permission  of 
the  Secretary  of  War,  or  shall  willfully  remove  or  destroy  any  breast-works,  earth- 
works, walls,  or  other  defenses  or  shelter,  or  any  part  thereof,  constructed  by  the 
armies  formerly  engaged  in  the  battles  on  the  lands  or  approaches  to  the  park,  any 
person  so  offending  and  found  guilty  thereof,  before  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the 
county  in  which  the  offense  may  be  committed,  shall  for  each  and  every  such  offense 
forfeit  and  pay  a  fine,  in  the  discretion  of  the  justice,  according  to  the  aggravation 
of  the  offense,  of  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars,  one-half  to  the  use 
of  the  park  and  the  other  half  to  the  informer,  to  be  enforced  and  recovered,  before 
such  justice,  in  like  manner  as  debts  of  like  nature  are  now  by  law  recoverable  in 
the  several  counties  where  the  offense  may  be  committed. 

SEC.  11.  That  to  enable  the  Secretary  of  War  to  begin  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of 
this  act,  including  the  condemnation  and  purchase  of  the  necessary  land,  marking 
the  boundaries  of  the  park,  opening  or  repairing  necessary  roads,  maps  and  sur- 
veys, and  the  pay  and  expenses  of  the  commissioners  and  their  assistant,  the  sum  of 
$125,000,  or  such  portion  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated,  out 
of  any  moneys  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  and  disbursements  under 
this  act  shall  require  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  he  shall  make  annual 
report  of  the  same  to  Congress. 

Approved,  August  19,  1890. 

The  bill  was  House  bill  No.  6454.  In  the  ordinary  progress  of  busi- 
ness the  bill  went  to  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs,  and  was  reported 
back  by  House  Report  No.  643,  which  is  in  the  following  language : 

[House  Report  No.  643,  Fifty-first  Congress,  first  session.] 

Mr.  Lansing,  from  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs,  submitted  the  following 
report : 

The  Committee  on  Military  Affairs,  to  whom  was  referred  the  bill  (H.  R.  6454)  to 
establish  a  national  military  park  at  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga,  having  had  the 
same  under  consideration,  respectfully  report  the  same,  with  an  amendment,  and 
recommend  that  the  bill  as  amended  do  pass. 

The  bill  under  consideration  establishes  as  a  national  military  park  the  approaches 
which  overlook  and  the  ground  upon  which  occurred  some  of  the  most  remarkable 
tactical  movements  and  the  deadliest  fighting  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  namely, 
the  fields  of  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga. 

The  preservation  for  national  study  of  the  lines  of  decisive  battles,  especially 
when  the  tactical  movements  were  unusual  both  in  numbers  and  military  ability, 
and  when  the  fields  embraced  great  natural  difficulties,  may  properly  be  regarded  as 
a  matter  of  national  importance. 

This  your  committee  understand  to  be  the  underlying  idea  of  that  noted  organi- 
zation of  Union  soldiers,  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  with  whom 
the  pending  project  originated.  Interested  with  them,  and  supporting  them  in  the 
movement,  wo  find  leading  representatives  of  all  the  Eastern  and  of  all  the  Western 
armies;  and  for  this  we  find  ready  explanation  in  the  fact  that  all  the  armies  and 
nearly  every  State  of  the  North  and  each  State  of  the  South  had  troops  on  one  or 
I'Oth  these  fields. 

The  proposition  to  mark  the  lines  of  both  sides  is  held  to  be  absolutely  necessary 
to  a  clear  understanding  of  the  fields  and  to  the  sufficient  illustration  of  the  persist- 
ent, stubborn,  and  deadly  fighting  of  American  soldiers,  which  made  the  field  of 
Chickamauga  for  both  sides,  as  the  statistics  show,  one  of  the  bloodiest,  if  not  the 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       327 

bloodiest,  battlefields  for  the  numbers  engaged  and  the  time  of  their  fighting  of  any 
of  the  great  battles  of  the  modern  world,  from  the  days  of  the  first  Napoleon  to  the 
close  of  the  war  for  the  Union. 

The  corresponding  field  for  Eastern  operations  is  Gettysburg,  where  every  State  in 
the  Union  ia  interested,  and  the  necessity  of  marking  both  lines  to  an  intelligent 
study  of  the  field  has  been  recognized  in  a  proposition  before  this  Congress  to  provide 
for  marking  the  Confederate  lines  xipon  that  noted  field. 

The  proposed  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park  consists  of  two  fea- 
tures— the  approaches  and  the  park  proper.  It  is  expected  that  title  to  the  former 
will  be  obtained  by  the  United  States,  without  cost,  through  cession  of  jurisdiction 
by  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  respectively,  of  the  public  roads  now  in 
existence,  and  which  it  is  proposed  to  utilize  as  approaches  to  the  park.  No  ap- 
propriation is,  therefore,  made  for  their  purchase,  and  informal  assurances  have  been 
given  for  their  prompt  cession  to  the  United  States. 

The  battlefield  of  Chickamauga  proper  forms  the  body  of  the  park.  As  described 
in  the  bill,  it  embraces  about  7,600  acres.  It  is  proposed  to  obtain  title  to  this  by 
condemnation  under  the  general  act.  In  order  that  no  resident  on  the  tract  may 
feel  himself  driven  from  home  or  from  his  possessions,  it  is  provided  that  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  may  arrange  with  all  who  desire  to  remain  to  lease  their  lands  at  a 
nominal  rent,  the  conditions  on  their  side  being  that  they  will  aid  in  the  care  of  the 
grounds  and  in  preserving  all  the  natural  featured  of  the  field  as  they  now  exist. 

The  approaches  to  the  field  form  most  important  adjuncts  of  the  proposed  national 
park.  The  approach  from  Chattanooga  begins  at  or  near  Sherman  Heights,  at  the 
north  end  of  Missionary  Ridge.  This  is  the  battlefield  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
under  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  during  the  operations  about  Chattanooga,  November  23, 
24,  and  25,  1863.  From  this  point  this  approach  runs  along  the  crest  of  Missionary 
Ridge  to  Rossville  Gap.  Throughout  its  whole  length  it  overlooks  the  battlefield  of 
General  Hooker's  troops,  from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  on  Lookout  Mountain,  and 
terminates  where  these  troops,  after  the  battle  on  the  mountain,  reached  and  crossed 
Missionary  Ridge.  This  approach  also  overlooks  the  ground  of  the  first  day's  opera- 
tions about  Orchard  Knob,  and  coincides  throughout  its  length  with  the  lines  of 
General  Bragg's  army,  and  thus  passes  along  the  entire  front  of  the  famous  assault 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  under  General  Thomas,  upon  Missionary  Ridge. 

The  continuation  of  this  first-described  approach  is  the  Lafayette  or  State  road 
from  Rossville,  Ga.,  passing  through  the  center  of  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga, 
and  being  the  axis  and  the  prize  of  the  fight,  to  Lee  and  Gordon's  mill  on  the  Chick- 
amauga River,  which  was  opposite  the  center  of  the  Confederate  army  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  battle,  and  thence  to  Crawfish  Spring,  the  point  from  which  the  Union  army 
advanced  to  the  battle,  and  thence  to  Glass's  Mill,  on  the  Chickamauga,  the  left  of  the 
Confederate  line  of  battle.  The  third  approach  is  the  road  from  the  junction  of  the 
first  two  at  Rossville,  Ga.,  along  the  northern  foot  of  Missionary  Ridge,  to  McFar- 
land's  Gap,  being  the  road  over  which  the  Union  army  advanced  to  Chattanooga 
after  the  battle,  and  forming  the  entrance  to  the  northern  portion  of  the  proposed 
park.  These  are  all  roads  which,  for  the  most  part,  like  those  of  the  battlefield 
itself,  have  a  stony  or  flinty  foundation,  and  which  require  comparatively  little  care, 
and  all  of  them  are  to  be  obtained  without  cost  to  the  United  States. 

The  following  are  the  lengths  of  the  approaches  and  roads  thus  to  be  ceded  to  the 
United  States  without  cost : 

Miles. 

Sherman  Heights  to  Rossville 6 

Rossville  to  Lee  and  Gordons 7 

Rossville  to  McFarlands  Gap 2 

McFarlands  Gap  to  Crawfish  Spring  road 6 

Lee  and  Gordons  mill  to  Crawfish  Spring 2 

Crawfish  Spring  to  Glass's  Mills 2 

Total 25 

The  purpose  is  to  maintain  the  body  of  the  park,  which  embraces  the  field  of  Chicka- 
mauga, as  near  as  may  be  in  its  present  condition  as  to  roads,  fields,  forests,  and 
houses.  There  have  been  scarcely  any  changes  in  those  respects  since  the  battle, 
except  in  the  growth  of  \inderbrush  and  timber.  Almost  the  only  work  of  any 
consequence  in  the  restoration  of  the  entire  field  to  its  condition  at  the  time  of  the 
battle  will  be  the  cutting  away  of  underbrush  over  a  very  limited  area. 

The  roads  as  they  now  exist  are  the  same  as  were  used  in  the  battle,  and  very  little 
road  construction  Avill  hereafter  be  necessary  to  give  access  to  every  point  of  interest 
on  the  field.  When,  therefore,  once  established,  the  cost  of  the  care  of  the  park  and 
its  approaches  will  be  very  small. 

The  area  which  it  is  proposed  to  acquire  for  the  park  by  condemnation  contains,  as 
near  as  may  be,  7,600  acres.  The  land  is  largely  forest  and  ridge  land,  though  there 
is  considerable  good  farming  land  in  the  tract.  The  average  cost  of  the  whole  can 


328       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

not,  with  all  improvements,  exceed  $20  an  acre.  The  sum  appropriated  by  the  bill, 
which  is  $250,000,'  will  be  ample  for  the  complete  establishment  of  the  park,  includ- 
ing preliminary  surveys,  fixing  its  boundaries,  surfacing  its  roads,  and  ascertaining 
the  military  positions. 

The  purpose  is  to  have  each  State  which  had  troops  engaged  on  the  field  provide 
the  monuments  for  marking  the  positions  of  the  troops,  after  the  general  plan  here- 
tofore pursued  at  Gettysburg  by  the  Gettysburg  Battlefield  Memorial  Association. 
This  work  will  be  performed  at  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  by  the  Chickainan^a 
Memorial  Association,  acting  under  the  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  This 
latter  association  is  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Georgia.  Its  charter  specially 
states  that  it  will  not  issue  stock,  and  that  its  objects  are  not  pecuniary  gain.  Its 
incorporators  number  one  hundred,  half  of  them  ex-Union  veterans  of  prominence 
in  the  battle  and  the  other  half  ex- Con  federate  soldiers  of  equal  prominence  on  their 
side. 

The  sole  expense  to  the  United  States  for  monuments  will  be  those  for  marking  the 
positions  of  the  regular  regiments  and  batteries,  being  only  sixteen  in  number  for 
both  fields. 

The  approaches  to  the  park  which  traverse  Missionary  Ridge  can  be  cheaply  and 
quickly  reached  from  Chattanooga  by  four  turnpikes,  and  by  steam  and  electric  rail- 
roads, upon  which  the  fare  is  5  cents.  The  Chickamauga  field  can  be  reached  by 
railroad  in  fifteen  minutes  from  Chattanooga,  this  road  traversing  the  whole  field 
from  McFarlands  Gap  to  Crawfish  Spring.  Two  other  railroads  will  add  facilities 
for  reaching  other  portions  of  the  park  as  soon  as  its  establishment  is  secured. 

Your  committee  find  the  interest  in  this  project  widespread.  To  such  an  extent 
is  this  true  that  it  may  properly  be  called  national.  The  recent  demands  for  the  new 
maps  of  Chickamauga,  from  every  section  of  the  Union,  illustrate  this  fact.  The 
Union  armies  of  the  Tennessee,  tho  Cumberland,  and  the  Potomac,  under  Generals 
Sherman,  Rosecrans,  Thomas,  and  Hooker,  all  finally  united  under  General  Grant, 
are  equally  interested  in  preserving  the  lines  of  this  extended  and  notable  battle 
ground. 

On  the  Confederate  side  the  armies  of  the  Tennessee,  of  Northern  Virginia  through 
General  Longstreet's  corps,  of  the  Mississippi  through  General  Johnston's  troops,  and 
General  Buckner's  army  from  East  Tennessee,  were  all  engaged. 

The  Regular  Army  had  nine  regiments  and  seven  batteries  on  these  fields,  while  the 
following  eighteen  States  had  troops  in  the  Union  army  engaged  in  these  move- 
ments: Maine,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
Maryland,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Illi- 
nois, Kansas,  Missouri,  and  Tennessee.  Every  Confederate  State  had  troops  on  these 
fields,  while  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Tennessee  contributed  numerously  to  both 
armies. 

As  already  stated,  the  figures  show  Chickamauga  to  rank,  for  the  numbers  engaged 
and  the  time  of  their  fighting,  among  the  most  noted  battles  of  the  modern  world. 

Wellington  lost  12  per  cent  at  Waterloo;  Napoleon  14^  per  cent  at  Austerlitz  and 
14  per  cent  at  Marengo.  The  average  losses  of  both  armies  at  Magenta  and  Sol- 
ferino,  in  1859,  was  less  than  9  per  cent.  At  Koniggriitz,  in  18ti6,  it  was  6  per  cent. 
At  Worth,  Mars-la-Tour,  Gravelotte,  and  Sedan,  in  1870,  the  average  loss  was  12  per 
cent. 

The  marvel  of  German  fighting  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  was  by  the  Third  West- 
phalian  Infantry  at  Mars-la-Tour.  It  took  3,000  men  into  action  and  lost  40.4  per 
cent.  Next  to  this  record  was  that  of  the  Garde-Schiitzen  battalion,  1,000  strong,  at 
Metz,  which  lost  46.1  per  cent.  There  were  several  brigades  on  each  side  at  Chicka- 
mauga and  very  many  regiments  whose  losses  exceeded  these  figures  for  Mars-la- 
Tour  and  Metz. 

The  average  losses  on  each  side  for  the  troops  which  fought  through  the  two  days 
were  fully  33  per  cent,  while  for  many  portions  of  each  line  the  losses  reached  50  per 
cent,  and  for  some  even  75  per  cent. 

A  field  as  renowned  as  this  for  the  stubbornness  and  brilliancy  of  its  fighting,  not 
only  in  our  own  war,  fyut  when  compared  with  all  modern  wars,  has  an  importance 
to  the  nation  as  an  object  lesson  of  what  is  possible  in  American  fighting,  and  the 
national  value  of  the  preservation  of  such  lines  for  historical  and  professional  study 
must  be  apparent  to  all  reflecting  minds.  The  political  questions  which  were 
involved  in  the  contest  do  not  enter  into  this  view  of  the  subject,  nor  do  they  belong 
to  it.  The  proposition  for  establishing  the  park  is  in  all  its  aspects  a  purely  military 
project. 

The  Eastern  armies  have  already  the  noted  field  of  Gettysburg  upon  which  to  mark 
and  preserve  the  history  of  their  movements  and  their  renowned  fighting.  To  this 
the  Government  has  already  made  liberal  appropriations  to  mark  the  positions  of  the 
regular  forces  there  engaged,  and  for  other  purposes. 

1  Reduced  to  and  passed  at  $125,000. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       329 

It  seems  fitting  that  the  Western  armies  should  select  a  field  and  be  assisted  in 
preserving  it  by  the  General  Government.  It  is  easy  to  see,  from  the  facts  presented, 
that  there  is  no  other  field  upon  which  all  the  armies  were  as  fully  represented. 
There  is  probably  no  other  in  the  world  which  presents  more  formidable  natural 
obstacles  to  great  military  operations  than  the  slopes  of  Lookout  Mountain  and 
Missionary  Ridge,  while,  as  shown,  there  is  no  field  that  surpasses  Chickamauga  in 
the  deadliness  and  persistence  of  its  fighting. 

The  tactical  movements  were  numerous  and  brilliant  on  each  field,  and  many  of 
them  remarkable.  Indeed,  both  are  as  noted  in  this  respect  as  in  the  character  of  the 
fighting. 

There  were  present  upon  one  or  the  other,  and  in  the  case  of  most,  upon  both  fields, 
Grant,  Sherman,  Thomas,  Rosecrans,  Hooker,  Sheridan,  and  Granger,  of  the  Union 
Army;  and  Bragg,  Longstreet,  Hood,  Hardee,  Buckner,  Polk,  D.  H.  Hill,  Wheeler, 
Forrest,  and  Johnson,  of  the  Confederate  forces.  The  preservation  of  these  fields 
will  preserve  to  the  nation,  for  historical  and  military  study,  the  best  efforts  which 
these  noted  officers,  commanding  American  veterans,  were  able  to  put  forth. 

The  two  together  form  one  of  the  most  valuable  object  lessons   in  the   art  of 
war,  and  one  which,  looking  solely  to  the  interests  of  the  public,  may  properly  be  . 
preserved. 

Your  committee  therefore  recommend  the  passage  of  the  bill,  with  the  amend- 
ment on  page  6,  which  is  inserted  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  Secretary  of 
War  to  take  advantage  of  the  whole  of  the  coming  season  in  expediting  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  park,  it  having  been  made  to  appear  to  your  committee  that  much 
preliminary  work  can  be  done  while  awaiting  the  process  of  condemning  the  land 
and  the  action  of  the  State  legislatures  in  ceding  jurisdiction.  The  accompanying 
map  shows  the  outlines  of  the  proposed  park  and  the  location  of  the  approaches. 

The  magnitude  of  the  great  battle  of  Chickamauga  is  graphically 
illustrated  in  this  report.  The  bill  having  passed  the  House,  went  to  the 
Senate,  and  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs  of  the  Senate  adopted  the 
House  report,  and  the  bill  passed  and  became  a  law. 

Subsequent  legislation  has  been  had — one  item  of  an  appropriation 
bill  providing  for  the  condemnation  of  the  land  of  Chickamauga  Park, 
where  it  was  found  impossible  to  agree  with  the  owners  thereof;  and  in 
the  Fifty-second  Congress  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  bill  provided 
for  the  purchase  of  Orchard  Knob,  Sherman  Earthworks,  and  sites  for 
observation  towers  on  the  outlying  places,  and  Bragg's  Headquarters 
Park,  on  Missionary  Eidge.  And  in  the  second  session  of  the  same 
Congress,  by  the  sundry  civil  appropriation  bill,  authority  was  given  for 
the  purchase  of  the  north  end  of  Missionary  Eidge  and  sites  in  the 
vicinity  of  Glass's  mill.  In  the  third  session  of  the  Fifty- third  Congress 
authority  was  given  for  the  erection  of  memorial  gates,  and  the  purchase 
of  sites  for  monuments ;  and  later  on,  by  an  act  approved  December  15, 
1894,  provision  was  made  for  the  dedication  of  Chickamauga  and  Chat- 
tanooga National  Park,  and  providing  funds  for  the  expenses  of  the  War 
Department  at  the  same. 

Following  the  legislation  by  Congress  came  an  act  of  the  Ohio  legis- 
lature, authorizing  the  appointment,  by  the  governor  of  Ohio,  then 
Governor  James  E.  Campbell,  of  a  commission  to  purchase  and  erect 
monuments  for  the  Ohio  organizations  which  participated  in  the  battle 
of  Chickamauga.  The  statute  was  passed  May  4, 1891.  Pursuant  to 
that  authority  Governor  Campbell  appointed  the  following  board  of 
commissioners:  Gen.  John  Beatty,  Gen. Ferdinand  Van  Derveer,  Gen. 
Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  Gen.  Aquila  Wiley,  Capt.  J.  C.  McElroy,  Hon. 
John  S.  Gill,  Hon.  Andrew  Jackson,  Mr.  Frederick  Wendel. 

The  board  organized  by  the  election  of  General  Beatty  as  president, 
and  that  distinguished  officer  has  served  in  that  capacity  during  the 
entire  life  of  the  association.  General  Van  Derveer  died,  and  the 
governor  of  Ohio  appointed  to  the  vacancy  Col.  James  Watson. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  turn  aside  at  this  point  to  pronounce  fitting 
eulogy  upon  the  distinguished  member  of  the  commission  who  fell  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duty.  He  was  one  of  nature's  noblemen;  an 


330       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

accomplished  soldier,  brave  in  battle,  gentle  as  a  child  in  civil  life. 
He  was  beloved  by  all  his  brothers  of  the  commission,  and  the  tear  of 
sincere  regret  has  moistened  many  an  eye  since  his  untimely  death. 
In  another  place,  and  under  more  fitting  conditions,  doubtless,  full  jus- 
tice will  be  done  to  the  memory  of  this  gallant  officer. 

This  is  the  extent  to  which,  in  my  judgment,  the  part  allotted  to  me 
extends.  How  well  the  work  of  the  Ohio  commission  has  been  accom- 
plished, and  with  whatunswerviug  fidelity  and  economy  the  appropriation 
lias  been  expended,  will  be  demonstrated  and  better  illustrated  by  the 
reports  of  the  secretary  and  financial  officer,  which  are  to  follow  me. 
In  the  discharge  of  its  duties  the  commission  has  been  jealous  of  the  fame 
of  Ohio,  and  just  in  appreciating  the  fame  of  all  the  other  States.  And 
here  let  me  conclude  that  it  is  the  fond  hope  of  the  Ohio  commission 
that  these  monuments,  erected  upon  this  great  battlefield,  shall  be 
*  instrumental,  in  some  degree,  in  vindicating  the  language  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  who  said : 

The  mystic  chords  of  memory,  stretching  from  every  battlefield  and  patriot  grave 
to  every  living  heart  and  hearthstone  all  over  this  broad  land,  will  yet  swell  the 
chorus  of  the  Union,  when  again  touched,  as  surely  they  will  be,  by  the  better  angels 
of  our  nature. 

[Applause.] 

General  BEATTY:  Fellow-citizens,  during  the  years  1890  and  1891 
James  E.  Campbell  was  the  governor  of  Ohio.  Under  his  admirable 
administration  of  State  affairs,  and  with  his  active  cooperation  and 
encouragement,  the  general  assembly  of  Ohio  made  the  preliminary 
provision  for  the  erection  of  monuments  on  this  battlefield.  Governor 
Campbell's  record  in  the  Navy  and  his  sympathetic  interest  in  all  that 
concerns  the  soldier  have  rendered  him  deservedly  popular  among 
soldiers  [applause],  while  the  high  positions  to  which  he  has  been 
advanced  in  civil  life  and  the  great  ability  displayed  by  him  in  the  dis- 
charge of  public  duties  have  made  his  name  familiar  to  the  people  of 
the  whole  country.  I  have  the  honor  to  present  him  to  you.  [Applause.] 


ADDRESS  OF  EX-GOVERNOR  CAMPBELL. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS  :  The  message  sent  by  the 
governor  of  Ohio  to  the  general  assembly,  asking  for  the  creation  of  the 
Chickamauga  battlefield  commission,  contained  these  words : 

Ohio  is  especially  interested  in  this  project.  The  commandor  of  the  Union  army 
at  Chickamauga  and  his  chief  of  staff  were  from  Ohio.  Of  the  thirteen  divisions 
engaged,  five  were  commanded  by  Ohio  officers.  Thirty-one  brigades  of  infantry 
and  five  of  cavalry  took  part  in  the  battle,  twelve  of  which  were  commanded  by  Ohio 
soldiers.  Of  the  thirty-six  batteries,  ten  were  from  Ohio.  The  total  number  of 
Union  regiments  engaged  was  158,  and  of  these  44  were  furnished  by  Ohio. 

[Applause.] 

More  than  fifty  Ohio  monuments  now  dotting  this  landscape  bear 
abundant  witness  that  he  might  truthfully  have  added  that  "  Chicka- 
mauga was,  essentially  and  supremely,  an  Ohio  battle."  In  due  time 
the  commission  was  appointed.  Every  man  upon  it  shared  in  the  dan- 
gers and  glories  of  the  battle  fought  here  thirty-two  years  ago;  and  the 
labor  of  each  upon  that  commission  has  been  a  commingling  of  duty, 
love,  and  patriotism.  Some  of  them  wore  the  humble  blouse  of  the 
private  and  others  the  glittering  stars  of  the  general,  but  each  alike  is 
entitled  to  the  gratitude  and  respect  of  his  countrymen  now,  and  of  pos- 
terity forever.  [Applause.] 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL 'MILITARY  PARK.      331 

That  commission  has  done  its  work  well.  Nothing  has  marred  its 
career  save  alone  the  death  of  one  of  its  most  honored  members.  It  is 
fitting  that  we  pause  here  a  moment  to  pay  a  deserved  tribute  to  his 
memory. 

Brig.  Gen.  Ferdinand  Van  Derveer  was  born  at  Middletown,  Ohio, 
in  1823,  and  entered  the  volunteer  service  of  his  country  in  May,  1846, 
as  a  private  in  the  First  Ohio  Infantry,  then  organizing  for  the  Mexi- 
can war.  Within  five  months  he  had  risen  to  be  a  captain.  His 
company  led  one  of  the  assaults  at  Monterey,  and  he  himself  was  con- 
spicuous for  hi,  bravery.  At  the  close  of  that  war  he  was  elected  sheriff 
of  Butler  Cbunfcy,  Ohio,  and  subsequently  practiced  law  until  the  out- 
break of  the  rebellion.  In  the  summer  of  1861  he  recruited  the  Thirty- 
fifth  Ohio  Infantry,  but  was  early  promoted  to  the  command  of  a  bri- 
gade which  had  been  originally  organized  by  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas, 
and  which  was  always  dear  to  his  heart  and  near  to  his  person  in 
battle.  [Applause.] 

The  career  of  Ferdinand  Van  Derveer  as  the  commander  of  that 
brigade  is  inextricably  interwoven  with  the  glories  and  triumphs  of 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  He  continually  rose  in  fame,  until  at 
last  came  those  two  days  here — the  bloodiest  of  that  bloody  war.  Upon 
the  first  day  Van  Derveer's  brigade,  after  hours  of  hard  fighting,  suc- 
cessfully repulsed  three  attacks  of  Forrest's  division,  assisted  by  two 
brigades  of  Walker's  corps.  On  the  second  day  they  went  into  action 
early,  and  fought  desperately  in  an  unprotected  position.  The  details 
need  not  be  gone  into  here ;  they  will  be  sufficiently  preserved  for 
posterity  by  the  addresses  this  day  made  at  the  various  regimental 
reunions ;  but  the  generalship,  the  nerve,  the  coolness,  and  foresight  of 
Van  Derveer  were  never  better  shown  than  just  before  the  line  broke 
upon  that  second  day.  Later  in  the  day  the  brigade  was  with  Thomas, 
holding  that  ridge  which  made  him  immortal  as  "  The  Eock  of  Chick- 
amauga." 

The  historian,  reciting  the  gallant  deeds  done  here  by  Van  Derveer 
and  his  men,  closes  the  account  with  these  words : 

These  were  the  last  shots  fired  on  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga  by  friend  or  foe. 

All  honor  to  the  man  who  was  the  last  to  leave,  although  ever  the  first 
to  come.  [Applause.]  While  a  member  of  this  battlefield  commission 
from  Ohio,  and  when  sitting  upon  the  common  pleas  bench  in  his  native 
county,  he  passed  away  to  the  higher  court  above.  Let  it  be  said  of 
him  as  was  said  of  Sir  Launcelot  of  old : 

There  thou  liest,  that  were  never  matched  of  none  earthly  knight's  hand ;  and  thou 
were  the  courtliest  knight  that  ever  bear  shield  *  *  *  and  thou  were  the  good- 
liest person  that  ever  came  among  press  of  knights  *  *  •  and  thou  were  the 
sternest  knight  to  thy  mortal  foe  that  ever  put  spear  in  rest. 

[Applause.] 

So  much  for  one  of  the  thousands  of  gallant  men  who  here  won  imper- 
ishable fame.  Time  does  not  permit  the  deserved  eulogy  which  might 
well  be  passed  upon  the  others,  and  yet  it  would  be  time  gratefully 
spent,  for  no  theme  so  moves  the  human  heart  as  that  of  siege  and  bat- 
tle. Civilized  man  can  not  recall  the  time  when  the  stirring  tales  of 
war  were  not  told  and  retold.  In  the  rude  days  of  tradition,  legends  of 
martial  lore,  rehearsed  by  patriarch  or  chanted  by  bard,  captivated  and 
incited  the  untutored  heart.  Written  history  has  preserved  in  more 
enduring  form  the  latter  exploits  of  man;  yet,  its  almost  u*i varied  task 
has  been  to  embalm  for  posterity  the  chronicles  of  mortal  combat.  On 
each  of  its  pages  are  emblazoned  the  nodding  plume  and  fluttering 


332       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

banner.  Each  chapter  depicts  the  shock  of  contending  armies.  Each 
volume  is  but  an  epitome  of  war.  We  are  promised  in  the  great  here- 
after an  era  of  universal  peace;  but,  at  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, the  soldier  is  still  enthroned  as  an  unchallenged  hero.  [Applause.] 
Ballads  recounting  deeds  of  arms  are  yet  crooned  over  the  cradle;  the 
drum  and  trumpet  have  not  ceased  to  be  the  coveted  toys  of  childhood; 
youth  is  thrilled  by  bewitching  story  of  march  and  battle:  manhood 
pays  eager  homage  to  military  fame. 

The  Creator,  in  His  flawless  economy,  wisely  endowed  His  image  with 
this  war- waging  instinct.  The  wrath  of  man  has  ever  been  the  mighty 
engine  whereby  godless  and  barbarous  nations  were  leveled,  one  by 
one,  and  better  civilization  built  upon  their  ruins.  Every  prayer  for 
the  elevation  of  mankind  has  been  accompanied  by  sacrifice  upon  the 
deep-stained  altar  of  Mars.  Every  footstep  in  the  weary  march  toward 
liberty  has  left  its  imprint  on  blood-soaked  earth.  Thus  it  came  to  pass 
that  when  Providence,  watching  over  this  chosen  land,  saw  fit,  at  His 
own  proper  time,  to  root  up  the  fallacy  of  secession  and  wipe  out  the 
stain  of  slavery,  the  old  beaten  path  was  followed,  and  the  belligerent 
passion  of  man  wrought  the  beneficent  purpose  of  God.  [Applause.] 
The  political  sins  of  the  people  were  cleansed  in  a  sea  of  blood,  under 
whose  turbulent  waves  were  engulfed  the  twin  dangers  which  had  men- 
aced national  unity  and  perpetuity. 

As  we  pause  to  let  memory  retrace  this  war,  our  souls  are  again  so 
stirred  by  the  vivid  picture  of  its  opening  scene  that  speech  seems 
almost  to  desert  us.  Then  followed  the  furious  rush  to  arms;  the  hasty 
equipment  and  hurried  march;  the  harsh  and  oft  repeated  shock  of 
battle;  the  numbering  and  renumbering  of  the  people — like  Israel  of 
old — as  they  sent  forth  their  fresh  thousands  to  refill  the  ghastly  gaps 
which  shot  and  shell  had  left;  until,  after  four  long,  tragic  years,  Death 
grew  weary  of  his  carnival,  and  the  ill-omened  flag,  which  typified  a 
divided  country,  went  down  forever,  drenched  in  the  blood  of  its  van- 
quished worshipers. 

One  fresh  from  the  touching  scenes  of  peace  and  reunion  enacted  last 
week  in  the  city  of  Louisville  (altogether  the  most  beautiful  episode  in 
our  history),  can  not  forget  that,  in  the  portion  of  our  country  where 
the  palmetto  and  cypress  tower  in  luxuriant  beauty  and  the  cane  and 
cotton  make  the  scarred  earth  to  smile  again,  there  are  other  soldiers 
as  brave  as  ours.  [Applause.]  True  it  is  that  they  did  not  read  the  in- 
scription on  our  sideof  theshield,butupontheother  side — that  side  which 
was  turned  toward  them,  and  which  alone  they  could  see;  true  it  is 
that,  reading  thereon  the  false  inscription,  and  believing  it,  they  fought 
for  their  beliefs  with  a  courage  and  desperation  not  excelled  in  human 
warfare  [applause] ;  but  equally  true  it  is  that  to-day  those  same  hearts 
beat  with  the  most  loyal  and  patroitic  impulses,  however  bitter  may 
have  been  the  sting  of  defeat.  Their  valor  and  fortitude,  when  time 
shall  have  mingled  the  blood  of  generations,  will  become  a  proud  her- 
itage for  the  common  posterity  of  both  sections.  [Applause.] 

The  scene  before  us  is  a  reminder  that  the  hour  of  forgetfulness  has 
come.  Nature  herself  speaks  to  us  in  no  uncertain  voice.  During  these 
bright  days  of  peace  she  has  covered  the  lonely  ramparts  with  hiding 
grasses.  Over  fields  where  thundered  the  cannon's  deadly  roar  the 
turtle  dove  now  cooes  in  soft  content.  In  the  forests  where  musketry 
rattled  the  silence  is  broken  only  by  the  wild  bird's  melodious  madri- 
gal. The  rose  and  violet  exhale  their  incense,  unmindful  whether  he 
over  whose  head  they  sway  wore  the  blue  or  the  gray  in  those  years  so 
long  gone  by. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      333 

As  we  stand,  after  thirty-two  years,  upon  this  field  of  civil  war,  sur- 
rounded by  the  monuments  of  both  armies,  and  amidst  their  reunited 
survivors,  we  can  freely  rejoice  that  at  last  the  wonderful  prophecy  of 
Ezekiel  has  been  fulfilled.  Hearken  to  his  sublime  yet  simple  words : 

The  liaiid  of  the  Lord  was  upon  me,  and  carried  me  out  in  the  spirit  of  the  Lord, 
and  set  me  down  in  the  midst  of  the  valley  which  was  full  of  bones, 

******* 

And  He  said  unto  me,  Son  of  man,  can  these  bones  live?  And  I  answered,  O  Lord 
God,  Thou  knowest. 

Again  He  said  unto  me,  Prophesy  upon  these  bones,  and  say  unto  them,  O  ye  dry 
bones,  hear  the  word  of  the  Lord. 

Thus  saith  the  Lord  God  unto  these  bones ;  Behold,  I  will  cause  breath  to  enter 
into  you,  and  ye  shall  live : 

******* 

So  I  prophesied  as  he  commanded  me,  and  the  breath  came  into  them,  and  they 
lived,  and  stood  up  upon  their  feet,  an  exceeding  great  army. 

******* 

The  word  of  the  Lord  came  again  unto  me,  saying, 

Moreover,  thou  son  of  man,  take  thee  one  stick,  and  write  upon  it,  For Judah,  and 
for  the  children  of  Israel  his  companions;  then  take  another  stick,  and  write  upon 
it,  For  Joseph,  the  stick  of  Ephraim,  and  for  all  the  house  of  Israel  his  companions; 

And  join  them  one  to  another  into  one  stick;  and  they  shall  become  one. in  thine 

hand. 

#  *  *  i     *  *  *  * 

And  I  will  make  them  one  nation  in  the  land. 

******* 

Moreover  I  will  make  a  covenant  of  peace  with  them;  it  shall  be  an  everlasting 
covenant  with  them ;  and  I  will  place  them,  and  multiply  them,  and  will  set  my 
sanctuary  in  the  midst  of  them  for  evermore. 

[Great  applause.] 

General  BEATTY.  Fellow-citizens,  Judge  John  S.  Gill,  who,  as  a 
boy,  had  the  honor  to  be  a  private  soldier  in  Mitchell's  brigade,  Steed- 
man's  division,  and  the  mischance  to  be  severely  wounded  on  Snodgrass 
Kidge,  will  read  you  his  report  as  secretary  of  the  Ohio  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanooga  National  Park  commission. 


REPORT  OF  JUDGE  JOHN  S.  GILL,  SECRETARY. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT  :  The  State  of  Ohio  had  55  organizations  engaged  at 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga — 42  regiments  of  infantry,  3  regiments  of 
cavalry,  9  batteries,  and  1  battalion  of  sharpshooters. 

The  general  assembly  of  Ohio,  by  act  of  date  May  4, 1891,  authorized 
the  governor  to  appoint  a  commission,  consisting  of  eight  ex-Union  sol- 
diers of  the  State  who  participated  in  the  battle,  to  select  sites  and  erect 
suitable  historic  monuments  and  tablets  on  the  field  of  Chickamauga  to 
organizations  engaged  in  the  battle,  and  provided  an  appropriation 
to  defray  expenses.  His  Excellency  Governor  James  E.  Campbell,  on 
the  5th  day  of  May,  1891,  appointed  on  that  commission  Gen.  John 
Beatty,  Gen.  Ferdinand  Van  Derveer,  Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  Gen. 
Aquila  Wiley,  Capt.  J.  C.  McElroy,  of  the  Eighteenth  Ohio;  J.  S.  Gill, 
of  the  One  hundred  and  twenty-first  Ohio;  Andrew  Jackson,  of  the 
Ninety-fourth  Ohio,  and  Frederick  Wendell,  of  the  Ninth  Ohio.  In 
December,  1892,  His  Excellency  Governor  William  McKinley  appointed 
Col.  James  Watson,  of  the  Fortieth  Ohio,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  death  of  General  Van  Derveer.  The  commission  organized  by 
electing  Gen.  John  Beatty,  president;  J.  S.  Gill,  secretary;  Capt.  J.  C. 
McElroy,  corresponding  secretary  and  treasurer;  and  entered  at  once 
upon  its  trust.  It  made  its  first  visit  to  the  field  in  November,  1891. 


334      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  field  was  largely  a  dense  forest;  but  with  the  aid  of  the  official 
reports,  maps,  scarred  trees,  and  traces  of  breastworks  a  part  of  the 
lines  were  easily  determined.  The  National  Commission  were  present, 
and,  with  their  assistance  and  the  recollection  of  citizens,  the  old  roads 
and  lines  were  in  part  determined.  Representatives  of  Ohio  regiments, 
and  of  those  of  other  States  North  and  South,  aided  materially  in 
establishing  the  lines  on  the  entire  field. 

Ohio  was  the  first  State  to  take  steps  to  establish  the  sites  where  her 
troops  were  engaged.  She  had  troops  in  every  Union  division  but  one, 
and  in  nearly  every  Union  brigade  on  the  field,  and  it  was  necessary  to 
establish  the  lines  on  the  whole  field  to  locate  her  own.  Ohio  troops 
were  engaged  from  Reed's  Bridge  to  Lee  &  Gordon's  mill,  and  extended 
south  to  Glass's  mill,  and  from  McDonald's  house  to  Widow  Glenn's, 
and  on  Snodgrass  Ridge  from  Vittitoe's  house  to  Harker  Hill. 

In  pursuance  of  its  trust,  the  commission  made  several  visits  to  the 
field,  and  we  confidently  believe  the  sites  selected  for  the  fifty-five 
monuments  and  the  fifty-three  tablets  are  historically  correct. 

Our  work  is  now  done.  The  part  the  volunteer  soldiery  of  Ohio  bore 
on  this  ensanguined  field  is  told  by  these  enduring  monuments.  Here 
may  they  ever  stand,  sacred  to  the  memory  of  the  heroes  of  a  cause  just, 
triumphant,  silently  teaching  patriotic  lessons  of  obedience  to  law,  devo- 
tion to  the  Union,  and  love  for  the  old  flag.  [Applause.]  And  may 
future  generations,  North  and  South,  cherish  these  memorials  as  their 
choicest  legacy.  [Applause.] 

General  BEATTY.  Capt.  Joseph  C.  McElroy,  who  commanded  a 
company  in  the  Eighteenth  Ohio  Infantry,  from  the  beginning  of  the 
battle  of  Chickamauga  until  the  last  shot  was  fired,  will  now  read  his 
report  as  treasurer  of  the  commission. 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT  AND  CITIZENS  OF  OHIO  :  By  the  same  act  of  the 
Ohio  legislature  that  authorized  the  governor  to  appoint  a  commission, 
the  sum  of  $5,000  was  appropriated  to  meet  expenses  while  it  was 
prosecuting  the  preliminary  work  of  locating  lines  of  battle  and  sites 
for  monuments.  The  law  authorized  the  commission  to  invite  members 
of  regiments  and  artillery  companies  who  served  in  the  battle  to  assist 
in  finding  these  locations,  and  to  expend  not  to  exceed  $2,500  of  the 
fund  in  paying  their  necessary  expenses  while  so  employed. 

Fifty-two  survivors  of  the  battle  were  called  upon  to  assist  in  this 
work,  and  their  expenses — traveling  and  hotels,  while  so  engaged — 
were  paid  by  the  commission  out  of  the  State  fund. 

The  preliminary  work  was  advanced  as  rapidly  as  the  improvements 
then  being  made  by  the  park  commissioners  would  permit.  More  than 
three  years,  however,  elapsed  after  the  appropriation  was  made  before 
the  locations  had  all  been  decided  upon  and  received  the  approval  of 
the  National  Commission  as  historically  accurate. 

The  commission  made  frequent  visits  to  the  battlefield,  expending 
months  in  labor  and  research,  so  that  the  $5,000  appropriated  for  the 
preliminary  work  had  all  been  expended  by  the  time  the  sites  were 
located  and  the  contracts  for  the  erection  of  monuments  and  tablets 
had  been  completed. 

An  itemized  account  of  this  has  been  approved  by  an  auditing 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       335 

committee  and  placed  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  auditor  of  state  at 
Columbus. 

The  further  sum  of  $90,000  was  appropriated  by  an  act  of  the  seven- 
tieth general  assembly  passed  April  6,  1893.  Under  this  act  forty-five 
regimental  monuments  were  authorized  to  be  erected  upon  this  military 
park,  to  cost  not  to  exceed  $1,500  each,  and  nine  monuments  to  artillery 
companies  and  one  to  sharpshooters,  to  cost  not  to  exceed  $1,000  each. 
Fifty- five  monuments  in  all. 

The  law  further  provided  that  tablets  should  be  erected  to  show  where 
the  regiments  and  batteries  were  engaged  in  the  battle  at  other  points 
than  those  marked  by  the  monuments.  Fifty- three  granite  tablets 
have  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  $39  each. 

The  fifty-five  monuments  and  fifty-three  tablets  are  completed  and  in 
place.  They  have  been  inspected  by  the  commission  and  accepted  as 
in  all  respects  according  to  the  contracts.  They  have  also  received  the 
approval  of  the  commissioners  in  charge  of  the  National  Military  Park. 

Warrants  have  been  drawn  against  the  fund  last  appropriated  and 
payments  have  been  made  as  follows: 

For  45  regimental  monuments,  at  $1,470  each $66, 150. 00 

10  monuments  to  artillery  companies  and  sharpshooters,  at  $970  each 9, 700.  UO 

53  tablets,  at  $39  each 2,067.00 

For  56  bronze  seals,  bearing  coat  of  arms  of  Ohio,  at  $15  each 840.  00 

Incidental  expenses  of  the  commission  while  prosecuting  the  work 3, 975. 21 

Total  amount  expended 82, 732. 21 

Leaving  a  balance  of  $7,267.79  unexpended,  an  amount  more  than 
ample  to  meet  all  future  expenses,  including  the  sum  required  to  pub- 
lish the  report  of  the  commission. 

The  fifty-five  monuments  and  fifty-three  tablets  have  been  received 
and  paid  for  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  law  and  the  agreements 
in  each  case.  No  claim  or  claims  are  known  to  exist  against  the  State 
on  account  of  these  memorials. 

In  the  execution  of  this  important  trust,  it  has  been  the  purpose  of 
the  commission  to  provide  a  class  of  monuments  of  sufficient  artistic 
merit  and  to-locate  them  upon  this  great  battlefield  with  such  a  degree 
of  historical  accuracy  as  will  reflect  credit  upon  the  State. 

In  all  transactions  involving  the  disbursement  of  public  funds  rules 
of  economy  have  been  observed.  The  best  value  possible  has  been 
secured  to  the  State  for  money  expended,  without  favor  or  affection. 

General  BEATTY.  Gen.  Aquila  Wiley,  whose  gallantry  on  this 
battlefield  was  only  excelled  by  his  gallantry  on  Missionary  Eidge,  has 
devoted  months  of  patient  labor  to  the  work  of  selecting  sites  for  Ohio 
monuments.  To  do  this  accurately  he  was  compelled  to  read  and  care- 
fully compare  the  reports  of  the  commanding  officers  of  both  armies. 
In  brief,  if  any  credit  is  due  the  Ohio  commission  for  the  painstaking 
accuracy  with  which  the  work  assigned  it  has  been  performed,  the 
credit  mainly  belongs  to  General  Wiley  and  Captain  McElroy. 

Judge  GILL.  "That's  right."    [Applause.] 

General  BEATTY.  They  have  been  conscientious,  persistent,  and  in- 
defatigable in  their  efforts  to  carry  out  faithfully  the  will  and  wishes  of 
the  people  of  Ohio.  General  Wiley  will  make  the  concluding  address 
to  you  on  behalf  of  the  commission,  and  will  be  followed  by  a  gentle- 
man so  favorably  and  generally  known  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States  that  it  would  be  a  waste  of  time  and  words  to  give  him  [great 
applause]  a  formal  introduction  to  an  American  audience. 


336      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 


ADDRESS  OF  GEN.  AQUILA  WILEY. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT,  COMRADES,  AND  FELLOW-CITIZENS  :  I  propose,  for 
a  few  minutes,  to  consider  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  from  a  military 
point  of  view,  without  reference  to  the  moral  or  political  issues  involved 
in  the  war.  To  form  a  correct  judgment  in  regard  to  the  battle,  it  is 
necessary  to  understand  the  object  and  purposes  of  the  campaign  in 
which  it  occurred  and  the  strategic  moves  that  led  up  to  it  on  the  part 
of  both  of  the  contending  armies.  At  the  inception  of  the  campaign 
General  Halleck  was  commander  in  chief  of  the  Union  armies.  The 
task  assigned  to  General  Eosecrans  is  very  clearly  set  forth  in  a  com- 
munication from  him,  under  date  of  July  25,  in  which  he  says: 

The  great  object  you  will  have  in  view  is  to  drive  Bragg  from  east  Tennessee 
before  he  can  be  reenforced  by  Johnston.  There  is  a  large  loyal  population  there 
ready  to  declare  for  the  Union.  The  President  has  repeatedly  promised  these  people 
relief,  and  has  repeatedly  and  repeatedly  urged  that  forces  for  this  purpose  be  pushed 
forward. 

Eosecrans,  in  replying  to  this  communication,  under  date  of  August 
1,  after  setting  forth  the  difficulties  and  obstacles  to  be  overcome,  says : 

To  advance  in  the  face  of  these  obstacles  is  not  the  only  nor  even  the  most  impor- 
tant point  in  the  problem.  We  must  so  advance  as  never  to  recede.  The  citizens 
say,  and  not  without  justice,  "Whip  our  armies,  and  then,  when  we  no  longer  fear 
their  return  to  power,  we  will  show  you  that  we  are  satisfied  to  be  in  the  Union ; 
but  until  you  do  that  we  are  not  safe  from  proscription."  Not  only  so,  but  this  must 
be  done  in  view  of  the  possibility  of  Johnston  joining  Bragg. 

In  the  language  which  he  puts  into  the  mouths  of  the  citizens  of 
east  Tennessee  he  but  gives  expression  to  his  own  views.  From  this 
correspondence  it  is  clear  that  Eosecraus  made  Bragg's  army  (and  not 
Chattanooga,  as  is  sometimes  asserted)  the  objective  of  his  campaign 
[applause] ;  not  with  the  view  merely  of  maneuvering  or  driving  it  out 
of  east  Tennessee,  but  with  the  view  of  fighting  a  battle  to  destroyer 
injure  it  to  such  an  extent  as  to  disqualify  it  for  again  invading  its 
territory. 

Having  this  object  in  view,  he  crossed  the  Tennessee  Eiver.  with  the 
main  body  of  his  army,  at  Bridgeport  and  Shellrnound.  The  crossing 
was  effected  from  August  29  to  September  4,  without  opposition.  On 
the  8th  his  headquarters  were  at  Trenton.  He  had  learned  in  the 
meantime  that  Bragg  had  been  reeuforced  by  Buckner,  with  about 
9,000  troops,  and  by  Joe  Johnston,  by  a  force  then  variously  estimated 
at  from  10,000  to  20,000.  At  about  3.30  a.  m.  of  the  9th  he  received 
the  report  that  Chattanooga  had  been  evacuated.  Before  daylight  he 
had  issued  his  orders  to  his  corps  commanders  and  to  his  chief  of  cav- 
alry, all  designed  to  cut  off  the  retreat  of  Bragg's  army,  and  to  force 
it  into  battle.  On  the  10th  he  moved  his  headquarters  to  Chatta- 
nooga. For  the  next  two  days  he  was  somewhat  mystified  by  Bragg's 
movements.  All  reports  received  indicated  that  he  was  retreating  on 
Eome.  Bragg,  no  doubt,  designed  to  create  that  impression.  The 
order  for  the  movement  of  his  army  was  very  artfully  worded  to  that 
end.  On  September  12  Eosecrans  ascertained  that  Bragg  had  concen- 
trated at  Lafayette,  and  that  on  the  llth  he  had  attacked  the  head  of 
Thomas's  column  in  front  of  Dug  Gap.  At  this  time  Crittenden,  with 
the  Twenty-first  Corps,  was  concentrated  at  Lee  and  Gordon's  mill; 
Thomas,  with  the  Fourteenth  Corps,  in  the  Chattanooga  Valley  in  front 
of  Stevens  Gap,  and  McCook,  with  the  Twentieth  Corps,  at  Alpine, 
about  20  miles  south  of  Thomas's  position.  The  same  day  he  directed 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      337 

General  Thomas  to  order  McCook  to  close  in  on  his  right,  and  informed 
him  that  he  would  order  Crittenden  to  attack  as  soon  as  he  could  be 
got  into  position  to  do  so.  On  the  13th  he  left  Chattanooga  for  General 
Thomas's  headquarters,  having  assurance  that  McCook,  with  two  divi- 
sions of  his  corps,  would  be  with  or  near  Thomas  by  the  evening  of  that 
day.  Before  leaving  Chattanooga  he  sent  a  written  order  to  Granger 
at  Bridgeport  to  move  with  all  haste  with  his  command  and  take  post 
at  Eossville,  "to  hold  himself  in  readiness  to  support  Crittenden  in 
case  he  attacks  or  is  attacked,  and  in  case  of  an  engagement  in  front 
to  close  up  toward  the  sound  of  battle."  Eosecrans  had  given  up  all 
hope  of  aid  from  Burnside.  He  was  apprehensive  that  reen  for  cements 
would  be  sent  to  Bragg  from  Lee's  army,  and  he  sought  to  force  the 
battle  before  they  could  reach  him. 

In  consequence  of  some  misunderstanding  as  to  the  route  to  be  taken, 
McCook's  corps  did  not  reach  Thomas's  position  until  the  17th.  But 
for  this  misadventure  the  battle  would  probably  have  been  fought  and 
decided  before  the  arrival  of  Longstreet's  corps  and  the  brigades  of 
Gregg  and  McNair.  On  the  15th  information  was  received  by  Eose- 
crans that  three  divisions  of  Lee's  army  were  on  their  way  to  join 
Bragg.  On  the  16th  he  learned  that  these  reenforcements  had  reached 
Atlanta.  In  the  meantime,  while  awaiting  the  arrival  of  McCook's 
corps,  he  employed  two  divisions  of  Crittenden's  corps  in  guarding 
the  fords  of  the  Chickamauga  above  Lee  &  Gordon's  mill.  Having 
become  satisfied  that  Bragg  was  maneuvering  to  turn  his  left,  he 
ordered  a  counter  movement  to  the  left,  guarding  well  the  fords  of  the 
Chickamauga.  This  movement  began  on  the  17th  and  continued 
throughout  the  18th.  On  the  17th  he  established  his  headquarters  at 
Crawfish  Spring.  During  the  night  of  the  18th  Thomas  continued  his 
movement  to  the  left,  arriving  at  the  Kelly  farm  on  the  morning  of  the 
19th.  During  the  afternoon  and  nightof  the  18th  Eosecrans  learned  that 
Wilder  and  Minty  had  been  driven  from  Alexander's  and  Eeed's  bridges, 
and  that  Bragg  had  effected  a  crossing,  but  in  what  force  was  not 
known.  On  the  19th  he  established  his  headquarters  at  the  Widow 
Glenn's. 

When  General  Thomas  moved  the  divisions  of  Brannan  and  Baird 
eastward,  on  the  Eeed's  Bridge  and  Alexander's  Bridge  roads,  on  the 
morning  of  the  19th,  it  was  not  with  the  intention  of  bringing  on  a 
battle.  He  had  then  no  knowledge  that  more  than  a  brigade  of  Con- 
federate troops  had  yet  crossed  the  river.  The  movement  was  in  the 
nature  of  a  reconnaissance,  and  with  a  view  to  the  capture  of  this  bri- 
gade. It  was  not  until  about  11  a.  m.  that  it  was  ascertained  that  Bragg 
had  crossed  the  river  in  force.  The  fighting  of  the  19th  was  desultory, 
and  not  in  accordance  with  any  general  order  of  battle.  On  the  Union 
side  it  was  an  effort  to  develop  the  strength  and  position  of  the  enemy. 
On  the  part  of  the  Confederates,  to  gain  ground  upon  which  to  deploy 
their  army  and  room  to  maneuver  by  their  right. 

At  3  p.  m.  of  the  19th  it  might  fairly  be  said  that  Eosecrans  had 
outmaneuvered  and  outfought  his  adversary  at  all  points.  He  had  de- 
feated or  evaded  all  efforts  to  beat  him  in  detail  and  to  turn  his  left 
flank  and  compel  him  to  fight  with  his  base  uncovered,  and  had  drawn 
Bragg  into  a  false  position,  in  the  bend  of  the  river,  between  Eeeds 
Bridge  and  Dalton's  Ford,  in  which  he  had  neither  room  to  deploy  nor 
maneuver,  arid  from  which  it  required  much  desperate  and  hard  fight- 
ing into  the  night  of  the  19th  to  extricate  himself.  But  at  3  p.  m.  the 
tide  turned,  and  from  that  until  the  close  of  the  battle  for  the  day  the 

S.  Eep.  637 22 


338      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

advantages  gained  were  decidedly  with  the  Confederates.  It  was  ascer- 
tained during  this  day's  battle  that  the  forces  of  Longstreet  and  the 
brigades  of  Gregg  and  McNair  were  on  the  field. 

On  the  20th  Eosecrans  decided  to  fight  a  defensive  battle.  The 
troops  at  daylight,  without  orders,  threw  up  barricades.  They  were 
without  axes  or  intrenching  tools.  The  barricades  were  constructed  of 
fences,  fallen  timber,  and  whatever  could  be  found  at  hand  suitable  for 
the  purpose.  Bragg  renewed  his  eftbrts  to  turn  Eosecrans's  left  and  to 
intervene  between  him  and  Chattanooga.  At  first  Breckinridge,  who 
was  the  right  of  the  attacking  force,  outflanked  the  left  of  our  line  and 
met  with  some  success;  but  by  noon  all  the  assaults  by  the  right  wing 
of  the  Confederate  army  had  been  effectually  repulsed,  with  heavy  loss 
to  them  and  but  slight  loss  to  the  Union  forces.  The  tide  of  battle 
seemed  to  have  turned  again  in  our  favor.  At  noon  their  left  wing 
assaulted.  The  first  attempt  on  our  extreme  right,  which  was  the 
strongest  part  of  our  line,  did  not  succeed ;  but  the  center,  having  been 
weakened  by  the  withdrawal  of  Wood's  division  at  the  beginning  of 
the  assault,  through  some  misconception  of  orders,  offered  but  feeble 
resistance.  In  an  hour  one- third  of  our  army  was  driven  from  the  field, 
with  the  loss  of  about  thirty  pieces  of  artillery  and  some  prisoners. 
The  assault  was  made  in  splendid  form,  with  great  gallantry,  intrepidity, 
and  persistency;  nevertheless,  an  accident,  which  could  not  be  foreseen 
or  provided  against,  largely  contributed  to  its  success.  The  left  center 
drifted  into  position  on  Snodgrass  Eidge,  to  which  also  came  detach- 
ments from  the  broken  organizations  of  the  right.  From  1  to  5  p.  m. 
the  Confederate  left  continued  its  assaults,  but  without  gaining  any 
further  advantage. 

On  the  night  of  the  19th  Eosecrans  Issued  a  written  order  to  Granger, 
directing  him  to  support  Thomas  in  the  next  day's  battle.  About  2 
p.  m.,  just  as  the  Confederates  were  gaining  possession  of  the  next  ridge 
on  the  right,  Granger  arrived  with  two  brigades  of  Steedman's  division, 
charged,  gained,  occupied,  and  held  that  position.  Shortly  after  4 
p.  m.  General  Thomas,  having  learned  the  extent  of  the  disaster  to  our 
right,  decided  to  with  draw  to  Eossville,  and  issued  orders  preparatory 
to  that  movement.  While  its  execution  was  in  progress,  at  sunset,  the 
Confederates  renewed  their  attacks  on  the  extreme  right  and  left  of 
our  line,  thus  adding  several  hundred  to  the  prisoners  previously 
taken. 

Let  us  now  turn  our  attention  to  Bragg's  movements.  His  plan  of 
campaign  may  be  stated  in  few  words.  It  was  to  lure  Eosecrans  to 
cross  the  river  below  Chattanooga;  not  to  prevent  his  crossing,  as 
some  have  imagined;  to  avail  himself  of  his  interior  lines  of  operation; 
to  concentrate  a  force  superior  in  numbers ;  beat  him  in  detail,  if  possi- 
ble, during  his  preliminary  movements,  and,  failing  in  that,  to  compel 
him  to  fight  a  battle  under  such  circumstances  that  defeat  would  nec- 
essarily involve  the  destruction  of  his  army;  then  to  turn  upon  Burn- 
side,  overwhelm  him,  and  thus  reoccupy  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  On 
the  21st  of  August  he  had  become  satisfied  that  the  crossing  would  be 
made  below  Chattanooga,  and  telegraphed  to  General  Johnston  to  that 
effect,  asking  for  assistance.  On  the  22d  Johnston  answered,  prom- 
ising to  send  two  divisions  for  a  battle.  On  the  same  date  Bragg 
wrote  to  General  Hill  that  his  plan  was  "  to  await  development  of  the 
enemy,  and  when  his  point  of  attack  is  ascertained,  to  neglect  all 
smaller  affairs  and  fall  on  him  with  his  whole  force."  Although  he 
knew  thus  early  of  the  places  at  which  the  crossing  was  to  be  effected, 
he  made  no  attempt  whatever  to  resist  it,  but  ordered  the  troops  in 


CH1CKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      339 

observation  at  these  points  to  retire  on  the  approach  of  the  Union 
army. 

On  the  28th  of  August  he  obtained  from  Eichmond  a  modification  of 
the  order  making  east  Tennessee  a  separate  department  and  placing 
General  Buckner,  its  commander,  subject  to  his  orders  for  strategic  pur- 
poses. Soon  after  he  ordered  Buckner  to  join  his  right,  thus  yielding 
east  Tennessee  to  Burn  side  without  resistance. 

Johnston's  troops  arrived  on  the  28th  of  August.  On  the  4th  of  Sep- 
tember Bragg  wrote  to  Hill,  informing  him  that  two  corps  of  our  army 
had  crossed  at  Shellmound  and  Bridgeport,  and  advising  that  he  cross 
the  river  above  Chattanooga  and  crush  the  corps  opposite,  suggesting 
means  to  eifect  the  crossing.  In  this  letter  he  intimated  that  if  the 
crossing  was  deemed  impracticable  he  would  draw  Crittenden  to  the 
south  side  of  the  river.  On  the  5th  of  September  arrangements  had 
been  completed  for  the  transfer  of  Longstreet's  corps.  On  the  6th  the 
order  for  the  evacuation  of  Chattanooga  was  issued.  The  evacuation 
was  not  forced,  but  was  voluntary  on  the  part  of  Bragg  and  purely  for 
strategic  purposes.  Having  found  it  impracticable  or  inexpedient  to 
cross  the  river  for  the  destruction  of  Critten den's  corps,  Bragg  sought 
to  draw  it  across  where  it  might  be  attacked  and  destroyed  before 
other  portions  of  the  army  could  come  to  its  relief.  On  the  12th  of  Sep- 
tember he  issued  an  order  to  Polk  directing  him  to  attack  it  in  detail, 
but  the  vigilance  of  Eosecrans  defeated  the  movement.  The  corps  was 
concentrated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Chickamauga  before  Polk  could 
strike. 

The  campaign  of  Bragg  was  brilliant  in  conception  and  strategically 
faultless.  His  fame  as  a  soldier,  which  is  now  a  part  of  the  common 
heritage  of  a  reunited  people,  will  grow  with  the  growing  years. 
[Applause. )  That  of  Eosecrans  was  bold,  enterprising,  and  vigorous. 
By  his  vigilance  and  sound  judgment  he  anticipated  and  countered 
every  movement  of  his  adversary.  Throughout  he  exhibited  the  high- 
est degree  of  moral  courage.  That  he  failed  of  accomplishing  all  he 
attempted  was  no  fault  of  his  own,  nor  was  it  due  to  any  lack  of  the 
highest  soldierly  qualities  of  the  army  he  commanded.  It  was  attribu- 
table to  the  superior  advantages  for  rapid  concentration  which  interior 
lines  aiforded  .his  adversary,  and  to  the  total  failure  of  support  and 
cooperation  on  the  part  of  Burnside,  on  which  he  had  been  told,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  campaign,  he  could  rely. 

One  thing  was  demonstrated  by  the  war  beyond  all  controversy — that 
the  United  States,  as  it  existed  in  1861,  was  the  first  power  in  the  world 
in  military  strength  and  material  resources.  No  other  country  in  modern 
times  has  been  able  to  maintain  in  the  field  such  large  armies  for  so 
great  a  length  of  time.  The  consequences  of  a  war  of  such  magnitude 
can  not  be  confined  to  the  limits  of  the  nation  immediately  involved. 
It  marks  an  epoch  in  the  ever-advancing  progress  and  development  of 
the  civilization  of  mankind.  It  originates  new  movements  among  the 
nations  of  the  earth,  or  gives  a  new  direction  or  fresh  impetus  to  those 
already  begun.  It  has  changed,  and  is  rapidly  further  changing,  the 
condition  of  affairs  throughout  the  world.  Fifteen  millions  of  people 
born  and  reared  under  the  civilization  of  the  Old  World  have,  since  the 
close  of  the  war,  been  attracted  to  our  shores  to  be  trained  in  the  ways, 
educated  in  the  methods,  and  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  American  insti- 
tutions. [Applause.]  Fifteen  millions  are  an  empire  in  themselves. 
History  records  no  such  migration,  no  such  peaceful,  voluntary  change  in 
the  lives,  customs,  and  institutions  of  so  large  a  body  of  people  in  so  brief 
a  period.  Imperial  France  and  Austria  relinquished  and  abandoned 


340      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

their  designs  on  Mexico.  Brazil  and  France  have  laid  aside  the  robes 
of  imperialism,  and  arrayed  themselves  in  the  habiliments  of  our  newer 
civilization.  [Applause.]  The  elective  franchise  has  been  extended  in 
England,  and  the  English  press  has  recently  been  earnestly  discussing 
the  question  whether  the  Upper  House  of  Parliament  can  not  be  dis- 
pensed with.  The  unification  of  Germany  and  Italy  will  be  found  to  be 
not  merely  subsequent  to,  but  consequent  upon,  the  unification  of  the 
United  States.  A  new  Republic  has  risen  in  the  midst  of  the  Pacific. 
Japan,  touched  by  the  inspiration  of  your  achievements,  has  broken 
down  the  barriers  that  have  heretofore  excluded  her  and  the  far  East 
from  commercial  intercourse  with  the  world.  [Applause.]  The  waters 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  placid  and  serene  since  creation's  dawn,  their  sur- 
face seldom  broken  but  by  the  winds  of  heaven,  now  boil  like  a  pot  as 
they  are  incessantly  churned  with  the  screws  and  paddles  of  the  fleet 
messengers  of  your  commerce.  [Applause.]  Japan  and  China,  that 
prior  to  the  war  seemed  as  remote  from  us  as  though  situated  on  another 
planet,  have  been  brought  closer  to  every  part  of  this  continent  than 
was  any  part  of  Europe  three-quarters  of  a  century  ago. 

The  increase  in  the  strength  and  resources  of  our  own  country  is  not 
to  be  comprehended  in  the  mere  increase  of  population.  The  political 
economist  teDs  us  that  the  American  laborer  produces  50  per  cent  more 
than  the  laborer  of  any  other  country.  This  is  generally  attributed  to 
the  employment  of  labor-saving  machinery.  It  is  a  false  solution  of  the 
problem.  It  is  due,rather,  to  an  intensified  energy,  born  of  higher  hopes 
and  loftier  aspirations.  [Applause.]  To  say  that  we  surpass  all  others 
in  labor-saving  inventions  is  but  another  way  of  saying  that  we  surpass 
all  others  in  intellectual  energy  and  activity.  This  intellectual  energy 
and  activity  is  not  limited  merely  to  mechanical  inventions;  it  displays 
itself  in  every  sphere  of  intellectual  effort ;  in  the  construction  of  trans- 
continental and  international  railroads  and  interoceanic  canals;  in  de- 
vices for  deepening  the  channels  of  your  navigable  rivers ;  in  projects  for 
draining  the  lakes  and  swamps  of  Florida  and  irrigating  the  arid  plains 
of  the  far  West;  in  searching  for  and  developing  the  hidden  treasures  of 
the  earth ;  in  buildin  g  industrial  cities ;  in  schemes  for  utilizing  the  power 
of  Niagara ;  in  the  development  of  light,  heat,  and  motive  power  to  supply 
the  wants  of  millions  of  people;  in  the  erection  of  buildings  that  rival 
the  Tower  of  Babel  in  altitude;  in  attaching  wings  to  the  heels  of  our 
people,  so  that  they  fly  through  our  streets  and  along  our  highways  with 
the  speed  and  grace  of  a  bird,  and  in  devising  motors  that  shall  propel 
your  trains  of  cars  at  the  rate  of  150  miles  an  hour.  Telephones,  stenog- 
raphy, and  typewriting,  those  powerful  stimulants  of  intellectual  activ- 
ity, are  epidemic  in  the  land.  These  things  are  not  merely  subsequent 
to  the  war ;  they  are  part  of  its  logical  consequences.  No  other  period 
in  the  world's  history  has  seen  such  rapid  advancement.  [Applause.  ] 

On  the  other  hand,  with  two  great  republics  existing  here,  side  by  side, 
each  jealous  of  its  rights,  sensitive  of  its  honor,  apt  at  arms,  endowed 
with  a  martial  spirit  unsurpassed  in  any  age  of  the  world,  and  each  at 
liberty  to  form  such  European  alliances  as  interest  might  dictate  or 
necessity  require,  American  civilization,instead  of  becoming,  as  it  seems 
destined  to  be,  the  dominant  civilization  of  the  world,  would  have  become 
but  the  football  of  European  diplomacy. 

We  are  not  here  to  indulge  in  melancholy  reflections  or  vain  regrets 
for  the  past,  but  to  rejoice  in  the  realities  of  the  present  and  the  grander 
possibilities  of  the  future.  No  other  nation  ever  enjoyed  such  oppor- 
tunities for  influencing,  by  its  literature,  its  arts,  its  commerce,  by 
colonization,  and,  if  need  be,  by  its  arms,  the  world's  destiny.  The 


NORTH   POINT  OF  LOOKOUT  MOUNTAIN. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       341 

eyes  of  the  whole  world  are  on  you.  Not  a  book  is  written  worth  the 
reading,  nor  a  word  spoken  worth  the  utterance,  that  is  not  immedi- 
ately translated  into  all  languages.  The  submarine  telegraph,  that 
combined  product  of  American  genius  and  American  enterprise,  keeps 
the  world  informed  of  your  daily  thought  and  activities.  This  monu- 
mented  battlefield,  intended  to  commemorate  the  valor  of  the  soldiers 
of  all  sections  of  the  Union,  will  but  accentuate  the  power  and  great- 
ness of  a  reunited  people  and  illustrate  the  sublime  faith  of  the  nation 
in  its  own  destiny  and  its  inflexible  purpose  to  fulfill  it.  [Applause.] 
I  am  charged  by  the  members  of  our  commission  with  the  duty  of 
reporting  to  you,  sir  [the  governor  of  Ohio],  the  fulfillment  of  the  trust 
committed  to  us.  In  the  discharge  of  it  we  have  been  greatly  aided, 
both  in  choice  of  designs  and  sites  for  the  monuments,  by  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  organizations  whose  services  they  are  intended  to 
commemorate.  In  many  instances  organizations  fought  in  so  many  dif- 
ferent positions  that  it  was  difficult  to  decide  upon  the  site  for  the  mon- 
ument. In  such  cases  we  have  endeavored  to  choose  the  position  in 
which  the  organization  rendered  its  most  important  service,  or  met  with 
its  heaviest  loss,  without  regard  to  the  prominence  of  the  site  upon  the 
field.  We  are  under  great  obligations  to  all  members  of  the  National 
Commission  and  all  connected  with  it  for  their  kind,  courteous,  and 
patient  assistance  in  all  our  work.  We  indulge  the  hope  that  the 
results  of  our  labor  may  meet  your  approval  and  be  satisfactory  to  all 
the  citizens  of  our  State,  especially  to  all  who  participated  in  the  battle. 
[Great  applause.] 

Governor  McKinley  was  received  with  great  applause,  and  spoke  as 
follows : 


ADDRESS  OF  GOVERNOR  WILLIAM  M'KINLEY. 

Mr.  PRESIDENT,  MEMBERS  OF  THE  OHIO  CHICKAMAUGA  NATIONAL 
PARK  COMMISSION,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  I  receive  the  Ohio 
monuments  from  your  hands,  in  behalf  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  to  be  dedi- 
cated as  a  perpetual  memorial  to  the  Ohio  soldiers  who  fought  on  this 
field.  I  can  not  forbear,  in  this  public  manner,  to  express  to  the  com- 
mission the  thanks  of  the  State,  whose  representative  it  has  been,  for 
the  able  and  satisfactory  performance  of  its  duties.  It  has  executed 
the  trust  confided  to  it  with  singular  intelligence  and  patience  and 
fidelity,  and  will  enjoy  the  lasting  gratitude  of  the  people  of  Ohio. 

My  fellow-citizens,  nearly  a  third  of  a  century  ago  this  place  was  a 
field  of  war,  and  the  scene  of  an  awful  and  disastrous  two-days'  battle. 
We  come  back  after  these  long  years,  which  have  been  years  of  momen 
tous  import  to  our  country  and  to  civilization,  to  unite  in  the  dedica- 
tion of  this  great  battlefield  as  a  national  park,  which  shall  forever 
memorialize  the  valor  of  the  American  solder  and  testify  to  the  strength 
and  glory  of  the  American  Union.  [Applause.]  The  opposing  forces 
here  were  ftiirly  matched.  American  met  American.  The  Confederate 
somewhat  outnumbered  the  Union,  but  in  determination  and  courage 
neither  was  at  a  disadvantage.  Both  were  equal  in  persistence  and 
prowess.  The  commanders  on  both  sides  were  among  the  most  skillful 
and  distinguished  of  their  respective  armies.  They  were  military 
giants,  in  command  of  mighty  forces;  and  the  conflict  waged  here  was 
one  which  has  few  parallels  in  the  history  of  the  wars  of  the  world. 

In  many  respects  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  was  unlike  any  other 


342      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

battle  of  the  great  civil  war.  The  gateway  in  the  mountains  was  to  be 
either  won  or  lost  here.  While  the  success  of  the  Union  army  was 
extremely  important  to  the  Union  cause,  the  overthrow  of  the  Union 
army  here  and  the  holding  of  this  territory  were  indispensable  to  the 
success  of  the  Confederate  cause.  It  was  a  desperate  struggle  for  the 
mastery;  and,  standing  now  upon  this  field,  the  former  scene  of  so 
much  blood  and  carnage,  recalling  all  that  happened  here  and  all  that 
was  done  here,  we  are  filled  with  increased  interest  and  astonishment, 
and  stirred  to  the  depths  with  admiration  for  the  courage,  valor,  and 
endurance  of  those  engaged  on  both  sides  of  the  line.  [Applause.] 

Ohio  is  here  to-day  because  her  citizen  soldiery  was  here  then. 
[Applause.]  We  are  here,  not  as  then,  with  arms  in  our  hands,  but 
with  fraternal  affection  in  our  hearts.  [Applause.]  We  are  here,  the 
invited  guests  of  the  nation;  here  to  dedicate  this  field,  not  to  war 
or  to  passion,  but  to  peace  and  union  which  can  never  be  broken. 
[Applause.]  Well  may  Ohio  feel  a  patriotic  pride  in  these  dedicatory 
ceremonies.  Her  soldiers  were  here  in  great  battle  pageant,  represent- 
ing every  arm  of  the  military  service.  Her  soldiers  constituted  quite 
one-fifth  of  all  those  engaged  on  this  bloody  field  in  defense  of  the 
Union.  Let  me  call  the  roll  of  regiments  and  organizations  which  par- 
ticipated here  and  suffered  here.  They  can  not  all  respond ;  but  if  they 
could  but  speak  to-day  from  their  silent  muster  there  would  be  none 
among  the  missing,  but  all  accounted  for. 

The  infantry  regiments  were  the  First,  commanded  by  Lieut.  Col. 
Basset  Langdon;  the  Second,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Obadiah  C.  Maxwell;  the 
Sixth,  by  Col.  Nicholas  L.  Anderson ;  the  Ninth,  by  Col.  Gustave  Earn- 
merling;  the  Tenth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  William  W.  Ward;  the  Eleventh, 
by  Col.  Philander  P.  Lane ;  the  Thirteenth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Elhanon  H. 
Mast;  the  Fourteenth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Henry  D.  Kingsbury;  the  Fif- 
teenth, by  Lieut.  Col.  Frank  Askew;  the  Seventeenth,  by  Col.  Durbin 
Ward;  the  Eighteenth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  C.  H.  Grosvenor  [applause];  the 
Nineteenth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Henry  G.  Stratton;  the  Twenty-first,  by 
Lieut.  Col.  D.  M.  Stoughton ;  the  Twenty-fourth,  by  Col.  David  J.  Hig- 
gius;  the  Twenty-sixth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  William  H.  Young;  the  Thirty- 
first,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Frederick  W.  Lister;  the  Thirty- third,  by  Col.  Oscar 
F.  Moore:  the  Thirty-fifth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Henry  V.  Boynton,  the  father 
of  this  splendid  park  [applause];  the  Thirty-sixth,  by  Col.  William  G. 
Jones;  the  Fortieth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  William  Jones;  the  gallant  Forty- 
first — and  I  speak  of  it,  because  it  was  commanded  by  the  splendid 
orator  who  lost  a  limb  fighting  for  his  country,  and  who  was  your  orator 
just  before  I  took  the  stand — by  Col.  Aquila  Wiley  [applause];  the 
Forty-ninth,  by  Maj.  S.  F.  Gray;  the  Fifty-first,  by  Col.  Kichard  W. 
McClain;  the  Fifty-second,  by  Maj.  James  T.  Holmes;  the  Fifty -ninth, 
by  Lieut.  Col.  Granville  A.  Frambes;  the  Sixty-fourth,  by  Col.  Alex- 
ander Mcllvaine;  the  Sixty-fifth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  H.  N.  Whitbeck;  the 
Sixty-ninth,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Joseph  H.  Brigham ;  the  Seventy-fourth,  by 
Capt.  Joseph  Fisher;  the  Eighty -ninth,  by  Col.  Caleb  Carlton;  the 
Ninetieth,  by  Col.  Charles  Eippey;  the  Ninety-second,  by  Col.  Benja 
min  D.  Fearing;  the  Ninety -third,  by  Col.  Hiram  Strong;  the  Ninety- 
fourth,  by  Maj.  E.  P.  Hutchins;  the  Ninety-seventh,  by  Lieut.  Col. 
Milton  Barnes  [applause];  the  Ninety-eighth,  by  Capt.  M.  J.  Urquhart; 
the  Ninety-ninth,  by  Col.  Peter  T.  Swaine;  the  One  hundred  and  first, 
by  Lieut.  Col.  John  Messner;  the  One  hundred  and  fifth,  by  Maj. 
George  T.  Perkins;  the  One  hundred  and  thirteenth,  by  Lieut.  Col. 
Darius  B.  Warner;  the  One  hundred  and  twenty-first,  by  Lieut.  Col. 
Henry  B.  Banning;  the  One  hundred  and  twenty-fourth,  by  Col.  Oliver 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       343 

II.  Payne ;  the  One  hundred  and  twenty-fifth,  by  Col.  Emerson  Opdycke. 
The  regiments  of  cavalry  were  the  First,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Valentine 
Cupp;  the  Third,  by  Lieut.  Col.  C.  B.  Seidel;  the  Fourth,  by  Lieut. 
Col.  O.  P.  Eobie.  There  was  also  the  First  Battalion  of  Ohio  Sharp- 
shooters. There  were  also  the  following  batteries  of  the  First  Regiment 
of  Ohio  Light  Artillery:  Battery  A,  by  Capt.  Wilbur  F.  Goodspeed 
[applause];  Battery  B,  Lieut.  Norman  A.  Baldwin;  Battery  C,  by 
Lieut.  Marco  B.  Gary;  Battery  F,  by  Lieut.  Charles  J.  Cockerell;  Bat- 
tery G,  by  Capt.  Alexander  Marshall;  Battery  M,  by  Capt.  Frederick 
Slmltz.  And,  finally,  there  was  the  Independent  Batteries:  The  Sixth 
Ohio,  by  Capt.  Cullen  Bradley;  the  Eighteenth  Ohio,  by  Capt.  Charles 
Aleshire;  the  Twentieth  Ohio,  by  Capt.  Edward  Grosskopff.  In  all, 
there  were  forty-two  regiments  of  infantry,  three  regiments  of  cavalry, 
a  battalion  of  sharpshooters,  and  nine  batteries  of  artillery,  making  a 
total  of  fifty- five  Ohio  organizations.  [Applause.]  This  was  Ohio's 
contribution  to  this  historic  battle,  fought  on  this  historic  field. 

Ohio  had  a  larger  representation  here  than  upon  any  other  field  of 
the  war.  Her  soldiers  were  in  every  battle,  siege,  assault,  and  skirmish 
from  Bull  Bun  to  Appomattox  Court-House  [applause],  and  no  history 
of  the  war  can  ever  be  written  which  will  not  record  the  splended  serv- 
ices of  Ohio's  volunteer  army  of  1861-18C5.  [Great  applause.]  They 
did  heroic  service  upon  every  field.  But  upon  this  field  a  larger  num- 
ber of  Ohio  soldiers  were  concentrated  than  upon  any  other  field  of  the 
war;  and  upon  no  other  was  there  a  higher  exhibition  of  soldierly  valor 
or  vigor  than  here.  Ohio  had  more  soldiers  here  than  came  from  any 
other  State  of  the  Union,  ,on  the  Union  side,  and  had  more  soldiers  here 
than  came  from  any  State  of  the  Confederacy,  except  Tennessee  alone. 
Some  of  Ohio's  most  illustrious  officers  were  in  command  of  corps,  divi- 
sions, brigades,  and  regiments,  who  gave  direction  upon  every  part  of 
this  wide-stretching  field.  General  Bosecrans  [applause],  a  graduate 
of  great  distinction  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  in  1842,  and  who  served  in  the  Army  until  1854,  was  the  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  Union  forces,  and  was  an  honored  citizen  of  our 
own  State.  He  entered  the  volunteer  service  as  colonel  of  the  Twenty- 
third  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry.  I  recall  him  with  peculiar  tenderness 
and  respect.  He  was  the  first  colonel  of  the  regiment  to  which  I 
belonged,  and  my  boy  ideal  of  a  great  soldier,  and  I  gladly  here  to-day, 
in  this  public  presence,  and  in  this  public  manner,  pay  him  my  tribute 
of  love  for  his  tender  qualities,  which  endeared  him  to  me,  and  the  high 
soldierly  qualities  which  won  the  gratitude  of  the  State  and  nation,  for 
his  magnificent  services  to  the  Union  cause.  [Applause.]  Ohio  is  proud 
of  "Old  Kosey"  [applause],  and  in  his  old  age  and  declining  years  1  beg 
him  to  know,  in  his  distant  home  on  the  Pacific,  that  he  enjoys  the 
affectionate  regard  of  his  old  State,  which  will  guard  his  name  and 
fame  forever.  [Great  applause.]  General  Garfield,  his  chief  of  staff 
[applause],  was  also  from  Ohio.  The  noble  part  he  bore  here  shines  in 
the  history  of  our  country. 

Gen.  James  Barnett  [applause],  another  Ohio  man,  was  the  chief  of 
artillery;  and  the  famous  fighting  McCook  family  [applause]  were  here. 
Gen.  Alexander  McDowell  McCook  commanded  the  Twentieth  Corps; 
Col.  Dan.  McCook,  the  Second  Brigade,  Second  Division,  Eeserve 
Corps;  Col.  Ed.  McCook,  the  First  Division,  First  Cavalry  Corps,  and 
Gen.  Philip  Sheridan  [applause],  another  Ohio  man,  commanded  the 
Third  Division  of  the  Twentieth  Army  Corps,  whose  services  here,  and 
upon  other  noted  fields,  covered  him  with  imperishable  fame.  Gen. 
John  Beatty  [applause],  the  honored  president  of  the  Ohio  commission, 


344      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

and  to  whom  and  his  associates  the  State  owes  much  for  this  patriotic 
dedication,  commanded  the  First  Brigade,  First  Division,  Fourteenth 
Army  Corps;  Col.  John  M.  Connell,  First  Brigade,  Second  Division, 
Fourteenth  Army  Corps.  [Applause.]  Col.  Ferdinand  Van  Derveer 
[applause]  commanded  the  Third  Brigade,  Fourteenth  Army  Corps. 
Other  commanders  were  Gen.  William  II.  Lytle,  First  Brigade,  Third 
Division,  Twentieth  Army  Corps,  killed  on  this  field  September  20, 
1863;  Gen.  Thomas  J.  Wood,  First  Division,  Twenty-first  Army  Corps; 
Gen.  Sam.  Beatty,  First  Brigade,  Third  Division,  Twenty-first  Army 
Corps;  Gen.  George  Crook,  the  Second  Cavalry  Division,  and  Gen. 
James  B.  Steedman  [applause],  the  First  Division  of  the  Reserve 
Corps ;  Col.  John  G.  Mitchell,  Second  Brigade,  First  Division  of  the 
Reserve  Corps  [applause] ;  Gen.  W.  B.  Hazen,  Second  Brigade,  Second 
Division,  Twenty-first  Army  Corps  [applause] ;  Col.  Charles  G.  Barker, 
Third  Brigade,  First  Division,  Twenty-first  Army  Corps. 

Gen.  William  H.  Lytle  and  Col.  Valentine  Cupp,  First  Ohio  Cavalry, 
were  among  the  field  officers  killed.  General  Lytle  fell  while  making 
a  supreme  effort,  with  his  brigade,  to  relieve  the  disaster  on  the  Union 
right.  Colonel  Cupp  went  down  to  death  with  saber  drawn,  forming 
his  regiment  for  a  charge.  General  Steedman  performed  heroic  service 
during  the  second  day's  battle.  The  Confederates  had  made  a  lodg- 
ment on  the  ridge  to  the  right  of  Thomas's  line,  and  commanded  the 
rear  of  his  position.  Seizing  the  colors  of  one  of  his  regiments,  Steed- 
man  led  his  3,500  men  up  the  slope  and  carried  the  ridge,  after  a  fierce 
and  deadly  conflict,  in  which  were  lost  1,100  men.  [Applause.]  He 
held  this  position  firmly  until  6  o'clock  Sunday  evening. 

In  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  Rosecrans's  loss  was  16,174.  This 
includes  4,774  missing,  a  large  number  of  whom  were  killed  and 
wounded.  Bragg's  loss,  as  estimated  by  the  war  records  at  Washing- 
ton, was  17,804.  The  total  loss  for  each  army  was  more  than  25  per 
cent  of  the  entire  force,  and  about  33  per  cent  on  each  side  of  the 
troops  actually  engaged.  Longstreet  lost  44  per  cent  of  his  forces,  and 
all,  too,  on  the  second  day,  and  for  the  most  part  within  two  hours  on 
that  dreadful  Sunday  afternoon.  Steedman's  and  Brannan's  divisions 
lost  49  per  cent  in  four  hours,  and  of  the  total  loss  but  one  was  missing ; 
all  the  rest  were  killed  or  wounded.  Bushrod  Johnson's  division  lost 
44  per  cent.  Anderson's  brigade,  of  Hindman's  division,  lost  30  per 
cent;  Bates's  brigade,  of  Stewart's  division,  lost  52  per  cent.  Preston's 
division  lost  33  per  cent.  Grade's  brigade  lost  nearly  35  per  cent,  and 
all  within  an  hour  before  the  sun  set  on  that  bloody  Sunday,  and  while 
assaulting  one  of  the  Ohio  divisions.  Cheatham's  division  lost  from  35 
to  50  per  cent.  Breckinridge's  division  lost  33  per  cent,  and  Cleburne's 
division  43  per  cent.  What  a  holocaust  of  death !  What  a  sacrificial 
offering !  I  can  not  but  recall  the  words  of  Col.  Emerson  Opdycke,  of 
the  One  hundred  and  twenty-fifth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  as  I  con- 
template these  dreadful  losses.  It  is  said  that  General  Thomas,  in 
company  with  General  Garfield,  approached  the  One  hundred  and 
twenty-fifth  Ohio,  and  General  Thomas,  addressing  the  colonel,  said, 
"This  point  must  beheld."  Colonel  Opdycke  replied,  "We  will  hold 
this  ground  or  go  to  heaven  from  it."  [Applause.] 

On  the  Union  side  one  man  out  of  every  thirty-three  was  actually 
shot  dead  on  the  field  of  battle;  one  in  every  six  was  wounded;  one  in 
every  three  was  missing.  In  killed,  wounded,  and  missing  we  lost  one 
man  out  of  nearly  every  three  engaged  in  the  battle. 

The  strength  of  the  Union  forces,  from  the  best  authority  attainable, 
was  57.832.  General  Rosecrans  commanded  133  regiments  of  infantry, 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      345 

and  42  of  them  were  from  Ohio.  The  Confederate  army,  in  command 
,  of  General  Bragg,  consisted  of  200  regiments  of  infantry,  40  regiments 
of  cavalry,  and  50  batteries  of  artillery.  Two  million  six  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  rounds  of  cartridges  and  7,300  rounds  of  artillery  ammu- 
nition from  the  Union  side  sent  forth  their  thundering  shafts  of  death. 

The  awful  desperation  of  the  battle  on  the  second  day  is  shown  by 
the  order  which,  it  is  said,  General  Thomas  gave,  in  the  awful  stress 
of  the  situation,  to  his  division  commanders.  They  were  reporting  to 
him  that  they  were  running  short  of  ammunition.  First  it  was  reported 
that  all  were  gone  but  ten  rounds,  then  all  but  five,  then  all  but  two; 
and  to  this  the  General  replied:  "Save  your  fire  for  close  quarters, 
and  when  your  last  shot  is  fired  give  them  the  bayonet."  [Applause.] 
On  a  portion  of  his  line  the  last  assault  was  made  and  repelled  by  the 
bayonet. 

I  do  not  wish,  Mr.  President,  to  enter  the  field  of  dispute  or  conten- 
tion, but  it  seems  to  me  well  settled  that  Ohio  troops  opened  the  battle 
of  Chickamanga  on  the  morning  of  the  19th  of  September,  opened  it 
again  on  the  morning  of  the  20th  of  September,  and  closed  it,  as  Gov- 
ernor Campbell  has  told  you,  after  dark  on  the  evening  of  the  20th.  In 
the  early  morning  Croxtou's  brigade,  the  right  of  Brannan's  division, 
struck  Forrest  just  near  Jay's  mill,  on  the  extreme  left,  and  was  at  once 
sharply  engaged.  Almost  at  the  same  hour  Gen.  John  Beatty's  brigade, 
of  Negley's  division,  was  engaged  with  Helm's  brigade,  of  Breckinridge's 
division,  on  the  Confederate  left,  9  miles  distant,  and  near  Glass's  mill. 

The  men  in  the  Ohio  organizations  came  from  every  part  of  our  great 
State.  They  were  soldiers,  but  they  were  citizens  of  the  Union  first. 
Those  who  survived  are  among  the  best  and  most  honored  of  our  State 
and  country.  They  left  home  dedicating  their  lives  to  maintain  the 
Union,  ready  to  perform  any  service  or  make  any  sacrifice.  For  those 
who  fell  the  Government  has  provided  a  fitting  resting  place  in 
yonder  beautiful  cemetery.  Those  who  came  home  from  this  field  have 
impressed  the  world  with  the  story  of  the  valor  of  the  citizen  soldiery 
in  one  of  the  mightiest  battles  of  modern  times.  How  pleasant  the 
thought  that  so  many  still  live,  and  are  able  to  revisit  this  sacred 
ground  and  take  part  in  the  solemnities  of  this  day;  for  this  is  a  day 
and  an  occasion  eminently  honorable  to  the  Republic  and  worthy  of  it. 
In  the  number  of  men  actually  engaged,  in  the  magnificent  valor  dis- 
played by  both  armies,  in  the  splendid  gallantry  with  which  they 
assaulted  and  met  assault,  and,  finally,  in  the  appalling  losses  which 
both  sides  suffered,  this  great  conflict  has  few  equals  in  the  annals  of 
history.  It  was  said  by  a  distinguished  Confederate  soldier  in  his 
official  report  that  he  "had  never  known  Federal  troops  to  fight  so 
well,  and  that  he  never  saw  Confederate  soldiers  fight  better." 

But,  my  countrymen,  the  devastating  armies  have  vanished.  Their 
swords  have  been  sheathed;  their  arms  have  been  stacked.  The  pass 
ing  years  have  brought  in  their  train  the  balm  of  healing  and  recon- 
ciliation. The  wounds  of  war  have  been  soothed  and  healed ;  but  the 
men  who  fought  here,  on  either  side,  will  be  remembered  for  their 
bravery  and  heroism,  and  the  men  who  saved  the  Union  will  never  be 
forgotten.  [Great  applause.]  These  monuments  demonstrate  that. 
The  patriotic  impulse  of  the  grateful  people  of  Ohio  has  erected  here 
monuments  of  beauty  to  mark  the  places  where  the  men  of  Ohio  fought 
and  fell.  Future  generations  will  read  the  story  of  Chickamanga  on 
the  pages  of  history  already  written  and  hereafter  to  be  written,  and 
for  all  time  upon  these  granite  stones  here  unveiled  to-day. 

The  State  has  built  these  monuments  to  testify  its  devotion,  not 


346      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

only  to  the  brave  men  who  fought  here,  but  to  the  sacred  cause  for  which 
they  fought.  [Applause.]  They  are  built  to  perpetuate  in  memory  the^ 
fame  of  these  men  forever,  and  to  show  our  devotion  to  the  Union  which " 
they  helped  to  save.  They  will  stand  as  a  constant  reminder  of  the 
heroism  of  Ohio  soldiers  in  the  past,  and  will  serve  as  an  inspiration  to 
the  living  and  to  those  who  come  after  to  manifest  equal  devotion  if 
ever  again  the  Union  should  be  assaulted  or  assailed.  [Great  applause.] 
Other  s,  to-day  and  to-morrow,  will  recite  the  story  of  the  battle,  with 
its  harrowing  incidents,  its  heroism,  and  its  sacrifices.  Others  will  tell 
of  the  conflict  of  the  first  day,  of  the  skill  of  Kosecrans  and  Crittenden 
and  their  associates,  and  of  Bragg  and  Longstreet  and  their  associates. 
They  will  tell  how  on  the  second  day,  when  the  issue  wavered  in  the 
balance,  almost  lost  to  the  Union  cause,  when  Thomas — glorious  old 
Thomas — [great  applause]  stood  as  the  "  Rock  of  Chickamauga."  Indi- 
vidual valor  will  be  praised,  and  should  be,  on  both  sides.  Courage  and 
devotion  and  endurance  of  Union  and  Confederate  soldier  will  receive 
just  eulogy  from  other  lips.  The  masterful  genius  of  the  commanders 
and  the  dogged  determination  of  the  soldiers  will  be  repeated,  and  it 
can  not  too  often  be  told.  The  exhibition  of  high  soldierly  qualities  dis- 
played by  both  the  blue  and  the  gray  will  be  on  every  tongue  this  day 
and  this  week.  The  battle  will  be  fought  over  a  thousand  times  in 
memory  between  those  who  lately  contended  angrily  on  this  field.  All 
that  is  well.  The  nation  has  done  well  to  dedicate  this  great  national 
park. 

But,  after  all,  my  countrymen,  what  was  it  all  for?  What  did  it 
mean?  What  were  all  this  struggle,  and  all  this  exhibition  of  heroism, 
and  these  appalling  sacrifices  for?  A  reunited  country  makes  answer. 
No  other  is  needed.  A  union  stronger  and  freer  than  ever  before 
[applause] ;  a  civilization  higher  and  nobler  than  ever  before  [applause] ; 
a  freedom  brighter  and  more  enduring  than  ever  before  [applause] ;  and 
a  flag  dearer  [cries  of  "Yes"  and  applause]  and  more  sacred  than  ever 
before;  and  all,  all  of  them,  secure  from  any  enemy  from  any  quarter, 
because  the  men  who,  thirty-two  years  ago,  fought  on  the  Confederate 
side  and  on  the  Union  side  are  to-day  united,  linked  in  their  masterful 
might,  to  strike  down  any  enemy  who  would  assail  either  freedom  or 
Union  or  civilization  [applause]  or  flag.  [Long- continued  applause.] 

The  sacrifices  here  made  were  for  what  we  loved  and  for  what  we 
meant  should  endure.  A  reunited  people,  a  reunited  country,  is  the 
glorious  reward. 

The  war  has  been  over  thirty-one  years.  There  has  never  been  any 
trouble  since  the  war  between  the  men  who  fought  on  the  one  side  or 
the  other.  [Applause,  and  "  That's  right."]  The  trouble  has  been  with 
the  men  who  fought  on  neither  side  [great  applause  and  cheers],  and 
who  could  get  on  the  one  side  or  the  other,  as  convenience  or  interest 
demanded.  [Applause.]  The  bitterness  and  resentments  of  the  war 
belong  to  the  past.  Its  glories  are  the  common  heritage  of  us  all. 
What  was  won  in  that  great  conflict  belongs  just  as  securely  to  those 
who  lost  as  to  those  who  triumphed.  [Applause.]  The  future  is  in  our 
common  keeping,  the  sacred  trust  of  us  all,  North  and  South.  Let  us 
here  to-day  dedicate  ourselves  to  the  work  of  making  this  Union  worthy 
of  the  glorious  men  who  died  for  it  on  this  and  other  fields.  [Great 
applause.] 

(Addressing  General  Fullerton :)  Mr.  Secretary,  it  is  gratifying  to  the 
State  that  these  monuments  are  hereafter  to  be  in  the  keeping  of  the 
United  States  Government.  That  is  where  they  belong.  The  Govern- 
ment— which  was  preserved  by  these  men — should  guard  them.  Hence- 


OHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      347 

forth  these  monuments  in  your  keeping  shall  be  the  precious  possession 
of  all  the  people.  They  show,  Mr.  Secretary,  the  honor  paid  by  a  great 
Commonwealth  to  the  patriotic  valor  of  her  sons.  They  are  calculated 
to  encourage  patriotic  devotion  for  all  time.  They  are  the  nation's 
guaranty  that  the  bond  of  union  shall  never  be  broken.  Their  lesson 
is  that  the  Constitution  is  and  shall  remain  the  supreme  law  over  all. 
[Applause.] 

In  this  great  battle,  Mr.  Secretary,  some  fought  to  save  the  Union, 
others  to  divide  it.  Those  who  fought  to  save  triumphed,  and  so  the 
Union  survived.  Slavery  was  abolished,  peace  restored,  the  Union 
strengthened;  and  now,  hand  in  hand,  all  stand  beneath  the  folds  of 
one  flag,  acknowledging  no  other,  marching  forward  together  in  the 
enjoyment  of  one  common  country,  and  in  the  fulfillment  of  one  glorious 
destiny.  [Loud  and  long- continued  applause.] 

General  Fullerton  responded  as  follows : 


SPEECH  OF  GEN.  J.  S.  FULLERTON. 

GOVERNOR  MCKINLEY,  THE  COMMISSIONERS  OP  THE  STATE  OF 
OHIO,  AND  COMRADES:  The  programme  announces  that  your  monu- 
ments will  be  accepted  for  the  nation  by  the  Secretary  of  War.  I  regret 
exceedingly  that  imperative  public  duties  prevent  him  from,  performing 
this  gratifying  task  that  has  just  been  assigned  to  me,  and  which,  to 
my  great  regret,  I  must  perform  with  insufficient  preparation.  I  know 
that  the  Secretary  of  War,  even  more  than  the  commission,  regrets 
his  enforced  absence.  He  has  taken  the  keenest  interest  in  this  great 
project,  and  has  given  to  the  National  Commission  every  possible  aid, 
even  more  than  it  had  asked  for.  I  am  sure  we  all  greatly  regret  his 
absence. 

The  Chickamauga-Chattanooga  National  Military  Park  Commission, 
in  behalf  of  and  for  the  nation,  accepts  as  a  most  precious  gift,  ever  to 
be  cherished  and  protected,  these  monuments,  so  priceless  that  wealth 
could  not  buy  one,  even  the  humblest  stone.  No  other  monuments  can 
have  a  meaning  equal  to  these,  for  there  is  but  one  Chickamauga,  and 
the  valor  of  the  American  soldier  displayed  here  can  never  be  surpassed. 
The  valor  of  the  Ohio  soldier  on  this  field  was  too  great  to  be  appropri- 
ated alone  by  your  State.  With  your  monuments  the  nation  takes  in 
keeping  the  valor  of  your  soldiers.  [Applause.]  My  friends  of  Ohio, 
it  gives  me  especial  pleasure  to  perform  this  duty,  as  I,  too,  am  a  son 
of  Ohio.  I  am  proud  of  this  birthright,  and  there  is  no  place  in  the  wide 
world  where  I  am  so  proud  of  it  as  right  here  on  the  battlefield  of  Chick- 
amauga. It  is  true  that  I  have  strayed  from  the  fold,  but  my  eyes  and 
heart  are  ever  set  toward  the  old  mother,  hoping  some  day  to  return, 
but  not  like  the  prodigal  son. 

I  may  be  transcending  my  duty,  and  if  so  I  ask  to  be  excused,  in 
saying  that  the  National  Commissioners  are  greatly  indebted  to  your 
State  commissioners  for  the  very  intelligent,  able,  and  efficient  services 
rendered  by  them.  During  the  greater  part  of  the  two  years  just  past 
they  have  labored  conscientiously  and  hard.  Camping  on  this  great 
battlefield,  they  have  carefully  visited  and  inspected  every  foot  of 
ground,  and  given  exhaustive  study  to  every  position  occupied  by  the 
regiments  and  batteries  of  your  State  here  engaged.  Their  labors  were 
indefatigable  and  unremitting.  With  their  assistance,  and  by  constant 
examination  on  the  part  of  our  own  commission,  we  have  been  able,  for 


348      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

the  first  time  in  the  history  of  warfare,  to  accurately  mark  a  great  battle- 
field— marking  it  so  that  every  line  and  position  is  undisputed  and  exact, 
and  carefully  designating  by  monuments,  markers,  and  tablets  the  whole 
story  of  the  battle,  so  that  it  has  been  made  plain  and  indisputable. 
And  even  with  such  work  this  could  not  have  been  done  had  it  not 
been  that  the  commissioners  of  the  Southern  States  and  representatives 
of  Confederate  regiments  and  batteries  engaged  in  the  battle  also  gave 
us  most  willing  and  intelligent  assistance. 

I  believe  we  have  here  to  day  the  only  completely  and  correctly 
marked  battlt -field  in  the  world,  for  both  sides  have  been  thoroughly 
located  by  exhaustive  work,  done  by  representatives  of  the  Union  and 
Confederate  armies  that  fought  in  the  battle  working  in  harmony  and 
with  equal  interest  and  pride.  After  eighty  years  of  study  and  investi- 
gation military  writers  are  still  discussing  and  wrangling  over  positions 
on  the  field  of  Waterloo,  a  field  that,  compared  with  this  one  before  us, 
is  but  as  a  checkerboard  to  the  intricate  lines  of  a  puzzle.  And  so  it  is 
with  all  great  European  battlefields. 

Chickamauga  is  the  first  and  as  yet  the  only  battlefield  that  has  been 
correctly  and  satisfactorily  marked.  And  that  is  because  both  sides 
here  have  willingly  and  conscientiously  joined  in  marking  these  lines 
which  tells  of  the  valor  of  the  American  soldier.  Here  the  fame  of  the 
soldier  of  the  NortL  and  the  soldier  of  the  South  shall  live  forever,  one 
and  the  same. 

As  a  boy  I  remember  well  the  almost  total  lack  of  military  spirit  in 
the  old  State.  It  was  hard  to  get  men  out  for  militia  duty,  they  regard- 
ing it  as  most  irksome,  annoying,  and  unnecessary.  But  the  war  came, 
and  what  a  change!  Once  being  in  the  field,  the  sons  of  the  gallant 
old  State  so  conducted  themselves  as  to  surprise  the  fighting  world. 
They  not  only  gained  distinction  on  every  field,  but  they  gave  the  Union 
armies  nearly  all  of  their  most  distinguished  commanders.  And  yet 
you  had  distinguished  commanders  to  spare  for  the  other  side.  Just 
down  there  before  you  at  the  Brotherton  house,  when  Longstreet's 
tremendous  iron  column  of  nine  brigades  came  crashing  through  our 
lines,  it  was  capped  with  the  division  commanded  and  led  by  the  Con- 
federate general,  Bushrod  Johnson,  born  in  Ohio.  And  now  we  can 
praise  his  courage  and  glory,  and  the  valor  of  the  bronzed,  rugged, 
and  barefooted  Confederates  that  followed  his  lead.  That  is  one  thing 
this  great  Chickamauga  scheme  has  brought  about.  It  means  that 
sectional  partisanship  is  dead,  that  the  hate  engendered  by  the  war  has 
faded  out,  and  that  the  valor  of  the  Union  soldier  and  the  valor  of  the 
Confederate  soldier  are  a  heritage  belonging  to  the  whole  nation. 

All  the  Southern  States  that  had  troops  on  this  battlefield  will  erect 
monuments  to  their  regiments  and  batteries.  When  these  are  in  place 
this  field  will  present  a  most  extraordinary  spectacle,  and  one  the  like 
of  which  has  never  been  seen  before,  and  may  never  again  be  seen  on 
any  other  battlefield  in  the  world.  Wherever  the  fighting  was  the 
fiercest — where  line  dashed  against  line,  where  column  battered  col- 
umn—that is,  all  over  the  field — will  soon  be  seen  monuments  side  by 
side,  in  close  embrace — North  and  South,  Union  and  Confederate — 
Ohio,  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  other  States  of  the  North;  Tennessee,  Geor- 
gia, South  Carolina,  and  other  States  of  the  South.  What  a  tribute  to 
the  courage  and  the  manhood  of  the  American  people.  This  was  one 
of  the  very  few  fields  of  modern  warfare  where  lines  of  battle  came  in 
actual  contact.  It  is  the  last  where  it  can  ever  happen  again.  Here- 
tofore, in  battles,  when  attacks  have  been  made,  one  side  gave  way 
before  bayonets,  so  much  dreaded,  but  rarely  fleshed.  Here  were 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       349 

bayonet  thrusts,  and  the  muskets  that  could  iiot  be  loaded  were  used 
as  clubs.  Long-range  rifles  have  changed  all  such  fighting.  Such  will 
never  be  seen  again.  Men  engaged  on  future  battlefields  will  not  look 
into  the  eyes  of  the  enemy,  as  you  did  on  this  field.  If  monuments  for 
both  sides  be  put  up  on  future  battlefields,  one  side  can  only  be  seen 
from  the  other  with  a  glass. 

This  was  the  last  Chickamauga.  Yes,  the  first  and  the  iast.  [Great 
applause.] 

General  Beatty  then  introduced  the  Right  Reverend  Bishop  Watter- 
son,  of  Columbus,  who  offered  the  closing  prayer. 

PRAYER  OF  BISHOP  WATTERSON. 

O  Almighty  and  Everlasting  God,  assembled  here  to-day  on  this 
blood-stained  field  of  Chickamauga,  where  two-and-thirty  years  ago  a 
divided  people  met  in  awful  shock  of  arms,  we  thank  Thee  for  the  bene- 
fits which,  through  Thy  providence,  have  come  to  us  from  the  dreadful 
scourge  of  war,  and  especially  for  the  closer  union  of  the  people  of  our 
beloved  country.  We  beg  Thy  blessing  upon  a  now  united  people,  and 
beseech  Thee  to  bind  us  more  and  more  closely  in  the  blessed  bonds  of 
peace.  Pour  down  Thy  heavenly  benediction  upon  the  flag  of  our  coun- 
try, which  is  prepared,  not  only  for  warlike  use,  but  for  an  emblem  of 
Thy  protection  in  time  of  peace.  May  it  be  strong  against  the  hostile 
and  rebellious,  and  be  ever  girt  about  with  Thy  protection.  May  it  be 
terrible  to  the  enemies  of  our  liberties,  and  a  certain  confidence  of 
victory  and  a  sign  of  peace;  for  Thou  art  not  only  the  God  of  Battles, 
but  the  Prince  of  Peace.  Bless  all  the  States  of  our  beloved  Union — 
North  and  South,  and  East  and  West — that  our  country  and  our  Gov- 
ernment may  contribute  to  the  greater  glory  of  Thy  name,  and  to  the 
advancement  of  true  civilization.  May  we  not  only  be  a  united  people 
and  good  citizens  of  our  earthly  country,  but  look  upon  ourselves  as 
"wayfarers  on  the  earth  and  pilgrims  to  the  better — that  is  to  say,  the 
heavenly  land  above,"  through  pur  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  Thy  Son,  who 
liveth  and  reigneth  with  Thee  in  the  unity  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  world 
without  end.  Amen. 

The  Ohio  dedication  closed  with  special  exercises  by  a  large  gather- 
ing of  the  veterans  of  the  Ninth  and  the  Thirty-fifth  Ohio  Infantry  in 
attendance  upon  the  reunion  of  Van  Derveer's  brigade  upon  Snodgrass 
Hill. 


DEDICATION  BY  THE  NINTH  OHIO  ASSOCIATION. 

ADDRESS  OF  CAPT.  GEORGE  A.  SCHNEIDER. 

FELLOW-CITIZENS  AND  COMRADES  :  This  is  not  a  day  of  mourning 
and  funeral  obsequies,  but  the  day  we  celebrate  is  a  gala  day  of  honor 
and  cherished  memory  devoted  to  the  heroes  to  whom  these  monuments 
have  been  erected. 

It  is  a  day  of  honor  to  the  brave  and  patriotic  comrades  who  have 
fallen  in  a  bloody  conflict.  They  are  not  forgotten,  though  mother 
earth  has  for  many  years  covered  their  mortal  remains;  they  are  not 
forgotten,  but  the  memory  of  those  who  fell  in  the  late  civil  strife  will 


350      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

live  as  long  as  our  starry  banner  floats  gloriously  and  triumphantly 
under  the  dome  of  heaven,    No;  republics  are  not  ungrateful. 

Therefore,  this  day  is  not  one  of  mourning.  The  tears  of  sorrow  and 
affliction  fell  as  we  mourned  with  the  bereaved  parents,  wives,  brothers, 
and  sisters  when  the  fallen  heroes  were  conveyed  to  their  last  resting 
place.  This  day  is  a  day  consecrated  to  the  honor  of  their  names,  to 
their  deeds  of  valor  and  patriotism,  and  to  the  dearness  and  sacredness 
of  their  memory.  Let  us  remember  the  essence  of  the  words  which 
Lincoln,  our  martyr  President,  uttered  when  consecrating  the  National 
Cemetery  at  Gettysburg: 

If  you  wish  to  honor  their  memory,  preserve  intact  the  blessings  of  liberty  and 
Union  for  which  they  have  suffered,  for  which  they  have  died. 

A-  better  future  has  dawned,  the  darkness  of  nightly  discord  has  van- 
ished, the  cloudy  fog  of  misunderstanding  has  melted  away,  the  sword  is 
sheathed,  and  our  blessed  country  can  shout  in  jubilant  glee  "We  are 
again  the  Union,  not  by  force  of  the  sword,  but  a  Union  of  brotherly 
love,  a  union  of  hands,  hearts,  and  sentiments."  Our  best  aim  has  been 
attained,  myrtle  instead  of  the  laurel  is  exchanged  between  the  North 
and  the  South.  Comrades  in  grateful  remembrance  of  their  fallen 
brethren  will  bestrew  their  graves,  year  after  year,  with  garlands  of 
love. and  admiration. 

Shall  I,  in  this  propitious  hour,  mention  the  bloody  battles  in  which 
our  comrades  distinguished  themselves  f  No,  this  hour  is  devoted  to 
joy  and  reconciliation.  We  say  of  things  gone  by  "Let  the  dead  past 
bury  its  dead,"  for  love  can  forgive  and  can  forget. 

It  is  known  to  all  that  we  have  fought  against  our  erring  brethren, 
not  to  crush  them,  but  to  redeem  them  and  to  advance  their  own  best 
and  dearest  interests.  We  made  every  sacrifice  to  retain  them  as  full 
partners  in  the  enjoyment  of  all  our  blessings.  The  sunny  South  is 
blooming  and  prospering  by  reason  of  free  labor  and  manly  energy,  and 
her  resources  have  been  developed,  the  bitter  feelings  of  the  past  have 
sunk  into  oblivion,  and  are  counted  among  the  unintelligible  things  of 
the  past.  The  South  can  thank  us  and  greet  us  as  deliverers ;  she  will 
honor  the  names  of  those  who  have  suffered  and  died  for  the  sake  of 
her  welfare,  and  her  sons  will  tarry  at  these  monuments  and  in  silent 
prayer  utter  the  noble  words,  "These  men  have  been  our  friends,  our 
true  benefactors." 

I  rejoice,  fellow -citizens,  at  the  manner  in  which  these  monuments 
have  been  erected.  We  may  all  rejoice  that  Congress  voted  an  appro- 
priation to  purchase  this  land  and  improve,  beautify,  and  make  it  a 
national  park,  where  sweet  peace  and  good  will  may  tend  to  obliterate 
the  memory  of  a  devastating  combat.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  a  commission  to  superintend  the  work  was  appointed, 
and  much  credit  and  many  thanks  are  due  them  for  their  faithful  and 
valuable  services  rendered  in  the  performance  of  their  task.  The  dif- 
ferent States  were  not  slow  in  appropriating  large  sums  in  order  to 
erect  fitting  tributes  to  their  patriotic  dead.  Our  own  great  State  of 
Ohio  was  second  to  none  in  doing  honor  to  her  fallen  sons.  I  can  bear 
testimony  that  the  law  which  created  the  Ohio  commissioners  was 
passed  unanimously,  every  member  of  the  general  assembly,  irrespec- 
tive of  political  affiliations,  being  anxious  to  put  the  seal  of  approval 
upon  the  enactment  and  the  spirit  that  prompted  it. 

When,  in  April,  1861,  our  country  was  threatened  with  civil  war, 
and  President  Abraham  Lincoln  issued  his  first  call  for  troops  to 
defend  the  Government,  the  Ninth  Ohio  Eegiment  was  organized 
within  a  few  days,  and  chose  as  their  first  commander  Robert  Latimer 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.      351 

McCook.  Through  his  influence  and  untiring  energy  the  regiment 
was  promptly  accepted  by  the  governor  of  our  State.  From  the  very 
beginning  the  men  of  the  regiment  learned  to  love  and  esteem  their 
commander  for  his  manly  qualifications.  For  his  gallantry  and  good 
management  at  the  battle  of  Mill  Springs,  January  19,  1862,  he  was 
promptly  promoted  to  the  position  of  brigadier-general.  He  assumed 
the  command  of  the  brigade  until  he  met  with  his  tragic  and  untimely 
death,  August  5,  1862,  beloved  and  esteemed  by  all  who  served  under 
him.  He  was  one  of  the  truest  and  noblest  patriots  of  the  country, 
and  for  his  daring  bravery  and  coolness  in  danger  will  ever  rank  among 
the  highest  and  bravest  officers  of  the  army. 

After  Eobert  L.  McCook's  death,  Col.  F.  Van  Derveer  assumed  com- 
mand of  the  brigade.  He  was  a  worthy  successor  to  our  McCook — 
brave  in  action,  kind  and  attentive  to  officers  and  men  under  him  in 
camp  and  on  the  march. 

The  command  of  the  regiment  was  later  assumed  by  Col.  Gustav 
Kammevling,  who  gallantly  led  the  regiment  over  many  hotly  contested 
battlefields.  It  is  a  great  pleasure  to  us  to  greet  him  in  our  midst  to- 
day. 

The  Third  Brigade  of  the  Third  Division,  Fourteenth  Army  Corps, 
consisting  of  Battery  I,  Fourth  United  States  Artillery,  Second  Minne- 
sota Infantry,  Eighty-seventh  Indiana,  Thirty-fifth  and  Ninth  Ohio 
Infantry,  served  together  for  a  long  time  and  learned  to  respect  each 
other,  and  to-day,  when  I  recall  the  circumstances  almost  in  this  identical 
spot  thirty-two  years  ago,  the  hearty  hurrah  we  were  greeted  with  by 
the  boys  when  we  joined  the  brigade,  from  which  we  were  temporarily 
separated  on  the  20th  of  September,  it  made  us  feel  that  the  Ninth  Ohio, 
or  "McCook's  Dutchmen"  as  we  were  sometimes  jokingly  called,  were 
well  thought  of  by  our  comrades.  Yes,  the  Germans  are  second  to  none 
in  loyalty  and  patriotism,  for  we  love  this  country  as  we  love  a  mother, 
and  we  are  ready  to  offer  our  blood  and  our  treasures  for  her  free  and 
matchless  institutions.  We  Germans  who  left  the  old  Fatherland  at 
the  period  of  her  political  humiliation  know  how  to  appreciate  the 
blessings  of  liberty,  and  are  ready  to  stand  up  for  a  country  in  which 
man  is  honored  for  his  real  worth  and  not  for  inherited  privileges  and 
wealth  with  which  his  cradle  is  adorned. 

My  friends,  I  have  no  doubt  that  if  our  fallen  comrades  could  look 
down  in  spirit  upon  this  scene  they  would  be  imbued  with  the  same 
emotions  and  would  feel  as  we  do,  namely,  that  they  had  not  died  in 
vain;  that  to-day  white- winged  Peace  spreads  herself  over  the  whole 
land,  embracing  every  nationality,  every  race,  every  region,  every  party, 
every  section  within  the  broad  folds  of  constitutional  protection. 

So  let  us,  then,  conclude  this  festival  with  hearts  full  of  joy,  full  of 
confidence  in  the  brilliant  future  of  our  dearly  beloved  country. 

Once  more  hands  up,  and  let  us  earnestly  and  sacredly  promise  in 
the  names  of  our  fallen  heroes: 

The  Union  forever ;  no  North,  no  South,  no  East,  no  West,  nothing  but  the  whole 
Union,  indivisible  and  inseparable.  Up,  mighty  eagle,  bring  to  the  eternal  stars  our 
heavenly  starry  banner,  while  we  here  below  will  pray : 

Great  God,  we  thank  Thee  for  this  home, 

This  bounteous  birth-land  of  the  free, 
Where  wanderers  from  afar  may  come, 

And  breathe  the  air  of  liberty. 

Still  may  her  flowers  untrampled  spring, 

Her  harvests  wave,  her  cities  rise, 
And  yet,  till  Time  shall  fold  his  wing, 

Eemain  earth's  loveliest  paradise. 


352       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK 


ADDRESS  OF  CAPT.  W.  C.  MARGEDANT. 

COMKADES  :  Again  I  greet  you  on  the  field  of  battle  as  I  did  under 
other  circumstances  thirty-two  years  ago,  when  you  marched  502  strong 
into  the  yet  unbroken  line  of  the  defenders  of  the  Union,  which  formed 
here  on  the  memorable  soil  to  meet  the  enemies  of  the  Union  of  States 
and  Constitution.  Since  the  days  of  the  19th  and  20th  of  September, 
1863,  the  ranks  of  those  who  participated  in  the  most  bloody  battle 
ever  fought  in  history  have  been  thinned  out  by  the  fierce  ravages  of 
the  battle  fought  at  that  time  and  afterwards  and  on  account  of  sick- 
ness and  advanced  age. 

While  the  closed  graves  of  our  companions  in  battles  which  have 
been  fought  here  on  these  grounds  are  within  sight  from  here,  our  own 
graves  are  waiting  for  us,  and  it  will  not  be  many  days  more  when  Ave 
will  join  the  ranks  of  the  great  silent  army  who  have  gone  before  us 
and  whose  memory  we  refresh  to-day. 

Comrades  of  the  Ninth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  Regiment,  I  well 
remember  under  what  circumstances  we  met  thirty-two  years  ago  on 
this,  the  field  of  battle.  It  was  the  second  day  of  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga,  the  20th  of  September — a  Sunday.  On  the  day  before  you  had 
been  stationed  near  Lee  and  Gordon's  mill  and  Crawfish  Spring,  you 
had  in  connection  with  the  First  and  Second  Kentucky  Regiments  made 
that  historical  assault  on v the  enemy  in  which  you  drove  the  enemy 
before  you,  but  in  which  so  many  lost  their  lives,  and  while  you  were 
tired  and  needed  rest,  there  was  no  rest,  you  were  ordered  to  join  as  a 
link  in  the  chain  of  the  active  defenders  of  the  Union,  forming  for  the 
final  conflict.  It  was  near  Kelly's  farm,  near  Snodgrass  Hill,  I  believe. 
The  first  day's  battle  had  been  fought  without  gaining  an  important 
result  by  either  of  the  armies.  In  the  short  hours  of  the  night  between 
the  two  battles  we  rearranged  the  position  of  our  line  and  prepared 
for  action.  In  Widow  Glenn's  house,  not  very  far  from  here,  the  coun- 
cil of  war  held  there  by  the  principal  commanders  of  the  army  had 
decided  to  attack  early  in  the  morning. 

Well  do  I  remember  that  night.  Widow  Glenn's  log  house  was,  like 
all  the  houses  of  that  kind,  provided  with  a  large  fireplace,  in  which  a 
bright  fire  was  burning — perhaps  the  only  fire  within  15  square  miles, 
on  account  of  the  order  given  not  to  light  fires  on  that  night  for  any 
purpose.  I  had  been  called  into  the  room,  which  was  barren  of  all 
furniture,  to  add  to  our  warmap  the  angle  of  the  musket  and  cannon 
fire  and  the  formation  of  the  enemy's  line,  as  gathered  from  prisoners. 
The  remains  of  a  candle  were  stuck  into  a  reversed  bayonet,  lighting  up 
dimly  the  battle  map,  which  was  spread  out  upon  a  cartridge  box.  The 
fire  in  the  large  chimney  place  flared  up  from  time  to  time,  illuminating 
the  faces  of  those  who  took  part  in  the  council  of  war  on  the  fields  of 
battle. 

There  was  Major-General  Rosecrans,  sitting  in  full  uniform  and  sword 
on  the  edge  of  a  rustic  bed  frame,  bending  toward  the  center  of  the 
scantily  furnished  room,  listening  and  sometimes  talking  to  Major- 
General  Thomas,  who  sat  near  the  fire,  occupying  the  only  chair  which 
had  been  left  by  the  Widow  Glenn.  There  were  other  generals  com- 
manding corps,  divisions,  and  brigades,  some  sitting  on  the  rough-hewn 
barren  floor,  with  their  backs  leaning  against  the  walls,  while  others 
stood  up. 

It  was  a  picture  well  worth  painting — this  the  last  council  of  war  on 
the  field  of  battle — the  dim  flaring  light,  the  faces  of  the  men  who 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       353 

directed  the  battles,  the  bright  metallic  shine  of  the  swords  and  uni- 
forms when  the  fire  flared  up  in  the  primitive  chimney.  Sometimes 
when  there  was  a  hush  of  silence  in  the  conversation  we  could  hear 
far  in  the  distance  in  the  enemy's  lines  the  arrival  of  trains  and  moving 
of  troops,  reenforcements,  soldiers  from  all  parts  of  the  Confederacy. 
It  was  not  the  usual  preparations  of  a  Saturday  night  for  a  peaceful 
Sunday;  nay,  it  was  for  the  most  bloody  fight  ever  fought — September 
20,  1863. 

There  were  a  few  short  hours'  rest  left  after  the  hardships  of  the  first 
day's  battle,  and  during  this  last  war  council  of  the  commanders  the 
soldiers  rested  on  their  arms,  awaiting  the  break  of  day  to  renew  their 
deadly  conflict. 

When  the  first  rays  of  light  colored  the  firmament  in  the  east  with 
a  bright  reddish  hue,  General  Garfield  ordered  the  general  staff'  officers 
to  mount  for  the  inspection  of  our  lines.  Major-General  Eosecraus  led 
the  cavalcade. 

I  remember  the  morning  so  well.  It  was  one  of  these  quiet,  peaceful 
Sunday  mornings  enjoyed  only  in  the  country  or  the  woods.  The  tops 
of  the  trees  were  lighted  by  the  first  morning  rays,  and  some  of  the 
birds  were  singing.  There  was  no  noise  as  usual  in  the  camp  of  sol- 
diers ;  speaking  was  done  in  a  whisper.  Thus  we  went  along  toward  the 
left  wing  of  our  army. 

It  was  then  when  I  met  you,  my  comrades  of  the  Ninth  Regiment 
and  others  whom  we  shall  meet  no  more.  Some  of  you  crowded  around 
me,  asking  whether  there  would  be  a  battle  fought  that  day.  I  did  not 
answer  the  question  for  reasons  now  well  known  to  you.  Returning 
from  our  ride  to  the  most  extreme  left  where  orders  had  been  given  to 
change  the  position  of  a  part  of  the  line,  we  arrived  at  the  right  of 
Brig.  Gen.  H.  P.  Van  Oleve's  position.  There  we  heard  the  first  shot 
fired  on  our  extreme  left  which  gave  the  signal  for  the  most  fearful 
firing  of  cannon  and  small  arms  along  the  whole  line.  The  change 
from  the  utmost  quiet  to  the  tremendous  noise  of  the  battle,  engaging 
the  whole  line  and  all  arms  at  once  was  overwhelming — more  as  if  hell 
had  opened  and  left  demons  and  furies  loose  upon  mankind. 

My  comrades,  I  am  sure  that  in  memory,  even  now,  after  a  period  of 
thirty-two  years,  you  yet  hear  the  roaring  of  the  canons,  the  rolling 
noise  of  musketry,  the  rattling  and  crashing  noise  as  the  cannon  balls 
passed  through  the  trees,  cutting  them  down  as  the  grass  is  cut  down 
by  the  sickle,  and  strewing  the  torn  branches  down  upon  our  heads. 
I  still  hear  the  bursting  of  the  shells,  the  explosions  and  the  whistling 
of  the  balls  of  the  rifled  cannons  and  others.  But  over  all  these 
unearthly  musics  we  heard  the  cheers  of  the  soldiers  for  the  Union  and 
finally  the  German  hurrah  of  the  Ninth  Ohio,  when  you,  my  comrades, 
repulsed  the  numerous  attacks  made  by  the  enemy  upon  your  position 
and  kept  it,  defending  it  with  your  heart's  blood  till  the  day  was  over. 
Your  position  then  formed  the  pivot  point  on  which  our  right  swung 
back  toward  Chattanooga  for  the  possession  of  which  the  battle  of 
Chickarnauga  was  fought.  You  went  into  battle  502  strong  and  at 
roll  call  270  only  answered  with  the  German  "  Hier ! " 

But  this  is  not  all.  You  and  I  remember  well  that  we,  the  soldiers 
of  the  Ninth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  Regiment,  answered  the  call  of 
President  Lincoln  for  75,000  soldiers  after  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter 
by  offering  a  regiment  consisting  of  2,000  soldiers,  and  when  we  were 
informed  by  the  authorities  that  1,000  only  constituted  the  number  of 
a  regiment,  there  were  1,000  pairs  of  eyes  in  tears  because  they  were 
S.  Rep.  637 23 


3")4       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

not  permitted  to  go.  I  remember  well  that  it  was  one  of  my  hardest 
tasks  to  divide  my  200  men,  telling  100  to  go  home. 

And  now,  after  thirty-two  years,  it  behooves  us,  the  remaining  com- 
rades, to  inquire  if  these  battles  and  this  Joss  of  life  has  been  in  vain. 
Let  us  see.  I  bring  you  back  to  the  olden  times  of  April,  18G1,  to  the 
German  Turnhalle  on  Walnut  street,  your  headquarters.  Let  us  recall 
here  the  spirit  of  those  days.  It  was  my  good  fortune  to  join  the 
Ninth  on  the  evening  of  April  14,  1861,  with  48  Germans  whom  I 
enlisted  in  one  day  at  ray  home  in  Hamilton.  There  was  a  tremendous 
meeting  on  that  evening  in  Turner  Hall  to  receive  us.  After  the  wel- 
come speech  by  Colonel  Tofel,  I  answered  in  behalf  of  my  comrades  who 
came  with  me.  Well  do  I  remember  that  I  informed  you  that  we  came 
from  the  industrial  shops  and  work  places,  from  the  fields  and  the 
offices;  that  we  had  left  Turner  Hall  in  Hamilton  empty  and  had  sworn 
before  we  left  not  to  return  to  our  homes  and  workshops  until  the 
American  Stars  and  Stripes,  the  red,  white,  and  blue,  should  wave  over 
all  our  land  again  in  peace  and  harmony  and  be  respected  by  all. 

We  have  kept  that  oath  ! 

Look  yonder !  See !  The  Stars  and  Stripes  are  waving  everywhere 
in  harmony,  blessing  thousands  of  lives  under  this  glorious  banner — 
no  North,  no  South,  no  East,  no  West.  It  is  a  united  brotherhood  of 
States  and  men ! 

Comrades,  I  call  on  you  for  three  hurrahs,  the  same  as  were  uttered 
at  the  battle  of  the  Teutoburger  woods,  when  Herrman  fought  and 
crushed  the  Romans;  a  hurrah  such  as  was  heard  at  the  victories  of  cul- 
ture and  historical  importance  in  the  history  of  the  nations  and  lately  at 
the  battle  in  the  war  of  the  rebellion  and  in  the  old  Vaterlaud  at  Sedan ; 
a  hurrah  to  the  memory  of  all  our  comrades  who  have  fought  under  the 
Stars  and  Stripes,  the  red,  white,  and  blue,  who  have  given  their  lives 
for  our  now  united  country's  sake — a  hurrah  for  the  glorious  Stars  and 
Stripes — may  they  wave  forever,  here,  and  everywhere;  a  hurrah  for 
our  comrades  who  are  still  living. 

One,  two,  three — hurrah ! 

At  the  close  of  their  exercises  the  veterans  of  the  Ninth  placed  a 
large  laurel  wreath  on  one  of  the  oaks  at  the  Snodgrass  house  in  mem- 
ory of  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas,  and  Miss  Sophia  L.  Margedant,  of  Ham- 
ilton, Ohio,  recited  Maurice  Thompson's  "Ghickamauga"  with  fine 
effect. 


THIRTY-FIFTH  OHIO  DEDICATION. 

The  exercises  were  opened  with  prayer  by  Eev.  J.  J.  Manker. 

Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton  followed,  referring  to  the  record  of  the  regiment; 
to  its  heroic  dead;  to  the  worth  and  fame  of  General  Van  Derveer  its 
first  commander;  to  the  beautiful  comradeship  of  the  men  of  the  Ninth 
Ohio  and  the  Thirty-fifth,  as  then  illustrated  by  the  intertwining  of  their 
tattered  battle  flags  above  their  monuments.  He  dwelt  briefly  upon 
the  memories  excited  by  these  flags  and  the  stirring  bugle  calls  of  the 
Ninth  to  which  they  had  just  listened,  and  introduced  as  the  principal 
speaker  ex-Governor  James  E.  Campbell. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       355 


ADDRESS  OF  EX-GOVERNOR  CAMPBELL. 

That  well-known  historical  work,  Ohio  in  the  War,  contains  the  fol- 
lowing words :  "  In  their  term  of  three  years  the  regiment  never  turned 
its  back  upon  the  enemy,  and  was  never  driven  from  a  field."  With 
what  honest  pride  must  you  glow,  survivors  of  the  Thirty-fifth  Ohio,  to 
know  that  these  words  were  written  of  you!  Nothing  greater  could 
be  said  of  any  potentate,  general,  statesman,  or  scholar  in  all  the 
honored  rolls  of  history. 

It  is  not  for  an  outsider  to  recite  the  glorious  record  of  your  regiment. 
That  can  better  be  done  by  those  of  your  number  who  speak  here 
to-day,  and  who  can  truthfully  say  "quam  pars  fui;"  but,  as  a  citizen  of 
the  county  in  which  the  regiment  was  organized,  and  where  a  large 
part  of  it  was  recruited,  and  as  an  intimate  associate  for  thirty  years 
of  many  of  its  survivors,  I  consider  it  a  privilege  to  pay  my  modest 
tribute  to  one  of  the  finest  regiments  that  ever  left  our  native  State. 
When  one  recalls  your  history,  culminating,  as  it  did,  with  the  unpre- 
cedented loss  of  50  per  cent  in  the  terrible  battle  upon  this  field,  it  is 
glory  enough  for  me  to  know  that  the  men  who  there  covered  themselves 
with  immortal  fame  were  my  friends  and  neighbors  from  the  valley  of 
the  Big  Miami.  The  Thirty-fifth  Eegiment  was  made  up  of  the  flower  of 
the  young  men  from  the  garden  spot  of  the  earth;  and  it  is  no  wonder 
that,  with  such  material,  and  commanded  by  that  grand  old  warrior, 
Ferdinand  Van  Derveer,  and  that  modern  Chevalier  Bayard,  Henry  V. 
Boynton,  it  should  have  exhibited  on  every  field  the  prowess,  fortitude, 
and  intelligence  which  characterize  the' highest  type  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  soldier. 

COMMANDERS. 

General  Boynton  you  have  with  you.  It  is  to  him  more  than  to  all 
others  that  the  nation  owes  this  wonderfully  touching  spectacle  that 
has  taken  place  to-day,  where  the  survivors  of  both  armies  have  met  in 
fraternal  love  to  dedicate  monuments  to  the  heroes  upon  either  side. 
In  his  presence  it  would  be  rank  flattery  to  speak  the  words  which  well 
up  unbidden  to  the  tongue.  Suffice  it  to  say  that,  in  some  suitable 
place  upon  this  field,  there  will  soon  be  erected  a  bronze  statue  which 
the  regiment  and  his  friends  have  decreed  shall  honor  his  name,  and, 
in  a  feeble  way,  express  their  love  and  admiration. 

As  to  General  Van  Derveer,  let  us  repeat  the  brief  eulogy  heretofore 
pronounced  on  him  at  the  general  dedication  of  this  battlefield  held  at 
an  earlier  hour  of  the  day. 

Brig.  Gen.  Ferdinand  Van  Derveer  was  born  at  Middletown,  Ohio,  in 
1823,  and  entered  the  volunteer  service  of  his  country  in  May,  1846,  as 
a  private  in  the  First  Ohio  Infantry,  then  organizing  for  the  Mexican 
war.  Within  five  months  he  had  risen  to  be  a  captain.  His  company 
led  one  of  the  assaults  at  Monterey,  and  he  himself  was  conspicuous 
for  his  bravery.  At  the  close  of  that  war  he  was  elected  sheriff  of 
Butler  County,  Ohio,  and  subsequently  practiced  law  until  the  outbreak 
of  the  rebellion.  In  the  summer  of  1861  he  recruited  the  Thirty- fifth 
Ohio  Infantry,  but  was  early  promoted  to  the  command  of  a  brigade 
which  had  been  originally  organized  by  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas,  and 
which  was  always  dear  to  his  heart  and  near  to  his  person  in  battle. 

The  career  of  Ferdinand  Van  Derveer  as  the  commander  of  that  bri- 
gade is  inextricably  interwoven  with  the  glories  and  triumphs  of  the 


356       CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

Army  of  the  Cumberland.  He  continually  rose  in  fame  until  at  last 
came  those  two  days  here — the  bloodiest  of  that  bloody  war.  Upon  the 
first  day  Van  Derveer's  brigade,  after  hours  of  hard  fighting,  success- 
fully repulsed  three  attacks  of  Forrest's  division  assisted  by  two  bri- 
gades of  Walker's  Corps.  On  the  second  day  they  went  into  action 
early,  and  fought  desperately  in  an  unprotected  position.  The  details 
need  not  be  gone  into  here;  they  will  be  sufficiently  preserved  for  pos- 
terity by  the  addresses  this  day  made  at  the  various  regimental  reunions ; 
but  the  generalship,  the  nerve,  the  coolness,  and  foresight  of  Van  Der- 
veer  were  never  better  shown  than  just  before  the  line  broke  upon  that 
second  day.  Later  in  the  day  the  brigade  was  with  Thomas  holding  that 
ridge  which  made  him  immortal  as  "The  Rock  of  Chickamauga." 

THE  LAST   SHOTS. 

The  historian  reciting  the  gallant  deeds  done  here  by  Van  Derveer 
and  his  men  closes  the  account  with  these  words :  "  These  were  the  last 
shots  fired  on  the  battlefield  of  Chickamauga  by  friend  or  foe."  All 
honor  to  the  man  who  was  the  last  to  leave,  although  ever  the  first  to 
come.  While  a  member  of  this  battlefield  commission  from  Ohio,  and 
when  sitting  upon  the  common  pleas  bench  in  his  native  county,  he 
passed  away  to  the  higher  court  above.  Let  it  be  said  of  him,  as  was 
said  of  Sir  Launcelot  of  old: 

There  thou  liest,  that  were  never  matched  of  none  earthly  knight's  hand ;  and 
thou  were  the  courtliest  knight  that  ever  bear  shield ;  '  and  thou  were  the 

goodliest  person  that  ever  came  among  press  of  knights;  *  *  *  and  thou  were 
the  sternest  knight  to  thy  mortal  foe  that  ever  put  spear  in  rest. 

By  the  aid  of  a  grateful  State  you  have  reared  here  a  monument  to 
your  brethren  who  fell  upon  this  field  thirty-two  years  ago  to-day.  It 
also  commemorates  the  dead  of  the  Thirty-fifth  upon  other  fields 
equally  glorious.  It  is  but  little  to  do  for  them ;  yet  it  serves  to  per- 
petuate their  memory,  and  to  carry  forward  to  posterity  the  patriotic 
lesson  of  their  death.  We  say  they  are  dead ;  but,  in  a  wider  sense, 
they  are  not  dead. 

And  dare  ye  call  that  dying — that  dignity  sublime, 
Which  gains  a  furlough  from  the  grave,  and  then  reports  to  time? 
Doth  the  earth  give  up  the  daisies  to  a  little  sun  and  rain, 
And  keep  at  their  feet  the  heroes  while  weary  ages  wane? 
Sling  up  the  trumpet,  Israel,  Sweet  bugler  of  our  God! 
For  nothing  waits  thy  summons  beneath  the  broken  sod; 
For  the  deadest  of  these  heroes  has  as  silently  rent  the  clod, 
As  the  cloud  bursts  into  flower  when  the  sun  shines  o'er  the  bar 
Or  heaven  breaks  out  of  the  blue  and  comes  out  star  by  star. 
They  march  abreast  of  the  ages,  with  the  thunder  on  the  right, 
For  they  bade  the  world  "good  morning"  when  the  world  had  said 
"good  night." 

Capt.  Phillip  Eothenbush  related  the  history  of  the  selection  of  the 
design  for  the  monument  and  was  followed  by  Judge  J.  W.  O'Neale  and 
Comrade  Andrew  J.  Stakebake  in  stirring  extemporaneous  addresses. 
The  part  taken  by  the  Thirty-fifth  in  the  battle  was  set  forth  by  Capt. 
F.  W.  Keil,  of  the  color  company. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       357 


ADDRESS  OF  CAPTAIN  KEIL. 

COMRADES,  THIRTY-FIFTH  OHIO:  It  is  proper  that  after  a  genera- 
tion lias  passed  since  the  day  the  Thirty-fifth  first  caine  upon  this  field, 
the  survivors  should  meet  and  dedicate  this  monument,  erected  in  honor 
of  the  regiment.  And  if  in  our  talks  the  drift  of  remarks  should  run 
in  the  line  of  what  we  did  as  a  regiment,  the  excuse  must  be  that  this  is  a 
family  gathering,  or  a  personal  affair,  to  which  we  have  invited  only 
ourselves  and  friends — those  who  were  interested  in  us  once  and  we 
hope  are  still. 

We  are  not  here  to  disparage  any  of  the  organizations  which,  with 
us,  made  up  the  forces  here  engaged.  We  were  only  a  small  part  of 
the  great  army  that  defended  the  Union  on  this  field — or  rather  in  these 
woods.  We  want  to  say  it  plainly,  and  once  for  all,  that  we  do  not 
claim  that  ours  was  the  regiment  that  put  down  the  rebellion — only 
that  we  helped.  And  further,  we  want  it  understood  that  we  are  not 
afraid  to  have  our  record  known  as  it  was  written  on  the  field,  and 
willingly  will  open  the  same  for  inspection. 

It  is  a  source  of  satisfaction,  as  well  as  a  pride,  that  we  can  look 
to  day  upon  this  monument  and  say  it  is  a  tribute  to  our  regiment  from 
the  State  we  served.  It  stands  here  to  mark  the  spot  where  the  regi- 
ment fought  so  desperately,  and  where  it  held  its  ground  so  stubbornly 
against  every  assault  made  on  that  memorable  Sunday  afternoon,  even 
until  the  going  down  of  the  sun.  We  here  testify  that  our  gallant 
Ohio  has  done  well,  has  honored  herself  as  well  as  her  sons  who  served 
her  here,  in  the  erection  of  these  memorials  to  the  names  of  Ohio  regi- 
ments which  took  part  in  the  contest  upon  this  field;  we  in  our  hearts 
honor  the  State  we  served  for  this  tribute,  and  sincerely  thank  her. 

The  Thirty-fifth  Ohio  was  organized  for  services  in  the  field.  It  took 
its  place  in  line,  entertaining  but  one  thought,  one  object,  and  that  was 
to  serve  as  soldiers.  It  never  asked  for  favors,  nor  sought  easy  places 
away  from  danger ;  but  the  regiment  stood  ready  at  all  times  to  do 
whatever  duty  was  assigned.  It  is  a  source  of  gratification  that  we 
can  to-day  truthfully  declare  that  there  were  no  failures,  no  short- 
comings on  the  part  of  the  regiment  at  any  time,  under  any  circum- 
stances, during  the  three  years  it  did  duty  in  the  field.  And  further, 
it  is  a  pleasure  to  be  able  to  say  that  we  served  in  a  brigade,  in  a  divi- 
sion, in  a  corps  where  no  defense  is  needed  for  any  act  performed. 
What  these  troops  did  has  passed  into  history,  and  will  stand  prom- 
inent on  its  pages.  And  from  none  of  the  acts  done  while  in  the  face 
of  the  enemy  do  these  troops  desire  to  have  a  single  line  erased. 

In  this  connection  you  will  allow  a  short  review  of  the  part  performed 
by  the  regiment  on  this  field. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  the  19th  of  September,  1863,  Van  Derveer's 
brigade  passed  east  of  this  location  on  which  we  stand,  and  halted  at 
the  Kelly  farm,  and  before  the  men  had  time  to  prepare  their  morning 
meal  were  ordered  forward.  The  brigade  turned  to  the  right  at  the 
McDonald  house,  and  moved  off  on  the  Reed's  bridge  road. 

At  an  opening,  or  glade,  east  of  the  Kelly  field  the  men  were  ordered 
to  pile  knapsacks,  and  were  formed  into  line,  the  Thirty-fifth  on  the 
right,  the  Second  Minnesota  on  the  left,  and  the  Eighty- seventh  Indiana 
in  the  second  line.  The  Mnth  Ohio  had  not  come  up,  being  train  guard 
during  the  night  march  from  the  Cove.  About  this  time  firing  com- 
menced on  the  right,  by  the  First  and  Second  brigades  of  our  division. 


358      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

The  brigade,  after  moving  some  distance,  was  swung  to  the  sound  of 
musketry,  and  was  ordered  to  attack  with  spirit.  The  contest  opened  at 
a  point  where  the  Heed's  Bridge  road  crosses  the  glade  a  short  distance 
this  side  of  Jay's  sawmill.  The  onset  was  fierce,  and  the  fighting- 
continued  for  half  an  hour,  during  which  time  the  regiment  lost  heavily. 
The  Confederates  withdrew,  but,  receiving  reenforcements,  returned 
to  the  encounter  with  increased  fury,  but  were  met  with  determination 
on  the  part  of  our  troops,  who  had  been  reenforced  by  the  Ninth  Ohio 
coming  up  and  by  troops  from  the  First  Brigade.  This  attack,  after 
severe  fighting,  was  repulsed.  No  sooner  was  this  done  than  a  force 
was  discovered  moving  against  the  left  flank  of  the  brigade,  and  some- 
what to  the  rear.  The  regiments  were  at  once  faced  about  and  moved 
northward  to  meet  this  force,  the  Second  Minnesota  on  the  right,  Rod- 
ney's section  of  Smith's  battery,  then  the  Eighty-seventh  Indiana, 
flanked  by  Church's  battery  and  Stephenson's  section  of  Smith's  bat- 
tery, these  facing  due  north.  The  Thirty-fifth  came  on  line  at  the 
extreme  left,  facing  northeast,  the  line  forming  an  obtuse  angle, 
Church's  battery  being  in  the  vertex,  the  Second  Minnesota  and  the 
Eighty- seventh  lying  down,  not  observed  by  the  enemy.  The  Con- 
federates came  on  directly  against  the  Thirty-fifth,  and  now  opened  the 
fiercest  struggle  of  that  day's  contest.  The  Thirty-fifth  met  the  entire 
force,  and  must  have  given  back,  but  at  the  critical  moment  the  Second 
Minnesota  and  the  Eighty-seventh  Indiana  arose  and  delivered  a  vol- 
ley almost  directly  enfilading  the  Confederate  lines.  This  momentarily 
checked  the  advance,  while  the  guns  of  our  batteries  were  sending 
double- shotted  charges  into  the  ranks  of  the  foe.  Yet  he  moved  stead- 
ily forward,  and  as  one  line  gave  way  another  came  promptly  to  take 
the  place.  So  heavy  were  the  lines  and  so  persistent  and  dogged  the 
advance  that  it  seemed  impossible  to  withstand  this  pressure  longer. 
For  some  time  the  result  trembled  in  the  balance,  and  by  the  oppor- 
tune arrival  of  the  Ninth  Ohio  from  the  charge  made  on  our  first  line, 
the  scale  was  turned  in  our  favor,  and  the  Confederates  "  sullenly  with- 
drew" from  that  part  of  the  field.  Later,  the  brigade  was  sent  to  the 
southwest  corner  of  the  Kelly  field  to  reenforce  Eeynolds,  but  was  not 
engaged;  and,  still  later,  moved  to  a  point  southeast  of  this  place,  in 
the  direction  of  the  Dyer  house,  and  there  bivouacked  for  the  night. 

On  the  rearrangement  of  the  lines  on  the  morning  of  the  20th,  the 
brigade  was  held  in  reserve  in  rear  of  the  other  brigades  of  the  division, 
who  held  places  on  the  main  lines.  While  moving  to  reach  our  place 
on  the  reserve,  the  brigade  was  ordered  to  General  Baird's  left,  where 
the  Confederates  were  passing  to  the  rear  of  the  Union  lines,  their  lines 
overlapping  ours.  Reaching  the  Kelly  house,  the  Confederate  forces 
were  seen  moving  across  the  Lafayette  road  to  gain  the  rear  of  the 
Union  lines.  The  brigade  was  wheeled  to  meet  these  forces,  and  the 
ball  opened.  The  musketry  was  of  such  a  fierce  nature  that  no  troops 
could  stand  under  it.  The  rear  line  was  ordered  to  pass  lines  to  the 
front  and  charge.  The  Confederates  were  driven  back  across  the  north- 
west corner  of  the  Kelly  field  into  the  wood  beyond  until  our  right 
was  practically  in  line  with  Baird's  troops ;  but  the  left  was  unprotected 
and  exposed  to  an  enfilading  fire.  It  became  necessary  to  retire  the 
lines,  which  was  done  by  passing  lines  to  the  rear,  which  movement 
was  performed  in  as  good  order  as  any  troops  ever  maneuvered  on  a 
field  under  fire.  In  this  charge  the  Confederate  General  Adams  was 
wounded  and  captured.  The  enemy  drew  back  off  the  field  to  re-form. 
General  Van  Derveer,  hearing  heavy  firing  on  the  right,  and  learning 
that  Brannan's  division  was  hotly  engaged,  moved  for  his  division  and 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       359 

found  it  formed  along  this  ridge  on  which  we  are  assembled.  He  arrived 
here  at  2.30  p.  m.,  and  was  placed  in  line  on  the  spot  where  we  stand. 
Shortly  prior  to  Van  Derveer's  arrival,  General  Granger  reached  the 
same  place  and  was  sent  to  the  right  to  check  the  enemy  moving  past 
our  flank. 

Now  opened  the  fiercest  fighting  recorded  on  this  field.  In  the  attack 
line  followed  line,  and  charge  followed  charge,  coming  on  with  fearful 
momentum.  As  the  waves  of  an  angry  sea  strike  the  shore,  and,  having 
exhausted  their  momentum,  slowly  retire,  so  came  the  Confederate 
lines  with  terrible  impetus,  and  thus  continued  the  work  until  sundown, 
when  they  withdrew  out  of  reach  of  our  fire  and  the  contest  ended. 
We  held  this  line  until  7.30  p.  m.,  when  an  order  came  to  retire  to 
Eossville. 

The  lines  were  almost  continuously  enveloped  in  smoke  and  fire  dur- 
ing the  afternoon. 

The  assaults  made  on  the  part  of  the  enemy  were  inspired  by  the 
hope  of  a  speedy  victory,  since  our  entire  right  wing  had  been  forced 
back.  To  this  end  their  forces  were  massed  and  hurled  upon  us  for  the 
purpose  of  terminating  at  once  the  great  and  bloody  battle.  But  the 
stout  hearts  of  a  handful  of  men  who  stood  before  them  as  a  wall  of 
fire  quailed  not. 

The  testimony  of  General  Brannan  as  to  the  fighting  qualities  of  the 
brigade  may  be  recited  in  this  connection.  In  speaking  of  the  break 
on  the  Union  right,  he  says : 

Finding  that  this  point  [these  grounds  on  which  we  are  assembled]  was  the  key  to 
the  position  desired  by  the  enemy,  I  made  every  effort  to  defend  it  to  the  last;  my 
command  was  increased  by  the  arrival  of  portions  of  Palmer's  and  Negley's  division: 
and  most  opportunely  by  Colonel  Van  Derveer's  brigade,  which,  having  successfully, 
though  with  great  loss,  held  its  precarious  position  in  the  general  line  until  all  in 
its  immediate  vicinity  had  retreated,  retired  in  good  order,  actually  cutting  its  way 
through  the  rebels  to  rejoin  my  command.  This  gallant  brigade  was  one  of  the  few 
who  maintained  their  organization  perfect  through  the  hard-fought  passes  of  that 
portion  of  the  Held. 

General  Wood,  in  speaking  of  the  fighting  qualities  of  Brannan's 
division,  of  which  we  were  a  part,  says : 

I  should  do  injustice  to  my  feelings  wore  I  to  omit  to  record  my  testimony  to  the 
splendid  resistance  made  on  my  right  by  General  Brannan's  command ;  it  was  the 
"Ne  plus  ultra"  of  defensive  lighting. 

There  is  no  instance  on  record  where  any  regiment  of  the  brigade 
became  confused,  or  was  thrown  into  disorder,  even  momentarily, 
while  opposing  the  enemy. 

Comrades,  we  can  not  but  remember  that  this  monument  stands  here 
to  record  what  the  regiment  did  in  the  strife  between  contending  sec- 
tions. For  years  a  storm  had  been  gathering,  and  the  hour  came  when 
it  could  no  longer  be  stayed — it  had  to  be  met.  It  was  a  contest  in 
which  a  great  question  had  to  be  decided,  a  question  whether  this  land, 
a  land  part  free,  part  slave,  should  be  all  free  or  all  slave.  It  was  a 
question  which  had  caused  agitation  from  the  time  we  started  as  a 
nation ;  and  the  hour  had  come  when  no  compromise  could  either  settle 
or  ease  the  conditions. 

When  the  storm  broke  upon  us,  it  may  be  said,  it  was  our  fortune  to 
be  on  the  stage  of  action,  and  we  responded  to  the  call  of  the  nation 
to  take  part  in  the  contest.  We  did  not  court  the  place,  but  we 
responded  and  served  to  the  best  of  our  abilities.  No  one  who  served 
then  regrets  now  that  his  name  is  written  among  the  defenders  of 
the  old  flag;  nor  would  he  exchange  his  place  for  that  of  the  man  who 
was  able  to  take  the  musket  and  do  duty  and  did  not.  It  will  ever 


360      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

stand  to  the  credit  of  the  men  that  they  could  and  did  serve  the  cause 
of  the  nation  and  of  mankind  in  the  most  trying  capacity  known  to 
citizenship. 

These  memorials  will  stand  and  record  what  the  men  did  here  long 
after  the  last  soldier  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion  has  passed  away.  And 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  they  will  serve  as  object  lessons  to  teach  love  of 
country  for  all  time  to  come,  so  that  the  time  may  never  come  when 
Americans  will  allow  any  nation  or  people  to  show  truer  patriots  and 
braver  men  than  are  produced  on  our  own  soil.  We  contended  here 
not  for  valor  in  arms,  nor  for  personal  glory,  but  for  country  and  the 
idea  of  higher  manhood. 

While  we  feel  proud  of  this  monument  erected  to  our  organization, 
may  we  not  recall  how  many  comrades  died  here  on  this  field  and  bap- 
tized the  soil  with  their  blood;  and  likewise  those  who  literally  suffered 
a  living  death  in  Confederate  prisons,  as  well  as  those  who  pined  long 
months  in  hospitals  on  account  of  heavy  wounds.  When  we  have  care- 
fully considered  all  this,  then  we  can  estimate  somewhat  the  cost  of 
these  memorials. 

This  park,  these  memorials  which  are  studded  over  the  field  will 
perpetuate  the  history  of  the  fierce  contest  here  enacted.  What  was 
done  here  will  outlast  the  granite  or  the  brass  out  of  which  these 
monuments  are  made. 


WISCONSIN. 
PRAYER  OF  REV.  J.  E.  WEBSTER. 

O  Thou  God  of  Nations,  before  whom  all  should  bow — most  humbly 
bow — we  thank  Thee  that  we  were  counted  worthy  to  have  a  part  in 
this  terrible  struggle;  and  as  we  stand  on  this  ground  made  sacred 
by  our  sleeping  comrades,  who  poured  out  their  blood  on  this  altar  a 
willing  sacrifice  for  the  nation's  life,  whose  lives  went  out  amidst  the 
carnage,  anguish,  and  gloom  of  that  battle  day,  that  man  might  know 
a  larger  liberty,  O,  forbid  that  these  should  have  died  in  vain.  Bather 
may  they  live  in  the  memory  of  and  be  an  inspiration  to  generations 
yet  unborn  when  these  granite  monuments  shall  have  crumbled  back 
to  dust. 

Father,  in  the  name  of  these  sacrificial  dead,  we  come  to  Thee,  asking 
Thee  to  look  in  tender  mercy  upon  our  nation  as  this  field  of  blood 
speaks  for  us.  May  Thy  comforting  peace  rest  tenderly  upon  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  our  fallen  comrades.  Many  are  still  listening 
with  aching  hearts  and  tearful  eyes  for  a  well-known  voice  that  was 
hushed  that  day,  and  who  rests  here  in  an  unknown  grave.  Bless  these 
silent,  unknown  sufferers,  and  may  Thy  blessing  remain  with  our  beloved 
State  and  her  executive  officers  who  have  so  generously  remembered  her 
patriotic  dead. 

May  we  veterans  who  still  live  enjoy  Thy  favor;  may  our  last  days  be 
our  best  days;  guide  each  gently  down  to  his  last  resting  place,  and 
finally  gather  us  all  to  the  grand  encampment  above,  no  more  to  go  out 
forever.  Amen. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       361 


ADDRESS  OF   CAPT.  W.  W.  WATKINS,  CHAIRMAN  OF  THE  WISCONSIN 

COMMISSION. 

YOUR  EXCELLENCY  :  It  gives  me  unbounded  pleasure,  in  behalf  of 
the  Wisconsin  commissioners,  to  present  to  you  the  monuments  erected 
upon  this  sanguinary  field  commemorative  of  Wisconsin  troops. 

In  turning  them  over  to  you  the  labors  of  this  commission  are  nearly 
at  an  end,  and  I  can  assure  you  that  we  do  so  feeling  that  we  have 
worked  conscientiously  and  faithfully  to  bring  about  this  consummation 
of  our  efforts. 

It  is  not  for  us  to  say  that  we  have  discharged  our  duties  faithfully 
and  well.  The  judgment  of  your  excellency,  representing  one  of  the 
greatest  of  our  States,  will  be  to  us  a  full  recompense  for  the  efforts  we 
have  made  to  bring  about  this  result. 

In  presenting  these  beautiful  monuments  we  do  not  hesitate  to  say 
that  they  will  commemorate  the  history  of  the  men  that  our  State  should 
ever  feel  a  pride  to  know  were  soldiers  in  the  volunteer  troops  of  Wis- 
consin. 

It  is  not  for  us  to  recount  the  hours  of  trial  and  danger  endured  upon 
this  field,  nor  to  tell  you  of  the  valor  of  our  Wisconsin  troops;  the  his- 
tory is  written  upon  each  of  these  monuments. 

We  are  proud  to  day  to  show  you  the  results  of  our  labor,  that  you  and 
the  people  of  Wisconsin,  with  its  liberal  appropriations,  have  placed 
us  in  a  position  to  perform,  and  have  only  to  ask  you  to  accept  them  in 
the  name  of  a  State  that  is  never  forgetful  of  its  soldiers,  living  or  dead. 

Governor  W.  H.  Upham  made  a  brief  and  eloquent  response. 


ADDRESS  OF  COL.  BENJAMIN  F.  BRYANT. 

COMRADES:  We  stand  now  on  this  famous  battlefield  of  Chicka- 
mauga  where  we  fought  thirty-two  years  ago  in  defense  of  the  flag  and 
the  unity  of  the  nation.  It  was  here  on  the  left  of  the  line  that  General 
Thomas  opened  the  tight  on  the  morning  of  September  19,  1863,  by 
attacking  the  enemy  and  making  them  keep  step  to  him. 

In  obedience  to  the  orders  of  General  Kosecrans,  General  Thomas 
moved  out  of  McLeiuore's  Cove  on  the  evening  of  the  18th,  and,  march- 
ing all  night  with  Brannan's  and  Baird's  divisions,  reached  Kelly's  farm, 
where  we  now  are,  at  daylight  of  the  19th,  to  seize  and  hold  this  impor- 
tant position.  The  fortunes  of  the  battle  on  those  two  eventful  days, 
the  19th  and  20th  of  September,  1863,  were  not  altogether  in  our  favor. 
Our  right  was  crushed  on  the  20th  by  Longstreet's  advance,  and  a  new 
right  had  to  be  formed,  but  here  on  the  left,  the  grand  old  hero  who 
opened  the  fight  here  stubbornly  held  his  ground  to  the  end.  On  this 
part  of  the  field,  which  your  valor,  my  comrades  of  the  First,  Tenth, 
and  Twenty-first  Wisconsin  Infantry,  helped  to  hold  through  the  battle, 
our  State  has  caused  these  monuments  to  be  placed  to  mark  the  loca- 
tion of  your  regiments.  The  Fifteenth  and  Twenty-fourth  Wisconsin 
Infantry,  the  First  Wisconsin  Cavalry,  and  the  Third,  Fifth,  and  Eighth 
Wisconsin  Batteries  were  engaged  elsewhere,  and  their  monuments  are 
placed  near  the  positions  they  occupied.  They,  too,  fought  with  stead- 
fast and  splendid  courage,  and  to  them  is  also  due  the  meed  of  commen- 
dation which  the  soldier  earns  who  does  his  duty  in  the  day  of  battle. 


362      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

We  are  assembled  this  morning  to  formally  dedicate  these  monuments 
which  Wisconsin  has  caused  to  be  placed  on  this  battlefield  to  perpet- 
uate the  memory  of  her  sons  who  fought  here ;  and  since  these  regiments 
and  batteries  were  not  all  engaged  in  the  same. location  during  the  battle, 
this  position  is  selected  for  our  exercises  because  it  is  near  the  place 
where  three  of  these  regiments  fought. 

It  was  a  long  time  ago,  and  we  were  young  then  when  we  fought  here 
and  saw  our  comrades  fall  down  beside  us  and  make  the  ground  wet 
and  slippery  with  their  blood.  The  most  of  us  knew  but  little  of  the 
location,  of  the  geography  and  topography  of  the  country,  but  we  knew 
then  that  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  was  fighting  for  its  life  against 
heavy  odds.  Behind  us  to  the  west  rose  the  steep  and  rugged  sides 
of  Lookout  Mountain.  To  be  driven  back  upon  it,  with  no  means  of 
retreat  to  the  north,  meant  destruction,  and  made  it  necessary  to  hold 
our  left  at  every  hazard. 

It  is  my  purpose  now  to  state  briefly  how  it  came  about  that  the  battle 
was  fought  on  these  lines,  and  to  narrate  the  chief  incidents  of  the  fight. 
On  the  18th  of  September  the  bulk  of  our  army  was  in  McLemore's 
Cove,  to  the  south  of  Crawfish  Spring,  with  a  strong  force,  however, 
holding  the  bridge  at  Lee  &  Gordon's  mill.  General  Bragg  had  his 
army  well  in  hand  near  Lafayette,  with  strong  reenforcements  from 
the  south  and  from  Virginia  either  already  arrived  or  near  by.  His 
army  was  larger  than  ours,  and  he  felt  confident  that  he  could  at- 
tack General  Eosecraus  and  whip  him — could  destroy  his  army  or 
capture  it. 

General  Bragg  moved  his  army  on  the  18th,  directing  it  to  cross  the 
Chickainauga  below  Lee  and  Gordon's  mill,  and  after  crossing  to  sweep 
up  toward  Crawfish  Spring,  pen  us  up  in  McLemore's  Cove,  and  capture 
or  destroy  our  army.  But  General  Eosecrans,  with  the  prescience  of 
genius,  foresaw  the  enemy's  intentions  almost  before  General  Bragg 
had  committed  his  order  of  battle  to  paper,  and  sent  General  Thomas 
off  on  the  night  march  with  the  two  divisions  to  seize  and  hold  this 
important  place  at  Kelly's  farm,  with  the  roads  running  down  from 
Eeed's  and  Alexander's  bridges  to  the  westward  toward  Eossville.  The 
advance  of  General  Thomas  from  this  point  on  the  morning  of  the  19th 
and  his  attack  upon  the  enemy  disarranged  General  Bragg's  plans  and 
projected  the  battle  on  the  line  which  General  Eosecrans  selected.  The 
enemy  were  not  looking  for  opposition  from  this  quarter,  and  at  first 
had  no  strong  force  near  here,  so  that  Braunan  and  Baird  in  the  outset 
easily  overcame  all  resistance.  But  this  did  not  continue  long,  for  a 
heavier  force  of  the  enemy  coming  up  checked  their  movements  and  put 
them  to  their  mettle  to  hold  their  ground. 

General  Eosecrans  had  sent  the  division  of  General  Johnson  during 
the  night  of  thelSth  to  follow  after  General  Thomas,  and  this  division, 
coming  on  the  field  as  the  enemy  were  giving  Brannan  and  Baird  all 
they  could  do  to  maintain  themselves,  enabled  General  Thomas  to  meet 
the  enemy  with  a  bold,  strong  front.  When  the  enemy  perceived  that 
he  was  outmaneuvered  for  the  time  and  that  General  Eosecraus  had 
seized  this  strong,  strategic  point  to  the  east  of  the  Lafayette  turnpike 
where  the  roads  come  in  from  Eeed's  and  Alexander's  bridges,  he 
brought  up  his  troops  in  force,  hoping  to  push  General  Thomas  out  of 
the  way.  Finding  himself  unable  to  do  this  and  that  General  Thomas's 
left  Hank  was  secure  and  his  whole  line  solid,  he  then  advanced  to  find 
the  right  of  our  line  and  turn  it,  if  possible.  The  morning  had  now 
worn  away  and  it  was  noon.  General  Palmer  had  by  this  time  got  his 
division  into  line  on  the  right  of  General  Johnson  and  the  division  of 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK.       363 

General  Reynolds  soon  went  into  line  on  General  Palmer's  right.  The 
attack  upon  these  two  divisions  was  very  spirited,  and  while  it  was 
progressing  Gen.  Jeff.  0.  Davis  formed  his  division  (two  brigades)  on 
the  right  of  General  Reynolds.  General  Van  Cleve  put  one  brigade 
of  his  division  on  the  right  of  General  Davis  and  sent  his  other  two 
brigades  to  the  support  of  Palmer  and  Reynolds.  It  was  not  far  from 
1  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  when  the  enemy  found  the  right  of  our  line, 
which  was  out  in  front  of  and  to  the  right  of  the  Viniard  house.  The 
fighting  on  the  left  had  slackened  along  the  front  of  the  divisions  of 
Brannan,  Baird,  and  Johnson,  but  it  now  fell  heavily  on  Palmer,  Rey- 
nolds, Davis,  and  Van  Cleve.  Subsequently  General  Wood  brought 
up  two  brigades  and  General  Sheridan  one  brigade  and  put  them  into 
action  in  support  of  the  right  of  our  line.  General  Bragg  with  his 
best  troops,  which  he  massed  in  heavy  force,  pressed  this  line  on  the 
right  hard  all  the  afternoon,  but  he  could  not  break  or  turn  it.  Thus 
the  first  day  of  the  battle  wore  away,  and  when  night  came  we  slept  on 
our  arms  near  where  we  had  fought. 

It  was  during  the  afternoon  of  the  19th,  while  Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis's 
division  was  engaged  on  the  right,  that  Col.  Hans  C.  Heg,  of  the  Fif- 
teenth Wisconsin,  fell  mortally  wounded.  He  was  in  command  of  a 
brigade  in  that  division.  He  was  a  brave,  able,  and  gallant  officer,  and 
his  death  was  greatly  lamented. 

The  morning  of  the  20th  found  our  army  in  line,  closed  upon  General 
Thomas,  General  Baird  still  holding  his  position  and  covering  the  roads 
which  run  down  from  Reed's  and  Alexander's  bridges  toward  Rossville. 
The  position  of  General  Brannan's  division  had  been  changed  from  the 
left  of  the  line  to  the  center.  The  cavalry  were  holding  McLemore's 
Cove,  from  which  the^  infantry  had  been  withdrawn  on  the  19th,  and 
guarding  our  flanks.  The  bridge  at  Lee  &  Gordon's  mill  had  been 
abandoned  to  the  enemy.  Soon  after  sunrise  the  battle  was  renewed, 
the  enemy  advancing  first  in  a  gallant  and  desperate  attempt  to  turn 
and  crush  the  left  of  our  line.  This  movement  had  been  expected,  and 
troops  were  to  have  been  sent  from  the  right  of  our  line  to  strengthen 
the  left.  They  did  not  arrive  as  expected,  but  such  as  did  come  were 
thrown  in  on  the  left  of  General  Baird's  division  with  reserves  taken 
from  along  the  line.  In  extending  the  left  of  his  line  with  these  troops 
which  he  formed  on  Baird's  left,  General  Thomas  drew  the  line  back  so 
that  it  ran  off  toward  the  northwest.  The  enemy  came  down  with 
strong  force  upon  this  part  of  the  line,  obliquely  from  the  northeast, 
and  at  the  same  time  pressed  Baird  vigorously  and  extended  the  attack 
along  the  front  of  Johnson  and  Palmer,  but  Thomas  held  them  at  bay. 
When  did  the  old  hero  ever  fail  to  do  that?  Thus  the  forenoon  of 
Sunday  passed.  The  fighting  was  most  desperate  and  gallant.  Toward 
noon  the  enemy  had  apparently  given  up  his  hopes  of  breaking  in  and 
crushing,  or  driving  back  the  left  of  our  line,  and  turned  his  attention 
to  our  right,  which  as  yet  had  not  been  engaged. 

During  the  forenoon,  while  the  left  and  center  of  our  line  were 
engaged,  General  Longstreet  was  organizing  his  famous  column  for 
attack  on  our  right,  and  advanced  at  noon  in  a  vigorous  assault,  four 
lines  deep,  behind  a  heavy  skirmish  line.  Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis  held  our 
right  with  two  brigades.  General  Sheridan's  division  was  in  reserve 
to  the  rear  and  right  of  General  Davis.  On  the  left  of  General  Davis 
was  the  fatal  gap  caused  by  the  withdrawal  of  Wood's  division,  which 
General  Wood  had  moved  out  of  the  line  a  little  before  and  inarched 
past  Brannan  to  the  rear  of  Reynolds's  division.  Pressing  through  the 
fatal  gap,  General  Longstreet  knocked  Davis  out  of  line  and  pressed 


364      CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK. 

him  to  the  rear,  carrying  Sheridan  along  in  the  hasty  retreat.  These 
two  divisions  were  cut  off  from  the  rest  of  the  army  and  carried 
rapidly  to  the  rear.  Their  rapid  movements  threw  them  into  disorder, 
but  they  rallied  again  and  again  for  a  brief  stand  and  a  gallant  strug- 
gle to  check  the  advance  of  the  enemy.  Their  efforts  were  useless  and 
they  passed  out  of  the  fight.  The  only  means  of  reaching  the  rest  of 
the  army  was  by  a  long,  circuitous  route,  and  it  was  not  until  night- 
fall that  these  two  divisions  united  again  with  the  troops  under  Gen- 
eral Thomas.  When  this  disaster  befell  the  right  of  our  line,  General 
Rosecrans  was  near  by  and  was  borne  back  and  out  of  the  light  through 
Lougstreet's  wedging  himself  in  between  Davis  and  Sheridan  and  the 
rest  of  the  army.  This  movement  of  General  Longstreet  had  also 
forced  Brannan  out  of  line,  who  was  on  the  left  of  the  fatal  gap,  but 
he  swung  to  the  north  into  the  rear  of  Reynolds,  who  was  on  his  left 
and  had  held  his  ground  and  kept  in  line. 

Just  at  this  critical  time  General  Thomas  came  to  this  part  of  the 
field  and  set  about  reforming  the  lines  upon  our  right.  Brannan  had 
swung  away  from  Reynolds  about  the  width  of  a  division,  and  into  this 
space  General  Thomas  threw  Wood's  division,  joining  his  left  on  Rey- 
nolds at  right  angles  and  facing  his  division  to  the  south,  with  Bran- 
nan  on  his  right.  This  new  line  was  at  once  strengthened  by  troops 
brought  from  the  left,  which  General  Thomas  had  used  in  the  morning 
in  extending  his  line  on  that  part  of  the  field.  The  brief  time  which 
elapsed  before  General  Longstreet  could  wheel  his  column  into  position 
in  front  of  this  new  line  and  assault  it  enabled  General  Thomas  to  post 
his  troops  compactly  on  advantageous  ground  so  that  they  could  with- 
stand the  enemy.  The  fighting  had  now  measurably  ceased  along  the 
rest  of  the  line,  and  the  fate  of  the  battle  centered  here.  For  nearly 
two  hours  the  roar  of  battle  on  the  right  was  deafening  and  the  fight- 
ing most  desperate.  Longstreet  advanced  his  strong  lines  again  and 
again,  only  to  be  stayed  and  beaten  back.  Our  ammunition  got  very 
low  and  our  ranks  thin  and  weary;  Brannan  was  being  overlapped  on 
his  right,  and  the  outlook  was  dubious.  But  in  this  nick  of  time,  when 
disaster  loomed  up  before  us,  there  came  succor  and  relief. 

Gen.  Gordon  Granger,  who  had  been  stationed  near  Rossville  with 
the  reserve  corps,  with  orders  to  remain  there  until  sent  for,  chafing  at 
the  inaction,  could  restrain  himself  no  longer,  but  when  the  sound  of  the 
battle  borne  out  upon  the  breeze  told  of  the  desperate  fortune  of  his 
comrades  he  determined  to  march  to  the  sound  of  the  enemy's  guns, 
and,  putting  his  column  in  motion,  came  upon  the  field  with  his  3,500 
men,  bringing  95,000  rounds  of  ammunition.  Succor  was  never  more 
needed,  nor  more  joyously  received.  Pushing  his  troops  forward  on 
Brannan's  right,  fighting  his  way  into  position  up  Snodgrass  Hill, 
Granger  and  his  fresh  troops  gave  their  attention  to  the  exultant  enemy 
and  saved  our  army  from  serious  consequences.  Along  this  line  on  the 
right  until  sundown  there  was  no  rest  nor  respite,  but  the  energy  of  the 
deadly  struggle.  There  was  an  occasional  brief  flare  of  fight  along  the 
left,  which  had  been  heavily  engaged  all  the  forenoon,  but  the  enemy 
were  making  only  a  show  of  fight  there,  and  were  withdrawing  troops 
to  strengthen  Longstreet.  Again  and  again  General  Longstreet 
brought  up  his  Virginians,  supported  by  troops  from  other  parts  of  the 
enemy's  line,  and  hurled  them  against  our  right,  but  they  were  always 
beaten  back.  A  greater  soldier  than  Longstreet  was  in  command 
there — the  immortal  George  H.  Thomas,  the  "Rock  of  Chickamauga." 
Thus  the  battle  went  on  until  night  made  an  end  of  it.  It  was  the 
greatest  battle  in  the  West,  and  the  bloodiest  of  the  war. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTA.NOOGA  NATIONAL  MILITARY   PARK.       365 

The  fortunate  issue  of  the  civil  war,  the  cessation  of  the  ancient  feuds 
between  the  North  and  South,  the  burial  of  secession  and  slavery  in  one 
common  grave,  and  the  return  of  good  feeling  between  the  sections, 
which  found  friendship  in  war,  make  our  coming  here  now  much  more 
agreeable  to  us  than  on  that  former  memorable  occasion,  when  mutual 
greetings  were  exchanged  in  defiance  and  hate  with  the  red  hand  of  war. 

We  do  not  dedicate  these  monuments  in  ill  will  and  bitterness.  I 
trust  that  the  years  which  have  intervened  have  removed  all  such  feel- 
ings. But  looking  reverently  and  tenderly  to  the  past,  we  now  dedi- 
cate these  monuments  to  the  valor  and  patriotism  of  brave  men  from 
Wisconsin  who  fought  here,  to  the  memory  of  the  dead  and  of  the 
living,  and  to  the  cause  for  which  they  fought;  and  may  the  God  of  our 
fathers,  the  God  of  battles,  give  His  benediction  to  our  efforts ! 

Gen.  Lucius  Fairchild  made  a  short  and  eloquent  address,  which  was 
not  reported,  and  which  his  final  illness  prevented  him  from  repro- 
ducing. 


The  Missouri  dedication  which  was  to  have  taken  place  at  the 
Brotherton  House  was  postponed  because  it  had  not  been  possible  to 
complete  the  erection  of  the  monument  to  Bledsoe's  Battery  at  that 
point. 

At  the  close  of  the  exercises  conducted  by  the  various  States  the 
crowds  made  their  way  to  Chattanooga  to  attend  the  opening  meeting 
in  the  great  tent.  The  subsequent  ceremonies  of  the  dedication  fol- 
lowed each  other  as  set  forth  in  this  report,  beginning  on  page  84. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Addresses:  Altgeld,  Governor  John  P.,  239;  Atkins,  Gen.  Smith  D.,  2<15;  Bate,  Gen. 
\V.B.,45;  Beatty,  Gen.  John,  315;  Belknap,  Capt.  C.  E.,288;  Bishop,  Gen.  J.  W., 
309;  Boynton,  Gen.  H.  V.,  86,  313,  354;  Bryant,  Col.  B.  F.,  361;  Butteriield,Gen. 
Daniel,  105;  Campbell,  Governor  James  E.,  330,  355;  Carnahan,  Gen.  J.  K.,  252; 
Connolly,  Hon.  J.  A.,  244;  Dodge,  Gen.  Grenville  M.,  103, 115;  Duffield,  Col.  Henry 
M.,295;  Eagan,  Hon.  J.I.,  314;  Everest,  Capt.  J.  G.,246;  Fairchild,  Gen.  Lucius, 
365;  Fox,  Col.  P.  V.,  304;  Fullerton,  Gen.  J.  S.,  25,243,294,312,347;  Gill,  Judge 
John  S.,  333;  Gordon,  Gen.  John  B.,  37;  Greeuhalge,  Governor  Frederic  T.,  283; 
Grosveuor,  Gen.  Charles  H.,  68,  317;  Herbert,  Hon.  Hilary  A.,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  111;  Howard,  Gen.  0.  O.,  116;  Keil,  Capt.  F.  W.,  357;  Kiefer,  Col.  A.  R., 
313;  Longstreet,  Gen.  James,  40;  McConnell,  Capt.  D.  B.,  267;  McElroy,  Capt.  J. 
C.,  334;  McFerrin,  Rev.  J.  P.,  247;  McKinley,  Governor  William,  341 ;  Manderson, 
Gen.  C.  F.,  87;  Margedant,  Capt.  W.  C.,  352;  Matthews,  Governor  Claude,  81, 249; 
Morgan,  Gen.  J.  D.,  86;  Morton,  Governor  Levi  P,,  80;  Ochs,  Hon.  George  W., 
44,  85;  Gates,  Governor  W.  C.,  175;  Palmer,  Gen.  John  M.,  28,  238;  Porter,  Gen. 
Horace,  109;  Rich,  Governor  J.  T.,291;  Schneider,  Capt.  George  A.,  349;  Scho- 
field,  Lieut.  Gen.  John  M.,  42,  102;  Shepherd,  Col.  A.  G.,  286;  Sherman,  Father 
Thomas  E.,  151;  Stegman,  Col.  Lewis  R.,  166;  Stevenson,  Hon.  Adlai  E.,  Vice- 
President,  27;  Turney,  Hon.  Peter,  82;  Upham,  Governor  W.  H.,  361;  Walker, 
Col.  I.  N.,  279;  Wallace,  Gen.  Lew,  274;  Walthall,  Gen.  E.  C.,  160;  Warner,  Gen. 
Willard,  140;  Watkins,  Capt.  W.  W.,  361;  Wheeler,  Gen.  Joseph,  124;  Wilder, 
Gen.  John  T.,  281 ;  Wiley,  Gen.  Aquila,  336;  Williamson,  Gen.  J.  A.,  188;  Wood- 
bury,  Governor  Urban  A.,  81. 

Aides  to  grand  marshal,  157, 158. 

Alabama,  order  in  parade  and  reviews,  154;  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses, 
208,  216 ;  action  of  the  State,  219,  220. 

Alexander,  Representative  S.  B.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Allen,  C.  C.,  adjutant- general  of  State  of  California,  letter  from,  202. 

Alliu,  Roger,  governor  of  North  Dakota,  letter  from,  205,  206. 

Altgeld,  Governor  John  P.,  address  by,  239. 

Anderson,  William  J.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Wisconsin,  208 

Arion  Glee  Club,  11,  23. 

Arkansas,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  action  of  the  State,  220. 

Armstrong,  Gen.  Frank  C.,  invited  to  speak,  13. 

Army  of  the  Cumberland,  programme  of  participation,  11,  23. 

Army  of  the  Cumberland,  participation  of,  84;  Morgan,  Gen.  J.  D.,  presides,  84; 
prayer,  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard,  84;  address  of  welcome,  Mayor  George  W.  Ochs, 
85;  response  to  mayor,  Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton,  86;  welcome  to  Confederates,  Gen. 
J.  D.  Morgan,  86;  oration,  Gen.  C.  F.  Manderson,  87;  address,  Lieut.  Gen.  J.  M. 
Schofield,  102;  address,  Gen.  Granville  M.  Dodge,  103;  address,  Gen.  Daniel 
Butterfield,  105 ;  address,  Gen.  Horace  Porter,  109 ;  address,  Hon.  H.  A.  Herbert, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  111. 

Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  participation  of,  13,  14,  24. 

Army  of  the  Potomac  and  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  participation  of,  160;  Wal- 
thall, Gen.  E.  C.,  presides,  160;  oration,  Gen.  E.  C.  Walthall,  160;  oration,  Col. 
Lewis  R.  Stegman,  166;  oration,  Governor  W.  C.  Gates,  175;  oration,  Gen.  J.  A. 
Williamson,  188. 

Army  of  Tennessee  (Confederate),  participation  of,  12,  24. 

Army  of  the  Tennessee  (Union),  participation  of,  12,  24. 

Army  of  the  Tennessee  and  Army  of  Tennessee,  participation  of,  115 ;  Dodge,  Gen. 
G.  M.,  presides,  115;  address,  Gen.  G.  M.  Dodge,  115;  address,  Gen.  0.  O.  How- 
ard, 116;  address,  Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler,  124;  address,  Gen.  Willard  Warner,  140; 
address,  Father  Sherman,  151. 

Army  of  the  United  States,  participation  of,  198 ;  instructions  of  Secretary  of  War  for 
detail,  198;  orders  of  Lieutenant-General  for  detail  from,  198;  Poland,  Col.  John 
S.,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  commands  detail,  199;  ordered  to  establish  model 
camp,  198 ;  roster  of  regular  troops  assembled  at  Camp  Lament,  Chickamauga, 
200;  troops  detailed  to  proceed  to  dedication,  199. 

367 


368  GENERAL    INDEX. 

Artillery  drill,  12. 

Atkins,  Gen.  Smith  D.,  address  by,  245. 

Atkinson,  W.  Y.,  governor  of  Georgia,  letter  from,  203,  204. 

Attendance  at  dedication,  12. 

Avery,  Representative  John,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  attends,  10,  196. 

Ayling,  Adjt.  Gen.  A.  D.,  State  of  New  Harnpsnire,  letter  from,  230. 

Band,  Seventeenth  United  States  Infantry,  11, 12, 13, 14. 

Barrett,  A.-W.,  adjutant-general  of  California,  letter  from,  209. 

Bate,  Senator  William  B.,  attends,  10,  196;  oration,  45. 

Batteries,  erected  at  all  fighting  positions  in  the  park,  17. 

Beatty,  Gen.  John,  address  by,  315. 

Belkuap,  Capt.  C.  E.,  chairman  Michigan  commission,  letter  from,  228;  address  by, 
288. 

Bishop,  Gen.  J.  W.,  address  by,  309. 

Bixby,  Terns,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Minnesota,  letter  from,  205. 

Blackburn,  Senator  J.  C.  S.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Bowers,  Representative  W.  W.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Boyle,  James,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Ohio,  letter  from,  213. 

Boyuton,  Gen.  H.  V.,  response  to  address  of  welcome,  11,  23;  response  to  Mayor 
Ochs,  86;  acting  as  clerk  for  dedication  committee,  219;  correspondence,  for  Sen- 
ator Palmer,  with  governors  of  the  States,  219;  responses  of  the  governors,  219- 
237;  remarks  by,  313,  354. 

Bright,  R.  J.,  Sergeant- at- Arms  United  States  Senate,  charged  with  arranging  Con- 
gressional participation,  8;  letters  of,  to  Congressional  representatives,  9;  tinaii- 
cial  statement,  20;  balance  covered  into  Treasury  by,  20. 

Brown,  D.  Russell,  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  letter  from,  206,  207. 

Brown,  Frank,  governor  of  Maryland,  letter  from,  211,212. 

Brown,  John  Young,  governor  of  Kentucky,  letters  from,  204,  210. 

Bryant,  Col.  B.  F.,  address  by,  361. 

Burton,  Hon.  Charles  G.,  M.  C.,  Avith  Congressional  delegation,  158. 

Buttertield,  Gen.  Daniel,  address,  105. 

Cabinet  officers,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154, 158. 

Cadle,  Col.  Cornelius,  recording  secretary  Society  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  attends,  84. 

California,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  202,  209;  action  of  the  State,  220. 

Campbell,  Governor  James  E.,  address  by,  330,  355. 

Carnahau,  Gen.  J.  R.,  address  by,  252. 

Game's  Battery,  veterans  of,  13. 

Carr,  Hon.  Elias,  governor  of  North  Carolina,  letters  from,  213,  232. 

Carriages  in  parade,  occupants  of,  158, 159. 

Chaffee,  Sanford  E.,  commissioner  State  of  Connecticut,  letters  from,  220,221. 

Chattanooga,  enthusiasm  of  citizens,  14;  effective  aid  of  citizens,  14;  cordial 
cooperation  with  National  Park  Commission,  17;  citizen  committees,  21. 

Chattanooga  fields,  dedication  of,  13,  24. 

Chipley,  W.  D.,  of  Florida,  letters  from,  203. 

Cleaves,  Hon.  Henry  B.,  governor  of  Maine,  letters  from,  204,  211,  228. 

Clough,  Hon.  D.  M.,  governor  of  Minnesota,  letter  from,  229. 

Cochran,  William,  private  secretary  to  governor  North  Dakota,  letter  from,  233. 

Cole,  Col.  Ashley  W.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  New  York,  letters  from,  205, 
218,  231. 

Colorado,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154 ;  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  responses, 
202;  action  of  the  State,  221. 

Committee  (joint)  on  park  dedication,  8 :  Senators  John  M.  Palmer,  Illinois ;  Samuel 
Pasco,  Florida;  Roger  Q.  Mills,  Texas;  Redfield  Proctor,  Vermont;  Watson  C. 
Squire,  Washington;  William  A.  Peft'er,  Kansas.  Representatives  C.  B.  Kilgore, 
Texas;  C.  H.Morgan,  Missouri;  Joseph  WTheeler,  Alabama;  N.  N.  Cox,  Tennes- 
see; J.  W.  Maddox,  Georgia;  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  Ohio;  A.  R.  Kiefer,  Minnesota; 
L.  M.  Strong,  Ohio ;  John  Avery,  Michigan ;  C.  F.  Crisp,  Georgia ;  W.  W.  Bowers, 
California. 

Committee  on  plan  for  dedication,  8;  House  members  of,  8;  Senate  members  of,  9; 
report  of,  8. 

Confederates,  welcome  to,  Gen.  J.  D.  Morgan,  11,  23,  86. 

Congress,  act  providing  for  dedication,  7;  invitation  to  dedication,  8;  accepts  invi- 
tation of  Secretary  Lamout  to  dedication,  8;  participation  of,  196;  Secretary 
Lament's  letter  of  invitation  to,  196;  response  of  Congress  to  Secretary  Lament, 
196 ;  representatives  of  Congress  in  attendance,  196, 197. 

Congressmen,  who  served  in  the  campaign  for  Chattanooga,  10;  attend  dedication,  10. 

Connecticut,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  203,  209;  action  of  the  State, 

Connolly,  Maj.  J.  A.,  address  by,  244. 

Cox,  Representative  N.  N.,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  attends,  10, 196. 

Crawford,  Hon.  John  L.,  letter  from,  221. 


GENERAL    INDEX.  369 

Crisp,  Hon.  Charles  F.,  ex-Speaker  House  of  Representatives,  attends,  10,  196; 
reviews  parade  with  Vice- President  Stevenson,  154;  rides  at  head  of  column  of 
march  with  Vice-President,  158. 

Culberson,  Hon.  C.  A.,  governor  of  Texas,  letters  from,  207,  214,  219,  235. 

Culpeper,  Capt.  T.  F.,  represents  State  of  South  Carolina,  234. 

Gushing,  Hon.  Waiuwright,  represents  State  of  Maine,  211,  228 ;  letter  from,  228. 

Dalton,  Gen.  Samuel,  adjutant-general  of  Massachusetts,  letters  from,  211,  217,  227. 

Davis,  Maj.  George  W.,  U.  S.  A.,  originates  plan  for  national  maneuvering  ground,  19. 

Dedication  of  Chattanooga  fields,  43;  prayer,  Dr.  Samuel  J.  Niccolls,  43;  address, 
Mayor  George  W.  Ochs,  44;  oration,  Gen.  William  B.  Bate,  45;  oration,  Gen. 
Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  68;  address,  Governor  Morton,  New  York,  80;  address, 
Governor  Woodbury,  Vermont,  81 ;  address,  Governor  Claude  Matthews,  Indiana, 
81;  address,  Governor  Peter  Turney,  Tennessee,  82. 

Dedication  of  Chickamauga  field,  11;  programme  for,  12,  23,  24. 

Dedication  of  Chickamauga  field,  25;  General  Fullerton  introduces  the  Vice-Presi- 
deut,  26;  address  of  Vice-President  Stevenson,  27;  prayer,  Bishop  Gailor,  28; 
oration,  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  28;  oration,  Gen.  John  B.  Gordon,  37;  address, 
Gen.  James  Longstreet,  40;  address,  Lieut.  Gen.  John  M.  Schofield,  42. 

Dedication  of  park,  act  providing  for,  7,  Gen.  Fullerton  in  charge  of,  10. 

Delaware,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  209;  action  of  the  State,  221. 

Description  of  the  park,  15-18. 

Dobsou,  Sol.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Mississippi,  letter  from,  229. 

Dodge,  Gen.  Grenville  M.,  president  Society  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  attends,  84; 
presides  at  meeting,  Army  of  the  Tennessee  and  Army  of  Tennessee,  12,  24; 
address,  103;  presides,  115. 

Dose,  William  F.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Illinois,  letter  from,  210. 

Duffield,  Col.  H.  M.,  address  by,  295. 

Duniway,  W.  S.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Oregon,  letters  from,  206,  214. 

Eagan,  Hon.  John  J.,  address  by,  314. 

English,  Representative  W.  B.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Everest.  Capt.  J.  G.,  address  by,  246. 

Fairchild,  Gen.  Lucius,  remarks  by,  365. 

Financial  statement,  cost  of  dedication,  20. 

Florida,  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  responses,  203,  209 ;  action  of  the  State,  221. 

Fox,  Col.  P.  V.,  address  by,  304. 

Fullerton,  Gen.  J.  S.,  chairman  Park  Commission,  introduces  Vice-President,  12,  24, 
26;  introduces  General  Walthall,  160 ;  correspondence  with  governors  of  the 
States,  208 ;  circular  letters  to  the  governors,  208,  216 ;  responses  of  the  governors, 
208-219 ;  receives  Illinois  monuments  for  Secretary  of  War,  243 ;  receives  Michi- 
gan monuments  for  Secretary  of  War,  294;  accepts  Minnesota  monuments,  312; 
accepts  Ohio  monuments,  347. 

Gailor,  Right  Rev.,  bishop  of  Tennessee,  prayer,  28. 

Gardner,  Rev.  Washington,  prayer  by,  287. 

Georgia,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154;  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  responses, 
203 ;  action  of  the  State,  221, 222. 

Gibbon,  Gen.  John,  president  Society  Army  of  the  Potomac,  attends,  84. 

Gill,  Judge  John  S.,  report  by,  333. 

Gilmore,  Gen.  H.  H.,  executive  office  State  of  Vermont,  letter  from,  219. 

Goi'don,  Gen.  John  B.,  United  States  Senate,  attends,  10, 196;  oration  by,  12,  24,  37. 

Governors  of  States,  addresses  by,  13. 

Governors  of  States  and  staffs,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154, 158. 

Governors  and  State  officials  present,  Alabama,  220;  Colorado,  221;  Florida,  221; 
Georgia,  222;  Indiana,  223;  Kansas,  224;  Louisiana,  226;  Massachusetts,  227; 
Michigan,  228,229;  Nebraska,  229;  New  York.  232;  Tennessee,  234,  235;  Texas, 
235;  Wisconsin,  237. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  address  of  commauder-in-chief,  279. 

Grand  stand,  Snodgrass  Hill,  11. 

Greenhalge,  Hon.  Frederic  T.,  governor  of  Massachusetts,  letter  from,  227;  address 
by,  283. 

Griffin,  T.  J.,  executive  secretary  of  Rhode  Island,  letter  from,  218. 

Grosveuor,  Gen.  C.  H.,  House  of  Representatives,  appointed  on  dedication  commit- 
tee, 8;  concurrent  resolution  of  accepting  invitation  to  dedication,  8;  attends, 
10, 196;  oration,  68;  address  by,  317;  presents  history  of  park  project,  317-329. 

Haines,  Frank  D.,  executive  secretary  to  governor  of  Connecticut,  letters  from,  203, 
209. 

Hanford,  W.  T.,  private  secretary  to  governor  jkf  Nevada,  letter  from.  229,  230. 

Harmon,  Judson,  Attorney-General  United  States,  attends,  84 ;  acknowledges  invita- 
tion, 216. 

Harris,  Senator  Isham  G.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Harrison,  Representative  George  P.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Hart,  Garrett  J.,  adjutant-general  of  Delaware,  letters  from,  209,  221. 

S.  Eep.  637 24 


370  GENERAL    INDEX. 

Hastings,  Daniel  H.,  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  letter  from,  206. 

Hatch,  Representative  W.  H.,  attends,  io,  196. 

Hawley,  Gen.  J.  R.,  United  States  Senate,  attends,  10,  84,  196. 

Henderson,  Representative  D.  B.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Henderson,  Representative  T.  J.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Hepburn,  Representative  W.  P.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Herbert,  Hon.  Hilary  A.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  attends,  84;  address  of,  11,  23,  111. 

Hickenlooper,  Gen.  A.  J.,  corresponding  secretary  Society  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
attends,  84. 

Holcomb,  Hon.  Silas  A.,  governor  of  Nebraska,  letters  from,  212,  217,  229. 

Hooker,  Representative  C.  E.,  attends,  10,  196. 

House  of  Representatives,  committee  of  9:  Speaker  Charles  F.  Crisp,  Georgia; 
W.  H.  Hatch,  Missouri;  D.  B.Culberson,  Texas;  T.  B.  Reed,  Maine;  J.D.  Sayers, 
Texas;  J.  F.  C.  Talbott,  Maryland;  D.  E.  Sickles,  New  York;  W.  L.  Wilson, 
West  Virginia;  S.  R.  Mallory,  Florida;  C.  A.  Boutelle,  Maine;  S.  B.  Alexander, 
North  Carolina;  T.  J.  Henderson,  Illinois;  D.  B.  Henderson,  Iowa;  C.  E. 
Hooker,  Mississippi;  J.  C.  Tarsney,  Missouri;  H.  H.  Bingham,  Pennsylvania; 
W.  F.  Draper,  Massachusetts;  A.  R.  Kiefer,  Minnesota;  G.  P.  Harrison,  Ala- 
bama; W.  B.  English,  California;  J.  W.  Marshall,  Virginia;  H.C.  Van  Voorhis, 
Ohio;  Oscar  Lapham,  Rhode  Island;  W.  W.  Bowers,  California;  W.  C.  P. 
Breckinridge,  Kentucky;  G.  D.  Wise,  Virginia. 

Howard,  Gen.  O.  O.,  U.  S.  A.,  oration  by,  12,  24;  prayer,  84;  address,  116. 

Idaho,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  204,210;  action  of  the  State,  222. 

Illinois,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154;  invited  to  dedication,  202;  response,  210; 
dedicates  State  monuments,  238;  programme  State  dedication,  238. 

Illinois  dedication,  State  monuments,  238;  programme,  238;  remarks  of  Vice-Presi- 
dent Stevenson,  238;  remarks  of  Senator  John  M.  Palmer,  238;  address  of  Gov- 
ernor Altgeld,  239;  General  Fullerton  receives  the  monuments  for  the  Secretary 
of  War,  243;  address  of  Maj.  J.  A.  Connolly,  244;  address  of  Gen.  Smith  D. 
Atkins,  245;  address  of  Capt.  J.  G.  Everest,  246;  address  of  Rev.  J.  P.  McFerrin. 
247;  letter  of  General  Turchin,  248. 

Indiana,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154;  invited  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  210, 
222,  223;  dedicates  State  monuments,  249;  action  of  the  State,  222,  223. 

Indiana  dedication,  State  monuments,  249;  address  of  Governor  Matthews,  249; 
address  of  Gen.  J.  R.  Carnahan,  252;  address  of  Capt.  D.  B.  McConuell,  267; 
address  of  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,  274;  address  of  Gen.  I.  N.  Walker,  279;  address 
of  Gen.  John  T.  Wilder,  281. 

Iowa,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response,  204. 

Jackson,  Frank  L.,  governor  of  Iowa,  letter  from,  204. 

Joint  committee  on  dedication,  full  report,  23. 

Jones,  John  E.,  governor  of  Nevada,  letter  from,  213. 

Jones,  Samuel  G.,  acting  assistant  adjutant-general  of  Alabama,  letter  from,  220. 

Kansas,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154;  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response, 
223;  action  of  the  State,  223, 224,  225,  226. 

Keil,  Capt.  F.  W.,  address  by,  357. 

Keith,  A.  B.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Montana,  letter  from,  229. 

Kentucky,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  204,  210. 

Kiefer,  Representative  A.  R.,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  attends,  10, 196; 
address  by,  313. 

King,  Charles,  adjutant-general  of  Wisconsin,  letter  from,  215. 

King,  Gen.  H.  C.,  secretary  Society  Army  of  the  Potomac,  attends,  84. 

Lament,  Hon.  Daniel  S.,  Secretary  of  War,  charged  by  the  Congress  with  all  prepa- 
rations for  park  dedication,  7;  invites  Congress,  8;  invitation  accepted  by  the 
Congress,  8,  196;  announces  preliminary  programme,  10,  11;  arrangements  of, 
found  complete,  10,23;  rules  for  regulating  location  of  monuments  commended, 
17;  places  Gen.  J.  S.  Fnllerton  in  charge,  10;  General  Fullerton  receives  State 
monuments  for,  243,  294,  312,  347;  letters  from  governors  of  States  to,  202-219; 
identical  letters  of,  to  governors  of  States,  202,208;  complete  arrangements  by, 
10;  invites  Congress  to  dedication,  8, 196;  invites  governors  of  States  and  staffs, 
veterans,  and  other  State  representatives,  202 ;  preparations  made  by,  10 

Lang,  D.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Florida,  letters  from,  203,  210. 

Lapham,  Representative  Oscar,  attends,  10, 196. 

Lippitt,  Charles  Warren,  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  letters  from,  214. 

Longstreet,  Gen.  James,  oration  by,  24;  address,  40. 

Louisiana,  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  action  of  the  State,  226. 

Lowndes,  Hon.  Lloyd,  governor  of  Maryland,  letter  from,  226. 

MacCorkle,  William  A.,  governor  of  "West  Virginia,  letters  from,  207,  215. 

Macdouald,  E.  C.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  Washington,  letters  from,  215,  236. 

McConnell,  Capt.  D.  B.,  address  by,  267. 

McConnell,  William  J.,  governor  of  Idaho,  letters  from,  204,  210,  222. 

McElroy,  Capt.  J.  C.,  report  of,  334. 


GENERAL    INDEX.  371 

McFerrin,  Rev.  ,T.  P.,  address  by,  247. 

McGraw,  John  H.,  governor  of  Washington,  letter  from,  208. 

Mclntire,  Hon.  Albert  W.,  governor  of  Colorado,  letters  from,  202,221. 

McKinley,  Hon.  William,  governor  of  Ohio,  letters  from,  206,233;  address  by,  341. 

McMillin,  Hon.  Bentou,  M.  C.,  with  Congressional  delegation,  158. 

Maddox,    Representative  J.  W.,  appointed  on   dedication  committee,  8;   attends, 

10, 196. 

Maine,  invited  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  204,211;  action  of  the  State,  228. 
Mallory,  Representative  S.  R.,  attends,  10. 196. 
Mauderson,  Gen.  Charles  F.,  attends,  10, 196;  oration  by,  11,  23,  87. 
Maneuvering  ground,  19. 
Manker,  Rev.  J.  J.,  prayer  by,  315,  354. 
Margedaut,  Capt.  W.  C.,  address  by,  352. 
Margedant,  Miss  Sophia  L.,  recitation  by,  354. 
Markers,  monuments,  and  tablets,  18. 
Marshall,  Representative  J.  W.,  attends,  10, 196. 

Maryland,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response,  211,  212;  action  of  the  State,  226. 
Massachusetts,  order  in  parade  and  review,  15t ;  invited  to  dedication,  202 ;  responses,. 

211,  217,  226,  227 ;  dedicates  State  monument,  282 ;  exercises  at  national  cemetery, 

286;  action  of  the  State,  226,  227,  228. 
Massachusetts  dedication,  State  monument,  282;  addi'ess  of  Governor  Greenhalge, 

283;  address  of  Colonel  Shepherd  at  the  national  cemetery,  286. 
Matthews,  Hon.  Claude,  governor  of  Indiana,  13;  address,  81,249;  letters  from,  210, 

216,  223. 
Michigan,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154;  invited  to  dedication,  202;  responses, 

205,212,217,228;  action  of  the  State,  228;  dedicates  State  monuments,  287. 
Michigan  dedication,   State  monuments,  287;  prayer,   Rev.   Washington  Gardner, 

287;  address  of  Capt.  C.  E.  Belknap,  288;  address  of  Governor  Rich.  291 ;  General 

Fullertou  receives  the  monuments  for  the  Secretary  of  War,  294;  address  of  Col. 

H.  M.  Duffield,  295;  address  of  Col.  P.  V.  Fox  at  Orchard  Knob,  304. 
Michigan  Engineers  (First),  dedication,  304. 

Mills,  Gen.  Roger  Q.,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  invited  to  speak,  13. 
Minnesota,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  205,  229;   action  of  the  State, 

229;  dedicates  State  monuments,  309. 
Minnesota  dedication,  State  monuments,  309;   address  of  Gen.  J.  W.  Bishop,  309; 

General  Fullertou  receives  the  monuments  for  the  Secretary  of  WTar,  312 ;  remarks 

of  Gen.  H.  V.  Boyntou,  313;  address  of  Col.  A.  R.  Kiefer,  313;  address  of  Hon. 

John  I.  Eagau,  314. 

Mississippi,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response,  217; -action  of  the  State,  229. 
Missouri,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  212,  217. 
Montana,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response,  212;  action  of  the  State,  229. 
Monuments  and  markers,  18. 
Monuments,  erected  and  in  progress,  18. 
Monuments,  dedication  of,  by  States :  Illinois,  238 ;  Indiana,  249;  Massachusetts,  282; 

Michigan,  287;  Minnesota,  309;  Ohio,  315;  Wisconsin,  360. 

Morgan,  Representative  C.  H.,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  attends,  10, 196. 
Morgan,  Gen.  J.  D.,  presides,  84;  welcomes  Confederates,  86. 
Merrill,  Hon.  E.  N.,  governor  of  Kansas,  letter  from,  223,  226. 

Morton,  Hon.  Levi  P.,  governor  of  New  York,  13;  address,  80;  message  to  legisla- 
ture, 231. 
National  park,  description  of,  15;  work  of  the  Government,  16;  work  of  the  States, 

16;  project  and  history  of,  317-329. 
Nebraska,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;    responses,  212,  217;    action  of  the  State. 

229. 

Nevada,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response,  213;  action  of  the  State,  229. 
New  Hampshire,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  action  of  the  State,  230. 
New  Jersey,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response,  213;  action  of  the  State,  230. 
New  York,  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;   responses,  205,  218 ;  action  of  the  State, 

231,232. 

Niccolls,  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  J.,  prayer,  43. 
Ninth  Ohio  Association  dedication,  349. 

North  Carolina,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response,  213;  action  of  the  State,  232. 
North  Dakota,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  response,  205;  action  of  the  State,  232. 
Oates,  Hon.  William  C.,  governor  of  Alabama,  oration  by,  14,  24;  oration,  175;  letters 

from,  208,  209,  216. 
Ochs,  Hon.  George  W.,   mayor,  address  of  welcome  for  Chattanooga,  11,  23,  85; 

address,  44. 

O'Ferrall,  Hon.  Charles  T.,  governor  of  Virginia,  letter  from,  215. 
Ohio,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154;  invited  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  206, 

213,  233;  dedicates  State  monuments,  315;  national  guard  of,  154,  156;  action  of 

the  State,  233. 


372  GENERAL    INDEX. 

Ohio  dedication,  State  monuments,  315;  prayer,  Rev.  J.  J.  Hanker,  315;  address  of 
Gen.  John  Beatty,  315;  address.  Gen.  C.  H.  Grosyenor,  317;  address.  ex-Governor 
James  E.  Campbell,  330;  report  of  Judge  John  S.  Gill,  secretary  Ohio  commis- 
sion, 333;  report  of  Capt.  J.  C.  McElroy,  treasurer  of  theOhio  commission,  334; 
address  of  Gen.  Aquila  Wiley,  336;  address  of  Governor  William  McKiuley, 
341;  General  Fullerton  accepts  the  monuments  for  Secretary  of  War,  347; 
prayer,  Bishop  Watterson,  349;  dedication  Ninth  Ohio  Association,  349; 
address,  Capt.  George  A.  Schneider,  349;  address,  Capt.  W.  C.  Margedant,  352; 
recitation,  Miss  Sophie  L.  Margedant,  354;  Thirty-fifth  Ohio  dedication,  354; 
prayer,  Rev.  J.  J.  Manker,  354;  remarks,  Gen.  H.  V.  Boynton,  3.">4;  address, 
ex-Governor  James  E.  Campbell,  355;  address  of  Capt.  F.  W.  Keil,  357. 

Orations :  Gen.  William  B.  Bate,  13,  24 ;  Gen.  John  B.  Gordon,  12,  24 ;  Gen.  C.  H.  Gros- 
venor,  13,  24;  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard,  12,  24;  Gen.  C.  F.  Manderson,  11,  23;  W.  C. 
Oates  (Longstreet's  army),  14,  24;  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  12,  24;  Col.  Lewis 
R.  Stegman  (Hooker's  army),  14,  24;  Gen.  E.  C.  Walthall  (Army  6f  Tennessee), 
14,  24;  Gen.  Willard  Warner,  12,  24;  Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler,  12,  24;  Gen.  J.  A. 
Williamson  (Sherman's  army),  14,  24. 

Oregon,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  206,  214. 

Paleu,  R.  L.,  assistant  adjutant-general,  California,  letter  from,  220. 

Palmer,  Gen.  John  M.,  United  States  Senate,  chairman  Joint  Committee  on  Park 
Dedication,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  attends,  10,  196;  oration  by, 
12,  24,  28;  correspondence  with  governors  of  the  States,  219;  responses  of  the 
governors,  219-237 ;  impromptu  remarks  at  dedication  of  Illinois  monuments,  238. 

Parade  and  review,  154;  organization  of  the  column,  13;  official  orders,  154,  155; 
troops  in  line,  155 ;  United  States  troops,  155 ;  Ohio  National  Guard,  156 ;  Ten- 
nessee National  Guard,  156;  Georgia  Infantry,  157;  Harriman  (Tennessee) 
Cadets,»157;  Chattanooga  School  Brigade,  157;  reviewing  stand,  157;  reviewing 
officers,  Vice-President  Stevenson  and  Lieutenant-General  Schofield,  154;  aids 
to  the  grand  marshal,  157;  chief  of  staff  to  grand  marshal,  154;  occupants  of 
carriages,  158, 159. 

Park  project  national.  18. 

Pasco,  Senator  Samuel,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  attends,  10,  196. 

Pefter,  Senator  W.  A.,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  attends,  10,  196. 

Pennsylvania,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  responses,  206,  218;  action  of  the  State, 
233,  234. 

Poland,  Col.  John  S.,  U.  S.  A.,  commands  parade  and  review,  13;  camp  of,  198; 
ordered  to  Chattanooga,  199;  roster  of  his  command  at  Camp  Lamout.  200. 

Porter,  Gen.  Horace,  address,  109. 

Prayers,  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard,  11 ;  Bishop  Gailor,  of  Tennessee,  12,  24. 

Proctor,  Senator  Redtield,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8. 

Programmes,  11, 12, 13, 14,  24;  complete,  23. 

Purchase  of  lands  recommended,  20. 

Railroads,  assistance,  14;  facilities,  14;  entire  absence  of  accidents,  14. 

Regimental  drill,  12. 

Report,  preliminary,  7. 

Representatives  in  attendance,  10. 

Representatives  in  Congress,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154,  158. 

Resolutions,  of  Congress,  8;  of  joint  committee,  20. 

Reviewing  party  and  guests,  154. 

Rhode  Island,  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  responses,  206,  214,  218 ;  action  of  the 
State,  234. 

Rich,  John  T.,  governor  of  Michigan,  address  by,  291;  letters  from,  205,  212,  217. 

Richards,  Hon.  William  A.,  governor  of  Wyoming,  letters  from,  216,  237. 

Rickards,  J.  E.,  governor  of  Montana,  letter  from,  212. 

Rives,  Col.  H.  E.,  presides  at  Illinois  dedication,  238. 

Rood,  Frank  D.,  executive  clerk,  State  of  Connecticut,  letter  from,  220. 

Rules  of  Secretary  of  War  commended,  17. 

Sackett,  Frederic  M.,  adjutant-general  of  Rhode  Island,  letter  from,  234. 

Schneider,  Capt.  George  A.,  address  by,  349. 

Schofield,  Lieut.  Gen.  John  M.,  commanding  Army,  attends,  84 ;  reviews  parade,  13 ; 
address  of,  11,  23,  42, 102;  speaks  at  dedication  Chickamauga  field,  42:  speaks  at 
Chattanooga,  meeting  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  102;  reviews  parade,  154;  orders 
regular  troops  to  the  dedication.  198 ;  careful  preparations  for  success  of  dedica- 
tion, 198. 

Secretary  of  War,  invites  Congress,  8;  announces  preliminary  programme,  10. 

Senate  of  the  United  States,  representatives  of,  9:  Vice  President  Adlai  E.  Stevenson, 
Francis  M.  Cockrell,  Missouri;  Cushman  K.  Davis,  Minnesota;  John  W.  Daniel, 
Virginia;  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  Connecticut;  John  B.  Gordon,  Georgia;  Matthew  S. 
Quay,  Pennsylvania;  James  H.  Berry,  Arkansas;  John  Sherman,  Ohio;  William 
B.  Bate,  Tennessee;  Joseph  C.  S.  Blackburn.  Kentucky;  Douelson  Caffery,  Louisi- 


GENERAL    INDEX.  373 

Senate  of  the  United  States — Continued. 

ana;   Isham  G.  Harris,  Tennessee;   Charles  F.  Manderson,  Nebraska;   John  L. 
Mitchell,  Wisconsin ;  John  T.  Morgan,  Alabama. 

Senators  in  attendance,  10. 

Senators  of  the  United  States,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154, 158. 

Shaler,  J.  R.,  chief  of  staif  to  grand  marshal,  154. 

Sheldon,  C.  H.,  governor  of  South  Dakota,  letter  from,  209. 

Shepherd,  Col.  A.  G.,  address  by,  286. 

Sherman,  Father  Thomas,  address  by,  12,  24, 151. 

Sickles,  Representative  Daniel  E.,  attends,  10, 196. 

Silsby,  George  A.,  adjutant- general  of  South  Dakota,  letter  from,  234. 

Skinner,  George  W.,  secretary  to  Pennsylvania  commission,  letter  from,  233,  234. 

South  Carolina,  invitation  to  dedication,  202;  action  of  the  State,  234. 

South  Dakota,  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  response,  209 ;  action  of  the  State,  234. 

Speaker  Crisp,  appoints  House  representatives,  8 ;  present  at  Lookout  Mountain,  9. 

Squire,  Senator  W.  C.,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8. 

Staff  officers  of  governors  present:  Alabama,  220;  Connecticut,  220;  Colorado,  221; 
Florida,  221 ;  Georgia,  222 ;  Indiana,  223 ;  Kansas,  224 ;  Massachusetts,  227 ;  Maine, 
228;  Michigan,  228 ;  Nebraska,  229 ;  New  Jersey,  230;  New  York,  232;  North  Car- 
olina, 232;  Ohio,  233;  Tennessee,  235 ;  Texas,  235;  Vermont,  236;  Wisconsin,  237. 

States,  participation  of,  202 ;  Secretary  of  War  invites  governors  of  all  the  States 
with  their  staffs,  veterans,  and  other  representatives,  202 ;  replies  from  governors 
of  the  States,  202-208. 

State  commissions,  18. 

State  commissions  present:  Connecticut,  220;  Indiana,  223 ; Louisiana,  226;  Missis- 
sippi, 229;  North  Carolina,  232;  Pennsylvania,  233 ;  South  Carolina,  234 ;  Texas, 
235 ;  Wisconsin,  237. 

State  dedications:  Illinois,  11,  23;  Indiana,  11,23;  Massachusetts,  11,  23 ;  Michigan, 
11,23;  Minnesota,  11 ;  Missouri,  11,  23 ;  Ohio,  11,  23;  Wisconsin,  11,  23. 

State  dedications  of  monuments,  programme  of,  11,  23;  Illinois,  238;  Indiana,  249; 
Massachusetts,  282 ;  Michigan,  287;  Minnesota,  309;  Ohio,  315;  Wisconsin,  360. 

State  troops,  in  parade  and  review,  154, 156, 157. 

Stegniau,  Col.  Lewis  R.,  oration  by,  14,24, 166. 

Stevens,  W.  L.,  acting  adjutant-general  of  Louisiana,  letter  from,  226. 

Stevenson,  Hon.  Adlai  E.,  Vice- President,  remarks  by,  27,238. 

Stewart,  Gen.  T.  J.,  adjutant-general  of  Pennsylvania,  letter  from,  218;  letter  to,  233, 
234. 

Stone,  J.  M.,  governor  of  Mississippi,  letters  from,  217. 

Stone,  William  J.,  governor  of  Missouri,  letter  from,  212. 

Strong,  Representative  L.  M.,  appointed  011  dedication  committee,  8 ;  attends,  10, 196. 

Stryker,  Gen.  William  S.,  adjutant-general  of  New  Jersey,  letter  from,  230. 

Sutherland,  G.  Frank,  secretary  New  Jersey  commission,  letter  from,  213. 

Sykes,  Gen.  Charles,  adjutant-general  of  Tennessee,  letter  from,  219. 

Tablets,  number  erected,  18. 

Tarsney,  Representative  J.  C.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Telfair,  S.  F.,  private  secretary  to  governor  of  North  Carolina,  letter  from,  218. 

Tennessee,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154 ;  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  responses, 
219 ;  action  of  the  State,  234,  235. 

Texas,  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  responses,  207,  214,  219 ;  action  of  the  State, 
235  236 

Thirty -fifth  Ohio,  dedication,  354. 

Todman,  J.  M.7  executive  secretary  State  of  California,  letter  from,  220. 

Turchin,  Gen.  J.  B.,  letter  of,  248. 

Turney,  Hon.  Peter,  governor  of  Tennessee,  13 ;  address,  83 ;  letter  from,  234,  235. 

United  States  Senate,  accepts  invitation  to  dedication,  8. 

United  States  troops,  in  parade  and  review,  154,  155. 

Upham,  Hon.  W.  H.,  governor  of  Wisconsin,  letter  from,  237;  remarks  by,  361. 

Van  Derveer's  brigade,  reunion,  354. 

Van  Voorhis,  Representative  H.  C.,  attends,  10,  196. 

Vermont,  order  in  parade  and  review,  154 ;  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  responses, 
207,  215,  219;  action  of  the  State,  236. 

Vice-President  Stevenson,  appoints  Senate  representatives,  9;  present  at  Lookout 
Mountain,  9;  presides  at  dedication  Chickamauga  field,  12;  remarks  by,  12,  24; 
reviews  parade,  13;  presides  at  Chattanooga  dedication,  13,  24;  reviews  parade, 
154 ;  leads  the  column,  158 ;  presides  and  speaks  at  dedication  Chickamauga  field, 
27 ;  presides  at  dedication  Chattanooga  field,  43 ;  speaks  at  dedication  Illinois 
monuments,  238. 

Virginia,  invitation  to  dedication,  202 ;  response,  215. 

Walker,  Col.  C.  I.,  letter  of,  234. 

Walker,  Gen.  Ivan  N.,  address  by,  279. 


374  GENERAL    INDEX. 

Wallace,  Gen,  Lew,  oration,  by  274. 

Walthall,  Gen.  E.  C.,  presides  at  meeting  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  Army  of 

Northern  Virginia,  160 ;  oration  by,  14,  24,  160. 
Warner,  Gen.  Willard,  oration  by,  12,  24,  140. 
Washington,  action  of  State  of,  236. 
Watkins,  Capt.  W.  W.,  remarks,  361. 
Watterson,  Right  Reverend  Bishop,  prayer  by,  349. 
Webster,  Rev.  J.  E.,  prayer  by,  360. 
West  Virginia,  action  of  State  of,  215, 219, 236. 
Wheeler,  Gen.  Joseph,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  8;  report  from  special 

joint  committee,  8;  attended,  10,  197;  oration  by,  12,  24,  124. 
White,  J.  B.,  letters  from,  219,  237. 
Wilder,  Gen.  John  T.,  address  by,  281. 
Williams,  Prof.  Richard  D.,  musical  director,  11,  23. 
Williamson,  Gen.  James  A.,  oration  by,  14,  24,  188. 
Wiley,  Gen.  Aquila,  oration,  336. 

Wilson,  Representative  W.  L.,  appointed  on  dedication  committee,  9. 
Wilson,  Hon.W.  L.,  Postmaster-General,  attended,  84. 
Wisconsin  dedication,  11,  238,  360;  participation  iii  parade,  154;  action  of  the  State 

of,  215,  237. 

Wise,  Hon.  George  D.,  9;  attends,  10,  197. 
Woodbury,  Hon.  Urban  A.,  governor  of  Vermont,  remarks  by,  13,  81 ;  letters  from, 

215,  236. 
Wyoming,  action  of  State  of,  237. 


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